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Aparna M, Saravanan P, Dhanesh VV, Selvaraj DPR, Shreya G, Adwitiya D, Madhusudan H, Sreenivasa BP, Tamilselvan RP, Sanyal A, Goyal S, Thiyagarajan S, Chaudhuri P. Diagnostic and prophylactic potential of a stabilized foot-and-mouth disease serotype Asia1 virus like particles designed through a structure guided approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134366. [PMID: 39098702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Intact capsids of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) play a vital role in eliciting a protective immune response. Any change in the physico-chemical environment of the capsids results in dissociation and poor immunogenicity. Structural bioinfomatics studies have been carried out to predict the amino acids at the interpentameric region that resulted in the identification of mutant virus-like particles(VLPs) of FMDV serotype Asia1/IND/63/1972. The insect cell expressed VLPs were evaluated for their stability by sandwich ELISA. Among 10 mutants, S93H showed maximum retention of antigenicity at different temperatures, indicating its higher thermal stability as revealed by the in-silico analysis and retained the antigenic sites of the virus demonstrated by Sandwich ELISA. The concordant results of the liquid phase blocking ELISA for estimation of antibody titre of known sera with stable mutant VLP as antigen in place of virus antigen demonstrate its diagnostic potential. The stable mutant VLP elicited a robust immune response with 85.6 % protection in guinea pigs against virus challenge. The stabilized VLP based antigen requires minimum biosafety and cold storage for production and transit besides, complying with differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. It can effectively replace the conventional virus handling during antigen production for prophylactic and diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Aparna
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - V V Dhanesh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Gopinath Shreya
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Das Adwitiya
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - B P Sreenivasa
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - R P Tamilselvan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Samta Goyal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Saravanamuthu Thiyagarajan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru 560100, India
| | - Pallab Chaudhuri
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
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Al-Ebshahy E, El-Ansary RE, Zhang J, Badr Y, Rady A, El-Ashram S, Ma Y, Yuan M, Elgendy E. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of FMD virus isolated from two outbreaks in Egypt. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105651. [PMID: 39089501 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite intensive control efforts, Foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks continue to occur regularly in Egypt and resulting in dramatic economic losses to the livestock industry. During 2018 and 2022, FMD was clinically suspected among previously vaccinated cattle in Beheira and Kafr El-Sheikh provinces, Egypt. FMDV RNA was detected in 18 (45%) out of 40 epithelial tissue samples using real-time RT-PCR based on a pan-FMDV primers set. The 2018 outbreak isolates (n = 8) included the FMDV serotypes A and SAT2, whereas all isolates (n = 10) from the 2022 outbreak belonged to the FMDV serotype A. Four selected isolates, designated FMDV/SAT2/EGY/Beheira/2018, FMDV/A/EGY/Kafr El-Sheikh/2018, FMDV/A/EGY/Kafr El-Sheikh/2022 and FMDV/A/EGY/Behiera/2022, were characterized on the basis of partial VP1 gene sequence analysis. The FMDV/SAT2/EGY/Beheira/2018 strain was clustered within the Lib-12 lineage of the topotype VII and shared 79.2-98.4% nucleotide identity with other Egyptian SAT2 strains available in Genbank database. On the other hand, the three FMDV serotype A sequences shared 74.4-99.1% nucleotide identity with each other. Also, they were phylogenetically classified within two distinct topotypes. The FMDV/A/Egy/Kafr El-Sheikh/2018 strain was grouped within the Asian topotype, meanwhile the FMDV/A/EGY/Kafr El-Sheikh/2022 and FMDV/A/EGY/Behiera/2022 strains were grouped together within the genotype IV of the African topotype. Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequences of the four strains displayed numerous variations in comparison to the vaccine strains currently used in Egypt. In addition, most of these variations were present in prominent antigenic positions in the VP1 protein. These findings raise a crucial need to validate the protective potential of the vaccine strains against the newly emerging FMDV field strains and to update the vaccination strategy accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Al-Ebshahy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees10th, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Ramy E El-Ansary
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Yassien Badr
- Department of Infectious Diseases and epidemics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, 22511 Damanhour, El Beheira, Egypt
| | - Alaa Rady
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees10th, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China; Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Yabin Ma
- Hebei Animal Husbandry and Breeding Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Hebei Animal Husbandry and Breeding Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Emad Elgendy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Mushtaq H, Shah SS, Zarlashat Y, Iqbal M, Abbas W. Cell Culture Adaptive Amino Acid Substitutions in FMDV Structural Proteins: A Key Mechanism for Altered Receptor Tropism. Viruses 2024; 16:512. [PMID: 38675855 PMCID: PMC11054764 DOI: 10.3390/v16040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus is a highly contagious and economically devastating virus of cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, causing reduced animal productivity and posing international trade restrictions. For decades, chemically inactivated vaccines have been serving as the most effective strategy for the management of foot-and-mouth disease. Inactivated vaccines are commercially produced in cell culture systems, which require successful propagation and adaptation of field isolates, demanding a high cost and laborious time. Cell culture adaptation is chiefly indebted to amino acid substitutions in surface-exposed capsid proteins, altering the necessity of RGD-dependent receptors to heparan sulfate macromolecules for virus binding. Several amino acid substations in VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins of FMDV, both at structural and functional levels, have been characterized previously. This literature review combines frequently reported amino acid substitutions in virus capsid proteins, their critical roles in virus adaptation, and functional characterization of the substitutions. Furthermore, this data can facilitate molecular virologists to develop new vaccine strains against the foot-and-mouth disease virus, revolutionizing vaccinology via reverse genetic engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mushtaq
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Syed Salman Shah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Zarlashat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Abbas
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
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Wang X, Abdullah SW, Wu J, Tang J, Zhang Y, Dong H, Bai M, Wei S, Sun S, Guo H. Foot-and-mouth disease virus downregulates vacuolar protein sorting 28 to promote viral replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0018123. [PMID: 37565750 PMCID: PMC10506468 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00181-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 28 (Vps28), a component of the ESCRT-I (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), plays an important role in the pathogen life cycle. Here, we investigated the reciprocal regulation between Vps28 and the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Overexpression of Vps28 decreased FMDV replication. On the contrary, the knockdown of Vps28 increased viral replication. Subsequently, the mechanistic study showed that Vps28 destabilized the replication complex (RC) by associating with 3A rather than 2C protein. In addition, Vps28 targeted FMDV VP0, VP1, and VP3 for degradation to inhibit viral replication. To counteract this, FMDV utilized tactics to restrict Vps28 to promote viral replication. FMDV degraded Vps28 mainly through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Additional data demonstrated that 2B and 3A proteins recruited E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 21 to degrade Vps28 at Lys58 and Lys25, respectively, and FMDV 3Cpro degraded Vps28 through autophagy and its protease activity. Meantime, the 3Cpro-mediated Vps28 degradation principally alleviated the ability to inhibit viral propagation. Intriguingly, we also demonstrated that the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of Vps28 were responsible for the suppression of FMDV replication, which suggested the elaborated counteraction between FMDV and Vps28. Collectively, our results first investigate the role of ESCRTs in host defense against picornavirus and unveil underlying strategies utilized by FMDV to evade degradation machinery for triumphant propagation. IMPORTANCE ESCRT machinery plays positive roles in virus entry, replication, and budding. However, little has been reported on its negative regulation effects during viral infection. Here, we uncovered the novel roles of ESCRT-I subunit Vps28 on FMDV replication. The data indicated that Vps28 destabilized the RC and impaired viral structural proteins VP0, VP1, and VP3 to inhibit viral replication. To counteract this, FMDV hijacked intracellular protein degradation pathways to downregulate Vps28 expression and thus promoted viral replication. Our findings provide insights into how ESCRT regulates pathogen life cycles and elucidate additional information regarding FMDV counteraction of host antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sahibzada Waheed Abdullah
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jin'en Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianli Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Manyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sumin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Metwally S, Bkear N, Badr Y, Elshafey B, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Batiha G, Fakhry B, Hamada R. A Newly Emerging Serotype A Strain in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with Higher Severity and Mortality in Buffalo than in Cattle Calves in North Egypt. Vet Sci 2023; 10:488. [PMID: 37624275 PMCID: PMC10457878 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic struck several Egyptian provinces recently, causing significant losses among animals even in vaccinated farms. This study indicated the existence of the newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and first investigated its effect on the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle calves in the Beheira province, north Egypt. Twenty tongue epithelial samples from diseased calves in five infected farms were randomly collected, prepared, and propagated using baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. Whole genomic RNA was extracted from the cells of the third passage. A FMDV genome was detected and serotyped using one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Nucleotide sequencing of the purified serotype-specific PCR bands was performed, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 600 base pairs of VP1 was constructed. The results identified FMDV, serotype A in all infected samples, whereas the serotypes O and SAT2 were negative. The obtained 20 sequences were identical to each other and similar to the newly reported strain in Egypt that belongs to the Europe-South America (Euro-SA) topotype. The epidemiological and clinical parameters associated with such a strain were fully recorded by veterinarians and analyzed in a single infected farm including 70 cattle and buffalo calves. It caused higher peracute mortalities in buffalo (25.7%; 95% CI: 13-43) than in cattle (8.6%; 95% CI: 2-24) calves. Severe clinical signs such as dullness, hypothermia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia were common to both except in fatal cases, whereas hyperthermia and respiratory signs were prevalent in cattle calves. In conclusion, we first characterized the newly emerging FMDV in the calves of Beheira as more fatal and severe in buffalo than in cattle calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Metwally
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nabil Bkear
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Yassien Badr
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Besheer Elshafey
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Sadeq K. Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Laila A. Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gaber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Bassant Fakhry
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Rania Hamada
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Hadj Hassine I, Gharbi J, Amara I, Alyami A, Subei R, Almalki M, Hober D, M'hadheb MB. Cloning and Molecular Characterization of the Recombinant CVB4E2 Immunogenic Viral Protein (rVP1), as a Potential Subunit Protein for Vaccine and Immunodiagnostic Reagent Candidate. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1192. [PMID: 37317166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was, first, to clone the VP1 gene of the human coxsackievirus B4 strain E2 (CVB4E2) in the prokaryotic pUC19 plasmid expression vector then to compare it with the structural capsid proteins of the same strain using bioinformatic tools. PCR colony amplification followed through a restriction digestion analysis and sequencing process which affirmed the success of the cloning process. SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting were used to characterize the purified recombinant viral protein expressed in bacteria cells. The BLASTN tool revealed that the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant VP1 (rVP1) expressed by pUC19 highly matched the target nucleotide sequence of the diabetogenic CVB4E2 strain. Secondary structure and three-dimension structure prediction suggested that rVP1, such as wild-type VP1, is chiefly composed of random coils and a high percentage of exposed amino acids. Linear B-cell epitope prediction showed that several antigenic epitopes are likely present in rVP1 and CVB4E2 VP1 capsid protein. Additionally, phosphorylation site prediction revealed that both proteins may affect the signal transduction of host cells and can be involved in virus virulence. The present work highlights the usefulness of cloning and bioinformatics characterizations for gene investigation. Furthermore, the collected data are helpful for future experimental research related to the development of immunodiagnostic reagents and subunit vaccines based on the expression of immunogenic viral capsid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikbel Hadj Hassine
- Virology and Antiviral Strategies Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imene Amara
- Virology and Antiviral Strategies Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Ameera Alyami
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Subei
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almalki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Manel Ben M'hadheb
- Virology and Antiviral Strategies Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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Kim KR, Lee AS, Kim SM, Heo HR, Kim CS. Virus-like nanoparticles as a theranostic platform for cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1106767. [PMID: 36714624 PMCID: PMC9878189 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) are natural polymer-based nanomaterials that mimic viral structures through the hierarchical assembly of viral coat proteins, while lacking viral genomes. VLPs have received enormous attention in a wide range of nanotechnology-based medical diagnostics and therapies, including cancer therapy, imaging, and theranostics. VLPs are biocompatible and biodegradable and have a uniform structure and controllable assembly. They can encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and can be genetically or chemically modified. These properties have led to sophisticated multifunctional theranostic platforms. This article reviews the current progress in developing and applying engineered VLPs for molecular imaging, drug delivery, and multifunctional theranostics in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Rok Kim
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ae Sol Lee
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Su Min Kim
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryoung Heo
- Senotherapy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,*Correspondence: Chang Sup Kim, ; Hye Ryoung Heo,
| | - Chang Sup Kim
- Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,*Correspondence: Chang Sup Kim, ; Hye Ryoung Heo,
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Hagag NM, Hassan AM, Zaher MR, Elnomrosy SM, Shemies OA, Hussein HA, Ahmed ES, Ali MH, Ateay M, Abdel-Hakim MA, Habashi AR, Eid S, El Zowalaty ME, Shahein MA. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus type A, Lineage EURO-SA in Egypt in 2022. Virus Res 2023; 323:198960. [PMID: 36209919 PMCID: PMC10194312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A newly emerging and exotic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) caused a recent outbreak of serotype A in Egypt in 2022, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding the structural proteins which determine FMDV serotype. No study has yet determined structural proteins sequences of the newly emerging Europe-South America (EURO-SA) lineage which was recently isolated from Egypt during a routine surveillance in 2022. The objective of the current study was to analyze the structural proteins of the Venezuelan type which belongs to EURO-SA. The new isolate was related to serotype A lineage Euro-South America. Phylogentic analyses have reveled that the newly isolated lineage samples were closely related to reported sequences that have been identified in Venzuela and Colombia. Analysis of structural protein sequences revealed the recent isolates belong to prototype strain A24 Cruzeiro. Notably, nucleotide sequences of the Egyptian isolate was related to Venezuelan, Brazilian, and Colombian strains with identity not exceeding 90%. The divergence which appears in the genetic identity of the Egyptian A/EURO-SA lineage from other related strains may be attributed to the absence of Euro-SA lineage sequence from Egypt. The present study is the first report on the detection of EURO-SA lineage in Egypt. The recent detection of the EURO-SA lineage samples may be explained due to imported animals from Colombia or Brazil which share geographical borders with Venezuela. The findings of the present study highlight the significance of continuous monitoring of FMDV in Egypt for newly emerging FMDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R Zaher
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sara M Elnomrosy
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Shemies
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Heba A Hussein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Eman S Ahmed
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Ali
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ateay
- General Organization For Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed R Habashi
- Virus Strain Bank, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, UAE.
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
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Biswal JK, Sreenivasa BP, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Jumanal V, Basagoudanavar SH, Dhanesh VV, Hosamani M, Tamil Selvan RP, Krishnaswamy N, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B, Singh RK, Mishra BP, Sanyal A. A single amino acid substitution in the VP2 protein of Indian foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O vaccine strain confers thermostability and protective immunity in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3651-3663. [PMID: 36219528 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a significant threat to animal health globally. Prophylactic vaccination using inactivated FMD virus (FMDV) antigen is being practised for the control in endemic countries. A major limitation of the current vaccine is its susceptibility to high environmental temperature causing loss of immunogenicity, thus necessitating the cold chain for maintenance of its efficacy. Hence, the FMD vaccine with thermostable virus particles will be highly useful in sustaining the integrity of whole virus particle (146S) during storage at 4°C. In this study, 12 recombinant mutants of Indian vaccine strain of FMDV serotype O (O/IND/R2/1975) were generated through reverse genetics approach and evaluated for thermostability. One of the mutant viruses, VP2_Y98F was more thermostable than other mutants and the parent FMDV. The oil-adjuvanted vaccine formulated with the inactivated VP2_Y98F mutant FMDV was stable up to 8 months when stored at 4°C and induced protective antibody response till dpv 180 after primary vaccination. It is concluded that the VP2_Y98F mutant FMDV was thermostable and has the potential to replace the parent vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Veena Jumanal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Institute of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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10
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Li J, Wei Y, Zhang R, Yang H. Enhanced stability of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Antigens with a novel formulation. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:759-765. [PMID: 36004557 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The structural instability of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen hinders the development of vaccine industry. The use of an inexpensive, biocompatible formulation to slow down the degradation of antigen would address the problem. Here, PBS was showed to be effective in stabilizing 146S and hence determined as basic solution buffer. Excipients such as Trehalose, Sucrose, Arginine, Cysteine, Calcium chloride, BSA and Ascorbic acid were found to protect 146S from massive structural breakdown. Using orthogonal test, we confirmed the novel formulation as a combination of 5% (w/v) trehalose, 5% (w/v) sucrose, 0.05 M arginine, 0.01 M cysteine, 0.01 M calcium chloride, 1% (W/V) BSA and 0.001 M ascorbic acid in PBS. The formulation increased vaccine stabilization, with retention rate of 14% after storage at 4 °C for 14 months. Particle size for vaccine was at approximately 220 nm and physicochemical detecting findings were rarely abnormal in morphology and emulsion type. In summary, these results revealed that the novel formulation is beneficial to make FMD vaccine more stable and effective, reducing the dependence on cold storage and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,China Agricultural VET.BIO.Science and Technology Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- China Agricultural VET.BIO.Science and Technology Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huiqing Yang
- China Agricultural VET.BIO.Science and Technology Co, Ltd, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Cross-Serotype Reactivity of ELISAs Used to Detect Antibodies to the Structural Proteins of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071495. [PMID: 35891476 PMCID: PMC9316314 DOI: 10.3390/v14071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid induced by infection or vaccination can provide serotype-specific protection and be measured using virus neutralization tests and viral structural-protein (SP-)ELISAs. Separate tests are needed for each serotype, but cross-serotype reactions complicate serotyping. In this study, inter-serotypic responses were quantified for five SP-ELISA formats by testing 294 monovalent mainly bovine sera collected following infection, vaccination, or vaccination and infection with one of five serotypes of FMDV. Over half of the samples, representing all three immunization categories, scored positive for at least one heterologous serotype and some scored positive for all serotypes tested. A comparative approach to identifying the strongest reaction amongst serotypes O, A and Asia 1 improved the accuracy of serotyping to 73–100% depending on the serotype and test system, but this method will be undermined where animals have been infected and/or vaccinated with multiple FMDV serotypes. Preliminary studies with stabilized recombinant capsid antigens of serotypes O and A that do not expose internal epitopes showed reduced cross-reactivity, supporting the hypothesis that capsid integrity can affect the serotype-specificity of the SP-ELISAs. The residual cross-reactivity associated with capsid surface epitopes was consistent with the evidence of cross-serotype virus neutralization.
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12
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Song Y, Yang Y, Lin X, Zhao Q, Su Z, Ma G, Zhang S. Size exclusion chromatography using large pore size media induces adverse conformational changes of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus particles. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Kristensen T, Normann P, Belsham GJ. The N-terminal region (VP4) of the foot-and-mouth disease capsid precursor (P1-2A) is not required during its synthesis to allow subsequent processing by the 3C protease. Virology 2022; 570:29-34. [PMID: 35364457 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capsid precursor (P1-2A) of foot-and-mouth disease virus is processed by the 3C protease (3Cpro) to VP0, VP3 and VP1 plus 2A. During capsid assembly, the VP0 is cleaved to VP4 plus VP2. Single amino acid changes in a conserved motif (YCPRP) near the C-terminus of VP1 can block processing of the capsid precursor by the 3Cpro, although the cleavage sites are located hundreds of amino acids distant from this motif, presumably due to misfolding. In contrast, we show here that the absence of the VP4 sequence during the synthesis of the capsid precursor does not affect its subsequent processing. Cleavage of this truncated precursor by 3Cpro at the VP3/VP1 and VP2/VP3 junctions occurred efficiently. Thus, in contrast to the presence of the YCPRP motif in VP1, there are no critical motifs near the N-terminus of the precursor, within VP4, required for correct cleavage by 3Cpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Preben Normann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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14
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El Bagoury GF, Elhabashy R, Mahmoud AH, Hagag NM, El Zowalaty ME. Development and evaluation of one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of foot-and-mouth-disease virus serotypes circulating in Egypt. J Virol Methods 2022; 306:114525. [PMID: 35337855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically important viral disease affecting livestock. Rapid and precise diagnosis of FMD is critical for efficient control and surveillance strategies of the disease. In this study, one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays using newly designed primers/probe sets in the conserved regions within the VP1 coding sequence were developed for specific detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 2 and O with their different lineage circulating in Egypt. The assays were validated for the efficacy to detect different lineages of these endemic serotypes in Egypt; the detection limit was 10 genomic copies for serotype SAT 2 and one genomic copy for serotype O, with no cross-reactivity observed. These findings were confirmed by the specific and sensitive detection of FMDV in clinical samples obtained from different regions in Egypt and representing a range of subtypes within the SAT 2 and O serotypes. The results illustrate the potential of tailored RT-qPCR tools for the rapid detection and serotyping of FMDV belonging to different lineages of serotypes SAT 2 and O circulating in Egypt with high sensitivity and specificity. The developed assays could be easily deployed for routine surveillance and hence improving the disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabr F El Bagoury
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Rawan Elhabashy
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ayman H Mahmoud
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida, 44813, Ash Sharqia, Egypt; Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Wang I, Gupta SK, Ems G, Jayawardena N, Strauss M, Bostina M. Cryo-EM Structure of a Possum Enterovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020318. [PMID: 35215909 PMCID: PMC8879876 DOI: 10.3390/v14020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) represent a substantial concern to global health. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of a non-human enterovirus, EV-F4, isolated from the Australian brushtail possum to assess the structural diversity of these picornaviruses. The capsid structure, determined to ~3 Å resolution by single particle analysis, exhibits a largely smooth surface, similar to EV-F3 (formerly BEV-2). Although the cellular receptor is not known, the absence of charged residues on the outer surface of the canyon suggest a different receptor type than for EV-F3. Density for the pocket factor is clear, with the entrance to the pocket being smaller than for other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada;
| | | | - Guillaume Ems
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mike Strauss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.B.)
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16
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Dejnirattisai W, Huo J, Zhou D, Zahradník J, Supasa P, Liu C, Duyvesteyn HME, Ginn HM, Mentzer AJ, Tuekprakhon A, Nutalai R, Wang B, Dijokaite A, Khan S, Avinoam O, Bahar M, Skelly D, Adele S, Johnson SA, Amini A, Ritter TG, Mason C, Dold C, Pan D, Assadi S, Bellass A, Omo-Dare N, Koeckerling D, Flaxman A, Jenkin D, Aley PK, Voysey M, Costa Clemens SA, Naveca FG, Nascimento V, Nascimento F, Fernandes da Costa C, Resende PC, Pauvolid-Correa A, Siqueira MM, Baillie V, Serafin N, Kwatra G, Da Silva K, Madhi SA, Nunes MC, Malik T, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Townsend AR, Huang KYA, Tan TK, Carroll MW, Klenerman P, Barnes E, Dunachie SJ, Constantinides B, Webster H, Crook D, Pollard AJ, Lambe T, Paterson NG, Williams MA, Hall DR, Fry EE, Mongkolsapaya J, Ren J, Schreiber G, Stuart DI, Screaton GR. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 leads to widespread escape from neutralizing antibody responses. Cell 2022; 185:467-484.e15. [PMID: 35081335 PMCID: PMC8723827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 322.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
On 24th November 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 viral isolate Omicron-B.1.1.529 was announced, containing far more mutations in Spike (S) than previously reported variants. Neutralization titers of Omicron by sera from vaccinees and convalescent subjects infected with early pandemic Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta are substantially reduced, or the sera failed to neutralize. Titers against Omicron are boosted by third vaccine doses and are high in both vaccinated individuals and those infected by Delta. Mutations in Omicron knock out or substantially reduce neutralization by most of the large panel of potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under commercial development. Omicron S has structural changes from earlier viruses and uses mutations that confer tight binding to ACE2 to unleash evolution driven by immune escape. This leads to a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and rebalances receptor affinity to that of earlier pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiří Zahradník
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M Ginn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rungtiwa Nutalai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aiste Dijokaite
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suman Khan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Avinoam
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mohammad Bahar
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Adele
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ali Amini
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas G Ritter
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Mason
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sara Assadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Adam Bellass
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicola Omo-Dare
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Jenkin
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sue Ann Costa Clemens
- Institute of Global Health, University of Siena, Siena, Brazil; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Valdinete Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex Pauvolid-Correa
- Laboratorio de vírus respiratórios-IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Vicky Baillie
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Natali Serafin
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kelly Da Silva
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tariq Malik
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alain R Townsend
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hermione Webster
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil G Paterson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Mark A Williams
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - David R Hall
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Dean Office for Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK; Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Dejnirattisai W, Huo J, Zhou D, Zahradník J, Supasa P, Liu C, Duyvesteyn HM, Ginn HM, Mentzer AJ, Tuekprakhon A, Nutalai R, Wang B, Dijokaite A, Khan S, Avinoam O, Bahar M, Skelly D, Adele S, Johnson SA, Amini A, Ritter T, Mason C, Dold C, Pan D, Assadi S, Bellass A, Omo-Dare N, Koeckerling D, Flaxman A, Jenkin D, Aley PK, Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Naveca FG, Nascimento V, Nascimento F, Fernandes da Costa C, Resende PC, Pauvolid-Correa A, Siqueira MM, Baillie V, Serafin N, Ditse Z, Da Silva K, Madhi S, Nunes MC, Malik T, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Townsend AR, Huang KYA, Tan TK, Carroll MW, Klenerman P, Barnes E, Dunachie SJ, Constantinides B, Webster H, Crook D, Pollard AJ, Lambe T, Paterson NG, Williams MA, Hall DR, Fry EE, Mongkolsapaya J, Ren J, Schreiber G, Stuart DI, Screaton GR. Omicron-B.1.1.529 leads to widespread escape from neutralizing antibody responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.03.471045. [PMID: 34981049 PMCID: PMC8722586 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.03.471045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
On the 24 th November 2021 the sequence of a new SARS CoV-2 viral isolate spreading rapidly in Southern Africa was announced, containing far more mutations in Spike (S) than previously reported variants. Neutralization titres of Omicron by sera from vaccinees and convalescent subjects infected with early pandemic as well as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta are substantially reduced or fail to neutralize. Titres against Omicron are boosted by third vaccine doses and are high in cases both vaccinated and infected by Delta. Mutations in Omicron knock out or substantially reduce neutralization by most of a large panel of potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under commercial development. Omicron S has structural changes from earlier viruses, combining mutations conferring tight binding to ACE2 to unleash evolution driven by immune escape, leading to a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site which rebalance receptor affinity to that of early pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiří Zahradník
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M.E. Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M. Ginn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rungtiwa Nutalai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aiste Dijokaite
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suman Khan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Avinoam
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mohammad Bahar
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Adele
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ali Amini
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Ritter
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Mason
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust,
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester
| | - Sara Assadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust,
| | - Adam Bellass
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust,
| | - Nikki Omo-Dare
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust,
| | | | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Jenkin
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sue Ann Costa Clemens
- Institute of Global Health, University of Siena, Siena, Brazil; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Valdinete Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex Pauvolid-Correa
- Laboratorio de vírus respiratórios- IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Vicky Baillie
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Natali Serafin
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zanele Ditse
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kelly Da Silva
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tariq Malik
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alain R Townsend
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A. Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK
- Centre For Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hermione Webster
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Neil G. Paterson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Mark A. Williams
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - David R. Hall
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Dean Office for Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
- corresponding authors: , , , ,
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- corresponding authors: , , , ,
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- corresponding authors: , , , ,
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, UK
- corresponding authors: , , , ,
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- corresponding authors: , , , ,
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18
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Caridi F, Cañas-Arranz R, Vázquez-Calvo Á, de León P, Calderón KI, Domingo E, Sobrino F, Martín-Acebes MA. Adaptive value of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid substitutions with opposite effects on particle acid stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23494. [PMID: 34873184 PMCID: PMC8648728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that exhibits an extremely acid sensitive capsid. This acid lability is directly related to its mechanism of uncoating triggered by acidification inside cellular endosomes. Using a collection of FMDV mutants we have systematically analyzed the relationship between acid stability and the requirement for acidic endosomes using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), an inhibitor of endosome acidification. A FMDV mutant carrying two substitutions with opposite effects on acid-stability (VP3 A116V that reduces acid stability, and VP1 N17D that increases acid stability) displayed a rapid shift towards acid lability that resulted in increased resistance to NH4Cl as well as to concanamicyn A, a different lysosomotropic agent. This resistance could be explained by a higher ability of the mutant populations to produce NH4Cl-resistant variants, as supported by their tendency to accumulate mutations related to NH4Cl-resistance that was higher than that of the WT populations. Competition experiments also indicated that the combination of both amino acid substitutions promoted an increase of viral fitness that likely contributed to NH4Cl resistance. This study provides novel evidences supporting that the combination of mutations in a viral capsid can result in compensatory effects that lead to fitness gain, and facilitate space to an inhibitor of acid-dependent uncoating. Thus, although drug-resistant variants usually exhibit a reduction in viral fitness, our results indicate that compensatory mutations that restore this reduction in fitness can promote emergence of resistance mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Caridi
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Childs K, Juleff N, Moffat K, Seago J. Demonstration of Co-Infection and Trans-Encapsidation of Viral RNA In Vitro Using Epitope-Tagged Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122433. [PMID: 34960702 PMCID: PMC8708420 DOI: 10.3390/v13122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease, caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is an economically devastating disease affecting several important livestock species. FMDV is antigenically diverse and exists as seven serotypes comprised of many strains which are poorly cross-neutralised by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination. Co-infection and recombination are important drivers of antigenic diversity, especially in regions where several serotypes co-circulate at high prevalence, and therefore experimental systems to study these events in vitro would be beneficial. Here we have utilised recombinant FMDVs containing an HA or a FLAG epitope tag within the VP1 capsid protein to investigate the products of co-infection in vitro. Co-infection with viruses from the same and from different serotypes was demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using anti-tag antibodies. FLAG-tagged VP1 and HA-tagged VP1 could be co-immunoprecipitated from co-infected cells, suggesting that newly synthesised capsids may contain VP1 proteins from both co-infecting viruses. Furthermore, we provide the first demonstration of trans-encapsidation of an FMDV genome into capsids comprised of proteins encoded by a co-infecting heterologous virus. This system provides a useful tool for investigating co-infection dynamics in vitro, particularly between closely related strains, and has the advantage that it does not depend upon the availability of strain-specific FMDV antibodies.
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Two Cross-Protective Antigen Sites on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Structurally Revealed by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies from Cattle. J Virol 2021; 95:e0088121. [PMID: 34406868 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00881-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus that infects cloven-hoofed animals. Neutralizing antibodies play critical roles in antiviral infection. Although five known antigen sites that induce neutralizing antibodies have been defined, studies on cross-protective antigen sites are still scarce. We mapped two cross-protective antigen sites using 13 bovine-derived broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs) capable of neutralizing 4 lineages within 3 topotypes of FMDV serotype O. One antigen site was formed by a novel cluster of VP3-focused epitopes recognized by bnAb C4 and C4-like antibodies. The cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the FMDV-OTi (O/Tibet/99)-C4 complex showed close contact with VP3 and a novel interprotomer antigen epitope around the icosahedral 3-fold axis of the FMDV particle, which is far beyond the known antigen site 4. The key determinants of the neutralizing function of C4 and C4-like antibodies on the capsid were βB (T65), the B-C loop (T68), the E-F loop (E131 and K134), and the H-I loop (G196), revealing a novel antigen site on VP3. The other antigen site comprised two group epitopes on VP2 recognized by 9 bnAbs (B57, B73, B77, B82, F28, F145, F150, E46, and E54), which belong to the known antigen site 2 of FMDV serotype O. Notably, bnAb C4 potently promoted FMDV RNA release in response to damage to viral particles, suggesting that the targeted epitope contains a trigger mechanism for particle disassembly. This study revealed two cross-protective antigen sites that can elicit cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in cattle and provided new structural information for the design of a broad-spectrum molecular vaccine against FMDV serotype O. IMPORTANCE FMDV is the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which is one of the most contagious and economically devastating diseases of domestic animals. The antigenic structure of FMDV serotype O is rather complicated, especially for those sites that can elicit a cross-protective neutralizing antibody response. Monoclonal neutralization antibodies provide both crucial defense components against FMDV infection and valuable tools for fine analysis of the antigenic structure. In this study, we found a cluster of novel VP3-focused epitopes using 13 bnAbs against FMDV serotype O from natural host cattle, which revealed two cross-protective antigen sites on VP2 and VP3. Antibody C4 targeting this novel epitope potently promoted viral particle disassembly and RNA release before infection, which may indicate a vulnerable region of FMDV. This study reveals new structural information about cross-protective antigen sites of FMDV serotype O, providing valuable and strong support for future research on broad-spectrum vaccines against FMD.
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21
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Zhai SL, Xie YL, Zhai Q, Wen XH, Lv DH, Chen QL, Wang G, Wei WK. Genome Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of the First Bovine Rhinitis B Virus Isolate in China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:721284. [PMID: 34631852 PMCID: PMC8493252 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.721284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) is an emerging viral species in the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae. Studies suggested that BRBV was considered a potential etiological agent of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). BRBV has been reported in the United States, Sweden, Canada, Japan, and Mexico. However, little information of BRBV was available in China. In this study, we performed viral metagenomic analysis in a calf with respiratory disease. The results showed high abundance (3.85) of BRBV nucleotide and 248 mapped reads in calf samples. Online BLASTn analysis showed that three contigs of those had the highest nucleotide similarity (95%) with one Swedish BRBV isolate (BRBV_SWE1, GenBank accession no. KY432299). To identify the genome characterization of the Chinese BRBV isolate (designated CHN1), six couples of overlapping RT-PCR primers were designed according to genome sequences of BRBV_SWE1. Through gene cloning and splicing, we obtained the genome information of CHN1, possessing 7,465 nucleotides (46.6% G+C). Although CHN1 had the highest nucleotide similarity (95.1%) with BRBV_SWE1, one 11-nucleotide (ACATTTGTTGT) deletion occurred in the 5′ untranslated region compared to SWE1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CHN1 clustered together with BRBV_SWE1, and far from other BRBV isolates. This study recorded the first discovery of BRBV infection in China. Further investigation should be made in order to evaluate the infection status and epidemiological significance of BRBV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lun Zhai
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Lun Xie
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhai
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wen
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Hong Lv
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Ling Chen
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Kang Wei
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Structures of foot-and-mouth disease virus with bovine neutralizing antibodies reveal the determinant of intra-serotype cross-neutralization. J Virol 2021; 95:e0130821. [PMID: 34586859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01308-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) exhibits broad antigenic diversity with poor intra-serotype cross-neutralizing activity. Studies of the determinant involved in this diversity are essential for the development of broadly protective vaccines. In this work, we isolated a bovine antibody, designated R55, that displays cross-reaction with both FMDV A/AF/72 (hereafter named FMDV-AAF) and FMDV A/WH/09 (hereafter named FMDV-AWH) but only has a neutralizing effect on FMDV-AWH. Near-atomic resolution structures of FMDV-AAF-R55 and FMDV-AWH-R55 show that R55 engages the capsids of both FMDV-AAF and FMDV-AWH near the icosahedral threefold axis and binds to the βB and BC/HI-loops of VP2 and to the B-B knob of VP3. The common interaction residues are highly conserved, which is the major determinant for cross-reaction with both FMDV-AAF and FMDV-AWH. In addition, the cryo-EM structure of the FMDV-AWH-R55 complex also shows that R55 binds to VP3E70 located at the VP3 BC-loop in an adjacent pentamer, which enhances the acid and thermal stabilities of the viral capsid. This may prevent capsid dissociation and genome release into host cells, eventually leading to neutralization of the viral infection. In contrast, R55 binds only to the FMDV-AAF capsid within one pentamer due to the VP3E70G variation, which neither enhances capsid stability nor neutralizes FMDV-AAF infection. The VP3E70G mutation is the major determinant involved in the neutralizing differences between FMDV-AWH and FMDV-AAF. The crucial amino acid VP3E70 is a key component of the neutralizing epitopes, which may aid in the development of broadly protective vaccines. Importance Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and economically devastating disease in cloven-hoofed animals, and neutralizing antibodies play critical roles in the defense against viral infections. Here, we isolated a bovine antibody (R55) using the single B cell antibody isolation technique. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and virus neutralization tests (VNT) showed that R55 displays cross-reactions with both FMDV-AWH and FMDV-AAF but only has a neutralizing effect on FMDV-AWH. Cryo-EM structures, fluorescence-based thermal stability assays and acid stability assays showed that R55 engages the capsid of FMDV-AWH near the icosahedral threefold axis and informs an interpentamer epitope, which overstabilizes virions to hinder capsid dissociation to release the genome, eventually leading to neutralization of viral infection. The crucial amino acid VP3E70 forms a key component of neutralizing epitopes, and the determination of the VP3E70G mutation involved in the neutralizing differences between FMDV-AWH and FMDV-AAF could aid in the development of broadly protective vaccines.
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23
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Li K, Zhu G, Zhou S, Sun P, Wang H, Bao H, Fu Y, Li P, Bai X, Ma X, Zhang J, Li D, Chen Y, Liu Z, Cao Y, Lu Z. Isolation and characterization of porcine monoclonal antibodies revealed two distinct serotype-independent epitopes on VP2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34280085 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and the humoral immune response plays an essential role in protection against FMDV infection. However, little information is available about FMDV-specific mAbs derived from single B cells of pigs. This study aimed to determine the antigenic features of FMDV that are recognized by antibodies from pigs. Therefore, a panel of pig-derived mAbs against FMDV were developed using fluorescence-based single B cell antibody technology. Western blotting revealed that three of the antibodies (1C6, P2-7E and P2-8G) recognized conserved antigen epitopes on capsid protein VP2, and exhibited broad reactivity against both FMDV serotypes A and O. An alanine-substitution scanning assay and sequence conservation analysis elucidated that these porcine mAbs recognized two conserved epitopes on VP2: a linear epitope (2KKTEETTLL10) in the N terminus and a conformational epitope involving residues K63, H65, L66, F67, D68 and L81 on two β-sheets (B-sheet and C-sheet) that depended on the integrity of VP2. Random parings of heavy and light chains of the IgGs confirmed that the heavy chain is predominantly involved in binding to antigen. The light chain of porcine IgG contributes to the binding affinity toward an antigen and may function as a support platform for antibody stability. In summary, this study is the first to reveal the conserved antigenic profile of FMDV recognized by porcine B cells and provides a novel method for analysing the antibody response against FMDV in its natural hosts (i.e. pigs) at the clonal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Shasha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hengmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
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Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Gelaye E. Vaccine matching and antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from 2018 Ethiopian isolates. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:47-59. [PMID: 34224048 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious, limits live animal trade, and affects ranchers owing to the loss of animal yield. The present study was designed to perform vaccine matching for field FMD virus isolates from clinically diseased cattle and assess the antigenic properties of the field isolates against the current vaccine strains used for vaccine production at the National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia. Both sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used for distinguishing between the viral strains. To evaluate the serological relationship of the vaccine strain with these field isolates (r1 value), in vitro cross-neutralization was performed using ETH/6/2000 and ETH/38/2005 antisera. Infectious field FMD viral samples represented serotypes A and O. Sequence analysis showed that serotype A VP1/1D possessed amino acid variability at positions 28 and 42 to 48, 138, 141, 142, 148, 156, 173, and 197 compared with the ETH/6/2000 vaccine strain, whereas serotype O possessed amino acid variability at positions 45, 48, 138, 139, 140, 141, and 197 compared with the ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain. Based on the one-dimensional virus neutralization test, serotypes A and O demonstrated antigenic matching of up to 13/17 (76.47%) with the vaccine strain, except for the isolates ETH/40/2018, ETH/48/2018, ETH/55/2018, and ETH/61/2018, which had r-values less than 0.3. Therefore, the currently used vaccine strains ETH/38/2005 for serotype O and ETH/6/2000 for serotype A protected against all and most field viruses characterized as serotypes O and A, respectively, and amino acid residue variation was observed in different FMD virus B-C loops, G-H loops, and C-termini of VP1 at sites 1 and 3 in both serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India.,National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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25
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Meecham A, Marshall J. Harnessing the power of foot-and-mouth-disease virus for targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6 for the therapy of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:737-744. [PMID: 33533659 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1878143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The integrin αvβ6 is a promising therapeutic target due to its limited expression in healthy tissue and significant overexpression in cancer and fibrosis. The peptide A20FMDV2, derived from the foot and mouth disease virus, is highly selective for αvβ6, and can be used therapeutically to target αvβ6 expressing cells.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the logic that led to the discovery of A20FMDV2, the importance of its stereochemistry in receptor-binding, and the strategies employed to use it as a molecular-specific drug delivery system. These strategies include creating A20FMDV2-drug conjugates, genetically modifying oncolytic viruses to express A20FMDV2 and thus redirect their tropism to predominantly αvβ6 expressing cells, creation of A20FMDV2 expressing CAR T-cells, and modifying antibody tropism by inserting A20FMDV2 into the CDR3 loop.Expert opinion: αvβ6 is one of the most promising therapeutic targets in cancer and fibrosis discovered in the last few decades. The potential use of A20FMDV2 as a molecular-specific αvβ6-targeting agent is extremely promising, particularly when considering the success of the peptide and its variants in clinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Meecham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square London, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square London, UK
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Novel Capsid-Specific Single-Domain Antibodies with Broad Foot-and-Mouth Disease Strain Recognition Reveal Differences in Antigenicity of Virions, Empty Capsids, and Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060620. [PMID: 34201329 PMCID: PMC8227720 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine efficacy is mainly determined by the content of intact virions (146S) and empty capsids (75S). Both particles may dissociate into 12S subunits upon vaccine manufacturing, formulation, and storage, reducing vaccine potency. We report the isolation of capsid-specific llama single-domain antibodies (VHHs) with broad strain recognition that can be used to quantify intact capsids in FMD vaccines by double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. One capsid-specific VHH displayed remarkably broad strain reactivity, recognizing 14 strains representing the 13 most important lineages of serotype A, and two VHHs cross-reacted with other serotypes. We additionally show that the newly isolated VHHs, as well as previously characterized VHHs, can be used to identify antigenic differences between authentic 146S and 75S capsids, as well as corresponding genetically engineered virus-like particles (VLPs). Our work underscores that VHHs are excellent tools for monitoring the quantity and stability of intact capsids during vaccine manufacturing, formulation, and storage, and additionally shows that VHHs can be used to predict the native-like structure of VLPs.
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27
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Newman J, Rowlands DJ, Tuthill TJ. An Engineered Maturation Cleavage Provides a Recombinant Mimic of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Assembly-Disassembly. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060500. [PMID: 34072387 PMCID: PMC8228156 DOI: 10.3390/life11060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornavirus capsids are assembled from 60 copies of a capsid precursor via a pentameric assembly intermediate or ‘pentamer’. Upon completion of virion assembly, a maturation event induces a final cleavage of the capsid precursor to create the capsid protein VP4, which is essential for capsid stability and entry into new cells. For the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), intact capsids are temperature and acid-labile and can disassemble into pentamers. During disassembly, capsid protein VP4 is lost, presumably altering the structure and properties of the resulting pentamers. The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of recombinant “assembly” and “disassembly” pentamers. We generated recombinant versions of these different pentamers containing an engineered cleavage site to mimic the maturation cleavage. We compared the sedimentation and antigenic characteristics of these pentamers using sucrose density gradients and reactivity with an antibody panel. Pentamers mimicking the assembly pathway sedimented faster than those on the disassembly pathway suggesting that for FMDV, in common with other picornaviruses, assembly pentamers sediment at 14S whereas only pentamers on the disassembly pathway sediment at 12S. The reactivity with anti-VP4 antibodies was reduced for the 12S pentamers, consistent with the predicted loss of VP4. Reactivity with other antibodies was similar for both pentamers suggesting that major antigenic features may be preserved between the VP4 containing assembly pentamers and the disassembly pentamers lacking VP4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
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28
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Antigenicity and Immunogenicity Analysis of the E. coli Expressed FMDV Structural Proteins; VP1, VP0, VP3 of the South African Territories Type 2 Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061005. [PMID: 34072100 PMCID: PMC8227194 DOI: 10.3390/v13061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternative vaccine design approach and diagnostic kits are highly required against the anticipated pandemicity caused by the South African Territories type 2 (SAT2) Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). However, the distinct antigenicity and immunogenicity of VP1, VP0, and VP3 of FMDV serotype SAT2 are poorly understood. Similarly, the particular roles of the three structural proteins in novel vaccine design and development remain unexplained. We therefore constructed VP1, VP0, and VP3 encoding gene (SAT2:JX014256 strain) separately fused with His-SUMO (histidine-small ubiquitin-related modifier) inserted into pET-32a cassette to express the three recombinant proteins and separately evaluated their antigenicity and immunogenicity in mice. The fusion protein was successfully expressed and purified by the Ni-NTA resin chromatography. The level of serum antibody, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokines against the three distinct recombinant proteins were analyzed. Results showed that the anti-FMDV humoral response was triggered by these proteins, and the fusion proteins did enhance the splenocyte immune response in the separately immunized mice. We observed low variations among the three fusion proteins in terms of the antibody and cytokine production in mice. Hence, in this study, results demonstrated that the structural proteins of SAT2 FMDV could be used for the development of immunodiagnostic kits and subunit vaccine designs.
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Forner M, Cañas-Arranz R, Defaus S, de León P, Rodríguez-Pulido M, Ganges L, Blanco E, Sobrino F, Andreu D. Peptide-Based Vaccines: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, a Paradigm in Animal Health. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050477. [PMID: 34066901 PMCID: PMC8150788 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the greatest global health achievements, improving the welfare of society by saving lives and substantially reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, few vaccines are fully effective, for reasons ranging from intrinsic limitations to more contingent shortcomings related, e.g., to cold chain transport, handling and storage. In this context, subunit vaccines where the essential antigenic traits (but not the entire pathogen) are presented in rationally designed fashion have emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional ones. In particular, this includes the option of fully synthetic peptide vaccines able to mimic well-defined B- and T-cell epitopes from the infectious agent and to induce protection against it. Although, in general, linear peptides have been associated to low immunogenicity and partial protection, there are several strategies to address such issues. In this review, we report the progress towards the development of peptide-based vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) a highly transmissible, economically devastating animal disease. Starting from preliminary experiments using single linear B-cell epitopes, recent research has led to more complex and successful second-generation vaccines featuring peptide dendrimers containing multiple copies of B- and T-cell epitopes against FMD virus or classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The usefulness of this strategy to prevent other animal and human diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pulido
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain;
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (D.A.)
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (D.A.)
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30
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Rangel G, Bárcena J, Moreno N, Mata CP, Castón JR, Alejo A, Blanco E. Chimeric RHDV Virus-Like Particles Displaying Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Epitopes Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies and Confer Partial Protection in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050470. [PMID: 34066934 PMCID: PMC8148555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is a clear trend towards the establishment of virus-like particles (VLPs) as a powerful tool for vaccine development. VLPs are tunable nanoparticles that can be engineered to be used as platforms for multimeric display of foreign antigens. We have previously reported that VLPs derived from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) constitute an excellent vaccine vector, capable of inducing specific protective immune responses against inserted heterologous T-cytotoxic and B-cell epitopes. Here, we evaluate the ability of chimeric RHDV VLPs to elicit immune response and protection against Foot-and-Mouth disease virus (FMDV), one of the most devastating livestock diseases. For this purpose, we generated a set of chimeric VLPs containing two FMDV-derived epitopes: a neutralizing B-cell epitope (VP1 (140-158)) and a T-cell epitope [3A (21-35)]. The epitopes were inserted joined or individually at two different locations within the RHDV capsid protein. The immunogenicity and protection potential of the chimeric VLPs were analyzed in the mouse and pig models. Herein we show that the RHDV engineered VLPs displaying FMDV-derived epitopes elicit a robust neutralizing immune response in mice and pigs, affording partial clinical protection against an FMDV challenge in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Rangel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, CSIC-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (G.R.); (J.B.); (N.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Juan Bárcena
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, CSIC-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (G.R.); (J.B.); (N.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Noelia Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, CSIC-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (G.R.); (J.B.); (N.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Carlos P. Mata
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.P.M.); (J.R.C.)
| | - José R. Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.P.M.); (J.R.C.)
| | - Alí Alejo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, CSIC-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (G.R.); (J.B.); (N.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, CSIC-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (G.R.); (J.B.); (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-916-202-300
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He Y, Li K, Cao Y, Sun Z, Li P, Bao H, Wang S, Zhu G, Bai X, Sun P, Liu X, Yang C, Liu Z, Lu Z, Rao Z, Lou Z. Structures of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus with neutralizing antibodies derived from recovered natural host reveal a mechanism for cross-serotype neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009507. [PMID: 33909694 PMCID: PMC8081260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a universal vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is hindered by cross-serotype antigenic diversity and by a lack of knowledge regarding neutralization of the virus in natural hosts. In this study, we isolated serotype O-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) (F145 and B77) from recovered natural bovine hosts by using the single B cell antibody isolation technique. We also identified a serotype O/A cross-reacting NAb (R50) and determined virus-NAb complex structures by cryo-electron microscopy at near-atomic resolution. F145 and B77 were shown to engage the capsid of FMDV-O near the icosahedral threefold axis, binding to the BC/HI-loop of VP2. In contrast, R50 engages the capsids of both FMDV-O and FMDV-A between the 2- and 5-fold axes and binds to the BC/EF/GH-loop of VP1 and to the GH-loop of VP3 from two adjacent protomers, revealing a previously unknown antigenic site. The cross-serotype neutralizing epitope recognized by R50 is highly conserved among serotype O/A. These findings help to elucidate FMDV neutralization by natural hosts and provide epitope information for the development of a universal vaccine for cross-serotype protection against FMDV. FMDV is the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, one of the most contagious and economically devastating diseases of cloven-hoofed animals. The antigenic diversities of the currently known epitopes throughout FMDV serotypes and the lack of understanding of FMDV neutralization in natural hosts limit the development of a vaccine that is able to provide cross-serotype protection. In this work, we isolated FMDV serotype O-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) (F145 and B77) and a serotype O/A cross-reacting NAb (R50) from recovered natural bovine hosts and determined virus-NAb complex structures by cryo-electron microscopy at near-atomic resolution. Structures of virus-NAb complex reveal F145 and B77 engage the capsid of FMDV-O near the icosahedral threefold axis. In contrast, R50 engages the capsids of both FMDV-O and FMDV-A between the 2- and 5-fold axes, revealing a previously unknown antigenic site. This is the first time to present structure details of FMDV neutralization by natural hosts. And this work also provides epitope information for the development of a universal vaccine for cross-serotype protection against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixian Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuerong Liu
- China Agricultural Vet Biology and Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (ZL); (ZR); (ZL)
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (ZL); (ZR); (ZL)
| | - Zihe Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (ZL); (ZR); (ZL)
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (ZL); (ZR); (ZL)
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Jeong S, Ahn HJ, Min KJ, Byun JW, Pyo HM, Park MY, Ku BK, Nah J, Ryoo S, Wee SH, Kim SJ. Phage Display Screening of Bovine Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Their Application in a Competitive ELISA for Serodiagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094328. [PMID: 33919326 PMCID: PMC8122579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For serodiagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based competitive ELISA (cELISA) is commonly used since it allows simple and reproducible detection of antibody response to FMDV. However, the use of mouse-origin MAb as a detection reagent is questionable, as antibody responses to FMDV in mice may differ in epitope structure and preference from those in natural hosts such as cattle and pigs. To take advantage of natural host-derived antibodies, a phage-displayed scFv library was constructed from FMDV-immune cattle and subjected to two separate pannings against inactivated FMDV type O and A. Subsequent ELISA screening revealed high-affinity scFv antibodies specific to a serotype (O or A) as well as those with pan-serotype specificity. When BvO17, an scFv antibody specific to FMDV type O, was tested as a detection reagent in cELISA, it successfully detected FMDV type O antibodies for both serum samples from vaccinated cattle and virus-challenged pigs with even higher sensitivity than a mouse MAb-based commercial FMDV type O antibody detection kit. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using natural host-derived antibodies such as bovine scFv instead of mouse MAb in cELISA for serological detection of antibody response to FMDV in the susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyo Jeong
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Hyun Joo Ahn
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Kyung Jin Min
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Jae Won Byun
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Hyun Mi Pyo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Mi Young Park
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Jinju Nah
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Sung Hwan Wee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (J.W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Sang Jick Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.J.); (H.J.A.); (K.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-4229
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Swanson J, Fragkoudis R, Hawes PC, Newman J, Burman A, Panjwani A, Stonehouse NJ, Tuthill TJ. Generation of Antibodies against Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP4 Using Hepatitis B Core VLPs as a Scaffold. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:338. [PMID: 33920339 PMCID: PMC8069431 DOI: 10.3390/life11040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of the economically important disease of livestock, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). VP4 is a highly conserved capsid protein, which is important during virus entry. Previous published work has shown that antibodies targeting the N-terminus of VP4 of the picornavirus human rhinovirus are broadly neutralising. In addition, previous studies showed that immunisation with the N-terminal 20 amino acids of enterovirus A71 VP4 displayed on the hepatitis B core (HBc) virus-like particles (VLP) can induce cross-genotype neutralisation. To investigate if a similar neutralising response against FMDV VP4 could be generated, HBc VLPs displaying the N-terminus of FMDV VP4 were designed. The N-terminal 15 amino acids of FMDV VP4 was inserted into the major immunodominant region. HBc VLPs were also decorated with peptides of the N-terminus of FMDV VP4 attached using a HBc-spike binding tag. Both types of VLPs were used to immunise mice and the resulting serum was investigated for VP4-specific antibodies. The VLP with VP4 inserted into the spike, induced VP4-specific antibodies, however the VLPs with peptides attached to the spikes did not. The VP4-specific antibodies could recognise native FMDV, but virus neutralisation was not demonstrated. This work shows that the HBc VLP presents a useful tool for the presentation of FMDV capsid epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Swanson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Rennos Fragkoudis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Philippa C. Hawes
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Joseph Newman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Anusha Panjwani
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Tobias J. Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
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Possible Action of Transition Divalent Metal Ions at the Inter-Pentameric Interface of Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Provide A Simple but Effective Approach to Enhance Stability. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02431-20. [PMID: 33441340 PMCID: PMC8092711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02431-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural instability of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) hinders the development of vaccine industry. Here we found that some transition metal ions like Cu2+ and Ni2+ could specifically bind to FMDV capsids at capacities about 7089 and 3448 metal ions per capsid, respectively. These values are about 33- and 16-folds of the binding capacity of non-transition metal ion Ca2+ (about 214 per capsid). Further thermodynamic studies indicated that all these three metal ions bound to the capsids in spontaneous enthalpy driving manners (ΔG<0, ΔH<0, ΔS<0), and the Cu2+ binding had the highest affinity. The binding of Cu2+ and Ni2+ could enhance both the thermostability and acid-resistant stability of capsids, while the binding of Ca2+ was helpful only to the thermostability of the capsids. Animal experiments showed that the immunization of FMDV bound with Cu2+ induced the highest specific antibody titers in mice. Coincidently, the FMDV bound with Cu2+ exhibited significantly enhanced affinities to integrin β6 and heparin sulfate, both of which are important cell surface receptors for FMDV attaching. Finally, the specific interaction between capsids and Cu2+ or Ni2+ was applied to direct purification of FMDV from crude cell culture feedstock by the immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Based on our new findings and structural analysis of the FMDV capsid, a "transition metal ion bridges" mechanism that describes linkage between adjacent histidine and other amino acids at the inter-pentameric interface of the capsids by transition metal ions coordination action was proposed to explain their stabilizing effect imposed on the capsid.IMPORTANCE How to stabilize the inactivated FMDV without affecting virus infectivity and immunogenicity is a big challenge in vaccine industry. The electrostatic repulsion induced by protonation of a large amount of histidine residues at the inter-pentameric interface of viral capsids is one of the major mechanisms causing the dissociation of capsids. In the present work, this structural disadvantage inspired us to stabilize the capsids through coordinating transition metal ions with the adjacent histidine residues in FMDV capsid, instead of removing or substituting them. This approach was proved effective to enhance not only the stability of FMDV, but also enhance the specific antibody responses; thus, providing a new guideline for designing an easy-to-use strategy suitable for large-scale production of FMDV vaccine antigen.
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Bidart J, Mignaqui A, Kornuta C, Lupi G, Gammella M, Soria I, Galarza R, Ferella A, Cardillo S, Langellotti C, Quattrocchi V, Durocher Y, Wigdorovitz A, Marcipar I, Zamorano P. FMD empty capsids combined with the Immunostant Particle Adjuvant -ISPA or ISA206 induce protective immunity against foot and mouth disease virus. Virus Res 2021; 297:198339. [PMID: 33596405 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) causes economy losses and is controlled by vaccination in many countries. Vaccine formulations based on empty capsids or Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) have the advantage of avoiding the biological hazard of using infectious FMDV, albeit are poorly immunogenic. Recently, we have described that ISPA a new Immune Stimulating Complex adjuvant, is useful to improve the response against FMD of vaccines that use inactivated virus. Now, the adjuvant effects of ISPA and ISA 206 (water/oil/water) on a VLPs-based FMD vaccine were evaluated. VLPs (strain A/Argentina/2001) were obtained in mammalian cell cultures and their elicitation of an immune response against FMDV with and without ISPA or ISA 206 was evaluated in mice as a first approach. Notably, VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 vaccines induced protection against viral challenge in 100 % of mice, while protection induced by VLPs alone was of 40 %. Total and neutralizing FMDV antibodies were higher in the VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 groups compared to the VLPs group. VLPs-ISPA induced significantly higher (p < 0.001) IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 titers than the VLPs vaccine. Moreover, in comparison with non-adjuvanted VLPs, VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 elicited an increased virus-specific T response, including higher IFNγ+/CD8 + lymphocyte production in mice. When these vaccines were tested in calves, antibody titers reached an Expected Percentage of Protection (EPP) above 90 % in the case of the VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 vaccines, while, in the VLPs group, EPP reached 25 %. IFNγ levels secreted by mononuclear cells of VLP-ISPA-vaccinated cattle were significantly higher than in the VLPs group. Overall, the results demonstrate that VLPs-ISPA or VLPs-ISA 206 are promising formulations for the development of a novel FMD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bidart
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Mignaqui
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, IFAB, INTA - CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - C Kornuta
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Lupi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Gammella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - I Soria
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - R Galarza
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - A Ferella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - S Cardillo
- Biogenesis Bago SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Langellotti
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Quattrocchi
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Y Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - I Marcipar
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P Zamorano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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de León P, Cañas-Arranz R, Defaus S, Torres E, Forner M, Bustos MJ, Revilla C, Dominguez J, Andreu D, Blanco E, Sobrino F. Swine T-Cells and Specific Antibodies Evoked by Peptide Dendrimers Displaying Different FMDV T-Cell Epitopes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621537. [PMID: 33613553 PMCID: PMC7886804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimeric peptide constructs based on a lysine core that comprises both B- and T-cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have proven a successful strategy for the development of FMD vaccines. Specifically, B2T dendrimers displaying two copies of the major type O FMDV antigenic B-cell epitope located on the virus capsid [VP1 (140–158)], covalently linked to a heterotypic T-cell epitope from either non-structural protein 3A [3A (21–35)] or 3D [3D (56–70)], named B2T-3A and B2T-3D, respectively, elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and IFN-γ-producing cells in pigs. To assess whether the inclusion and orientation of T-3A and T-3D T-cell epitopes in a single molecule could modulate immunogenicity, dendrimers with T epitopes juxtaposed in both possible orientations, i.e., constructs B2TT-3A3D and B2TT-3D3A, were made and tested in pigs. Both dendrimers elicited high nAbs titers that broadly neutralized type O FMDVs, although B2TT-3D3A did not respond to boosting, and induced lower IgGs titers, in particular IgG2, than B2TT-3A3D. Pigs immunized with B2, a control dendrimer displaying two B-cell epitope copies and no T-cell epitope, gave no nABs, confirming T-3A and T-3D as T helper epitopes. The T-3D peptide was found to be an immunodominant, as it produced more IFN-γ expressing cells than T-3A in the in vitro recall assay. Besides, in pigs immunized with the different dendrimeric peptides, CD4+ T-cells were the major subset contributing to IFN-γ expression upon in vitro recall, and depletion of CD4+ cells from PBMCs abolished the production of this cytokine. Most CD4+IFN-γ+ cells showed a memory (CD4+2E3−) and a multifunctional phenotype, as they expressed both IFN-γ and TNF-α, suggesting that the peptides induced a potent Th1 pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, not only the presence, but also the orientation of T-cell epitopes influenced the T-cell response, as B2TT-3D3A and B2 groups had fewer cells expressing both cytokines. These results help understand how B2T-type dendrimers triggers T-cell populations, highlighting their potential as next-generation FMD vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de León
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Bustos
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Revilla
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Dominguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Ekanayaka P, Lee SY, Herath TUB, Kim JH, Kim TH, Lee H, Chathuranga K, Chathuranga WAG, Park JH, Lee JS. Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 target the MAVS to inhibit type-I interferon signaling and VP1 E83K mutation results in virus attenuation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009057. [PMID: 33232374 PMCID: PMC7723281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
VP1, a pivotal capsid protein encoded by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), plays an important role in receptor-mediated attachment and humoral immune responses. Previous studies show that amino acid changes in the VP1 protein of cell culture-adapted strains of FMDV alter the properties of the virus. In addition, FMDV VP1 modulates host IFN signal transduction. Here, we examined the ability of cell culture-adapted FMDV VP1(83K) and wild-type FMDV VP1(83E) to evade host immunity by blocking mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)/TNF Receptor Associated Factor 3 (TRAF3) mediated cellular innate responses. Wild-type FMDV VP1(83E) interacted specifically with C-terminal TRAF3-binding site within MAVS and this interaction inhibited binding of TRAF3 to MAVS, thereby suppressing interferon-mediated responses. This was not observed for cell culture-adapted FMDV VP1(83K). Finally, chimeric FMDV harboring VP1(83K) showed very low pathogenicity in pigs. Collectively, these data highlight a critical role of VP1 with respect to suppression of type-I IFN pathway and attenuation of FMDV by the E83K mutation in VP1. Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causes huge economic losses. To generate a FMD vaccine, cell culture-adapted strains of FMDV that show improved growth properties and allow repeated passage are needed. Generally, adaptation of field-isolated FMDV is accompanied by changes in viral properties, including amino acid mutations. A VP1 E83K mutation in cell culture-adapted FMDV was identified previously; here, we examined the impact of VP1 E83K on virus pathogenicity and type-I IFN pathway. Cell culture-adapted FMDV O1 Manisa, and highly virulent strain of O/Andong/SKR/2010, acquired the E83K mutation in the VP1 protein, which attenuated the virus via disposing VP1 mediate negative regulation ability of host cellular IFN responses. The data suggest a rational approach to viral propagation in cell culture and virus attenuation, which could be utilized for future development of FMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Ekanayaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.,FVC, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Thilina U B Herath
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - W A Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Chitray M, Kotecha A, Nsamba P, Ren J, Maree S, Ramulongo T, Paul G, Theron J, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Maree FF. Symmetrical arrangement of positively charged residues around the 5-fold axes of SAT type foot-and-mouth disease virus enhances cell culture of field viruses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008828. [PMID: 32991636 PMCID: PMC7577442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) utilize integrin-mediated cell entry but many, including Southern African Territories (SAT) viruses, are difficult to adapt to BHK-21 cells, thus hampering large-scale propagation of vaccine antigen. However, FMDVs acquire the ability to bind to cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans, following serial cytolytic infections in cell culture, likely by the selection of rapidly replicating FMDV variants. In this study, fourteen SAT1 and SAT2 viruses, serially passaged in BHK-21 cells, were virulent in CHO-K1 cells and displayed enhanced affinity for heparan, as opposed to their low-passage counterparts. Comparative sequence analysis revealed the fixation of positively charged residues clustered close to the icosahedral 5-fold axes of the virus, at amino acid positions 83-85 in the βD-βE loop and 110-112 in the βF-βG loop of VP1 upon adaptation to cultured cells. Molecular docking simulations confirmed enhanced binding of heparan sulphate to a model of the adapted SAT1 virus, with the region around VP1 arginine 112 contributing the most to binding. Using this information, eight chimeric field strain mutant viruses were constructed with additional positive charges in repeated clusters on the virion surface. Five of these bound heparan sulphate with expanded cell tropism, which should facilitate large-scale propagation. However, only positively charged residues at position 110-112 of VP1 enhanced infectivity of BHK-21 cells. The symmetrical arrangement of even a single amino acid residue in the FMD virion is a powerful strategy enabling the virus to generate novel receptor binding and alternative host-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Chitray
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peninah Nsamba
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Maree
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Tovhowani Ramulongo
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Jacques Theron
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francois F. Maree
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Chitray M, Opperman PA, Rotherham L, Fehrsen J, van Wyngaardt W, Frischmuth J, Rieder E, Maree FF. Diagnostic and Epitope Mapping Potential of Single-Chain Antibody Fragments Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes A, SAT1, and SAT3. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:475. [PMID: 32851044 PMCID: PMC7432252 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals and an outbreak can cause severe losses in milk production, reduction in meat production and death amongst young animals. Several parts of Asia, most of Africa, and the Middle East remain endemic, thus emphasis on improved FMD vaccines, diagnostic assays, and control measures are key research areas. FMD virus (FMDV) populations are quasispecies, which pose serious implications in vaccine design and efficacy where an effective vaccine should include multiple independent neutralizing epitopes to elicit an adequate immune response. Further investigation of the residues that comprise the antigenic determinants of the virus will allow the identification of mutations in outbreak strains that potentially lessen the efficacy of a vaccine. Additionally, of utmost importance in endemic regions, is the accurate diagnosis of FMDV infection for the control and eradication of the disease. To this end, a phage display library was explored to identify FMDV epitopes for recombinant vaccines and for the generation of reagents for improved diagnostic FMD enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A naïve semi-synthetic chicken single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library i.e., the Nkuku ® library was used for bio-panning against FMD Southern-African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT3, and serotype A viruses. Biopanning yielded one unique scFv against SAT1, two for SAT3, and nine for A22. SAT1 and SAT3 specific scFvs were exploited as capturing and detecting reagents to develop an improved diagnostic ELISA for FMDV. The SAT1 soluble scFv showed potential as a detecting reagent in the liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) as it reacted specifically with a panel of SAT1 viruses, albeit with different ELISA absorbance signals. The SAT1svFv1 had little or no change on its paratope when coated on polystyrene plates whilst the SAT3scFv's paratope may have changed. SAT1 and SAT3 soluble scFvs did not neutralize the SAT1 and SAT3 viruses; however, three of the nine A22 binders i.e., A22scFv1, A22scFv2, and A22scFv8 were able to neutralize A22 virus. Following the generation of virus escape mutants through successive virus passage under scFv pressure, FMDV epitopes were postulated i.e., RGD+3 and +4 positions respectively, proving the epitope mapping potential of scFvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Chitray
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pamela Anne Opperman
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lia Rotherham
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wouter van Wyngaardt
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janine Frischmuth
- Biotechnology Division, National Bioproducts Institute, Pinetown, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Francois Frederick Maree
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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40
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Tuncer-Göktuna P, Çokçalışkan C, Arslan A, Taşçene N, Uzun EA, Gündüzalp C, Balcı GN, Kara O, Gülyaz V. Monitoring the performance of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines prepared against local strains in the face of antigenic evolution in the field. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:648-655. [PMID: 32677765 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
National programs for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) eradication includes the use of vaccination; Turkey which is endemic to FMD virus (FMDV) (except for the Thrace region) and there is a risk of incursion of exotic strains from eastern borders. In 2015, a devastating outbreak was caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII (G-VII) lineage, which led to the inclusion of a new vaccine strain (A/TUR/15) derived from this lineage in 3 months. Although most of the cattle population in Turkey was then immunized with A/TUR/15 (vaccine coverage: 92.8%), the G-VII lineage continued to cause outbreaks in the field despite the evidence of protection observed with A/TUR/15 in in vivo and in vitro tests. When G-VII field strains were examined, changes in their genomes were detected. As the lineage appeared to be evolving, an unconventional vaccination strategy was adapted which changed the vaccine strain with new variants of G-VII according to antigenic evolution. To assess the suitability of candidate vaccine strains derived from the variants of the G-VII lineage, three viral candidates were assessed (A/TUR/15, A/TUR/16 and A/TUR/17) by in vitro virus neutralization tests for r1 vaccine matching and in vivo heterologous challenge tests. Although all three vaccine strains were antigenically well matched with each other and other G-VII field viruses, due to continues outbreaks the vaccine strain was changed three times in 20 months from A/TUR/15 (Dec 2015) to A/TUR/16 (Dec 2016) and then to A/TUR/17 (Aug 2017). With this strategy serotype A has not been observed in the field since January 2018. This study highlights the importance of adapting the vaccine strains according to antigenic evolution as this could be a valuable combat strategy in endemic countries, rather than using well-known vaccine strain and relying only on the relationship coefficient (r1 ) value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Osman Kara
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Sap) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Sap) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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41
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Defaus S, Forner M, Cañas-Arranz R, de León P, Bustos MJ, Rodríguez-Pulido M, Blanco E, Sobrino F, Andreu D. Designing Functionally Versatile, Highly Immunogenic Peptide-Based Multiepitopic Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030406. [PMID: 32707834 PMCID: PMC7565419 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A broadly protective and biosafe vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an unmet need in the animal health sector. We have previously reported solid protection against serotype O FMDV afforded by dendrimeric peptide structures harboring virus-specific B- and T-cell epitopes, and also shown such type of multivalent presentations to be advantageous over simple B-T-epitope linear juxtaposition. Chemically, our vaccine platforms are modular constructions readily made from specified B- and T-cell epitope precursor peptides that are conjugated in solution. With the aim of developing an improved version of our formulations to be used for on-demand vaccine applications, we evaluate in this study a novel design for epitope presentation to the immune system based on a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) containing six immunologically relevant motifs arranged in dendrimeric fashion (named B2T-TB2). Interestingly, two B2T units fused tail-to-tail into a single homodimer platform elicited higher B- and T-cell specific responses than former candidates, with immunization scores remaining stable even after 4 months. Moreover, this macromolecular assembly shows consistent immune response in swine, the natural FMDV host, at reduced dose. Thus, our versatile, immunogenic prototype can find application in the development of peptide-based vaccine candidates for various therapeutic uses using safer and more efficacious vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - María J. Bustos
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pulido
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.); (M.R.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (D.A.)
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (D.A.)
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42
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Asfor AS, Howe N, Grazioli S, Berryman S, Parekh K, Wilsden G, Ludi A, King DP, Parida S, Brocchi E, Tuthill TJ. Detection of Bovine Antibodies against a Conserved Capsid Epitope as the Basis of a Novel Universal Serological Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e01527-19. [PMID: 32188689 PMCID: PMC7269384 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01527-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the detection of antibodies against either the viral nonstructural proteins or the capsid. The detection of antibodies against the structural proteins (SP) of the capsid can be used to monitor seroconversion in both infected and vaccinated animals. However, SP tests need to be tailored to the individual FMD virus (FMDV) serotype and their sensitivity may be affected by antigenic variability within each serotype and mismatching between test reagents. As a consequence, FMD reference laboratories are required to maintain multiple type-specific SP assays and reagents. A universal SP test would simplify frontline diagnostics and facilitate large-scale serological surveillance and postvaccination monitoring. In this study, a highly conserved region in the N terminus of FMDV capsid protein VP2 (VP2N) was characterized using a panel of intertype-reactive monoclonal antibodies. This revealed a universal epitope in VP2N which could be used as a peptide antigen to detect FMDV-specific antibodies against all types of the virus. A VP2-peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (VP2-ELISA) was optimized using experimental and reference antisera from immunized, convalescent, and naïve animals (n = 172). The VP2-ELISA is universal and simple and provided sensitive (99%) and specific (93%) detection of antibodies to all FMDV strains used in this study. We anticipate that this SP test could have utility for serosurveillance during virus incursions in FMD-free countries and as an additional screening tool to assess FMD virus circulation in countries where the disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - N Howe
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - S Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - S Berryman
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - K Parekh
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - G Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - A Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - E Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - T J Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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43
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Belsham GJ. Towards improvements in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine performance. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:20. [PMID: 32434544 PMCID: PMC7240906 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically important infectious diseases of production animals. Six (out of 7 that have been identified) different serotypes of the FMD virus continue to circulate in different parts of the world. Within each serotype there is also extensive diversity as the virus constantly changes. Vaccines need to be “matched” to the outbreak strain, not just to the serotype, to confer protection. Vaccination has been used successfully to assist in the eradication of the disease from Europe but is no longer employed there unless outbreaks occur. Thus the animal population in Europe, as in North America, is fully susceptible to the virus if it is accidentally (or deliberately) introduced. Almost 3 billion doses of the vaccine are made each year to control the disease elsewhere. Current vaccines are produced from chemically inactivated virus that has to be grown, on a large scale, under high containment conditions. The vaccine efficiently prevents disease but the duration of immunity is rather limited (about 6 months) and vaccination does not provide sterile immunity or block the development of carriers. Furthermore, the vaccine is quite unstable and a cold chain needs to be maintained to preserve the efficacy of the vaccine. This can be a challenge in the parts of the world where the disease is endemic. There is a significant interest in developing improved vaccines and significant progress in this direction has been made using a variety of approaches. However, no alternative vaccines are yet available commercially. Improved disease control globally is clearly beneficial to all countries as it reduces the risk of virus incursions into disease free areas.
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44
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Elmenofy W, Mohamed I, El-Gaied L, Salem R, Osman G, Ibrahim M. Expression of 1B capsid protein of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) using baculovirus expression system and its validation in detecting SAT 2- specific antisera. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8946. [PMID: 32341896 PMCID: PMC7182021 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most devastating animal viruses that affect livestock worldwide. The 1B capsid of FMDV has been widely used to detect and confirm the infection. In the present study, the sequence coding for 1B subunit of FMDV capsid was expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system under the polyhedrin (polh) promoter. The expression of 1B capsid protein was validated in the culture filtrate of insect cells using SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The culture filtrate containing recombinant 1B capsid (r1B) was used as a coated antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antigenicity and specificity of r1B against SAT 2 serotype-specific antibodies were assessed. Our results revealed that a protein concentration as low as 25 ng could detect SAT 2-specific antibodies in ELISA. The results highlight the application of insect cells developed r1B protein in the detection of FMDV. Further studies are required to determine the ability of r1B to detect other FMDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Elmenofy
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ismail Mohamed
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa El-Gaied
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reda Salem
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gamal Osman
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Center, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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45
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Ramulongo TD, Maree FF, Scott K, Opperman P, Mutowembwa P, Theron J. Pathogenesis, biophysical stability and phenotypic variance of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108614. [PMID: 32273026 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which severely decreases livestock productivity. FMD virus (FMDV), the causative agent, initiates infection by interaction with integrin cellular receptors on pharyngeal epithelium cells, causing clinical signs one to four days after transmission to a susceptible host. However, some Southern African Territories (SAT) viruses have been reported to cause mild or subclinical infections that may go undiagnosed in field conditions and are likely to be more common than previously expected. The studies presented here demonstrate that not all SAT2 viruses are equally virulent in cattle. The two SAT2 viruses, ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83, were both highly attenuated in cattle, as evidenced by the mild clinical signs observed after needle challenge, while two incongruent SAT2 viruses showed significantly different clinical signs in challenged cattle. We then explored the ability of the SAT2 viruses to infect different cell types with defined receptors that are utilised by FMDV and found differences in their ability to lyse cells in culture and to compete in a controlled cell culture environment. The population sequence variation between ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83 revealed multiple sites of single nucleotide variants of low frequency between the predominant virus populations, as could be expected from the genome of an RNA virus. An assessment of the biophysical stability of SAT2 virions during acidification indicated that the SAT2 virus EGY/09/12 was more resilient to acidification than the ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83 viruses; however, whether this difference relates to differences in virulence in vivo is unclear. This study is a consolidated view of the key findings of SAT2 viruses studied over a 14-year period involving many different experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovhowani D Ramulongo
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Katherine Scott
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela Opperman
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; Department Animal Production Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Jacques Theron
- Department Animal Production Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
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Cañas-Arranz R, Forner M, Defaus S, Rodríguez-Pulido M, de León P, Torres E, Bustos MJ, Borrego B, Sáiz M, Blanco E, Andreu D, Sobrino F. A bivalent B-cell epitope dendrimer peptide can confer long-lasting immunity in swine against foot-and-mouth disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1614-1622. [PMID: 31994334 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a widely extended contagious disease of livestock. We have previously reported that a synthetic dendrimeric peptide, termed B2 T(mal), consisting of two copies of a B-cell epitope [VP1(140-158)] linked through maleimide groups to a T-cell epitope [3A(21-35)] of FMDV, elicits potent B- and T-cell-specific responses and confers solid protection in pigs to type O FMDV challenge. Longer duration of the protective response and the possibility of inducing protection after a single dose are important requirements for an efficient FMD vaccine. Herein, we show that administration of two doses of B2 T(mal) elicited high levels of specific total IgGs and neutralizing antibodies that lasted 4-5 months after the peptide boost. Additionally, concomitant levels of IFN-γ-producing specific T cells were observed. Immunization with two doses of B2 T(mal) conferred a long-lasting reduced susceptibility to FMDV infection, up to 136 days (19/20 weeks) post-boost. Remarkably, a similar duration of the protective response was achieved by a single dose of B2 T(mal). The effect on the B2 T(mal) vaccine of RNA transcripts derived from non-coding regions in the FMDV genome, known to enhance the immune response and protection induced by a conventional inactivated vaccine, was also analysed. The contribution of our results to the development of FMD dendrimeric vaccines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències, Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències, Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Torres
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Bustos
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Borrego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències, Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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47
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Negatively charged amino acids at the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid reduce the virion-destabilizing effect of viral RNA at acidic pH. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1657. [PMID: 32015411 PMCID: PMC6997383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular basis of the stability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) particles is relevant to understand key aspects of the virus cycle. Residue N17D in VP1, located at the capsid inner surface, modulates the resistance of FMDV virion to dissociation and inactivation at acidic pH. Here we have studied whether the virion-stabilizing effect of amino acid substitution VP1 N17D may be mediated by the alteration of electrostatic charge at this position and/or the presence of the viral RNA. Substitutions that either introduced a positive charge (R,K) or preserved neutrality (A) at position VP1 17 led to increased sensitivity of virions to inactivation at acidic pH, while replacement by negatively charged residues (D,E) increased the resistance of virions to acidic pH. The role in virion stability of viral RNA was addressed using FMDV empty capsids that have a virtually unchanged structure compared to the capsid in the RNA-filled virion, but that are considerably more resistant to acidic pH than WT virions, supporting a virion-destabilizing effect of the RNA. Remarkably, no differences were observed in the resistance to dissociation at acidic pH between the WT empty capsids and those harboring replacement N17D. Thus, the virion-destabilizing effect of viral RNA at acidic pH can be partially restored by introducing negatively charged residues at position VP1 N17.
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48
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A Single Dose of Dendrimer B 2T Peptide Vaccine Partially Protects Pigs against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010019. [PMID: 31936706 PMCID: PMC7157199 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals whose control relies on efficient vaccination. We have reported that dendrimer peptide B2T, with two copies of FMDV B-cell epitope VP1 (136–154) linked through maleimide units to T-cell epitope 3A (21–35)], elicits potent B- and T-cell specific responses and confers solid protection in pigs to type-O FMDV challenge after two doses of peptide. Herein we now show that B2T evokes specific protective immune responses after administration of a single dose of either 2 or 0.5 mg of peptide. High titers of ELISA and neutralizing antibodies against FMDV were detectable at day 15 post-immunization. Likewise, activated T cells and induced IFN-γ response to in vitro recall with FMDV peptides were also detected by the same day. Further, in 70% of B2T-vaccinated pigs, full protection—no clinical signs of disease—was observed upon virus challenge at day 25 post-immunization. These results strengthen the potential of B2T as a safe, cost-effective candidate vaccine conferring adequate protection against FMDV with a single dose. The finding is particularly relevant to emergency scenarios permitting only a single shot immunization.
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Yuan H, Li P, Bao H, Sun P, Bai X, Bai Q, Li N, Ma X, Cao Y, Fu Y, Li K, Zhang J, Li D, Chen Y, Zhang J, Lu Z, Liu Z. Engineering viable foot-and-mouth disease viruses with increased acid stability facilitate the development of improved vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1683-1694. [PMID: 31900553 PMCID: PMC6985056 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the most acid-unstable virus among picornaviruses, tends to disassemble into pentamers at pH values slightly below neutrality. However, the structural integrity of intact virion is one of the most important factors that influence the induction of a protective antibody response. Thus, improving the acid stability of FMDV is required for the efficacy of vaccine preparations. According to the previous studies, a single substitution or double amino acid substitutions (VP1 N17D, VP2 H145Y, VP2 D86H, VP3 H142D, VP3 H142G, and VP1 N17D + VP2 H145Y) in the capsid were introduced into the full-length infectious clone of type O FMDV vaccine strain O/HN/CHN/93 to develop seed FMDV with improved acid stability. After the transfection into BSR/T7 cells of constructed plasmids, substitution VP1 N17D or VP2 D86H resulted in viable and genetically stable FMDVs, respectively. However, substitution VP2 H145Y or VP1 N17D + VP2 H145Y showed reverse mutation and additional mutations, and substitution VP3 H141G or VP3 H141D prevented viral viability. We found that substitution VP1 N17D or VP2 D86H could confer increased acid resistance, alkali stability, and thermostability on FMDV O/HN/CHN/93, whereas substitution VP1 N17D was observed to lead to a decreased replication ability in BHK-21 cells and mildly impaired virulence in suckling mice. In contrast, substitution VP2 D86H had no negative effect on viral infectivity. These results indicated that the mutant rD86H carrying substitution VP2 D86H firstly reported by us could be more adequate for the development of inactivated FMD vaccines with enhanced acid stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, , No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhan W, Xie J, Hu S, Chai H, Liu P, Zhao H, Tang B, Chen K, Yu J, Yin A, Luo M. Clinical features and phylogenetic analysis of severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by Coxsackievirus A6. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 77:104054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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