1
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Paleti SHK, Kim Y, Kimpel J, Craighero M, Haraguchi S, Müller C. Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1702-1729. [PMID: 38265833 PMCID: PMC10876084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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2
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Li S, Gao M, Zhou K, Li X, Xian K, Zhao W, Chen Y, He C, Ye L. Achieving Record-High Stretchability and Mechanical Stability in Organic Photovoltaic Blends with a Dilute-absorber Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307278. [PMID: 37865872 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have potential for applications in wearable electronics. Except for high power conversion efficiency (PCE), excellent tensile properties and mechanical stability are required for achieving high-performance wearable OSCs, while the present metrics barely meet the stretchable requirements. Herein, this work proposes a facile and low-cost strategy for constructing intrinsically stretchable OSCs by introducing a readily accessible polymer elastomer as a diluent for all-polymer photovoltaic blends. Remarkably, record-high stretchability with a fracture strain of up to 1000% and mechanical stability with elastic recovery >90% under cyclic tensile tests are realized in the OSCs active layers for the first time. Specifically, the tensile properties of best-performing all-polymer photovoltaic blends are increased by up to 250 times after blending. Previously unattainable performance metrics (fracture strain >50% and PCE >10%) are achieved simultaneously for the resulting photovoltaic films. Furthermore, an overall evaluation parameter y is proposed for the efficiency-cost- stretchability balance of photovoltaic blend films. The y value of dilute-absorber system is two orders of magnitude greater than those of prior state-of-the-art systems. Additionally, intrinsically stretchable devices are prepared to showcase the mechanical stability. Overall, this work offers a new avenue for constructing and comprehensively evaluating intrinsically stretchable organic electronic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kangkang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kaihu Xian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyong He
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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3
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Kleinschmidt AT, Chen AX, Ramji RS, Pascal TA, Lipomi DJ. Decoupling Planarizing and Steric Energetics to Accurately Model the Rigidity of π-Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2092-2102. [PMID: 36812262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The π-conjugated backbone of semiconducting polymers gives rise to both their electronic properties and structural rigidity. However, current computational methods for understanding the rigidity of polymer chains fail in one crucial way. Namely, standard torsional scan (TS) methods do not satisfactorily capture the behavior of polymers exhibiting a high degree of steric hindrance. This deficiency in part stems from the method by which torsional scans decouple energy related to electron delocalization from that related to nonbonded interactions. These methods do so by applying classical corrections of the nonbonded energy to the quantum mechanical (QM) torsional profile for polymers that are highly sterically hindered. These large corrections to the energy from nonbonded interactions can substantially skew the calculated QM energies related to torsion, resulting in an inaccurate or imprecise estimation of the rigidity of a polymer. As a consequence, simulations of the morphology of a highly sterically hindered polymer using the TS method can be highly inaccurate. Here, we describe an alternative, generalizable method by which the delocalization energy can be decoupled from the energy associated with nonbonded interactions─the "isolation of delocalization energy" (DE) method. From torsional energy calculations, we find that the relative accuracy of the DE method is similar to the TS method (within 1 kJ/mol) for two model polymers (P3HT, PTB7) when compared to quantum mechanical calculations. However, the DE method significantly increased the relative accuracy for simulations of PNDI-T, a highly sterically hindered polymer (8.16 kJ/mol). Likewise, we show that comparison of the planarization energy (i.e., backbone rigidity) from torsional parameters is significantly more precise for both PTB7 and PNDI-T when using the DE method as opposed to the TS method. These differences affect the simulated morphology, with the DE method predicting a significantly more planar configuration of PNDI-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Kleinschmidt
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Alexander X Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Robert S Ramji
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
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4
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Xu YC, Ding L, Yao ZF, Shao Y, Wang JY, Zhang WB, Pei J. Conjugated Polymers in Solution: A Physical Perspective. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:927-939. [PMID: 36669464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Excellent progress has been made in the optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers by controlling solution-state aggregation. However, due to the wide variety and complex structures of conjugated polymers, it is still challenging to fully understand the complex aggregation process and microstructures both in solution and in the solid state. This Perspective focuses on the chain conformations and the aggregation of conjugated polymers in solution. We discuss the factors in detail which affect solution-state aggregation and microstructures from the perspective of polymer physics in solutions, including chemical structures and environmental conditions. Based on the understanding of multiple interactions of conjugated polymers in solution, strategies to regulate solid-state microstructures and obtain high-performance polymer-based devices from solution-state aggregation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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5
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Cao X, Li H, Hu J, Tian H, Han Y, Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. An Amorphous n-Type Conjugated Polymer with an Ultra-Rigid Planar Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212979. [PMID: 36345132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High charge carrier mobility polymer semiconductors are always semi-crystalline. Amorphous conjugated polymers represent another kind of polymer semiconductors with different charge transporting mechanism. Here we report the first near-amorphous n-type conjugated polymer with decent electron mobility, which features a remarkably rigid, straight and planar polymer backbone. The molecular design strategy is to copolymerize two fused-ring building blocks which are both electron-accepting, centrosymmetrical and planar. The polymer is the alternating copolymer of double B←N bridged bipyridine (BNBP) unit and benzobisthiazole (BBTz) unit. It shows a decent electron mobility of 0.34 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic field-effect transistors. The excellent electron transporting property of the polymer is possibly due to the ultrahigh backbone stiffness, small π-π stacking distance, and high molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junli Hu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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6
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Riazi F, Tehrani MM, Lammers V, Heinz V, Savadkoohi S. Unexpected morphological modifications in high moisture extruded pea-flaxseed proteins: Part I, topological and conformational characteristics, textural attributes, and viscoelastic phenomena. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Controlling morphology and microstructure of conjugated polymers via solution-state aggregation. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Crystallization of D-A Conjugated Polymers: A Review of Recent Research. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214612. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D-A conjugated polymers are key materials for organic solar cells and organic thin-film transistors, and their film structure is one of the most important factors in determining device performance. The formation of film structure largely depends on the crystallization process, but the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers is not well understood. In this review, we attempted to achieve a clearer understanding of the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers. We first summarized the features of D-A conjugated polymers, which can affect their crystallization process. Then, the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers was discussed, including the possible chain conformations in the solution as well as the nucleation and growth processes. After that, the crystal structure of D-A conjugated polymers, including the molecular orientation and polymorphism, was reviewed. We proposed that the nucleation process and the orientation of the nuclei on the substrate are critical for the crystal structure. Finally, we summarized the possible crystal morphologies of D-A conjugated polymers and explained their formation process in terms of nucleation and growth processes. This review provides fundamental knowledge on how to manipulate the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers to regulate their film structure.
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9
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Agarwala P, Gomez ED, Milner ST. Fast, Faithful Simulations of Donor-Acceptor Interface Morphology. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6932-6939. [PMID: 36219653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The local structure of conjugated polymers governs key optoelectronic properties, such as charge conduction and photogeneration at donor-acceptor interfaces. Because conjugated polymers are large, stiff, and relax slowly, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are computationally expensive. Here, we describe a coarse-graining method that exploits the stiffness of constituent aromatic moieties by representing each moiety as rigidly bonded clusters of atoms wherein virtual sites replace several atoms. This approach significantly reduces the degrees of freedom while faithfully representing the shape and interactions of the moieties, resulting in 10 times faster simulations than all-atom simulations. Simulation of a donor polymer (P3HT) and a non-fullerene acceptor (O-IDTBR) validates the coarse-graining method by comparing structural properties from experiments, such as the density and persistence length. The fast simulation produces equilibrated systems with realistic morphologies. The simulation results of an equimolar mixture of P3HT, with a molecular weight of 1332 g mol-1, and an O-IDTBR mixture suggest that the interface width must be larger than 7 nm. Also, we investigate the effect of slow cooling on morphologies, particularly the number of close contacts that facilitates carrier transport. Slow cooling increases close contacts, and the effect is more pronounced in crystal-forming P3HT than in O-IDTBR, where bulky side-groups hinder crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Agarwala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Scott T Milner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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10
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Kwok JJ, Park KS, Patel BB, Dilmurat R, Beljonne D, Zuo X, Lee B, Diao Y. Understanding Solution State Conformation and Aggregate Structure of Conjugated Polymers via Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bijal B. Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rishat Dilmurat
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Wu HT, Yao ZF, Xu Z, Kong HK, Wang XY, Li QY, Wang JY, Pei J. Controlling Solution-State Aggregation and Solid-State Microstructures of Conjugated Polymers by Tuning Backbone Conformation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200069. [PMID: 35362637 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular ordering of conjugated polymers both in solution-state aggregates and in solid-state microstructures is a determining factor of the charge transport properties in optoelectronic devices. However, the effect of backbone conformation in conjugated polymers on assembly structures is still unclear. Herein, to understand such backbone conformation effect, three novel chlorinated benzodifurandionge-based oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (BDOPV) polymers are systematically developed. These BDOPV-based polymers exhibit significantly twisted backbone conformation (near 90° interunit torsion angle) between conjugated units, which can prevent polymer chains from forming ordered assembly structures by increasing conformational energy penalty in closely packed chains. A higher rotational barrier of the torsion angle would further prevent polymer chains from assembling, finally resulting in non-aggregated chains in solution and highly disordered solid-state packing structures. This work will deepen the understanding of the relationship between polymer backbone conformation and assembly structures, contributing to the exploration of the structure-property relationship of polymers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hua-Kang Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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12
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Jin K, Yue B, Yan L, Qiao R, Zhao H, Zhang J. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(5'-hexyloxy-1',4-biphenyl)-b-poly(2',4'-bispropoxysulfonate-1',4-biphenyl) with High Ion Exchange Capacity for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200109. [PMID: 35313090 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is pivotal for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In the present work, a block copolymer with hydrophilic alkyl sulfonated side groups and hydrophobic flexible alkyl ether side groups, poly(5'-hexyloxy-1',4-biphenyl)-b-poly(2',4'-bispropoxysulfonate-1',4-biphenyl) (HBP-b-xBPSBP), is designed and synthesized by copolymerization of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic oligomers. The oligomers are synthesized via a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling of 1,3-dibromo-5-hexyloxybenzene, and 3,3'-[(4,6-dibromo-1,3-phenylene)bis(oxy)]bis(propane-1-sulfonate) or 1,4-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzene. The good solubility and film-forming characteristics are achieved via the introduction of flexible hexyloxy side groups, and high ion exchange capacity (IEC) is achieved via the introduction of high density of alkyl sulfonated side groups. The HBP-b-0.5BPSBP has the highest IEC of 3.17 mmol/g, the highest proton conductivity of 43.5 mS/cm at 95 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) and low methanol permeability of 6.45×10-7 cm2 /s. Meanwhile, crosslinked HBP-b-xBPSBP exhibits promising water uptake, swelling ratio and low methanol permeability. These characteristics are attributed to the crosslinked structure and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nanophase separation morphology promoted by the poly(m-phenylene) main chains, flexible alkyl ether groups, and alkyl sulfonated side groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liuming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Risa Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
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13
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Fenton A, Xie R, Aplan MP, Lee Y, Gill MG, Fair R, Kempe F, Sommer M, Snyder CR, Gomez ED, Colby RH. Predicting the Plateau Modulus from Molecular Parameters of Conjugated Polymers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:268-274. [PMID: 35233458 PMCID: PMC8880420 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between Kuhn length l k , Kuhn monomer volume v 0, and plateau modulus G N 0, initially proposed by Graessley and Edwards for flexible polymers, and extended by Everaers, has a large gap in experimental data between the flexible and stiff regimes. This gap prevents the prediction of mechanical properties from the chain structure for any polymer in this region. Given the chain architecture, including a semiflexible backbone and side chains, conjugated polymers are an ideal class of material to study this crossover region. Using small angle neutron scattering, oscillatory shear rheology, and the freely rotating chain model, we have shown that 12 polymers with aromatic backbones populate a large part of this gap. We also have shown that a few of these polymers exhibit nematic ordering, which lowers G N 0. When fully isotropic, these polymers follow a relationship between l k , v 0, and G N 0, with a simple crossover proposed in terms of the number of Kuhn segments in an entanglement strand N e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail
M. Fenton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Renxuan Xie
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Melissa P. Aplan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The New Mexico
Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Michael G. Gill
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ryan Fair
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Fabian Kempe
- Institute
for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute
for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Strasse der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ralph H. Colby
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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14
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Cao X, Fan H. Formation of D-A conjugated polymer crystals: Diffusion and conformational transition theory. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Danielsen SPO, Bridges CR, Segalman RA. Chain Stiffness of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers in Solution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Colin R. Bridges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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16
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Zhao K, Zhang T, Zhang L, Li J, Li H, Wu F, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Han Y. Role of Molecular Weight in Microstructural Transition and Its Correlation to the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of P(NDI2OD-T2) Thin Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Cendra C, Balhorn L, Zhang W, O’Hara K, Bruening K, Tassone CJ, Steinrück HG, Liang M, Toney MF, McCulloch I, Chabinyc ML, Salleo A, Takacs CJ. Unraveling the Unconventional Order of a High-Mobility Indacenodithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1306-1314. [PMID: 35549036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers found to produce high charge carrier mobilities competitive with amorphous silicon (>1 cm2 V-1 s-1) exhibit the puzzling microstructure of substantial local order, however lacking long-range order and crystallinity previously deemed necessary for achieving high mobility. Here, we demonstrate the application of low-dose transmission electron microscopy to image and quantify the nanoscale and mesoscale organization of an archetypal D-A copolymer across areas comparable to electronic devices (≈9 μm2). The local structure is spatially resolved by mapping the backbone (001) spacing reflection, revealing nanocrystallites of aligned polymer chains throughout nearly the entire film. Analysis of the nanoscale structure of its ordered domains suggests significant short- and medium-range order and preferential grain boundary orientations. Moreover, we provide insights into the rich, interconnected mesoscale organization of this new family of D-A copolymers by analysis of the local orientational spatial autocorrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Karsten Bruening
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher J. Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado—Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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18
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Cao Z, Leng M, Cao Y, Gu X, Fang L. How rigid are conjugated non‐ladder and ladder polymers? JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Mingwan Leng
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Yirui Cao
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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19
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Xiao M, Carey RL, Chen H, Jiao X, Lemaur V, Schott S, Nikolka M, Jellett C, Sadhanala A, Rogers S, Senanayak SP, Onwubiko A, Han S, Zhang Z, Abdi-Jalebi M, Zhang Y, Thomas TH, Mahmoudi N, Lai L, Selezneva E, Ren X, Nguyen M, Wang Q, Jacobs I, Yue W, McNeill CR, Liu G, Beljonne D, McCulloch I, Sirringhaus H. Charge transport physics of a unique class of rigid-rod conjugated polymers with fused-ring conjugated units linked by double carbon-carbon bonds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe5280. [PMID: 33910909 PMCID: PMC8081371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the charge transport physics of a previously unidentified class of electron-deficient conjugated polymers that do not contain any single bonds linking monomer units along the backbone but only double-bond linkages. Such polymers would be expected to behave as rigid rods, but little is known about their actual chain conformations and electronic structure. Here, we present a detailed study of the structural and charge transport properties of a family of four such polymers. By adopting a copolymer design, we achieve high electron mobilities up to 0.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 Field-induced electron spin resonance measurements of charge dynamics provide evidence for relatively slow hopping over, however, long distances. Our work provides important insights into the factors that limit charge transport in this unique class of polymers and allows us to identify molecular design strategies for achieving even higher levels of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Remington L Carey
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hu Chen
- KSC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sam Schott
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Cameron Jellett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sarah Rogers
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Satyaprasad P Senanayak
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, India
| | - Ada Onwubiko
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sanyang Han
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Tudor H Thomas
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Lianglun Lai
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ekaterina Selezneva
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Malgorzata Nguyen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Qijing Wang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ian Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guoming Liu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KSC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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20
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Lee Y, Mongare A, Plant A, Ryu D. Strain-Microstructure-Optoelectronic Inter-Relationship toward Engineering Mechano-Optoelectronic Conjugated Polymer Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:935. [PMID: 33803632 PMCID: PMC8002877 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechano-optoelectronic (MO) behavior indicates changes in optoelectronic properties in response to the applied mechanical deformation. The MO behavior can be employed to monitor the mechanical deformation of a targeted system by tracing its optoelectronic properties. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM) blend thin films exhibited changes in direct current under tensile strain. Although optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of P3HT/PCBM blends have been studied extensively and intensively, research required for MO properties has a fundamental difference from previous research mostly for solar cells. In research for MO systems, a greater extent of changes in optoelectronic properties under mechanical deformation is favorable. Herein, previous research for optoelectronic properties and mechanical properties of conjugated polymers will be reviewed from a perspective on MO properties. The microstructure of a conjugated polymer thin film plays a pivotal role in its optoelectronic properties and mechanical properties. Key parameters involved in the microstructure of conjugated polymer thin films will be addressed. A scalable process is required to broaden applications of MO systems. Potential challenges in the fabrication of MO conjugated polymer thin films will be discussed. Finally, this review is envisioned to provide insight into the design and manufacturing of MO conjugated polymer thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;
| | - Alfred Mongare
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;
| | - Aaron Plant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;
| | - Donghyeon Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;
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21
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Zhang W, Zou L. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Crystal Nucleation near Interfaces in Incompatible Polymer Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:347. [PMID: 33499036 PMCID: PMC7865509 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate crystal nucleation in incompatible polymer blends under deep supercooling conditions. Simulations of isothermal nucleation are performed for phase-separated blends with different degrees of incompatibility. In weakly segregated blends, slow and incompatible chains in crystallizable polymer domains can significantly hinder the crystal nucleation and growth. When a crystallizable polymer is blended with a more mobile species in interfacial regions, enhanced molecular mobility leads to the fast growth of crystalline order. However, the incubation time remains the same as that in pure samples. By inducing anisotropic alignment near the interfaces of strongly segregated blends, phase separation also promotes crystalline order to grow near interfaces between different polymer domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
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22
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Liu F, Ahn J, Miyake J, Miyatake K. Poly(para-phenylene) ionomer membranes: effect of methyl and trifluoromethyl substituents. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01141c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(para-phenylene sulfonic acid) containing CF3 groups exhibits thin membrane forming capability, high proton conductivity, mechanical strength, gas barrier properties, and chemical stability as a proton conductive membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Liu
- Graduate School of Medical, Industrial and Agricultural Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Jinju Ahn
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Junpei Miyake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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23
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Liu C, Hu W, Jiang H, Liu G, Han CC, Sirringhaus H, Boué F, Wang D. Chain Conformation and Aggregation Structure Formation of a High Charge Mobility DPP-Based Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenxian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Centre, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Charles C. Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - François Boué
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA-CNRS-UPSay,
CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Tsourtou FD, Peristeras LD, Apostolov R, Mavrantzas VG. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Amorphous Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flora D. Tsourtou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras & FORTH-ICE/HT, GR 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Loukas D. Peristeras
- Molecular Thermodynamics and Modelling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Agia Paraskevi
Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vlasis G. Mavrantzas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras & FORTH-ICE/HT, GR 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Particle Technology Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Galuska LA, McNutt WW, Qian Z, Zhang S, Weller DW, Dhakal S, King ER, Morgan SE, Azoulay JD, Mei J, Gu X. Impact of Backbone Rigidity on the Thermomechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers with Conjugation Break Spacers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - William W. McNutt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Daniel W. Weller
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Sujata Dhakal
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Eric R. King
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jason D. Azoulay
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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26
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Xiao M, Kang B, Lee SB, Perdigão LMA, Luci A, Warr DA, Senanayak SP, Nikolka M, Statz M, Wu Y, Sadhanala A, Schott S, Carey R, Wang Q, Lee M, Kim C, Onwubiko A, Jellett C, Liao H, Yue W, Cho K, Costantini G, McCulloch I, Sirringhaus H. Anisotropy of Charge Transport in a Uniaxially Aligned Fused Electron-Deficient Polymer Processed by Solution Shear Coating. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000063. [PMID: 32363687 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of the microstructure in organic semiconductors (OSCs) is essential for developing high-performance organic electronic devices. Here, a comprehensive charge transport characterization of two recently reported rigid-rod conjugated polymers that do not contain single bonds in the main chain is reported. It is demonstrated that the molecular design of the polymer makes it possible to achieve an extended linear backbone structure, which can be directly visualized by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The rigid structure of the polymers allows the formation of thin films with uniaxially aligned polymer chains by using a simple one-step solution-shear/bar coating technique. These aligned films show a high optical anisotropy with a dichroic ratio of up to a factor of 6. Transport measurements performed using top-gate bottom-contact field-effect transistors exhibit a high saturation electron mobility of 0.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 along the alignment direction, which is more than six times higher than the value reported in the previous work. This work demonstrates that this new class of polymers is able to achieve mobility values comparable to state-of-the-art n-type polymers and identifies an effective processing strategy for this class of rigid-rod polymer system to optimize their charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Boseok Kang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Baek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Luís M A Perdigão
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alex Luci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel A Warr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Mark Nikolka
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yutian Wu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sam Schott
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Remington Carey
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Qijing Wang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mijung Lee
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ada Onwubiko
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cameron Jellett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hailiang Liao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wan Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- KSC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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27
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Le TP, Smith BH, Lee Y, Litofsky JH, Aplan MP, Kuei B, Zhu C, Wang C, Hexemer A, Gomez ED. Enhancing Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Block Copolymers through Crystallization of Both Blocks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thinh P. Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brandon H. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua H. Litofsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Melissa P. Aplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brooke Kuei
- Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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28
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Bombile JH, Shetty S, Janik MJ, Milner ST. Polaron hopping barriers and rates in semiconducting polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4032-4042. [PMID: 32025674 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are potential next-generation materials for organic electronic devices. The ability of these materials to transport charges is a key factor limiting their performance. Charge carriers in conjugated polymers are localized by disorder and polaronic effects. Charge transport in these materials is often described by thermally activated hopping, with a rate given by Marcus theory. The polaron hopping activation energy determines the temperature dependence of the Marcus rate. This energy barrier is dictated by the transition state, in which the charge carrier is equally divided between the initial and final locations. The prefactor for the polaron hopping rate is set by the charge tunneling rate between the initial and final locations. We use a tight-binding polaron model, in which charge carriers are stabilized by both nuclear reorganization and polarization of the surrounding dielectric, to compute the activation energy, charge tunneling rate and overall rate constant for intrachain and interchain charge hopping processes in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) crystalline lamellae and amorphous melts. Charge transport in these two environments is limited by interchain hopping processes. Both hopping barriers and rates predicted by the model are in good agreement with experiments on a variety of crystalline and amorphous P3HT materials. Qualitatively, the barriers largely depend on how well the transition state is stabilized by polarization effects, and on the hopping integral between the initial and final locations, both of which penalize hopping over longer distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel H Bombile
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Shreya Shetty
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Michael J Janik
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Scott T Milner
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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29
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Danielsen SPO, Davidson EC, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Absence of Electrostatic Rigidity in Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Pendant Charges. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1147-1152. [PMID: 35619444 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The delocalization of electrons in conjugated polymers impacts their chain shape, affecting their local ordering, self-assembly, and ultimately charge transport. Conjugated polyelectrolytes introduce electrostatic interactions as a molecular design parameter to potentially tune chain rigidity by combining the π-conjugated polymer backbone with pendant ionic groups. In conventional polyelectrolytes, the self-repulsion of the bound charges induce extended rod-like chain configurations. Here, we leverage small-angle neutron scattering to measure the chain shapes of model conjugated polymers in dilute solution with controlled fractions of randomly distributed pendant charges. We find these model polythiophenes are semiflexible, with a persistence length of approximately 3 nm, regardless of charge fraction, suggesting the effective absence of electrostatic rigidity in conjugated polyelectrolytes. While the overall persistence length is negligibly impacted by pendant charges, optical spectroscopy indicates that the pendant charges increase the backbone torsion between thiophene rings without significantly impacting the π-conjugation length (the length of electron delocalization along a nearly planar backbone) in dilute solution. These results indicate the effective decoupling of the pendant ionic charges from the overall chain conformation with implications for solution processing of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C. Davidson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Gu K, Loo Y. The Polymer Physics of Multiscale Charge Transport in Conjugated Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Yueh‐Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey 08544
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the EnvironmentPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey 08544
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31
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Cao X, Zhao K, Chen L, Liu J, Han Y. Conjugated polymer single crystals and nanowires. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
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32
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Zhang W, Bombile JH, Weisen AR, Xie R, Colby RH, Janik MJ, Milner ST, Gomez ED. Thermal Fluctuations Lead to Cumulative Disorder and Enhance Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900134. [PMID: 31116905 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
All conjugated polymers examined to date exhibit significant cumulative lattice disorder, although the origin of this disorder remains unclear. Using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the detailed structures for single crystals of a commonly studied conjugated polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) are obtained. It is shown that thermal fluctuations of thiophene rings lead to cumulative disorder of the lattice with an effective paracrystallinity of about 0.05 in the π-π stacking direction. The thermal-fluctuation-induced lattice disorder can in turn limit the apparent coherence length that can be observed in diffraction experiments. Calculating mobilities from simulated crystal structures demonstrates that thermal-fluctuation-induced lattice disorder even enhances charge transport in P3HT. The mean inter-chain charge transfer integral is enhanced with increasing cumulative lattice disorder, which in turn leads to pathways for fast charge transport through crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joel H Bombile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Albree R Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Renxuan Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ralph H Colby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael J Janik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Scott T Milner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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33
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O’Hara K, Takacs CJ, Liu S, Cruciani F, Beaujuge P, Hawker CJ, Chabinyc ML. Effect of Alkyl Side Chains on Intercrystallite Ordering in Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shengjian Liu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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34
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Litofsky JH, Lee Y, Aplan MP, Kuei B, Hexemer A, Wang C, Wang Q, Gomez ED. Polarized Soft X-ray Scattering Reveals Chain Orientation within Nanoscale Polymer Domains. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94530, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94530, United States
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35
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36
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Hong WD, Lam CN, Wang Y, He Y, Sánchez-Díaz LE, Do C, Chen WR. Influence of side chain isomerism on the rigidity of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) in solutions revealed by neutron scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7745-7749. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07520d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Using small-angle neutron scattering, we conducted a detailed conformational study of poly(3-alkylthiophene) solutions in deuterated dichlorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Hong
- Neutron Scattering Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | | | - Yangyang Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Youjun He
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | | | - Changwoo Do
- Neutron Scattering Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Wei-Ren Chen
- Neutron Scattering Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science
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37
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Shiino K, Miyake J, Miyatake K. Highly stable polyphenylene ionomer membranes from dichlorobiphenyls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7073-7076. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We found a practical, cost-effective synthetic strategy for highly stable, proton conductive polyphenylene (SPP-BP) membranes, where easy-to-synthesise compounds such as dichlorobiphenyls and dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid could be used as monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shiino
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering
- University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda
- Kofu
- Japan
| | - Junpei Miyake
- Clean Energy Research Center
- University of Yamanashi
- 4 Takeda
- Kofu
- Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center
- University of Yamanashi
- 4 Takeda
- Kofu
- Japan
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38
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Xie R, Aplan MP, Caggiano NJ, Weisen AR, Su T, Müller C, Segad M, Colby RH, Gomez ED. Local Chain Alignment via Nematic Ordering Reduces Chain Entanglement in Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renxuan Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Melissa P. Aplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Caggiano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Albree R. Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tang Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mo Segad
- The Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ralph H. Colby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- The Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- The Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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39
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Zhou Z, Palermo EF. Templated Ring-Opening Metathesis (TROM) of Cyclic Olefins Tethered to Unimolecular Oligo(thiophene)s. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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40
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Kim JS, Han J, Kim Y, Park H, Coote JP, Stein GE, Kim BJ. Domain Structures of Poly(3-dodecylthiophene)-Based Block Copolymers Depend on Regioregularity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Junghun Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Youngkwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyeonjung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jonathan P. Coote
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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41
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Noriega R. Efficient Charge Transport in Disordered Conjugated Polymer Microstructures. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800096. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Noriega
- Chemistry Department; University of Utah; 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
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42
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van de Laar T, Schuurman H, van der Scheer P, Maarten van Doorn J, van der Gucht J, Sprakel J. Light from Within: Sensing Weak Strains and FemtoNewton Forces in Single Molecules. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Miyake J, Taki R, Mochizuki T, Shimizu R, Akiyama R, Uchida M, Miyatake K. Design of flexible polyphenylene proton-conducting membrane for next-generation fuel cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao0476. [PMID: 29075671 PMCID: PMC5656417 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are promising devices for clean power generation in automotive, stationary, and portable applications. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers (for example, Nafion) have been the benchmark PEMs; however, several problems, including high gas permeability, low thermal stability, high production cost, and environmental incompatibility, limit the widespread dissemination of PEMFCs. It is believed that fluorine-free PEMs can potentially address all of these issues; however, none of these membranes have simultaneously met the criteria for both high performance (for example, proton conductivity) and durability (for example, mechanical and chemical stability). We present a polyphenylene-based PEM (SPP-QP) that fulfills the required properties for fuel cell applications. The newly designed PEM exhibits very high proton conductivity, excellent membrane flexibility, low gas permeability, and extremely high stability, with negligible degradation even under accelerated degradation conditions, which has never been achieved with existing fluorine-free PEMs. The polyphenylene PEM also exhibits reasonably high fuel cell performance, with excellent durability under practical conditions. This new PEM extends the limits of existing fluorine-free proton-conductive materials and will help to realize the next generation of PEMFCs via cost reduction as well as the performance improvement compared to the present PFSA-based PEMFC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Miyake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Taki
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Shimizu
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Akiyama
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchida
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
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44
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Davidson EC, Segalman RA. Confined Crystallization within Cylindrical P3EHT Block Copolymer Microdomains. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Davidson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
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45
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Lukose B, Bobbili SV, Clancy P. Factors affecting tacticity and aggregation of P3HT polymers in P3HT:PCBM blends. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2017.1303688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binit Lukose
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sai Vineeth Bobbili
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paulette Clancy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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46
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Mitchell VD, Gann E, Huettner S, Singh CR, Subbiah J, Thomsen L, McNeill CR, Thelakkat M, Jones DJ. Morphological and Device Evaluation of an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer for Organic Photovoltaic Applications. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie D. Mitchell
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eliot Gann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | | | - Jegadesan Subbiah
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - David J. Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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47
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Kim JS, Kim Y, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Yang H, Jung YS, Stein GE, Kim BJ. Regioregularity-Driven Morphological Transition of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-Based Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gila E. Stein
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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48
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Kuei B, Gomez ED. Chain conformations and phase behavior of conjugated polymers. SOFT MATTER 2016; 13:49-67. [PMID: 27506183 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers may play an important role in various emerging optoelectronic applications because they combine the chemical versatility of organic molecules and the flexibility, stretchability and toughness of polymers with semiconducting properties. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the full potential of conjugated polymers, a clear description of how their structure, morphology, and macroscopic properties are interrelated is needed. We propose that the starting point for understanding conjugated polymers includes understanding chain conformations and phase behavior. Efforts to predict and measure the persistence length have significantly refined our intuition of the chain stiffness, and have led to predictions of nematic-to-isotropic transitions. Exploring mixing between conjugated polymers and small molecules or other polymers has demonstrated tremendous advancements in attaining the needed properties for various optoelectronic devices. Current efforts continue to refine our knowledge of chain conformations and phase behavior and the factors that influence these properties, thereby providing opportunities for the development of novel optoelectronic materials based on conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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49
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Vakhshouri K, Smith BH, Chan EP, Wang C, Salleo A, Wang C, Hexemer A, Gomez ED. Signatures of Intracrystallite and Intercrystallite Limitations of Charge Transport in Polythiophenes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin P. Chan
- Polymers
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94530, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94530, United States
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50
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Bombile JH, Janik MJ, Milner ST. Tight binding model of conformational disorder effects on the optical absorption spectrum of polythiophenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12521-33. [PMID: 27087455 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00832a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers are soft materials with many conformational degrees of freedom. The limited understanding of how conformational disorder affects their optoelectronic properties is a key source of difficulties that limits their widespread usage in electronic devices. We develop a coarse-grained approach based on the tight binding approximation to model the electronic degrees of freedom of polythiophene chains, taking into account conformational degrees of freedom. Particularly important is dihedral disorder, which disrupts extended electronic states. Our tight binding model is parameterized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the one-dimensional band structures for chains with imposed periodic variations in dihedral angles. The model predicts valence and conduction bands for these chain conformations that compare well to DFT results. As an initial application of our model, we compute the optical absorption spectrum of poly(3-hexylthiophene) chains in solution. We observe a broadening of the absorption edge resulting from dihedral disorder, just shy of the experimental broadening. We conclude that the effects of molecular disorder on the optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymer single chains can be mostly accounted for by torsional disorder alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel H Bombile
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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