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Ruiz-Figueroa I, Minguela MÁ, Munuera P. A Social Work Analysis of Facilitators of and Barriers to Adopting Technology in Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2024; 67:639-659. [PMID: 38605522 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2024.2339977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Increasing concern within social work about delivering comprehensive and high-quality care to older adults necessitates exploring their interest in information and communication technologies. The aim is to determine, via a systematic review using the PRISMA method, how the scientific literature on older adults' technology experiences through the lens of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The review differentiates between enabling factors and barriers that influence older adults' use and acceptance of technology from their own perspective. It provides social workers with a comprehensive overview of use of technologies and identify general guidelines to enhance older adults' personal and communal autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Ruiz-Figueroa
- Departamento de Trabajo Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), España
| | - M Ángeles Minguela
- Área de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales, Universidad de Cádiz, Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz), España
| | - Pilar Munuera
- Departamento de Trabajo Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), España
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2
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Kawakatsu M, Michel-Mata S, Kessinger TA, Tarnita CE, Plotkin JB. When do stereotypes undermine indirect reciprocity? PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011862. [PMID: 38427626 PMCID: PMC10906830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Social reputations provide a powerful mechanism to stimulate human cooperation, but observing individual reputations can be cognitively costly. To ease this burden, people may rely on proxies such as stereotypes, or generalized reputations assigned to groups. Such stereotypes are less accurate than individual reputations, and so they could disrupt the positive feedback between altruistic behavior and social standing, undermining cooperation. How do stereotypes impact cooperation by indirect reciprocity? We develop a theoretical model of group-structured populations in which individuals are assigned either individual reputations based on their own actions or stereotyped reputations based on their groups' behavior. We find that using stereotypes can produce either more or less cooperation than using individual reputations, depending on how widely reputations are shared. Deleterious outcomes can arise when individuals adapt their propensity to stereotype. Stereotyping behavior can spread and can be difficult to displace, even when it compromises collective cooperation and even though it makes a population vulnerable to invasion by defectors. We discuss the implications of our results for the prevalence of stereotyping and for reputation-based cooperation in structured populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kawakatsu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Mathematical Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sebastián Michel-Mata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Taylor A. Kessinger
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corina E. Tarnita
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Plotkin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Mathematical Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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3
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Simon D, Read SJ. Toward a General Framework of Biased Reasoning: Coherence-Based Reasoning. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023:17456916231204579. [PMID: 37983541 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231204579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount of experimental research has been devoted to uncovering biased forms of reasoning. Notwithstanding the richness and overall empirical soundness of the bias research, the field can be described as disjointed, incomplete, and undertheorized. In this article, we seek to address this disconnect by offering "coherence-based reasoning" as a parsimonious theoretical framework that explains a sizable number of important deviations from normative forms of reasoning. Represented in connectionist networks and processed through constraint-satisfaction processing, coherence-based reasoning serves as a ubiquitous, essential, and overwhelmingly adaptive apparatus in people's mental toolbox. This adaptive process, however, can readily be overrun by bias when the network is dominated by nodes or links that are incorrect, overweighted, or otherwise nonnormative. We apply this framework to explain a variety of well-established biased forms of reasoning, including confirmation bias, the halo effect, stereotype spillovers, hindsight bias, motivated reasoning, emotion-driven reasoning, ideological reasoning, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Simon
- Gould School of Law, University of Southern California
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Stephen J Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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4
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van Tilburg WAP, Igou ER, Panjwani M. Boring People: Stereotype Characteristics, Interpersonal Attributions, and Social Reactions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:1329-1343. [PMID: 35257607 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221079104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unfortunately, some people are perceived as boring. Despite the potential relevance that these perceptions might have in everyday life, the underlying psychological processes and consequences of perceiving a person as "boring" have been largely unexplored. We examined the stereotypical features of boring others by having people generate (Study 1) and then rate (Study 2) these. We focused on occupations (e.g., data analytics, taxation, and accounting), hobbies (e.g., sleeping, religion, and watching TV), and personal characteristics (e.g., lacking humor and opinions, being negative) that people ascribed to stereotypically boring others. Experiments then showed that those who were ascribed boring characteristics were seen as lacking interpersonal warmth and competence (Study 3), were socially avoided (Study 4), and enduring their company required compensation (Study 5). These results suggest that being stereotyped as a bore may come with substantially negative interpersonal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehr Panjwani
- London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
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5
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Cipollina R, Chaney KE, Sanchez DT. Factors that contribute to accurately perceiving anti-black racism and sexism overlap. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37598383 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2246636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Past research demonstrates that prejudice toward women and Black Americans often co-occur in individuals. The present studies examine factors related to accuracy in estimating the co-occurrence, or overlap, of prejudice toward women and Black Americans. Across two studies, criterion overlap percentages were computed using national datasets and separate participant samples estimated prejudice overlap. Results indicate that beliefs about the generalized nature of prejudice can improve accuracy by reducing faulty underestimation of the overlap in anti-Black racism and sexism. In addition to greater displayed accuracy in perceptions of prototypical perpetrators of prejudice (i.e., estimates of White men compared to White women), the present work suggests that accuracy is improved when estimating sexist attitudes from racist attitudes, rather than vice versa. Together, this work documents the accuracy of prejudice overlap perceptions, for the first time, and factors that facilitate accuracy (i.e., perpetrator prototypicality, known prejudicial attitude), with implications for intergroup dynamics research.
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Cunningham SJ, Hutchison J, Ellis N, Hezelyova I, Wood LA. The cost of social influence: Own-gender and gender-stereotype social learning biases in adolescents and adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290122. [PMID: 37566606 PMCID: PMC10420340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pervasive gender gaps in academic subject and career choices are likely to be underpinned by social influences, including gender stereotypes of competence in academic and career domains (e.g., men excel at engineering, women excel at care), and model-based social learning biases (i.e., selective copying of particular individuals). Here, we explore the influence of gender stereotypes on social learning decisions in adolescent and adult males and females. Participants (Exp 1: N = 69 adolescents; Exp 2: N = 265 adults) were presented with 16 difficult multiple-choice questions from stereotypically feminine (e.g., care) and masculine (e.g., engineering) domains. The answer choices included the correct response and three incorrect responses paired with a male model, a female model, or no model. Participants' gender stereotype knowledge and endorsement were measured, and adolescents (Exp. 1) listed their academic subject choices. As predicted, there was a bias towards copying answers paired with a model (Exp.1: 74%, Exp. 2: 65% ps < .001). This resulted in less success than would be expected by chance (Exp. 1: 12%, Exp. 2: 16% ps < .001), demonstrating a negative consequence of social information. Adults (Exp 2) showed gender stereotyped social learning biases; they were more likely to copy a male model in masculine questions and a female model in feminine questions (p = .012). However, adolescents (Exp 1) showed no evidence of this stereotype bias; rather, there was a tendency for male adolescents to copy male models regardless of domain (p = .004). This own-gender bias was not apparent in female adolescents. In Exp 1, endorsement of masculine stereotypes was positively associated with selecting more own-gender typical academic subjects at school and copying significantly more male models in the male questions. The current study provides evidence for the first time that decision-making in both adolescence and adulthood is impacted by gender biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J. Cunningham
- Division of Psychology and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqui Hutchison
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Ellis
- Division of Psychology and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Hezelyova
- Division of Psychology and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lara A. Wood
- Division of Psychology and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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7
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Folayan MO, Zuñiga RAA, Virtanen JI, Ellakany P, Al-Tammemi AB, Quadri MFA, Jafer M, Ara E, Ayanore MA, Gaffar B, Aly NM, Idigbe I, Lusher J, Ezechi OC, Nguyen AL, Tantawi ME. A multi-country study of the associations between HIV vulnerability status, perception of COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the first wave of the pandemic. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1025. [PMID: 37254073 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the associations between COVID-19 related stigma and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS); and the associations between PTSS and COVID-19 related stigma, HIV status, COVID-19 status and key HIV population status. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of data of 12,355 study participants generated through an online survey that recruited adults from 152 countries between July and December 2020. The dependent variables were COVID-19-related stigma and PTSS. The independent variables were HIV status (positive/negative), transaction sex (yes/no), use of psychoactive drugs (yes/no), and vulnerability status (transaction sex workers, people who use psychoactive drugs, living with HIV, and COVID-19 status). The confounding variables were age, sex at birth (male/female), level of education, sexual minority individuals (yes/no) and country income level. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS There were 835 (6.8%) participants who experienced COVID-19 related stigma during the pandemic and 3,824 (31.0%) participants reported PTSS. Respondents who were living with HIV (AOR: 1.979; 95%CI: 1.522-2.573), tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR: 3.369; 95%CI: 2.692-4.217), engaged in transactional sex (AOR: 1.428; 95%CI: 1.060-1.922) and used psychoactive drugs (AOR: 1.364; 95%CI: 1.053-1.767) had significantly higher odds of experiencing COVID-19 related stigma. Individuals with vulnerability status (AOR:4.610; 95%CI: 1.590-13.368) and who experienced COVID-19 related stigma (AOR: 2.218; 95%CI: 1.920-2.561) had significantly higher odds of PTSS. CONCLUSION Individuals with vulnerability status may be at increased risk for COVID-19 related stigma. Key and vulnerable populations who were living with HIV and who experienced stigma may be at a higher risk of experiencing PTSS. Populations at risk for PTSS should be routinely screened and provided adequate support when they contract COVID-19 to reduce the risk for poor mental health during COVID-19 outbreaks and during future health crisis with similar magnitude as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma I Virtanen
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ala'a B Al-Tammemi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Mohammed Jafer
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Dental Public Health Division, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eshrat Ara
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Psychology, Government College for Women, MA Road, Jizan, J&K, India
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Balgis Gaffar
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourhan M Aly
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ifeoma Idigbe
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Clinical Sciences Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Joanne Lusher
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Provosts Group, Regent's University London, London, UK
| | - Oliver C Ezechi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Centre for Reproductive and Population Health Studies, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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8
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Su F, Wang Y, Wu Q, Wang PJ, Chang X. The Influence of Stereotypes on Trust in Doctors from Patients' Perspective: The Mediating Role of Communication. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:3663-3671. [PMID: 36544911 PMCID: PMC9762404 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s389202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the relationship among patients' stereotypes of doctors, effectiveness of doctors' communication skills evaluated by patients, and patients' trust in doctors. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional survey with a total of 3289 patients from 103 hospitals in eastern, central and western China was conducted. Results There were strong correlations among patients' stereotypes, patients' evaluation on doctors' communication skills, and patients' trust (r = 0.50-0.67, p < 0.01 for all). Patients' trust was predicted by patients' stereotypes directly (β = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.27-0.37) and indirectly (β = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.16-0.23) through patients' evaluation on doctors' communication skills. Conclusion Both patients' stereotypes and patients' evaluation on doctors' communication skills have predictive effects on patients' trust. Patients' stereotypes are not only a direct predictor of patients' trust but also an indirect predictor via doctors' communication skills as a mediator. This national survey underlines the significance of patients' stereotypes, and emphasizes the importance of developing doctors' communication skills on patients' trust. In order to build a more trustful doctor-patient relationship, there should be a joint effort at social and individual level to reinforce positive impression and suppress negative stereotypes of doctors. As far as communication skills are concerned, doctors are encouraged to use helpful verbal and nonverbal techniques that benefit their profession impression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wu
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Juan Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chang
- School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xin Chang, School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Csaszar FA, Jue-Rajasingh D, Jensen M. When Less Is More: How Statistical Discrimination Can Decrease Predictive Accuracy. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination is a pervasive aspect of modern society and human relations. Statistical discrimination theory suggests that profit-maximizing employers should use all the information about job candidates, including information about group membership (e.g., race or gender), to make accurate predictions. In contrast, research on heuristics in psychology suggests that using less information can be better. Drawing on research on heuristics, we show that even small amounts of inconsistency can make predictions using group membership less accurate than predictions that do not use this information. That is, whereas statistical discrimination theory implies that better predictions can be achieved by using all available information about an individual (including group characteristics that may be correlated with but do not cause performance), our model shows that using all available information only improves predictive accuracy under a very specific set of conditions, thus suggesting that statistical discrimination often results in worse predictions. By understanding when statistical discrimination improves or worsens predictions, our work cautions decision makers and uncovers paths toward reducing the occurrence of situations in which statistical discrimination benefits predictive accuracy, thus reducing its pervasiveness in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A. Csaszar
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Diana Jue-Rajasingh
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michael Jensen
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Grześkowiak M, Iwańska M, Pytliński A, Bartkowska-Śniatkowska A, Gaczkowska AD. Do Different Sources of Knowledge and Multiculturalism of Dental and Medical Students Affect the Level of First Aid Education? Do Medical Stereotypes Exist? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148260. [PMID: 35886117 PMCID: PMC9317191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of having various sources of information in the field of first aid on the level of knowledge of dental and medical students, as well as to recognize if medical stereotypes exist in the domain of first aid. Methods: We tested 818 Native-(N) and English (E)—speaking students of medicine (M) and dentistry (D). The questionnaire was constructed in a way that it could detect the issues which created the biggest challenges to the students. It consisted of both theoretical and clinical questions. The intention was to find out whether there were any medical stereotypes. The students were asked to provide the sources of their knowledge to each question, and information about the presence of first aid classes at school. Results: We found medical stereotypes, but only in the questions pertaining to theory: questions concerning defibrillation, opening the airway in infants and the causes of airway obstruction of an unconscious adult. Correlations were found between the sources of knowledge with answers to the questions in each group of students and between the groups. The sources of knowledge in N students came mostly from school, or the students were not able (NA) to indicate the source of knowledge, but E groups gave out of school courses, mass media and their own knowledge (or from the others), as well as NA answers. Interestingly in ED group, among other answers, students also indicated schools as a source of their knowledge. Conclusions: We confirmed that medical stereotypes among dental and medical students exist, and they were not related to multiculturalism or the use of different sources of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Grześkowiak
- Department of the Teaching of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Marii Magdaleny St. 14, 61-861 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (M.I.); (A.P.)
| | - Marta Iwańska
- Department of the Teaching of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Marii Magdaleny St. 14, 61-861 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (M.I.); (A.P.)
| | - Adam Pytliński
- Department of the Teaching of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Marii Magdaleny St. 14, 61-861 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (M.I.); (A.P.)
| | - Alicja Bartkowska-Śniatkowska
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna St. 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka D. Gaczkowska
- Department of the Teaching of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Marii Magdaleny St. 14, 61-861 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (M.I.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Influence of Tourism Safety Perception on Destination Image: A Case Study of Xinjiang, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tourism safety perception is one of the factors influencing destination image, but there is a lack of systematic research on the multidimensional influence of tourism safety perception on destination image. In this paper, based on the survey data collected from 623 tourists traveling in Xinjiang, China, we classified the respondents into three types of high, medium, and low levels of tourism safety perception by cluster analysis, and studied the influence of tourism safety perception on destination image in multiple dimensions by means of content analysis, diversity index, one-way ANOVA, and factor analysis. We found that tourism safety perception significantly affects the cognitive image, affective image, and conative image of the destination. Tourists with a high safety perception evaluate and affectively experience destination attributes more positively with higher satisfaction and stronger willingness to revisit and recommend. Tourism safety perception affects the stereotype image of the destination to a certain extent. Tourists in general produce a broadly homogeneous stereotype image, but there are differences in diversity and emotions. Tourists with a high safety perception have a richer and more positive stereotype image. This study enriches and deepens the theory regarding the influence of tourism safety perception on destination image, and also provides a richer theoretical basis for destination image construction and precision marketing.
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Effects of Cognitive Knowledge and Intercultural Behavioral Skills on Cultural Stereotypes and Intercultural Affect: A Case of Elementary Students' Perspective on Islam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413102. [PMID: 34948714 PMCID: PMC8702058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two decades have passed since the September 11 attacks by Islamist militants that shocked the world. Despite this, Islamophobia remains a common phenomenon. In Taiwan, the 2014 12-year Basic Education Curriculum amendments emphasize cultural and global understanding as core competencies. With more than 6 years of implementation, it would be therefore interesting to learn what elementary school students think of Islam. Anchoring on the concepts of intercultural competency development, stereotypes are said to be related to cognitive knowledge, intercultural behavioral abilities, and attitudes. A survey instrument was developed and validated to collect information on stereotypes, skills in intercultural interaction, and attitudes toward Islam. Additionally, cognitive knowledge of Islam was also tested. A total of 712 students participated in the study. Structural equation modelling was used to test the mediating role of cognitive knowledge and intercultural behavioral skills within the relationship between cultural stereotypes and intercultural affects. Findings show that behavioral skills alone are not enough to diminish the negative aspects of stereotypes. Importantly, it is only with the help of cognitive knowledge that the relationship between stereotypes and intercultural affects are improved. It is hoped that by understanding the importance of proper curriculum content, more sustainable coexistence can be established.
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13
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Lees J. Implicit attitudes matter for social judgments of others' preference, but do not make those judgments more or less accurate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Yeomans M. The straw man effect: Partisan misrepresentation in natural language. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211014582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Political discourse often seems divided not just by different preferences, but by entirely different representations of the debate. Are partisans able to accurately describe their opponents’ position, or do they instead generate unrepresentative “straw man” arguments? In this research we examined an (incentivized) political imitation game by asking partisans on both sides of the U.S. health care debate to describe the most common arguments for and against ObamaCare. We used natural language-processing algorithms to benchmark the biases and blind spots of our participants. Overall, partisans showed a limited ability to simulate their opponents’ perspective, or to distinguish genuine from imitation arguments. In general, imitations were less extreme than their genuine counterparts. Individual difference analyses suggest that political sophistication only improves the representations of one’s own side but not of an opponent’s side, exacerbating the straw man effect. Our findings suggest that false beliefs about partisan opponents may be pervasive.
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Clinton AJ, Pollini RA. Using Positive Empathy Interventions to Reduce Stigma Toward People Who Inject Drugs. Front Psychol 2021; 12:616729. [PMID: 34305698 PMCID: PMC8298892 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.616729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
People who inject drugs are often the target of stigma that puts this already at-risk group at greater risk of harm. Past research has shown that holding stigmatizing views of people who inject drugs increases risky behaviors and is a barrier to their engagement in important medical and public health interventions. One explanation is that the negativity surrounding the group causes increased levels of anticipated emotional exhaustion, discouraging positive engagement. However, there has been minimal research focused on addressing this negativity to reduce levels of held stigma against people who inject drugs. We hypothesized that giving people an imagined positive contact exercise about people who inject would lead to a reduction in stigma, since exposure to positive empathy may create new mental associations between stigmatized groups and more positive emotions and experiences. Secondarily, we hypothesized that positive empathy strategies would be more effective than traditional informational or learning based techniques, and that the latter would be more effective than a control condition. Our sample consisted of 375 participants recruited online. Participants were assigned to one of three study conditions: a positive empathy condition, an informational learning condition, or a control condition, and completed a posttest social distance measure. Results demonstrated that subjects exposed to the positive empathy stigma reduction condition experienced a significant reduction in held stigma while participants exposed to traditional informational learning techniques showed no significant reduction in held stigma. Positive empathy-based stigma interventions should be further researched as a promising avenue to reduce the effects of drug-related stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Clinton
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robin A Pollini
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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16
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Litam SDA, Balkin RS. Assessing Bayesian Racism Scale: Measuring Endorsement of Racial Stereotypes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2021; 43:504-518. [PMID: 33948043 PMCID: PMC8084414 DOI: 10.1007/s10447-021-09436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Bayesian racism is the belief that it is rational to discriminate against people based on existing racial stereotypes. The presence of Bayesian racism is strongly associated with negative feelings about minoritized groups and the desire to maintain racially inequitable social hierarchies. A confirmatory factor analysis on the Bayesian Racism Scale (BRS) yielded a unidimensional measure for assessing prejudicial attitudes that endorse stereotypes based on racial and ethnic groups. Findings from the study have important implications for multicultural and social justice research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Diane Arañez Litam
- Counseling, Administration, Supervision, and Adult Learning Department, Cleveland State University, OH Cleveland, USA
| | - Richard S. Balkin
- Department of Leadership & Counselor Education, The University of Mississippi, MS Oxford, USA
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17
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Geeraerts K, Vanhoof J, Van Den Bossche P. Flemish Teachers’ Age-related Stereotypes: Investigating Generational Differences. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2019.1701603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Geeraerts
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Karel de Grote university college, Antwerp
| | | | - Piet Van Den Bossche
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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18
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Carnaghi A, Rusconi P, Bianchi M, Fasoli F, Coladonato R, Hegarty P. No country for old gay men: Age and sexuality category intersection renders older gay men invisible. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220987606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs. elderly) referring to men are cognitively combined. In Study 1, young gay men were judged as more prototypical of gay men than adult or elderly gay men, while young, adult, and elderly heterosexual men were perceived as equally prototypical of heterosexual men. In Study 2, gay men were stereotyped more by young rather than elderly stereotypical traits, while heterosexual men were not stereotyped in terms of age. In Study 3, elderly men were stereotyped more by heterosexual than gay-stereotypical traits, while young men were not stereotyped in terms of sexual orientation. In Study 4, gay men were judged to be young rather than elderly, while elderly men were judged to be heterosexual rather than gay. Overall, elderly gay men were overlooked when processing their constituent categories, “gay” and “elderly” men. Implications for models of intersectionality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Bianchi
- University Lusòfona, Portugal
- ISCTE-Lisbon University Insitute, Portugal
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19
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de Vries RE. Lots of target variance: An update of SRM using the HEXACO personality inventory. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
According to previous studies based on the Social Relations Model (SRM), most of the variance in observer reports of personality is perceiver and relationship variance, and not much is target variance. However, most SRM studies have employed short adjective scales instead of personality questionnaires. Results based on the HEXACO‐PI‐R in family and work groups showed high levels of consensus (target variance) and self‐other agreement for all traits and, except for Honesty–Humility and Openness to Experience, low levels of generalized rater bias (perceiver variance) and of assumed similarity. Additionally, intraclass correlations suggested a 'group personality' for some traits. The findings suggest that the use of personality questionnaires in Social Relations Analyses may promote higher estimates of consensus in personality judgments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout E. de Vries
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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McCrae RR, Terracciano A, Realo A, Allik J. Climatic Warmth and National Wealth: Some Culture-Level Determinants of National Character Stereotypes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020; 21:953-976. [PMID: 20046546 DOI: 10.1002/per.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
National character stereotypes are widely shared, but do not reflect assessed levels of personality traits. In this article we present data illustrating the divergence of stereotypes and assessed personality traits in north and south Italy, test hypotheses about the associations of temperature and national wealth with national character stereotypes in 49 cultures, and explore possible links to national values and beliefs. Results suggest that warmth and wealth are common determinants of national stereotypes, but that there are also idiosyncratic influences on the perceptions of individual nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R McCrae
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS
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21
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Talaifar S, Buhrmester MD, Ayduk Ö, Swann WB. Asymmetries in Mutual Understanding: People With Low Status, Power, and Self-Esteem Understand Better Than They Are Understood. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:338-357. [PMID: 33074793 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620958003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All too often, people who develop exceptionally astute insights into others remain mysterious to these others. Evidence for such asymmetric understanding comes from several independent domains. Striking asymmetries occur among those who differ in status and power, such that individuals with low status and power understand more than they are understood. We show that this effect extends to people who merely perceive that they have low status: individuals with low self-esteem. Whereas people with low self-esteem display insight into people with high self-esteem, people with high self-esteem fail to reciprocate. Conceptual analysis suggests that asymmetries in mutual understanding may be reduced by addressing deficits in information and motivation among perceivers. Nevertheless, several interventions have been unsuccessful, indicating that the path to symmetric understanding is a steep and thorny one. Further research is needed to develop strategies for fostering understanding of those who are most misunderstood: people with low self-esteem, low status, and low power.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Özlem Ayduk
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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22
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Rüsch N, Angermeyer MC, Corrigan PW. Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 20:529-39. [PMID: 16171984 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPersons with mental illness frequently encounter public stigma and may suffer from self-stigma. This review aims to clarify the concept of mental illness stigma and discuss consequences for individuals with mental illness. After a conceptual overview of stigma we discuss two leading concepts of mental illness stigma and consequences of stigma, focussing on self-stigma/empowerment and fear of stigma as a barrier to using health services. Finally, we discuss three main strategies to reduce stigma - protest, education, and contact – and give examples of current anti-stigma campaigns. Well-designed anti-stigma initiatives will help to diminish negative consequences of mental illness stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rüsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Niazi F, Inam A, Akhtar Z. Accuracy of consensual stereotypes in moral foundations: A gender analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229926. [PMID: 32135546 PMCID: PMC7058411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study explored the accuracy of consensual moral stereotypes that women and men hold about each other, as well as whether the gender differences in morality found in previous literature replicate on a sample of Pakistani individuals. A sample of 300 was used with an equal number of men and women. Data from 50 of the respondents was collected online, whereas the rest was collected in person from universities. The 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ30) was used as a measure of five Moral Foundations, which are the basic elements of moral psychology as posited by Moral Foundations Theory. Men and women answered the questionnaire for themselves and then a second time, according to their perception of how a typical member of the other gender would respond which gave a measure of their stereotype. Comparison of actual scores of men and women revealed a statistically significant difference where women scored higher than men on the Harm foundation (p = 0.001). All other foundations, except for the Authority foundation showed the same pattern of differences as the previous literature, although they did not reach statistical significance. Stereotypes about men held by women were inaccurate underestimations on the Harm and Fairness foundations. The stereotype about women, held by men, was accurate on the Fairness foundation and inaccurate on the Authority foundation in the direction of underestimation. This research serves to further the study of Moral Foundations Theory as well as exploring the reasons behind the inaccurate moral stereotypes that men and women hold about each other, and actual gender differences in morality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Niazi
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Inam
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zubaa Akhtar
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
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24
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von der Malsburg T, Poppels T, Levy RP. Implicit Gender Bias in Linguistic Descriptions for Expected Events: The Cases of the 2016 United States and 2017 United Kingdom Elections. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:115-128. [PMID: 31913768 PMCID: PMC7197219 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619890619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender stereotypes influence subjective beliefs about the world, and this is reflected in our use of language. But do gender biases in language transparently reflect subjective beliefs? Or is the process of translating thought to language itself biased? During the 2016 United States (N = 24,863) and 2017 United Kingdom (N = 2,609) electoral campaigns, we compared participants' beliefs about the gender of the next head of government with their use and interpretation of pronouns referring to the next head of government. In the United States, even when the female candidate was expected to win, she pronouns were rarely produced and induced substantial comprehension disruption. In the United Kingdom, where the incumbent female candidate was heavily favored, she pronouns were preferred in production but yielded no comprehension advantage. These and other findings suggest that the language system itself is a source of implicit biases above and beyond previously known biases, such as those measured by the Implicit Association Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus von der Malsburg
- Department of Linguistics, University of
Potsdam
- Department of Brain and Cognitive
Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Till Poppels
- Department of Linguistics, University of
California San Diego
| | - Roger P. Levy
- Department of Brain and Cognitive
Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Department of Linguistics, University of
California San Diego
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25
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Tartakovsky E, Walsh SD, Lebedeva N, Tatarko A, Patrakov E, Nikulina M. Is there "smoke without fire"? Applying the theory of values to the study of motivational aspects of ethnic stereotypes: The case of Jewish stereotypes in Russia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 55:891-899. [PMID: 31944302 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined to what extent commonly held stereotypes reflect real intergroup differences in motivational goals. Taking a values perspective (Schwartz et al., 2012), the study examines value preferences among Jews and Russians in Russia, to assess the extent to which commonly held stereotypes reflect values of group members. Results showed that Jews reported substantially higher levels of universalism-tolerance, benevolence (both caring and dependability), and tradition values, and lower levels of power (both dominance and resources), and universalism-nature values, than Russians. Results indicated that the widespread Jewish stereotypes of power, achievement, and rootlessness/cosmopolitanism are ungrounded, while the stereotypes of liberalism and particularism are upheld by the reported differences in the value preferences between Jews and the majority population in Russia. The present study underscores the importance of value comparisons between ethnic minority and majority groups for understanding their motivational goals and thus fighting prejudices and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Tartakovsky
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sophie D Walsh
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nadezhda Lebedeva
- Department of Psychology, International Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Tatarko
- Department of Psychology, International Laboratory for Socio-Cultural Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard Patrakov
- Department of Social Safety, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Marina Nikulina
- The All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia) of Rostov Law Institute (branch), Rostov, Russia
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26
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Rougier M, Muller D, Courset R, Smeding A, Devos T, Batailler C. Toward the use of approach/avoidance tendencies as attitude measures: Individual‐ and group‐level variability of the ingroup bias. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Rougier
- LIP/PC2S Univ. Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
- IPSY Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve Belgique
| | - Dominique Muller
- LIP/PC2S Univ. Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France
- Institut Universitaire de France Paris France
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27
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Stolier RM, Hehman E, Freeman JB. Trait knowledge forms a common structure across social cognition. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:361-371. [PMID: 31932689 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have noted the resemblance across core models of social cognition, in which trait inferences centre on others' intentions and abilities (for example, warmth, competence). Current views posit that this common 'trait space' originates from the adaptive utility of the dimensions, predicting a relatively fixed and universal architecture. In contrast, we hypothesize that perceivers learn conceptual knowledge of how traits correlate, which shapes trait inferences similarly across domains (for example, faces, person knowledge, stereotypes), from which a common trait space emerges. Here we show substantial overlap between the structures of perceivers' conceptual and social perceptual trait spaces, across perceptual domains (studies 1-4) and that conceptual associations directly shape trait space (study 5). Furthermore, we find evidence that conceptual trait space is learned from social perception and actual personality structure (studies 6 and 7). Our findings suggest conceptual trait associations serve as a cornerstone in social perception, providing broad implications for the study of social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Stolier
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eric Hehman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Freeman
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA. .,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Chang LW, Gershman SJ, Cikara M. Comparing value coding models of context-dependence in social choice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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30
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Power and social information processing. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:42-46. [PMID: 31374370 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We review the scientific evidence concerning the relation between power and social information processing. Does having or obtaining power affect how we perceive and judge our social interaction partners and how accurately we do this? High power individuals perceive others as more agentic and tend to project characteristics of themselves onto others. People in power tend to stereotype others more and see them as less human and generally in a more negative way. Powerholders are not more or less accurate in assessing others; rather, the way they understand their power (as responsibility or opportunity) seems to make the difference: Power as responsibility results in better interpersonal accuracy. Our analysis shows that it is not so much being high or low in power that explains how we perceive others, but rather how we understand our power, whether our high power position is stable, and what our current interaction goals are.
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31
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Koenig AM, Eagly AH. Typical Roles and Intergroup Relations Shape Stereotypes: How Understanding Social Structure Clarifies the Origins of Stereotype Content. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0190272519850766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
How do stereotypes gain their specific content? Social psychologists have argued that stereotypes of groups, defined by demographic indicators such as sex and race, gain their content from their locations in the social structure. In one version of this claim, observations of group members’ typical roles shape stereotype content. In another version, observations of intergroup relations shape this content. This research addressed the validity and compatibility of these two claims. Three experiments manipulating the roles and intergroup relations of hypothetical groups demonstrated that stereotype content emerged from both roles and intergroup relations even when both types of information were available. Another study yielded substantial correlations between actual groups’ typical roles and their intergroup relations. We conclude that stereotype content reflects groups’ positioning in the social structure as defined by their typical social roles and intergroup relations. Discussion considers the implications of this conclusion for changing the content of stereotypes.
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32
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Lagos R, Canessa E, Chaigneau SE. Modeling stereotypes and negative self‐stereotypes as a function of interactions among groups with power asymmetries. JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lagos
- Programa Magister en BioestadísticaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Enrique Canessa
- Center for Cognition Research (CINCO), School of PsychologyUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Las Condes, Santiago Chile
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Viña del Mar Chile
| | - Sergio E. Chaigneau
- Center for Cognition Research (CINCO), School of PsychologyUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Las Condes, Santiago Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of PsychologyUniversidad Adolfo Ibáñez Las Condes, Santiago Chile
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33
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Ashton-James CE, Tybur JM, Grießer V, Costa D. Stereotypes about surgeon warmth and competence: The role of surgeon gender. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211890. [PMID: 30811457 PMCID: PMC6392236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Past research indicates that patient perceptions of surgeon warmth and competence influence treatment expectancies and satisfaction with treatment outcomes. Stereotypes have a powerful impact on impression formation. The present research explores stereotypes about surgeon warmth and competence and investigates the extent to which surgeon gender influences perceptions of female and male surgeons. A between-subjects experiment was conducted online using crowdsourcing technology to derive a representative sample from the general population. Four hundred and fifteen participants were randomly assigned to evaluate the warmth and competence of males, females, surgeons, male surgeons, or female surgeons, using validated measures. Planned contrasts revealed that as a group, surgeons received higher warmth and competence ratings than non-surgeons (p = .007). Consistent with gender stereotypes, female surgeons received higher warmth ratings (p < .001) and lower competence ratings (p = .001) than male surgeons. The stereotype of surgeons held by the general public is that they are high in warmth and competence relative to other occupational groups. Surgeon gender appears to influence general beliefs about the warmth and competence of female and male surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Ashton-James
- Pain Management Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Grießer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Costa
- Pain Management Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Delgado-Iglesias AJ, Ortiz-López M, Monteoliva-Sánchez A, Aguilar-Luzón MDC, Calvo-Salguero A. Moderating Role of the Experience of having had a Female Boss in Relationship between Neosexism and Unfavorable Attitudes toward Female Leaders. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 153:436-461. [PMID: 30696361 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1564723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern sexist beliefs are currently emerging as one of the most important barriers to achieving gender equality in managerial positions in organizations. However, little research addresses the factors that can reduce or soften the negative effects that these beliefs have on unfavorable attitudes toward female leaders. In the present study, it is analyzed whether the experience of having a female leader moderates this relationship. Additionally, we sought to verify whether this moderation is found in both genders. A sample of 307 employees from various positions in Spanish companies participated in this study. We performed regression analyses in blocks. The results indicate that this moderating role emerges only among women. Nevertheless, the findings also indicate that coming into contact with female leaders can increase these attitudes when the level of neosexism is low. The results suggest that the organizational policies that are introduced with the aim of reducing unfavorable attitudes and discriminatory behaviors toward female leaders should take into account that the assignment of women to leadership positions may favor the achievement of this aim in, at least, female employees who highly adhere to neosexist beliefs. However, this could also lead to an increase of these attitudes in female employees who present a low adherence to them.
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35
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Abstract
When taking into account the chances of success, strategic mating motivations do imply a bias not toward the most attractive individuals, but toward average or mildly attractive individuals, undermining the explanation of Maestripieri et al. at a fundamental level. This leaves open the possibility of alternative explanations and calls for a full-fledged explicit model of courtship behavior.
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36
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Kachel S, Radtke A, Skuk VG, Zäske R, Simpson AP, Steffens MC. Investigating the common set of acoustic parameters in sexual orientation groups: A voice averaging approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208686. [PMID: 30532156 PMCID: PMC6287851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the perception of sexual orientation in voices often relies on stereotypes, it is unclear whether speech stereotypes and accurate perceptions of sexual orientation are each based on acoustic cues common to speakers of a given group. We ask if the stereotypical belief, that members of the same sexual orientation group share similar acoustic patterns, is accurate to some degree. To address this issue, we are the first to use a novel voice morphing technique to create voice averages from voices that represent extremes of a given sexual orientation group either in terms of actual or perceived sexual orientation. Importantly, averaging preserves only those acoustic cues shared by the original speakers. 144 German listeners judged the sexual orientation of twelve natural-sounding sentence stimuli, each representing an average of five original utterances. Half of the averages were based on targets' self-ratings of sexual orientation: On a 7-point Kinsey-like scale, we selected targets who were most typical for a certain sexual orientation group according to their self-identifications. The other half were based on extreme ratings by others (i.e., on speech-related sexual-orientation stereotypes). Listeners judged sexual orientation from the voice averages with above-chance accuracy suggesting 1) that the perception of actual and stereotypical sexual orientation, respectively, are based on acoustic cues shared by speakers of the same group, and 2) that the stereotypical belief that members of the same sexual orientation group share similar acoustic patterns is accurate to some degree. Mean fundamental frequency and other common acoustic parameters showed systematic variation depending on speaker gender and sexual orientation. Effects of sexual orientation were more pronounced for stereotypical voice averages than for those based on speakers' self-ratings, suggesting that sexual-orientation stereotypes exaggerate even those differences present in the most salient groups of speakers. Implications of our findings for stereotyping and discrimination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kachel
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - André Radtke
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Verena G. Skuk
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Romi Zäske
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Simpson
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of German Linguistics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie C. Steffens
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Bruchmann K, Koopmann-Holm B, Scherer A. Seeing beyond political affiliations: The mediating role of perceived moral foundations on the partisan similarity-liking effect. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202101. [PMID: 30157213 PMCID: PMC6114773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have demonstrated that we like people who are more similar to us. The present research tested a potential mechanism for this similarity-liking effect in the domain of politics: the stereotype that people's political orientation reflects their morals. People believe that Democrats are more likely to endorse individualizing morals like fairness and Republicans are more likely to endorse binding morals like obedience to authority. Prior to the 2016 election, American participants (N = 314) viewed an ostensible Facebook profile that shared an article endorsing conservative ideals (pro-Trump or pro-Republican), or liberal ideals (pro-Clinton or pro-Democrat). Participants rated the favorability of the profile-owner, and completed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire for the profile-owner and themselves. As predicted, participants liked the profile-owner more when they shared political beliefs, and used political stereotypes to infer the moral foundations of the profile-owner. Additionally, the perceived moral foundation endorsement of the profile owner differentially mediated the relationship between the ideology and evaluations of the profile owner based on the party affiliation of the participant: perceived individualizing foundations mediated the relationship for Democratic participants and perceived binding foundations mediated the relationship for Republican participants. In other words, people liked their in-group members more because they thought that the profile-owner endorsed a specific type of morals. In Study 2 (N = 486), we ruled out the potential explanation that any political stereotype can account for the similarity-liking effect, replicating the results of Study 1 even when controlling for perceptions of other personality differences. Taken together, these studies highlight that there may be something unique about the perceived type of morality of political in-group and out-group members that may be contributing to the similarity-liking effect in politics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bruchmann
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Birgit Koopmann-Holm
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
| | - Aaron Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
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Kachel S, Simpson AP, Steffens MC. "Do I Sound Straight?": Acoustic Correlates of Actual and Perceived Sexual Orientation and Masculinity/Femininity in Men's Speech. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2018; 61:1560-1578. [PMID: 29955829 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to give an integrative answer on which speech stereotypes exist toward German gay and straight men, whether and how acoustic correlates of actual and perceived sexual orientation are connected, and how this relates to masculinity/femininity. Hence, it tests speech stereotype accuracy in the context of sexual orientation. METHOD Twenty-five gay and 26 straight German speakers provided data for a fine-grained psychological self-assessment (e.g., masculinity/femininity) and explicit speech stereotypes. They were recorded for an extensive set of read and spontaneous speech samples using microphones and nasometry. Recordings were analyzed for a variety of acoustic parameters (e.g., fundamental frequency and nasalance). Seventy-four listeners categorized speakers as gay or straight on the basis of the same sentence. RESULTS Most relevant explicitly expressed speech stereotypes encompass voice pitch, nasality, chromaticity, and smoothness. Demonstrating implicit stereotypes, speakers were perceived as sounding straighter, the lower their median f0, center of gravity in /s/, and mean F2. However, based on actual sexual orientation, straight men only showed lower mean F1 than gay men. Additionally, we found evidence that actual masculinity/femininity and the degree of sexual orientation were reflected in gay and straight men's speech. CONCLUSION Implicit and explicit speech stereotypes about gay and straight men do not contain a kernel of truth, and differences within groups are more important than differences between them. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6484001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kachel
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
| | - Adrian P Simpson
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Department of German Linguistics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie C Steffens
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
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39
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The Caucasian and North African French Faces (CaNAFF): A Face Database. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rauthmann J, Sherman R. Toward a Research Agenda for the Study of Situation Perceptions: A Variance Componential Framework. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2018; 23:238-266. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868318765600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Situation perception represents the fulcrum of a “psychology of situations” because situation ratings are ubiquitous. However, no systematic research program exists so far, particularly because two competing traditions have not been integrated: Objectivist views stress situations’ consensually shared meanings (social reality), and subjectivist views idiosyncratic meanings (personal reality). A componential framework can disentangle social from personal reality in situation perceptions: When multiple perceivers (P) rate multiple situations (S) on multiple situation characteristics (C), variance in those ratings can be decomposed according to S × C, P × S, and P × C breakdowns. Six grand questions of situation perception research are spawned from these decompositions: complexity, similarity, assimilation, consensus, uniqueness, and accuracy. Analyses of real data are provided to exemplify our ideas, along with customizable R codes for all methods. A componential framework allows novel and unique insights into different questions surrounding situation perceptions and provides a coherent research agenda.
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Kleiman T, Enisman M. The conflict mindset: How internal conflicts affect self-regulation. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McPherson E, Park B, Ito TA. The Role of Prototype Matching in Science Pursuits: Perceptions of Scientists That Are Inaccurate and Diverge From Self-Perceptions Predict Reduced Interest in a Science Career. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:881-898. [PMID: 29405846 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217754069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-to-prototype matching is a strategy of mental comparisons between the self-concept and the typical or "representative" member of a group to make some judgment. Such a process might contribute to interest in pursuing a science career and, relatedly, women's underrepresentation in physical science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (pSTEM) fields. Across four studies, we measured self-scientist discrepancies on communal, agentic, and scientific dimensions, and assessed participants' interest in a science career. The most consistent predictor of science interest was the discrepancy between self and scientist on the scientific dimension (e.g., intelligent, meticulous). Study 4 established that students with larger self-scientist discrepancies also had less accurate perceptions of students pursuing science, and that inaccuracy was related to lower science interest. Thus, students with lower science interest do not just perceive scientists differently from themselves but also erroneously. Discrepancy and inaccuracy together explained a significant portion of the gender gap in pSTEM interest.
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Lima de Miranda K, Neyse L, Schmidt U. Risk Preferences and Predictions about Others: No Association with 2D:4D Ratio. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:9. [PMID: 29472846 PMCID: PMC5810266 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal androgen exposure affects the brain development of the fetus which may facilitate certain behaviors and decision patterns in the later life. The ratio between the lengths of second and the fourth fingers (2D:4D) is a negative biomarker of the ratio between prenatal androgen and estrogen exposure and men typically have lower ratios than women. In line with the typical findings suggesting that women are more risk averse than men, several studies have also shown negative relationships between 2D:4D and risk taking although the evidence is not conclusive. Previous studies have also reported that both men and women believe women are more risk averse than men. In the current study, we re-test the relationship between 2D:4D and risk preferences in a German student sample and also investigate whether the 2D:4D ratio is associated with people's perceptions about others' risk preferences. Following an incentivized risk elicitation task, we asked all participants their predictions about (i) others' responses (without sex specification), (ii) men's responses, and (iii) women's responses; then measured their 2D:4D ratios. In line with the previous findings, female participants in our sample were more risk averse. While both men and women underestimated other participants' (non sex-specific) and women's risky decisions on average, their predictions about men were accurate. We also found evidence for the false consensus effect, as risky choices are positively correlated with predictions about other participants' risky choices. The 2D:4D ratio was not directly associated either with risk preferences or the predictions of other participants' choices. An unexpected finding was that women with mid-range levels of 2D:4D estimated significantly larger sex differences in participants' decisions. This finding needs further testing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levent Neyse
- Kiel Institute for the World EconomyKiel, Germany
- SOEP at German Institute for Economic Research (DIW)Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schmidt
- Kiel Institute for the World EconomyKiel, Germany
- Department of Economics and Econometrics, University of JohannesburgJohannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Economics, University of KielKiel, Germany
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Hutchison J, Cunningham SJ, Slessor G, Urquhart J, Smith K, Martin D. Context and Perceptual Salience Influence the Formation of Novel Stereotypes via Cumulative Cultural Evolution. Cogn Sci 2017; 42 Suppl 1:186-212. [PMID: 29094380 PMCID: PMC5969227 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We use a transmission chain method to establish how context and category salience influence the formation of novel stereotypes through cumulative cultural evolution. We created novel alien targets by combining features from three category dimensions-color, movement, and shape-thereby creating social targets that were individually unique but that also shared category membership with other aliens (e.g., two aliens might be the same color and shape but move differently). At the start of the transmission chains each alien was randomly assigned attributes that described it (e.g., arrogant, caring, confident). Participants were given training on the alien-attribute assignments and were then tested on their memory for these. The alien-attribute assignments participants produced during test were used as the training materials for the next participant in the transmission chain. As information was repeatedly transmitted an increasingly simplified, learnable stereotype-like structure emerged for targets who shared the same color, such that by the end of the chains targets who shared the same color were more likely to share the same attributes (a reanalysis of data from Martin et al., which we term Experiment 1). The apparent bias toward the formation of novel stereotypes around the color category dimension was also found for objects (Experiment 2). However, when the category dimension of color was made less salient, it no longer dominated the formation of novel stereotypes (Experiment 3). The current findings suggest that context and category salience influence category dimension salience, which in turn influences the cumulative cultural evolution of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui Hutchison
- Division of Psychology, University of Abertay.,School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen
| | | | | | | | - Kenny Smith
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
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Hall JA, Goh JX. Studying Stereotype Accuracy from an Integrative Social-Personality Perspective. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Eyal T, Epley N. Exaggerating Accessible Differences: When Gender Stereotypes Overestimate Actual Group Differences. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:1323-1336. [PMID: 28903680 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217713190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stereotypes are often presumed to exaggerate group differences, but empirical evidence is mixed. We suggest exaggeration is moderated by the accessibility of specific stereotype content. In particular, because the most accessible stereotype contents are attributes perceived to differ between groups, those attributes are most likely to exaggerate actual group differences due to regression to the mean. We tested this hypothesis using a highly accessible gender stereotype: that women are more socially sensitive than men. We confirmed that the most accessible stereotype content involves attributes perceived to differ between groups (pretest), and that these stereotypes contain some accuracy but significantly exaggerate actual gender differences (Experiment 1). We observe less exaggeration when judging less accessible stereotype content (Experiment 2), or when judging individual men and women (Experiment 3). Considering the accessibility of specific stereotype content may explain when stereotypes exaggerate actual group differences and when they do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Eyal
- 1 Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Martin D, Cunningham SJ, Hutchison J, Slessor G, Smith K. How societal stereotypes might form and evolve via cumulative cultural evolution. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fasoli F, Maass A, Paladino MP, Sulpizio S. Gay- and Lesbian-Sounding Auditory Cues Elicit Stereotyping and Discrimination. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1261-1277. [PMID: 28299562 PMCID: PMC5487912 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing body of literature on the recognition of sexual orientation from voice ("auditory gaydar") is silent on the cognitive and social consequences of having a gay-/lesbian- versus heterosexual-sounding voice. We investigated this issue in four studies (overall N = 276), conducted in Italian language, in which heterosexual listeners were exposed to single-sentence voice samples of gay/lesbian and heterosexual speakers. In all four studies, listeners were found to make gender-typical inferences about traits and preferences of heterosexual speakers, but gender-atypical inferences about those of gay or lesbian speakers. Behavioral intention measures showed that listeners considered lesbian and gay speakers as less suitable for a leadership position, and male (but not female) listeners took distance from gay speakers. Together, this research demonstrates that having a gay/lesbian rather than heterosexual-sounding voice has tangible consequences for stereotyping and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fasoli
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Stage Hill Campus, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
- Center for Psychological Research and Social Intervention, Instituto Universitario de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Anne Maass
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paladino
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Sulpizio
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Richards Z, Hewstone M. Subtyping and Subgrouping: Processes for the Prevention and Promotion of Stereotype Change. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0501_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Two processes of stereotyping, subtyping and subgrouping, are compared. Subtyping occurs when perceivers respond to members of a target group who disconfirm their stereotypes by seeing them as exceptions to the rule and placing them in a separate subcategory apart from members who confirm the stereotype. The more recently defined process of subgrouping refers to the perceiver's organization of information in terms of clusters of individuals based on their similarities and differences; subgroups can include confirmers and disconfirmers. We consider how subtypes and subgroups are defined, operationalized, and measured, their consequences for stereotype change, and the role of typicality. It is concluded that the clearest difference between subtyping and subgrouping is in terms of their consequences (subtyping leads to the preservation and subgrouping to differentiation of the stereotype). There are, however, some similarities between the processes, and attention is drawn to whatfuture research is required, both to deepen our knowledge of each process and clarify their distinction.
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Park B, Judd CM. Rethinking the Link Between Categorization and Prejudice Within the Social Cognition Perspective. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 9:108-30. [PMID: 15869378 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0902_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
For the past 40 years, social psychological research on stereotyping and prejudice in the United States has been dominated by the social cognition perspective, which has emphasized the important role of basic categorization processes in intergroup dynamics. An inadvertent consequence of this approach has been a disproportionate focus on social categorization as a causal factor in intergroup animosity and, accordingly, an emphasis on approaches that minimize category distinctions as the solution to intergroup conflict. Though recognizing the crucial function of categorization, we question existing support for the hypothesis that the perception of strong group differences necessarily results in greater intergroup bias. Given that it is neither feasible nor ultimately desirable to imagine that social categories can be eliminated, we suggest that a more useful approach is one that promotes intergroup harmony even while recognizing and valuing the distinctions that define our social world.
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