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Kazane KR, Labarta-Bajo L, Zangwill DR, Liimatta K, Vargas F, Weldon KC, Dorrestein PC, Zúñiga EI. Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Potential of Fatty Acids as Regulators of Stem-like Exhausted CD8 T Cells During Chronic Viral Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.10.07.617124. [PMID: 39416134 PMCID: PMC11483027 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.07.617124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic infections drive a CD8 T cell program termed T cell exhaustion, characterized by reduced effector functions. While cell-intrinsic mechanisms underlying CD8 T cell exhaustion have been extensively studied, the impact of the metabolic environment in which exhausted CD8 T cells (Tex) operate remains less clear. Using untargeted metabolomics and the murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection model we investigated systemic metabolite changes early and late following acute versus chronic viral infections. We identified distinct short-term and persistent metabolite shifts, with the most significant differences occurring transiently during the acute phase of the sustained infection. This included nutrient changes that were independent of viral loads and partially associated with CD8 T cell-induced anorexia and lipolysis. One remarkable observation was the elevation of medium- and long-chain fatty acid (FA) and acylcarnitines during the early phase after chronic infection. During this time, virus-specific CD8 T cells from chronically infected mice exhibited increased lipid accumulation and uptake compared to their counterparts from acute infection, particularly stem-like Tex (Tex STEM ), a subset that generates effector-like Tex INT which directly limit viral replication. Notably, only Tex STEM increased oxidative metabolism and ATP production upon FA exposure. Consistently, short-term reintroduction of FA during late chronic infection exclusively improved Tex STEM mitochondrial fitness, percentages and numbers. This treatment, however, also reduced Tex INT , resulting in compromised viral control. Our study offers a valuable resource for investigating the role of specific metabolites in regulating immune responses during acute and chronic viral infections and highlights the potential of long-chain FA to influence Tex STEM and viral control during a protracted infection. Significance This study examines systemic metabolite changes during acute and chronic viral infections. Notably, we identified an early, transient nutrient shift in chronic infection, marked by an increase in medium- and long-chain fatty acid related species. Concomitantly, a virus-specific stem-like T cell population, essential for maintaining other T cells, displayed high lipid avidity and was capable of metabolizing exogenous fatty acids. Administering fatty acids late in chronic infection, when endogenous lipid levels had normalized, expanded this stem-like T cell population and enhanced their mitochondrial fitness. These findings highlight the potential role of fatty acids in regulating stem-like T cells in chronic settings and offer a valuable resource for studying other metabolic signatures in both acute and persistent infections.
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Wang R, Kumar P, Reda M, Wallstrum AG, Crumrine NA, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Yantasee W. Nanotechnology Applications in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308639. [PMID: 38126905 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation cancer treatments are expected not only to target cancer cells but also to simultaneously train immune cells to combat cancer while modulating the immune-suppressive environment of tumors and hosts to ensure a robust and lasting response. Achieving this requires carriers that can codeliver multiple therapeutics to the right cancer and/or immune cells while ensuring patient safety. Nanotechnology holds great potential for addressing these challenges. This article highlights the recent advances in nanoimmunotherapeutic development, with a focus on breast cancer. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved remarkable success and lead to cures in some cancers, their response rate in breast cancer is low. The poor response rate in solid tumors is often associated with the low infiltration of anti-cancer T cells and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To enhance anti-cancer T-cell responses, nanoparticles are employed to deliver ICIs, bispecific antibodies, cytokines, and agents that induce immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD). Additionally, nanoparticles are used to manipulate various components of the TME, such as immunosuppressive myeloid cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts to improve T-cell activities. Finally, this article discusses the outlook, challenges, and future directions of nanoimmunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Moataz Reda
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, 3303 S Bond Ave, CH13B, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Noah A Crumrine
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, 3303 S Bond Ave, CH13B, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Wassana Yantasee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, 3303 S Bond Ave, CH13B, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Fernandes J, Veldhoen M, Ferreira C. Tissue-resident memory T cells: Harnessing their properties against infection for cancer treatment. Bioessays 2024:e2400119. [PMID: 39258352 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
We have rapidly gained insights into the presence and function of T lymphocytes in non-lymphoid tissues, the tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. The central pillar of adaptive immunity has been expanded from classic central memory T cells giving rise to progeny upon reinfection and effector memory cells circulating through the blood and patrolling the tissues to include TRM cells that reside and migrate inside solid organs and tissues. Their development and maintenance have been studied in detail, providing exciting clues on how their unique properties used to fight infections may benefit therapies against solid tumors. We provide an overview of CD8 TRM cells and the properties that make them of interest for vaccination and cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhai Z, Tanzhu G, Yang J, Zhou R. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:170. [PMID: 38965243 PMCID: PMC11224386 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Chu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wentao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ning
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yunqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guilong Tanzhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
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Fu Y, Zhu X, Ren L, Wan J, Wang H. Syringeable Near-Infrared Light-Activated In Situ Immunogenic Hydrogel Boosts the Cancer-Immunity Cycle to Enhance Anticancer Immunity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14877-14892. [PMID: 38809421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Effective anticancer immunity depends on properly activating multiple stepwise events in the cancer-immunity cycle. An immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironment (TME) engenders immune evasion and refractoriness to conventional checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Here, we combine nanoparticle formulations and an in situ formed hydrogel scaffold to treat accessible tumors locally and to stimulate systemic immunity against metastatic tumor lesions. The nanoparticles encapsulate poly(ε-caprolactone)-derived cytotoxic chemotherapy and adjuvant of Toll-like receptor 7/8 through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable linker that can be self-activated by the coassembled neighboring photosensitizer following near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Further development results in syringeable, NIR light-responsive, and immunogenic hydrogel (iGEL) that can be implanted peritumorally and deposited into the tumor surgical bed. Upon NIR laser irradiation, the generated ROS induces iGEL degradation and bond cleavage in the polymer-drug conjugates, triggering the immunogenic cell death cascade in cancer cells and spontaneously releasing encapsulated agents to rewire the cancer-immunity cycle. Notably, upon application in multiple preclinical models of melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer, which are aggressive and refractory to conventional immunotherapy, iGEL induces durable remission of established tumors, extends postsurgical tumor-free survival, and inhibits metastatic burden. The result of this study is a locally administrable immunogenic hydrogel for triggering host systemic immunity to improve immunotherapeutic efficacy with minimal off-target side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310016, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, P. R. China
| | - Jianqin Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, P. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong Province 250117, P. R. China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, P. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong Province 250117, P. R. China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, P. R. China
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Cai Y, Luo M, Yang W, Xu C, Wang P, Xue G, Jin X, Cheng R, Que J, Zhou W, Pang B, Xu S, Li Y, Jiang Q, Xu Z. The Deep Learning Framework iCanTCR Enables Early Cancer Detection Using the T-cell Receptor Repertoire in Peripheral Blood. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1915-1928. [PMID: 38536129 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
T cells recognize tumor antigens and initiate an anticancer immune response in the very early stages of tumor development, and the antigen specificity of T cells is determined by the T-cell receptor (TCR). Therefore, monitoring changes in the TCR repertoire in peripheral blood may offer a strategy to detect various cancers at a relatively early stage. Here, we developed the deep learning framework iCanTCR to identify patients with cancer based on the TCR repertoire. The iCanTCR framework uses TCRβ sequences from an individual as an input and outputs the predicted cancer probability. The model was trained on over 2,000 publicly available TCR repertoires from 11 types of cancer and healthy controls. Analysis of several additional publicly available datasets validated the ability of iCanTCR to distinguish patients with cancer from noncancer individuals and demonstrated the capability of iCanTCR for the accurate classification of multiple cancers. Importantly, iCanTCR precisely identified individuals with early-stage cancer with an AUC of 86%. Altogether, this work provides a liquid biopsy approach to capture immune signals from peripheral blood for noninvasive cancer diagnosis. SIGNIFICANCE Development of a deep learning-based method for multicancer detection using the TCR repertoire in the peripheral blood establishes the potential of evaluating circulating immune signals for noninvasive early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yideng Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- School for Interdisciplinary Medicine and Engineering, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangfu Xue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiyun Jin
- School for Interdisciplinary Medicine and Engineering, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jinhao Que
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wenyang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Boran Pang
- Center for Difficult and Complicated Abdominal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Cancer, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School for Interdisciplinary Medicine and Engineering, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaochun Xu
- School for Interdisciplinary Medicine and Engineering, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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7
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Yossef R, Krishna S, Sindiri S, Lowery FJ, Copeland AR, Gartner JJ, Parkhurst MR, Parikh NB, Hitscherich KJ, Levi ST, Chatani PD, Zacharakis N, Levin N, Vale NR, Nah SK, Dinerman A, Hill VK, Ray S, Bera A, Levy L, Jia L, Kelly MC, Goff SL, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. Phenotypic signatures of circulating neoantigen-reactive CD8 + T cells in patients with metastatic cancers. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2154-2165.e5. [PMID: 38039963 PMCID: PMC10843665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Circulating T cells from peripheral blood (PBL) can provide a rich and noninvasive source for antitumor T cells. By single-cell transcriptomic profiling of 36 neoantigen-specific T cell clones from 6 metastatic cancer patients, we report the transcriptional and cell surface signatures of antitumor PBL-derived CD8+ T cells (NeoTCRPBL). Comparison of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)- and PBL-neoantigen-specific T cells revealed that NeoTCRPBL T cells are low in frequency and display less-dysfunctional memory phenotypes relative to their TIL counterparts. Analysis of 100 antitumor TCR clonotypes indicates that most NeoTCRPBL populations target the same neoantigens as TILs. However, NeoTCRPBL TCR repertoire is only partially shared with TIL. Prediction and testing of NeoTCRPBL signature-derived TCRs from PBL of 6 prospective patients demonstrate high enrichment of clonotypes targeting tumor mutations, a viral oncogene, and patient-derived tumor. Thus, the NeoTCRPBL signature provides an alternative source for identifying antitumor T cells from PBL of cancer patients, enabling immune monitoring and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Yossef
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sri Krishna
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frank J Lowery
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Copeland
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jared J Gartner
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria R Parkhurst
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neilesh B Parikh
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyle J Hitscherich
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shoshana T Levi
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Praveen D Chatani
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikolaos Zacharakis
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Noam Levin
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nolan R Vale
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shirley K Nah
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron Dinerman
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria K Hill
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Satyajit Ray
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alakesh Bera
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lior Levy
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Li Jia
- National Institutes of Health Library, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephanie L Goff
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bartneck J, Hartmann AK, Stein L, Arnold-Schild D, Klein M, Stassen M, Marini F, Pielenhofer J, Meiser SL, Langguth P, Mack M, Muth S, Probst HC, Schild H, Radsak MP. Tumor-infiltrating CCR2 + inflammatory monocytes counteract specific immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267866. [PMID: 37849753 PMCID: PMC10577317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor development and progression is shaped by the tumor microenvironment (TME), a heterogeneous assembly of infiltrating and resident host cells, their secreted mediators and intercellular matrix. In this context, tumors are infiltrated by various immune cells with either pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral functions. Recently, we published our non-invasive immunization platform DIVA suitable as a therapeutic vaccination method, further optimized by repeated application (DIVA2). In our present work, we revealed the therapeutic effect of DIVA2 in an MC38 tumor model and specifically focused on the mechanisms induced in the TME after immunization. DIVA2 resulted in transient tumor control followed by an immune evasion phase within three weeks after the initial tumor inoculation. High-dimensional flow cytometry analysis and single-cell mRNA-sequencing of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes revealed cytotoxic CD8+ T cells as key players in the immune control phase. In the immune evasion phase, inflammatory CCR2+ PDL-1+ monocytes with immunosuppressive properties were recruited into the tumor leading to suppression of DIVA2-induced tumor-reactive T cells. Depletion of CCR2+ cells with specific antibodies resulted in prolonged survival revealing CCR2+ monocytes as important for tumor immune escape in the TME. In summary, the present work provides a platform for generating a strong antigen-specific primary and memory T cell immune response using the optimized transcutaneous immunization method DIVA2. This enables protection against tumors by therapeutic immune control of solid tumors and highlights the immunosuppressive influence of tumor infiltrating CCR2+ monocytes that need to be inactivated in addition for successful cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joschka Bartneck
- III Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- III Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara Stein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Danielle Arnold-Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonas Pielenhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophie Luise Meiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department Nephrology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Muth
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Philipp Radsak
- III Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Carbone ML, Capone A, Guercio M, Reddel S, Silvestris DA, Lulli D, Ramondino C, Peluso D, Quintarelli C, Volpe E, Failla CM. Insight into immune profile associated with vitiligo onset and anti-tumoral response in melanoma patients receiving anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197630. [PMID: 37680638 PMCID: PMC10482109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is an efficient treatment for metastatic melanoma. Development of vitiligo upon immunotherapy represents a specific immune-related adverse event (irAE) diagnosed in 15% of patients and associated with a positive clinical response. Therefore, a detailed characterization of immune cells during vitiligo onset in melanoma patients would give insight into the immune mechanisms mediating both the irAE and the anti-tumor response. Methods To better understand these aspects, we analyzed T cell subsets from peripheral blood of metastatic melanoma patients undergoing treatment with anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 antibodies. To deeply characterize the antitumoral T cell response concomitant to vitiligo onset, we analyzed T cell content in skin biopsies collected from melanoma patients who developed vitiligo. Moreover, to further characterize T cells in vitiligo skin lesion of melanoma patients, we sequenced T cell receptor (TCR) of cells derived from biopsies of vitiligo and primary melanoma of the same patient. Results and discussion Stratification of patients for developing or not developing vitiligo during anti-PD-1 therapy revealed an association between blood reduction of CD8-mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT), T helper (h) 17, natural killer (NK) CD56bright, and T regulatory (T-reg) cells and vitiligo onset. Consistently with the observed blood reduction of Th17 cells in melanoma patients developing vitiligo during immunotherapy, we found high amount of IL-17A expressing cells in the vitiligo skin biopsy, suggesting a possible migration of Th17 cells from the blood into the autoimmune lesion. Interestingly, except for a few cases, we found different TCR sequences between vitiligo and primary melanoma lesions. In contrast, shared TCR sequences were identified between vitiligo and metastatic tissues of the same patient. These data indicate that T cell response against normal melanocytes, which is involved in vitiligo onset, is not typically mediated by reactivation of specific T cell clones infiltrating primary melanoma but may be elicited by T cell clones targeting metastatic tissues. Altogether, our data indicate that anti-PD-1 therapy induces a de novo immune response, stimulated by the presence of metastatic cells, and composed of different T cell subtypes, which may trigger the development of vitiligo and the response against metastatic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luigia Carbone
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Capone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Santa Lucia Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Guercio
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Reddel
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Lulli
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Ramondino
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Peluso
- Department of Biology, University “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Volpe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Santa Lucia Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Maria Failla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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10
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Jenkins E, Whitehead T, Fellermeyer M, Davis SJ, Sharma S. The current state and future of T-cell exhaustion research. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:iqad006. [PMID: 37554723 PMCID: PMC10352049 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
'Exhaustion' is a term used to describe a state of native and redirected T-cell hypo-responsiveness resulting from persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infections or cancer. Although a well-established phenotype across mice and humans, exhaustion at the molecular level remains poorly defined and inconsistent across the literature. This is, in part, due to an overreliance on surface receptors to define these cells and explain exhaustive behaviours, an incomplete understanding of how exhaustion arises, and a lack of clarity over whether exhaustion is the same across contexts, e.g. chronic viral infections versus cancer. With the development of systems-based genetic approaches such as single-cell RNA-seq and CRISPR screens applied to in vivo data, we are moving closer to a consensus view of exhaustion, although understanding how it arises remains challenging given the difficulty in manipulating the in vivo setting. Accordingly, producing and studying exhausted T-cells ex vivo are burgeoning, allowing experiments to be conducted at scale up and with high throughput. Here, we first review what is currently known about T-cell exhaustion and how it's being studied. We then discuss how improvements in their method of isolation/production and examining the impact of different microenvironmental signals and cell interactions have now become an active area of research. Finally, we discuss what the future holds for the analysis of this physiological condition and, given the diversity of ways in which exhausted cells are now being generated, propose the adoption of a unified approach to clearly defining exhaustion using a set of metabolic-, epigenetic-, transcriptional-, and activation-based phenotypic markers, that we call 'M.E.T.A'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenkins
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Toby Whitehead
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Martin Fellermeyer
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sumana Sharma
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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11
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Jiang N, Malone M, Chizari S. Antigen-specific and cross-reactive T cells in protection and disease. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:120-135. [PMID: 37209375 PMCID: PMC10524458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells have a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire that endows them with the ability to identify and defend against a broad spectrum of antigens. The universe of possible antigens that T cells may encounter, however, is even larger. To effectively surveil such a vast universe, the T-cell repertoire must adopt a high degree of cross-reactivity. Likewise, antigen-specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses play pivotal roles in both protective and pathological immune responses in numerous diseases. In this review, we explore the implications of these antigen-driven T-cell responses, with a particular focus on CD8+ T cells, using infection, neurodegeneration, and cancer as examples. We also summarize recent technological advances that facilitate high-throughput profiling of antigen-specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses experimentally, as well as computational biology approaches that predict these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Michael Malone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Shahab Chizari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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12
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Panaampon J, Zhou Y, Saengboonmee C. Metformin as a booster of cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110528. [PMID: 37364322 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, a biguanide antidiabetic, has been studied for its repurposing effects in oncology. Although a modest effect was observed in a single-agent regimen, metformin can synergize the anti-tumor effects of other modalities. The promising combination for cancer treatment is with immunotherapy. Despite high efficacy for some cancers, immunotherapy could be limited by modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment and the immune exhaustion of cytotoxic immune cells. Combining immunotherapy with metformin, thus, exerted a rescuing effect of immunotherapy and potentiated the anti-tumor effects of each other. Although not fully understood, metformin shows promoting effects of immunotherapy by several mechanisms. Those proposed mechanisms have been partially proven and are suggested for possible therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this review, a state-of-the-art of metformin's boosting effects on immunotherapy is reviewed and discussed. The future directions for metformin research in preclinical and clinical immunotherapy are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutatip Panaampon
- Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Charupong Saengboonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002, Thailand.
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13
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Arifianto MR, Meizikri R, Haq IBI, Susilo RI, Wahyuhadi J, Hermanto Y, Faried A. Emerging hallmark of gliomas microenvironment in evading immunity: a basic concept. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-023-00635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Over the last decade, since clinical trials examining targeted therapeutics for gliomas have failed to demonstrate a meaningful increase in survival, the emphasis has recently been switched toward innovative techniques for modulating the immune response against tumors and their microenvironments (TME). Cancerous cells have eleven hallmarks which make it distinct from normal ones, among which is immune evasion. Immune evasion in glioblastoma helps it evade various treatment modalities.
Summary
Glioblastoma’s TME is composed of various array of cellular actors, ranging from peripherally derived immune cells to a variety of organ-resident specialized cell types. For example, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a selective barrier between the systemic circulation and the brain, which effectively separates it from other tissues. It is capable of blocking around 98% of molecules that transport different medications to the target tumor.
Objectives
The purpose of this paper is to offer a concise overview of fundamental immunology and how ‘clever’ gliomas avoid the immune system despite the discovery of immunotherapy for glioma.
Conclusions
Herein, we highlight the complex interplay of the tumor, the TME, and the nearby normal structures makes it difficult to grasp how to approach the tumor itself. Numerous researchers have found that the brain TME is a critical regulator of glioma growth and treatment efficacy.
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14
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Hirz T, Mei S, Sarkar H, Kfoury Y, Wu S, Verhoeven BM, Subtelny AO, Zlatev DV, Wszolek MW, Salari K, Murray E, Chen F, Macosko EZ, Wu CL, Scadden DT, Dahl DM, Baryawno N, Saylor PJ, Kharchenko PV, Sykes DB. Dissecting the immune suppressive human prostate tumor microenvironment via integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:663. [PMID: 36750562 PMCID: PMC9905093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of low-risk primary prostate cancer entails active surveillance only, while high-risk disease requires multimodal treatment including surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Recurrence and development of metastatic disease remains a clinical problem, without a clear understanding of what drives immune escape and tumor progression. Here, we comprehensively describe the tumor microenvironment of localized prostate cancer in comparison with adjacent normal samples and healthy controls. Single-cell RNA sequencing and high-resolution spatial transcriptomic analyses reveal tumor context dependent changes in gene expression. Our data indicate that an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment associates with suppressive myeloid populations and exhausted T-cells, in addition to high stromal angiogenic activity. We infer cell-to-cell relationships from high throughput ligand-receptor interaction measurements within undissociated tissue sections. Our work thus provides a highly detailed and comprehensive resource of the prostate tumor microenvironment as well as tumor-stromal cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghreed Hirz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hirak Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youmna Kfoury
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shulin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bronte M Verhoeven
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander O Subtelny
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dimitar V Zlatev
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew W Wszolek
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keyan Salari
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan Murray
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas M Dahl
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ninib Baryawno
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip J Saylor
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Tyagi T, Jain K, Yarovinsky TO, Chiorazzi M, Du J, Castro C, Griffin J, Korde A, Martin KA, Takyar SS, Flavell RA, Patel AA, Hwa J. Platelet-derived TLT-1 promotes tumor progression by suppressing CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20212218. [PMID: 36305874 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of tumor immunosuppressive mechanisms forms the basis for modern day immunotherapies. Immunoregulatory role of platelets in cancer remains largely elusive. Platelets from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients revealed a distinct activation phenotype. TREM-like transcript 1 (TLT-1), a platelet protein, was increased along with enhanced extracellular release from NSCLC platelets. The increased platelet TLT-1 was also evident in humanized mice with patient-derived tumors. In immunocompetent mice with syngeneic tumors, TLT-1 binding to T cells, in vivo, led to suppression of CD8 T cells, promoting tumor growth. We identified direct interaction between TLT-1 and CD3ε on T cells, implicating the NF-κB pathway in CD8 T cell suppression. Anti-TLT-1 antibody rescued patients' T cells from platelet-induced suppression ex vivo and reduced tumors in mice in vivo. Clinically, higher TLT-1 correlated with reduced survival of NSCLC patients. Our findings thus identify TLT-1 as a platelet-derived immunosuppressor that suppresses CD8 T cells and demonstrate its therapeutic and prognostic significance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Tyagi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kanika Jain
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Timur O Yarovinsky
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael Chiorazzi
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Jing Du
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Cecilia Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jules Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Asawari Korde
- Pulmonary Critical Care, Yale Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shervin S Takyar
- Pulmonary Critical Care, Yale Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Abhijit A Patel
- Yale Therapeutic Radiology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
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16
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Multiple instance neural networks based on sparse attention for cancer detection using T-cell receptor sequences. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:469. [PMID: 36348271 PMCID: PMC9644450 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-05012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancers has been much explored due to its paramount importance in biomedical fields. Among different types of data used to answer this biological question, studies based on T cell receptors (TCRs) are under recent spotlight due to the growing appreciation of the roles of the host immunity system in tumor biology. However, the one-to-many correspondence between a patient and multiple TCR sequences hinders researchers from simply adopting classical statistical/machine learning methods. There were recent attempts to model this type of data in the context of multiple instance learning (MIL). Despite the novel application of MIL to cancer detection using TCR sequences and the demonstrated adequate performance in several tumor types, there is still room for improvement, especially for certain cancer types. Furthermore, explainable neural network models are not fully investigated for this application. In this article, we propose multiple instance neural networks based on sparse attention (MINN-SA) to enhance the performance in cancer detection and explainability. The sparse attention structure drops out uninformative instances in each bag, achieving both interpretability and better predictive performance in combination with the skip connection. Our experiments show that MINN-SA yields the highest area under the ROC curve scores on average measured across 10 different types of cancers, compared to existing MIL approaches. Moreover, we observe from the estimated attentions that MINN-SA can identify the TCRs that are specific for tumor antigens in the same T cell repertoire.
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17
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Peripheral T cell cytotoxicity predicts the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17461. [PMID: 36261600 PMCID: PMC9582215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) therapy exerts beneficial effects in a limited population of cancer patients. Therefore, more accurate diagnostics to predict the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy are desired. The present study investigated whether peripheral T cell cytotoxicity predicts the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Advanced NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) were consecutively enrolled in the present study. Peripheral blood samples were subjected to an analysis of peripheral T cell cytotoxicity and flow cytometry prior to the initiation of anti-PD-1 therapy. Peripheral T cell cytotoxicity was assessed using bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) technology. We found that progression-free survival was significantly longer in patients with high peripheral T cell cytotoxicity (p = 0.0094). In the multivariate analysis, treatment line and peripheral T cell cytotoxicity were independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival. The analysis of T cell profiles revealed that peripheral T cell cytotoxicity correlated with the ratio of the effector memory population in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the results of flow cytometry showed that the peripheral CD45RA+CD25+/CD4+ T cell ratio was higher in patients with than in those without severe adverse events (p = 0.0076). These results indicated that the peripheral T cell cytotoxicity predicted the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy for advanced NSCLC patients.
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18
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Nath PR, Pal-Nath D, Kaur S, Gangaplara A, Meyer TJ, Cam MC, Roberts DD. Loss of CD47 alters CD8+ T cell activation in vitro and immunodynamics in mice. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2111909. [PMID: 36105746 PMCID: PMC9467551 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2111909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 has established roles in the immune system for regulating macrophage phagocytosis and lymphocyte activation, with growing evidence of its cell-intrinsic regulatory roles in natural killer and CD8+ T cells. CD47 limits antigen-dependent cytotoxic activities of human and murine CD8+ T cells, but its role in T cell activation kinetics remains unclear. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we show here that CD47 differentially regulates CD8+ T cell responses to short- versus long-term activation. Although CD47 was not required for T cell development in mice and early activation in vitro, short-term stimuli elevated pathogen-reactive gene expression and enhanced proliferation and the effector phenotypes of Cd47-deficient relative to Cd47-sufficient CD8+ T cells. In contrast, persistent TCR stimulation limited the effector phenotypes of Cd47 -/- CD8+ T cells and enhanced their apoptosis signature. CD8+ T cell expansion and activation in vivo induced by acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection did not differ in the absence of CD47. However, the frequency and effector phenotypes of Cd47-/- CD8+ T cells were constrained in chronic LCMV-infected as well as in mice bearing B16 melanoma tumors. Therefore, CD47 regulates CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation, and fitness in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R. Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arunkumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret C Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Keating MK, Rosenkrantz WS, Keller SM, Moore PF. Evaluation of clonality from multiple anatomic sites in canine epitheliotropic T cell lymphoma. Vet Dermatol 2022; 33:559-567. [PMID: 35876313 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine epitheliotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (eCTCL) is thought to represent a disease homologue to human mycosis fungoides (MF). In human MF, neoplastic cells are phenotypically consistent with resident effector memory T cells, a population that remains for an extended period within tissue without circulating. Dogs with eCTCL often present with lesions in multiple locations, raising the question of whether the neoplasm is of the same T-cell subpopulation or not. OBJECTIVES To characterize the antigen receptor gene rearrangements of lymphocytes from skin and blood of dogs with eCTCL to determine if neoplastic clones are identical. ANIMALS Fourteen dogs with eCTCL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histological and immunohistochemical examination, and PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) for T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) performed on multiple cutaneous biopsy samples and blood. RESULTS All skin biopsies contained cluster of differentiation (CD)3-positive neoplastic lymphocytes. Within individual dogs, all skin biopsies revealed identical TRG clonality profiles, suggesting that the same neoplastic clone was present in all sites. In the blood, a matching clone was found in six of 14 dogs, a unique clone was observed in nine of 14 dogs, and no clone was detected in two of 14 dogs. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that canine eCTCL lesions in multiple locations harbour the same neoplastic clone, neoplastic lymphocytes do not remain fixed to the skin and instead can circulate via blood, differing clones can be identified in skin versus blood, and circulating neoplastic cells can be detected without lymphocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan M Keller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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20
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Lao J, Cao C, Niu X, Deng S, Ming S, Liang S, Shang Y, Yuan Y, Shi X, Liang Z, Wu M, Wu Y. OX40 enhances T cell immune response to PD-1 blockade therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Xu S, Wang X, Fei C. A Highly Effective System for Predicting MHC-II Epitopes With Immunogenicity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:888556. [PMID: 35785204 PMCID: PMC9246415 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.888556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the substantial achievements of therapeutic cancer vaccines have shed a new light on cancer immunotherapy. The major challenge for designing potent therapeutic cancer vaccines is to identify neoantigens capable of inducing sufficient immune responses, especially involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II epitopes. However, most previous studies on T-cell epitopes were focused on either ligand binding or antigen presentation by MHC rather than the immunogenicity of T-cell epitopes. In order to better facilitate a therapeutic vaccine design, in this study, we propose a revolutionary new tool: a convolutional neural network model named FIONA (Flexible Immunogenicity Optimization Neural-network Architecture) trained on IEDB datasets. FIONA could accurately predict the epitopes presented by the given specific MHC-II subtypes, as well as their immunogenicity. By leveraging the human leukocyte antigen allele hierarchical encoding model together with peptide dense embedding fusion encoding, FIONA (with AUC = 0.94) outperforms several other tools in predicting epitopes presented by MHC-II subtypes in head-to-head comparison; moreover, FIONA has unprecedentedly incorporated the capacity to predict the immunogenicity of epitopes with MHC-II subtype specificity. Therefore, we developed a reliable pipeline to effectively predict CD4+ T-cell immune responses against cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caiyi Fei
- Department of AI and Bioinformatics, Nanjing Chengshi BioTech (TheraRNA) Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
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22
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Connolly KA, Fitzgerald B, Damo M, Joshi NS. Novel Mouse Models for Cancer Immunology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022; 6:269-291. [PMID: 36875867 PMCID: PMC9979244 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070620-105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models for the study of cancer immunology provide excellent systems in which to test biological mechanisms of the immune response against cancer. Historically, these models have been designed to have different strengths based on the current major research questions at the time. As such, many mouse models of immunology used today were not originally developed to study questions currently plaguing the relatively new field of cancer immunology, but instead have been adapted for such purposes. In this review, we discuss various mouse model of cancer immunology in a historical context as a means to provide a fuller perspective of each model's strengths. From this outlook, we discuss the current state of the art and strategies for tackling future modeling challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Connolly
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Brittany Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Martina Damo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Nikhil S. Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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23
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Engineering T cells to survive and thrive in the hostile tumor microenvironment. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Exhaustion of T cells occurs in response to long-term exposure to self and foreign antigens. It limits T cell capacity to proliferate and produce cytokines, leading to an impaired ability to clear chronic infections or eradicate tumors. T-cell exhaustion is associated with a specific transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic program and characteristic cell surface markers' expression. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the role of T-cell exhaustion in transplant. Higher levels of exhausted T cells have been associated with better graft function in kidney transplant recipients. In contrast, reinvigorating exhausted T cells by immune checkpoint blockade therapies, while promoting tumor clearance, increases the risk of acute rejection. Lymphocyte depletion and high alloantigen load have been identified as major drivers of T-cell exhaustion. This could account, at least in part, for the reduced rates of acute rejection in organ transplant recipients induced with thymoglobulin and for the pro-tolerogenic effects of a large organ such as the liver. Among the drugs that are widely used for maintenance immunosuppression, calcineurin inhibitors have a contrasting inhibitory effect on exhaustion of T cells, while the influence of mTOR inhibitors is still unclear. Harnessing or encouraging the natural processes of exhaustion may provide a novel strategy to promote graft survival and transplantation tolerance.
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25
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He X, Zhou S, Quinn B, Jahagirdar D, Ortega J, Long MD, Abrams SI, Lovell JF. An In Vivo Screen to Identify Short Peptide Mimotopes with Enhanced Antitumor Immunogenicity. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:314-326. [PMID: 34992135 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated self-antigens are potential cancer vaccine targets but suffer from limited immunogenicity. There are examples of mutated, short self-peptides inducing epitope-specific CD8⁺ T cells more efficiently than the wild-type epitope, but current approaches cannot yet reliably identify such epitopes, which are referred to as enhanced mimotopes ("e-mimotopes"). Here, we present a generalized strategy to develop e-mimotopes, using the tyrosinase-related protein 2 (Trp2) peptide Trp2180-188, which is a murine major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) epitope, as a test case. Using a vaccine adjuvant that induces peptide particle formation and strong cellular responses with nanogram antigen doses, a two-step method systematically identified e-mimotope candidates with murine immunization. First, position-scanning peptide micro libraries were generated in which each position of the wild-type epitope sequence was randomized. Randomization of only one specific residue of the Trp2 epitope increased antitumor immunogenicity. Second, all 20 amino acids were individually substituted and tested at that position, enabling the identification of two e-mimotopes with single amino-acid mutations. Despite similar MHC-I affinity compared to the wild-type epitope, e-mimotope immunization elicited improved Trp2-specific cytotoxic T-cell phenotypes and improved T-cell receptor affinity for both the e-mimotopes and the native epitope, resulting in better outcomes in multiple prophylactic and therapeutic tumor models. The screening method was also applied to other targets with other murine MHC-I restriction elements, including epitopes within glycoprotein 70 and Wilms' Tumor Gene 1, to identify additional e-mimotopes with enhanced potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan He
- Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | - Breandan Quinn
- Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
| | | | | | - Mark D Long
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York
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26
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Li C, Phoon YP, Karlinsey K, Tian YF, Thapaliya S, Thongkum A, Qu L, Matz AJ, Cameron M, Cameron C, Menoret A, Funchain P, Song JM, Diaz-Montero CM, Tamilselvan B, Golden JB, Cartwright M, Rodriguez A, Bonin C, Vella A, Zhou B, Gastman BR. A high OXPHOS CD8 T cell subset is predictive of immunotherapy resistance in melanoma patients. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212867. [PMID: 34807232 PMCID: PMC8611729 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy continues to revolutionize melanoma treatment, but only a subset of patients respond. Major efforts are underway to develop minimally invasive predictive assays of ICI response. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we discovered a unique CD8 T cell blood/tumor-shared subpopulation in melanoma patients with high levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the ectonucleotidases CD38 and CD39, and both exhaustion and cytotoxicity markers. We called this population with high levels of OXPHOS “CD8+ TOXPHOS cells.” We validated that higher levels of OXPHOS in tumor- and peripheral blood–derived CD8+ TOXPHOS cells correlated with ICI resistance in melanoma patients. We then developed an ICI therapy response predictive model using a transcriptomic profile of CD8+ TOXPHOS cells. This model is capable of discerning responders from nonresponders using either tumor or peripheral blood CD8 T cells with high accuracy in multiple validation cohorts. In sum, CD8+ TOXPHOS cells represent a critical immune population to assess ICI response with the potential to be a new target to improve outcomes in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Yee Peng Phoon
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Keaton Karlinsey
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Ye F Tian
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Samjhana Thapaliya
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Angkana Thongkum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lili Qu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Alyssa Joyce Matz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Cheryl Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Antoine Menoret
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | | | - Jung-Min Song
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Jackelyn B Golden
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michael Cartwright
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Anthony Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Brian R Gastman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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27
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Molecular characterization of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutant T cells in human blood: The concept of surrogate selection for immunologically relevant cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108414. [PMID: 35690417 PMCID: PMC9188651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell gene mutations arise in vivo due to replication errors during DNA synthesis occurring spontaneously during normal DNA synthesis or as a result of replication on a DNA template damaged by endogenous or exogenous mutagens. In principle, changes in the frequencies of mutant cells in vivo in humans reflect changes in exposures to exogenous or endogenous DNA damaging insults, other factors being equal. It is becoming increasingly evident however, that somatic mutations in humans have a far greater range of interpretations. For example, mutations in lymphocytes provide invaluable probes for in vivo cellular and molecular processes, providing identification of clonal amplifications of these cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases, transplantation recipients, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), and cancer. The assay for mutations of the X-chromosomal hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene has gained popular acceptance for this purpose since viable mutant cells can be recovered for molecular and other analyses. Although the major application of the HPRT T cell assay remains human population monitoring, the enrichment of activated T cells in the mutant fraction in individuals with ongoing immunological processes has demonstrated the utility of surrogate selection, a method that uses somatic mutation as a surrogate marker for the in vivo T cell proliferation that underlies immunological processes to investigate clinical disorders with immunological features. Studies encompassing a wide range of clinical conditions are reviewed. Despite the historical importance of the HPRT mutation system in validating surrogate selection, there are now additional mutational and other methods for identifying immunologically active T cells. These methods are reviewed and provide insights for strategies to extend surrogate selection in future studies.
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28
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Budimir N, Thomas GD, Dolina JS, Salek-Ardakani S. Reversing T-cell Exhaustion in Cancer: Lessons Learned from PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 10:146-153. [PMID: 34937730 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of many types of cancer over the past decade. The initial therapeutic hypothesis underlying the mechanism of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 ICB was built around the premise that it acts locally in the tumor, reversing the exhaustion of PD-1hiCD8+ T cells by "releasing the brakes." However, recent studies have provided unprecedented insight into the complexity within the CD8+ T-cell pool in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Single-cell RNA sequencing and epigenetic profiling studies have identified novel cell surface markers, revealing heterogeneity within CD8+ T-cell states classified as unique. Moreover, these studies highlighted that following ICB, CD8+ T-cell states within and outside the TME possess a differential capacity to respond, mobilize to the TME, and seed an effective antitumor immune response. In aggregate, these recent developments have led to a reevaluation of our understanding of both the underlying mechanisms and the sites of action of ICB therapy. Here, we discuss the evidence for the reversibility of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion after ICB treatment and its implication for the further development of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Budimir
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California.
| | - Graham D Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California.
| | - Joseph S Dolina
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
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29
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Bai Y, Hu M, Chen Z, Wei J, Du H. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis Reveals RGS1 as a New Marker and Promoting Factor for T-Cell Exhaustion in Multiple Cancers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767070. [PMID: 34956194 PMCID: PMC8692249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion is one of the main reasons of tumor immune escape. Using single-cell transcriptome data of CD8+ T cells in multiple cancers, we identified different cell types, in which Pre_exhaust and exhausted T cells participated in negative regulation of immune system process. By analyzing the coexpression network patterns and differentially expressed genes of Pre_exhaust, exhausted, and effector T cells, we identified 35 genes related to T-cell exhaustion, whose high GSVA scores were associated with significantly poor prognosis in various cancers. In the differentially expressed genes, RGS1 showed the greatest fold change in Pre_exhaust and exhausted cells of three cancers compared with effector T cells, and high expression of RGS1 was also associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. Additionally, RGS1 protein was upregulated significantly in tumor tissues in the immunohistochemistry verification. Furthermore, RGS1 displayed positive correlation with the 35 genes, especially highly correlated with PDCD1, CTLA4, HAVCR2, and TNFRSF9 in CD8+ T cells and cancer tissues, indicating the important roles of RGS1 in CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Considering the GTP-hydrolysis activity of RGS1 and significantly high mRNA and protein expression in cancer tissues, we speculated that RGS1 potentially mediate the T-cell retention to lead to the persistent antigen stimulation, resulting in T-cell exhaustion. In conclusion, our findings suggest that RGS1 is a new marker and promoting factor for CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and provide theoretical basis for research and immunotherapy of exhausted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Bai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfen Wei
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Colombo SAP, Hashad R, Denning DW, Kumararatne DS, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Barcenas-Morales G, MacDonald AS, Harris C, Doffinger R, Kosmidis C. Defective interferon-gamma production is common in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1822-1831. [PMID: 34850023 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune defects in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are poorly characterised. We compared peripheral blood cytokine profiles in patients with CPA vs healthy controls and explored the relationship with disease severity. METHODS Interferon-gamma (IFNγ), IL-17, TNFα, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-10 were measured after in vitro stimulation of whole blood with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), β-glucan, zymosan (ZYM), IL-12 or IL-18, and combinations. Clinical parameters and mortality were correlated with cytokine production. RESULTS Cytokine profiles were evaluated in 133 patients (57.1% male, mean age 61 years). In comparison to controls, patients with CPA had significantly reduced production of IFNγ in response to stimulation with β-glucan+IL-12 (312 vs 988 pg/ml), LPS+IL-12 (252 vs 1033 pg/ml), ZYM+IL-12 (996 vs 2347 pg/ml), and IL-18+IL-12 (7193 vs 12330 pg/ml). Age >60 (p=0.05, HR 1.71, 95%CI 1.00-2.91) and COPD (p=0.039, HR 1.69, 95%CI 1.03-2.78) were associated with worse survival, whereas high IFNγ production in response to beta-glucan+IL-12 stimulation (p=0.026, HR 0.48, 95%CI 0.25-0.92) was associated with reduced mortality. CONCLUSION Patients with CPA show impaired IFNγ production in peripheral blood in response to stimuli. Defective IFNγ production ability correlates with worse outcomes. Immunotherapy with IFNγ could be beneficial for patients showing impaired IFNγ production in CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano A P Colombo
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rola Hashad
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - David W Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Dinakantha S Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lourdes Ceron-Gutierrez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chris Harris
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Kosmidis
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.,National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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31
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Abstract
Glioblastoma has emerged as an immunotherapy-refractory tumor based on negative phase III studies of anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy among newly diagnosed as well as recurrent patients. In addition, although much work on vaccine and cellular approaches is ongoing, therapeutic benefit with these approaches has been underwhelming. Much scientific insight into the multitiered layers of immunosuppression exploited by glioblastoma tumors is emerging that sheds light on the explanation for the disappointing results to date and highlights possible therapeutic avenues that may offer a better likelihood of therapeutic benefit for immune-based therapies.
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32
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Rivero-Hinojosa S, Grant M, Panigrahi A, Zhang H, Caisova V, Bollard CM, Rood BR. Proteogenomic discovery of neoantigens facilitates personalized multi-antigen targeted T cell immunotherapy for brain tumors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6689. [PMID: 34795224 PMCID: PMC8602676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoantigen discovery in pediatric brain tumors is hampered by their low mutational burden and scant tissue availability. Here we develop a proteogenomic approach combining tumor DNA/RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry proteomics to identify tumor-restricted (neoantigen) peptides arising from multiple genomic aberrations to generate a highly target-specific, autologous, personalized T cell immunotherapy. Our data indicate that aberrant splice junctions are the primary source of neoantigens in medulloblastoma, a common pediatric brain tumor. Proteogenomically identified tumor-specific peptides are immunogenic and generate MHC II-based T cell responses. Moreover, polyclonal and polyfunctional T cells specific for tumor-specific peptides effectively eliminate tumor cells in vitro. Targeting tumor-specific antigens obviates the issue of central immune tolerance while potentially providing a safety margin favoring combination with other immune-activating therapies. These findings demonstrate the proteogenomic discovery of immunogenic tumor-specific peptides and lay the groundwork for personalized targeted T cell therapies for children with brain tumors. Targeting tumor-associated antigens in paediatric medulloblastomas (MB) is challenging due to their low mutational burden. Here, the authors develop a sensitive proteogenomic approach to identify tumour specific neoantigens, which may enable personalised T cell immunotherapy in paediatric MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rivero-Hinojosa
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Melanie Grant
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aswini Panigrahi
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Veronika Caisova
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,George Washington University Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brian R Rood
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA. .,George Washington University Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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33
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Vick SC, Kolupaev OV, Perou CM, Serody JS. Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Therapy Can Promote the Function and Survival of Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2598-2607. [PMID: 34607937 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown in a model of claudin-low breast cancer that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increased in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and express high levels of PD-1. In mouse models and patients with triple-negative breast cancer, it is postulated that one cause for the lack of activity of anti-PD-1 therapy is the activation of PD-1-expressing Tregs in the TME. We hypothesized that the expression of PD-1 on Tregs would lead to enhanced suppressive function of Tregs and worsen antitumor immunity during PD-1 blockade. To evaluate this, we isolated Tregs from claudin-low tumors and functionally evaluated them ex vivo. We compared transcriptional profiles of Tregs isolated from tumor-bearing mice with or without anti-PD-1 therapy using RNA sequencing. We found several genes associated with survival and proliferation pathways; for example, Jun, Fos, and Bcl2 were significantly upregulated in Tregs exposed to anti-PD-1 treatment. Based on these data, we hypothesized that anti-PD-1 treatment on Tregs results in a prosurvival phenotype. Indeed, Tregs exposed to PD-1 blockade had significantly higher levels of Bcl-2 expression, and this led to increased protection from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. In addition, we found in vitro and in vivo that Tregs in the presence of anti-PD-1 proliferated more than control Tregs PD-1 blockade significantly increased the suppressive activity of Tregs at biologically relevant Treg/Tnaive cell ratios. Altogether, we show that this immunotherapy blockade increases proliferation, protection from apoptosis, and suppressive capabilities of Tregs, thus leading to enhanced immunosuppression in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Vick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Oleg V Kolupaev
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and
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34
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Kfoury Y, Baryawno N, Severe N, Mei S, Gustafsson K, Hirz T, Brouse T, Scadden EW, Igolkina AA, Kokkaliaris K, Choi BD, Barkas N, Randolph MA, Shin JH, Saylor PJ, Scadden DT, Sykes DB, Kharchenko PV. Human prostate cancer bone metastases have an actionable immunosuppressive microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1464-1478.e8. [PMID: 34719426 PMCID: PMC8578470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases are devastating complications of cancer. They are particularly common in prostate cancer (PCa), represent incurable disease, and are refractory to immunotherapy. We seek to define distinct features of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment by analyzing single cells from bone metastatic prostate tumors, involved BM, uninvolved BM, and BM from cancer-free, orthopedic patients, and healthy individuals. Metastatic PCa is associated with multifaceted immune distortion, specifically exhaustion of distinct T cell subsets, appearance of macrophages with states specific to PCa bone metastases. The chemokine CCL20 is notably overexpressed by myeloid cells, as is its cognate CCR6 receptor on T cells. Disruption of the CCL20-CCR6 axis in mice with syngeneic PCa bone metastases restores T cell reactivity and significantly prolongs animal survival. Comparative high-resolution analysis of PCa bone metastases shows a targeted approach for relieving local immunosuppression for therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Kfoury
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ninib Baryawno
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's Health and Children's, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nicolas Severe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karin Gustafsson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taghreed Hirz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Brouse
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna A Igolkina
- St. Petersburg Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantinos Kokkaliaris
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolas Barkas
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Randolph
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip J Saylor
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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HLA-DRB1 ∗16:01 and HLA-DQB1 ∗05:02 Alleles Influence the Susceptibility and Progression of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:3801143. [PMID: 34630564 PMCID: PMC8497119 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3801143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The influence of HLA class I and II loci on the susceptibility to melanoma remains an area of intense debate. This study aimed to examine whether the HLA system was related to melanoma susceptibility and prognosis in a southern Spanish population. Methods In this study, HLA class I and class II genotyping were performed using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotides (PCR-SSO) in 237 Spanish melanoma patients and 636 ethnically matched controls. Data were analyzed according to the clinical characteristics of the defined subgroups. Results Compared to the control group, DRB1∗16:01 (4% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 3.28) and DQB1∗05:02 (4.9% vs. 2%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.017, OR = 2.54) were positivity associated with the susceptibility to melanoma. Both DRB1∗16:01 (5.4% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 4.46) and DQB1∗05:02 (6.5% vs. 2%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.017, OR = 3.44) also showed a positive correlation with Breslow thickness >1.5 mm, most notably at an early age of diagnosis (≤58 years), DRB1∗16:01 (4.2% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 3.41) and DQB1∗05:02 (5.4% vs. 2%, p=0.002, Pc = 0.034, OR = 2.86). Conclusion These findings established HLA-DRB1∗16:01 and HLA-DQB1∗05:02 loci as melanoma risk factors in the southern Spanish population.
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Lee SW, Choi HY, Lee GW, Kim T, Cho HJ, Oh IJ, Song SY, Yang DH, Cho JH. CD8 + TILs in NSCLC differentiate into TEMRA via a bifurcated trajectory: deciphering immunogenicity of tumor antigens. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002709. [PMID: 34593620 PMCID: PMC8487216 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) comprise phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subpopulations. Of these, effector memory CD45RA re-expressing CD8+ T cells (Temra) have been discovered and characterized as the most terminally differentiated subset. However, their exact ontogeny and physiological importance in association with tumor progression remain poorly understood. Methods We analyzed primary tumors and peripheral blood samples from 26 patients with non-small cell lung cancer and analyzed their phenotypes and functional characteristics using flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, and bioinformatics. Results We found that tumor-infiltrating Temra (tilTemra) cells largely differ from peripheral blood Temra (pTemra), with distinct transcriptomes and functional properties. Notably, although majority of the pTemra was CD27−CD28− double-negative (DN), a large fraction of tilTemra population was CD27+CD28+ double-positive (DP), a characteristic of early-stage, less differentiated effector cells. Trajectory analysis revealed that CD8+ TILs undergo a divergent sequence of events for differentiation into either DP or DN tilTemra. Such a differentiation toward DP tilTemra relied on persistent expression of CD27 and CD28 and was associated with weak T cell receptor engagement. Thus, a higher proportion of DP Temra was correlated with lower immunogenicity of tumor antigens and consequently lower accumulation of CD8+ TILs. Conclusions These data suggest a complex interplay between CD8+ T cells and tumors and define DP Temra as a unique subset of tumor-specific CD8+ TILs that are produced in patients with relatively low immunogenic cancer types, predicting immunogenicity of tumor antigens and CD8+ TIL counts, a reliable biomarker for successful cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - He Yun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Woo Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Therasa Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jae Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Song
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hwan Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea .,Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasunup, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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DARANDIS N, NAZARI M. A NEW MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SUB-OPTIMAL CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER. J BIOL SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339021500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of more accurate cancer mathematical models leads to present more realistic treatment protocols, especially in model-based treatment protocol design. Hence, a cancer mathematical model is presented by considering tumor cells, immune cells, interleukins, macrophages polarization, and chemotherapy based on biological concepts. Both local and global sensitivity analyses are done to examine the effect of changing the parameters on the final tumor population. Then, the tumor-free equilibrium points of the system are derived, and their stabilities are studied. The main target of chemotherapy is to eliminate the tumor while limiting drug toxicity. The SDRE method is used to construct a sub-optimal control strategy by using the developed nonlinear cancer model. For simulation, three patients are considered: a young patient, an old patient, and a pregnant patient. These cases have different immune system strengths. Also, three initial tumor sizes are regarded for each case. So, different treatment strategies are suggested. Eradication of tumor cells in a finite duration with a desired amount of chemo-drug is shown in the simulation results. The results confirmed that the immune system’s ability plays an important role in treatment success. It is shown that there are different treatment protocols for different patients, and the SDRE method is more flexible and effective than the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. DARANDIS
- Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood, University of Technology, P. O. Box: 3619995161, Shahrood, Iran
| | - M. NAZARI
- Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood, University of Technology, P. O. Box: 3619995161, Shahrood, Iran
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Websdale A, Kiew Y, Chalmers P, Chen X, Cioccoloni G, Hughes TA, Luo X, Mwarzi R, Poirot M, Røberg-Larsen H, Wu R, Xu M, Zulyniak MA, Thorne JL. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of cholesterol esterification enzymes reduces tumour burden: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical models. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114731. [PMID: 34407453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterification proteins Sterol-O acyltransferases (SOAT) 1 and 2 are emerging prognostic markers in many cancers. These enzymes utilise fatty acids conjugated to coenzyme A to esterify cholesterol. Cholesterol esterification is tightly regulated and enables formation of lipid droplets that act as storage organelles for lipid soluble vitamins and minerals, and as cholesterol reservoirs. In cancer, this provides rapid access to cholesterol to maintain continual synthesis of the plasma membrane. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarise the current depth of understanding of the role of this metabolic pathway in pan-cancer development. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for preclinical studies identified eight studies where cholesteryl ester concentrations were compared between tumour and adjacent-normal tissue, and 24 studies where cholesterol esterification was blocked by pharmacological or genetic approaches. Tumour tissue had a significantly greater concentration of cholesteryl esters than non-tumour tissue (p < 0.0001). Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of SOAT was associated with significantly smaller tumours of all types (p ≤ 0.002). SOAT inhibition increased tumour apoptosis (p = 0.007), CD8 + lymphocyte infiltration and cytotoxicity (p ≤ 0.05), and reduced proliferation (p = 0.0003) and metastasis (p < 0.0001). Significant risk of publication bias was found and may have contributed to a 32% overestimation of the meta-analysed effect size. Avasimibe, the most frequently used SOAT inhibitor, was effective at doses equivalent to those previously reported to be safe and tolerable in humans. This work indicates that SOAT inhibition should be explored in clinical trials as an adjunct to existing anti-neoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Websdale
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yi Kiew
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Philip Chalmers
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Giorgia Cioccoloni
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Xinyu Luo
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rufaro Mwarzi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ruoying Wu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mengfan Xu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael A Zulyniak
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James L Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Resveratrol attenuates TNBC lung metastasis by down-regulating PD-1 expression on pulmonary T cells and converting macrophages to M1 phenotype in a murine tumor model. Cell Immunol 2021; 368:104423. [PMID: 34399171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an invasive breast cancer with the characteristics of easy to develop distant metastasis. Immune escape is one of the main reasons for TNBC growth and metastasis. Enhancement of T cell-mediated anti-tumor activity may benefit to inhibit tumor metastasis and improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. As a natural bioactive substance, resveratrol shows potential capability to prevent or suppress the development of a variety of cancers through direct or indirect effects, including immunoregulatory effect. However, whether resveratrol might affect lung metastasis of TNBC, and whether the effect of resveratrol might be associated with resveratrol-regulated immune responses in tumor microenvironment is still unknown. In this study, by using an experimental metastatic mouse 4 T1 tumor model, we identified that resveratrol may suppress TNBC lung metastasis by elevating local anti-tumor immunity. Indeed, an increase in the cytotoxic activity of CD8+T cells as well as the levels of type 1 cytokine IFN-γ and IL-2 in the lungs of resveratrol-treated tumor bearing mice were observed. The enhanced CD8+T cell activity and Th1 immune responses by resveratrol administration might be related to the down-regulated PD-1 expression on pulmonary CD8+T cells and CD4+T cells. Resveratrol may also convert macrophages to M1 phenotype in the lungs of tumor bearing mice. However, it seems likely resveratrol has no effect on pulmonary myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation. Our results provide an evidence that resveratrol might be a promising candidate agent for adjuvant therapy in the process of TNBC metastasis.
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Maurice NJ, Berner J, Taber AK, Zehn D, Prlic M. Inflammatory signals are sufficient to elicit TOX expression in mouse and human CD8+ T cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150744. [PMID: 34032638 PMCID: PMC8410038 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation leads to the expression of the transcription factor thymocyte selection–associated high-mobility group box (TOX). Prolonged TCR signaling, such as encountered during chronic infections or in tumors, leads to sustained TOX expression, which is required for the induction of a state of exhaustion or dysfunction. Although CD8+ memory T (Tmem) cells in mice typically do not express TOX at steady state, some human Tmem cells express TOX but appear fully functional. This seeming discrepancy between mouse and human T cells has led to the speculation that TOX is differentially regulated between these species, which could complicate the interpretation of preclinical mouse model studies. We report here that, similar to TCR-mediated signals, inflammatory cytokines are also sufficient to increase TOX expression in human and mouse Tmem cells. Thus, TOX expression is controlled by the environment, which provides an explanation for the different TOX expression patterns encountered in T cells isolated from specific pathogen–free laboratory mice versus humans. Finally, we report that TOX is not necessary for cytokine-driven expression of programmed cell death 1. Overall, our data highlight that the mechanisms regulating TOX expression are conserved across species and indicate that TOX expression reflects a T cell’s activation state and does not necessarily correlate with T cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jacqueline Berner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexis K Taber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Fibroblasts Influence the Efficacy, Resistance, and Future Use of Vaccines and Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060634. [PMID: 34200702 PMCID: PMC8230410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of not only epithelial cells but also many other cell types that contribute to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within this space, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a prominent cell type, and these cells are connected to an increase in tumor progression as well as alteration of the immune landscape present in and around the tumor. This is accomplished in part by their ability to alter the presence of both innate and adaptive immune cells as well as the release of various chemokines and cytokines, together leading to a more immunosuppressive TME. Furthermore, new research implicates CAFs as players in immunotherapy response in many different tumor types, typically by blunting their efficacy. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), two major CAF proteins, are associated with the outcome of different immunotherapies and, additionally, have become new targets themselves for immune-based strategies directed at CAFs. This review will focus on CAFs and how they alter the immune landscape within tumors, how this affects response to current immunotherapy treatments, and how immune-based treatments are currently being harnessed to target the CAF population itself.
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Yan J, Zhang Z, Zhan X, Chen K, Pu Y, Liang Y, He B. In situ injection of dual-delivery PEG based MMP-2 sensitive hydrogels for enhanced tumor penetration and chemo-immune combination therapy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9577-9589. [PMID: 33998643 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Improving the deep penetration of nanoparticles and realizing the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy have become a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Herein, a nuclear-targeted tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (NLS-TDNs, NT) was synthesized to construct matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) sensitive hydrogels as delivery vehicles with co-loaded disulfide cross-linked polyethyleneimine (PSP)/nuclear-targeted tetrahedral DNA (NLS-TDNs, NT)/doxorubicin (DOX) nanoparticles (NPs) (PSP/NT/DOX NPs and PNT/DOX NPs) and an immune adjuvant imiquimod (R837) to realize a combination of chemotherapy and immunization for metastatic breast cancer. Due to the membrane-breaking ability of the PNT/DOX NPs, the nanoparticles could effectively achieve deep penetration into tumor tissues, and the in situ generation of tumor-associated antigens by PNT/DOX elicited a strong immune response in the presence of R837, achieving a chemo-immune combination therapy of breast cancer, inducing the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and secretion of related cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12p70) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in vitro. The combination significantly promoted the proportions of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ CTL) and cytotoxic T cells/regulatory T cells (CD8+ CTL/Treg) (5.52% and 11.46%, respectively) and the secretion of cytokines, which cooperatively eradicated primary tumor growth (the tumor growth inhibition (TGI) value was 78.3%) and inhibited the tumor from metastasizing effectively in vivo. Our study provided the basis for activating the antitumor immune system to realize chemo-immunotherapy and tumor metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China.
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Yin Q, Yu W, Grzeskowiak CL, Li J, Huang H, Guo J, Chen L, Wang F, Zhao F, von Boehmer L, Metzner TJ, Leppert JT, Chien YH, Kuo CJ, Davis MM. Nanoparticle-enabled innate immune stimulation activates endogenous tumor-infiltrating T cells with broad antigen specificities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016168118. [PMID: 34021082 PMCID: PMC8166076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016168118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are often infiltrated by T lymphocytes recognizing either self- or mutated antigens but are generally inactive, although they often show signs of prior clonal expansion. Hypothesizing that this may be due to peripheral tolerance, we formulated nanoparticles containing innate immune stimulants that we found were sufficient to activate self-specific CD8+ T cells and injected them into two different mouse tumor models, B16F10 and MC38. These nanoparticles robustly activated and/or expanded antigen-specific CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells, along with a decrease in regulatory CD4+ T cells and an increase in Interleukin-17 producers, resulting in significant tumor growth retardation or elimination and the establishment of immune memory in surviving mice. Furthermore, nanoparticles with modification of stimulating human T cells enabled the robust activation of endogenous T cells in patient-derived tumor organoids. These results indicate that breaking peripheral tolerance without regard to the antigen specificity creates a promising pathway for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yin
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Wong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Caitlin L Grzeskowiak
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jing Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Huang Huang
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Feng Wang
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lotta von Boehmer
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas J Metzner
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Chien
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Wang L, He T, Liu J, Tai J, Wang B, Chen Z, Quan Z. Pan-cancer analysis reveals tumor-associated macrophage communication in the tumor microenvironment. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:31. [PMID: 33971970 PMCID: PMC8108336 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, their contribution to the immunosuppressive status of the TME remains unclear. METHODS We integrated single-cell sequencing and transcriptome data from different tumor types to uncover the molecular features of TAMs. In vitro experiments and prospective clinical tests confirmed the results of these analysis. RESULTS We first detected intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneities between TAM subpopulations and their functions, with CD86+ TAMs playing a crucial role in tumor progression. Next, we focused on the ligand-receptor interactions between TAMs and tumor cells in different TME phenotypes and discovered that aberrant expressions of six hub genes, including FLI1, are involved in this process. A TAM-tumor cell co-culture experiment proved that FLI1 was involved in tumor cell invasion, and FLI1 also showed a unique pattern in patients. Finally, TAMs were discovered to communicate with immune and stromal cells. CONCLUSION We determined the role of TAMs in the TME by focusing on their communication pattern with other TME components. Additionally, the screening of hub genes revealed potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jingkun Liu
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 555 Youyi Dong Road, Beilin, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaojiao Tai
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 555 Youyi Dong Road, Beilin, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, Shaanxi Province Health Inspection Institution, Xi'an, 710077, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhengxue Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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McLane LM, Ngiow SF, Chen Z, Attanasio J, Manne S, Ruthel G, Wu JE, Staupe RP, Xu W, Amaravadi RK, Xu X, Karakousis GC, Mitchell TC, Schuchter LM, Huang AC, Freedman BD, Betts MR, Wherry EJ. Role of nuclear localization in the regulation and function of T-bet and Eomes in exhausted CD8 T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109120. [PMID: 33979613 PMCID: PMC8195461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) regulate CD8 T cell exhaustion through undefined mechanisms. Here, we show that the subcellular localization of T-bet and Eomes dictate their regulatory activity in exhausted T cells (TEXs). TEXs had a higher ratio of nuclear Eomes:T-bet than memory T cells (TMEMs) during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in preclinical cancer models and in human tumors. Biochemically, T-bet and Eomes compete for the same DNA sequences, including the Pdcd1 T-box. High nuclear T-bet strongly represses Pdcd1 transcription in TMEM, whereas low nuclear T-bet in TEX leads to a dominant effect of Eomes that acts as a weaker repressor of Pdcd1. Blocking PD-1 signaling in TEXs increases nuclear T-bet, restoring stronger repression of Pdcd1, and driving T-bet-associated gene expression programs of chemotaxis, homing, and activation. These data identify a mechanism whereby the T-bet-Eomes axis regulates exhaustion through their nuclear localization, providing insights into how these transcription factors regulate TEX biology. McLane et al. demonstrate that T-bet and Eomes expression contributes to exhaustion, but also their nuclear localization, and therefore functional activity, plays a key role. PD-1 blockade restores nuclear T-bet and promotes T cell homing and activation through direct competition with Eomes at gene promoters, such as Pdcd1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McLane
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Attanasio
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan P Staupe
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Giorgos C Karakousis
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tara C Mitchell
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce D Freedman
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Wang H, Guo Y, Gan S, Liu H, Chen Q, Yuan A, Hu Y, Wu J. Photosynthetic Microorganisms-Based Biophotothermal Therapy with Enhanced Immune Response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007734. [PMID: 33738929 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of oxygen by photosynthetic microorganisms (PSMs) has recently attracted interest concerning the in vivo treatment of multiple diseases for their photosynthetic oxygen production in vivo, since PSMs have good biological safety. Here, the first evidence that PSMs can be used as a photothermal source to perform biophotothermal therapy (bio-PTT) is provided. In vitro and in vivo experiments proved that PSMs can generate heat for the direct elimination of tumors and release a series of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and adjuvants for immune stimulation under light irradiation. Bio-PTT enabled a local tumor inhibition rate exceeding 90% and an abscopal tumor inhibition rate exceeding 75%. This strategy also produced a stronger antitumor immune memory effect to prevent tumor recurrence. The bio-PTT strategy provides a novel direction for photothermal therapy as it simultaneously produces local and abscopal antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yunfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shaoju Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Honghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School and School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Institute of Drug R&D, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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47
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Abstract
Several non-redundant features of the tumour microenvironment facilitate immunosuppression and limit anticancer immune responses. These include physical barriers to immune infiltration, the recruitment of suppressive immune cells and the upregulation of ligands on tumour cells that bind to inhibitory receptors on immune cells. Recent insights into the importance of the metabolic restrictions imposed by the tumour microenvironment on antitumour T cells have begun to inform immunotherapeutic anticancer strategies. Therapeutics that target metabolic restrictions, such as low glucose levels, a low pH, hypoxia and the generation of suppressive metabolites, have shown promise as combination therapies for different types of cancer. In this Review, we discuss the metabolic aspects of the antitumour T cell response in the context of immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy and treatment with oncolytic viruses, and discuss emerging combination strategies.
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48
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Cheng H, Ma K, Zhang L, Li G. The tumor microenvironment shapes the molecular characteristics of exhausted CD8 + T cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 506:55-66. [PMID: 33662493 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The persistent antigen stimulation during chronic infections and cancer results in CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The exhausted T (Tex) cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are characterized by increased expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors simultaneously, progressive loss of effector function, poor proliferation and self-renewal capacity, and dysregulated metabolic activity. Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion have proposed potential approaches to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy via restoring the effector function of Tex cells. In this review, we summarize the fundamental characteristics (e.g., inhibitory receptors and transcriptional factors) regarding Tex cell differentiation and discuss in particular how those exhaustion features are acquired and shaped by key factors within the TME. Additionally, we discuss the progress and limitations of current cancer immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Tex cells in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Guideng Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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49
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Donkor MK, Sarkar A, Li MO. Tgf-β1 produced by activated CD4(+) T Cells Antagonizes T Cell Surveillance of Tumor Development. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:162-171. [PMID: 22720237 PMCID: PMC3376999 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.2.18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ1 is a regulatory cytokine with a crucial function in the control of T cell tolerance to tumors. Our recent study revealed that T cell-produced TGFβ1 is essential for inhibiting cytotoxic T cell responses to tumors. However, the exact TGFβ1-producing T cell subset required for tumor immune evasion remains unknown. Here we showed that deletion of TGFβ1 from CD8+ T cells or Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells did not protect mice against transplanted tumors. However, absence of TGFβ1 produced by activated CD4+ T cells and Treg cells inhibited tumor growth, and protected mice from spontaneous prostate cancer. These findings suggest that TGFβ1 produced by activated CD4+ T cells is a necessary requirement for tumor evasion from immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses K Donkor
- Immunology Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
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50
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Jiang W, He Y, He W, Wu G, Zhou X, Sheng Q, Zhong W, Lu Y, Ding Y, Lu Q, Ye F, Hua H. Exhausted CD8+T Cells in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: New Pathways to Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622509. [PMID: 33633741 PMCID: PMC7902023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific CD8+T cells are exposed to persistent antigenic stimulation which induces a dysfunctional state called "exhaustion." Though functioning to limit damage caused by immune response, T cell exhaustion leads to attenuated effector function whereby cytotoxic CD8+T cells fail to control tumor progression in the late stage. This pathway is a dynamic process from activation to "progenitor exhaustion" through to "terminally exhaustion" with distinct properties. With the rapid development of immunotherapy via enhancing T cell function, new studies are dissecting the mechanisms and identifying specific biomarkers of dynamic differentiation during the process of exhaustion. Further, although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved great success in clinical practice, most patients still show limited efficacy to ICIs. The expansion and differentiation of progenitor exhausted T cells explained the success of ICIs while the depletion of the progenitor T cell pool and the transient effector function of terminally exhausted T cells accounted for the failure of immune monotherapy in the context of exorbitant tumor burden. Thus, combination strategies are urgent to be utilized based on the reduction of tumor burden or the expansion of the progenitor T cell pool. In this review, we aim to introduce the concept of homeostasis of the activated and exhausted status of CD8+T cells in the tumor immune microenvironment, and present recent findings on dynamic differentiation process during T cell exhaustion and the implications for combination strategies in immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinjun He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenguang He
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xile Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinsong Sheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weixiang Zhong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Lu
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanju Hua
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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