1
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Keeley O, Coyne AN. Nuclear and degradative functions of the ESCRT-III pathway: implications for neurodegenerative disease. Nucleus 2024; 15:2349085. [PMID: 38700207 PMCID: PMC11073439 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2349085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ESCRT machinery plays a pivotal role in membrane-remodeling events across multiple cellular processes including nuclear envelope repair and reformation, nuclear pore complex surveillance, endolysosomal trafficking, and neuronal pruning. Alterations in ESCRT-III functionality have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In addition, mutations in specific ESCRT-III proteins have been identified in FTD/ALS. Thus, understanding how disruptions in the fundamental functions of this pathway and its individual protein components in the human central nervous system (CNS) may offer valuable insights into mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and identification of potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss ESCRT components, dynamics, and functions, with a focus on the ESCRT-III pathway. In addition, we explore the implications of altered ESCRT-III function for neurodegeneration with a primary emphasis on nuclear surveillance and endolysosomal trafficking within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Keeley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa N. Coyne
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Rose K, Jepson T, Shukla S, Maya-Romero A, Kampmann M, Xu K, Hurley JH. Tau fibrils induce nanoscale membrane damage and nucleate cytosolic tau at lysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315690121. [PMID: 38781206 PMCID: PMC11145263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315690121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prion-like spread of protein aggregates is a leading hypothesis for the propagation of neurofibrillary lesions in the brain, including the spread of tau inclusions associated with Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms of cellular uptake of tau seeds and subsequent nucleated polymerization of cytosolic tau are major questions in the field, and the potential for coupling between the entry and nucleation mechanisms has been little explored. We found that in primary astrocytes and neurons, endocytosis of tau seeds leads to their accumulation in lysosomes. This in turn leads to lysosomal swelling, deacidification, and recruitment of ESCRT proteins, but not Galectin-3, to the lysosomal membrane. These observations are consistent with nanoscale damage of the lysosomal membrane. Live cell imaging and STORM superresolution microscopy further show that the nucleation of cytosolic tau occurs primarily at the lysosome membrane under these conditions. These data suggest that tau seeds escape from lysosomes via nanoscale damage rather than wholesale rupture and that nucleation of cytosolic tau commences as soon as tau fibril ends emerge from the lysosomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Tyler Jepson
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Sankalp Shukla
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Alex Maya-Romero
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Ke Xu
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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3
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Dvilansky I, Altaras Y, Kamenetsky N, Nachmias D, Elia N. The human AAA-ATPase VPS4A isoform and its co-factor VTA1 have a unique function in regulating mammalian cytokinesis abscission. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002327. [PMID: 38687820 PMCID: PMC11086821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human AAA-ATPase VPS4 isoform, VPS4A, cause severe neurodevelopmental defects and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA). VPS4 is a crucial component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system, which drives membrane remodeling in numerous cellular processes, including receptor degradation, cell division, and neural pruning. Notably, while most organisms encode for a single VPS4 gene, human cells have 2 VPS4 paralogs, namely VPS4A and VPS4B, but the functional differences between these paralogs is mostly unknown. Here, we set out to investigate the role of the human VPS4 paralogs in cytokinetic abscission using a series of knockout cell lines. We found that VPS4A and VPS4B hold both overlapping and distinct roles in abscission. VPS4A depletion resulted in a more severe abscission delay than VPS4B and was found to be involved in earlier stages of abscission. Moreover, VPS4A and a monomeric-locked VPS4A mutant bound the abscission checkpoint proteins CHMP4C and ANCHR, while VPS4B did not, indicating a regulatory role for the VPS4A isoform in abscission. Depletion of VTA1, a co-factor of VPS4, disrupted VPS4A-ANCHR interactions and accelerated abscission, suggesting that VTA1 is also involved in the abscission regulation. Our findings reveal a dual role for VPS4A in abscission, one that is canonical and can be compensated by VPS4B, and another that is regulatory and may be delivered by its monomeric form. These observations provide a potential mechanistic explanation for the neurodevelopmental defects and other related disorders reported in VPS4A-mutated patients with a fully functional VPS4B paralog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Dvilansky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yarin Altaras
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nikita Kamenetsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dikla Nachmias
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Natalie Elia
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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4
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Rezig IM, Yaduma WG, McInerny CJ. Processes Controlling the Contractile Ring during Cytokinesis in Fission Yeast, Including the Role of ESCRT Proteins. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:154. [PMID: 38392827 PMCID: PMC10890238 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, as the last stage of the cell division cycle, is a tightly controlled process amongst all eukaryotes, with defective division leading to severe cellular consequences and implicated in serious human diseases and conditions such as cancer. Both mammalian cells and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe use binary fission to divide into two equally sized daughter cells. Similar to mammalian cells, in S. pombe, cytokinetic division is driven by the assembly of an actomyosin contractile ring (ACR) at the cell equator between the two cell tips. The ACR is composed of a complex network of membrane scaffold proteins, actin filaments, myosin motors and other cytokinesis regulators. The contraction of the ACR leads to the formation of a cleavage furrow which is severed by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins, leading to the final cell separation during the last stage of cytokinesis, the abscission. This review describes recent findings defining the two phases of cytokinesis in S. pombe: ACR assembly and constriction, and their coordination with septation. In summary, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms regulating ACR-mediated cytokinesis in S. pombe and emphasize a potential role of ESCRT proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane M Rezig
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Wandiahyel G Yaduma
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Adamawa State College of Education, Hong 640001, Adamawa State, Nigeria
| | - Christopher J McInerny
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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5
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Dai J, Feng Y, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Qiu X, Ding C. ESCRT machinery and virus infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105786. [PMID: 38147902 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery plays a significant role in the spread of human viruses. However, our understanding of how the host ESCRT machinery responds to viral infection remains limited. Emerging evidence suggests that the ESCRT machinery can be hijacked by viruses of different families to enhance their replication. Throughout their life cycle, these viruses can interfere with or exploit ESCRT-mediated physiological processes to increase their chances of infecting the host. In contrast, to counteract virus infection, the interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) or the E3 ISG15-protein ligase (HERC5) system within the infected cells is activated to degrade the ESCRT proteins. Many retroviral and RNA viral proteins have evolved "late (L) domain" motifs, which enable them to recruit host ESCRT subunit proteins to facilitate virus transport, replication, budding, mature, and even endocytosis, Therefore, the L domain motifs and ESCRT subunit proteins could serve as promising drug targets for antiviral therapy. This review investigated the composition and essential functions of the ESCRT, shedding light on the impact of ESCRT subunits and viral L domain motifs on the replication of viruses. Furthermore, the antiviral effects facilitated by the ESCRT machinery have been investigated, aiming to provide valuable insights to guide the development and utilization of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Experimental Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563099, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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6
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Pfitzner AK, Zivkovic H, Bernat-Silvestre C, West M, Peltier T, Humbert F, Odorizzi G, Roux A. Vps60 initiates alternative ESCRT-III filaments. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202206028. [PMID: 37768378 PMCID: PMC10538557 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) participates in essential cellular functions, from cell division to endosome maturation. The remarkable increase of its subunit diversity through evolution may have enabled the acquisition of novel functions. Here, we characterize a novel ESCRT-III copolymer initiated by Vps60. Membrane-bound Vps60 polymers recruit Vps2, Vps24, Did2, and Ist1, as previously shown for Snf7. Snf7- and Vps60-based filaments can coexist on membranes without interacting as their polymerization and recruitment of downstream subunits remain spatially and biochemically separated. In fibroblasts, Vps60/CHMP5 and Snf7/CHMP4 are both recruited during endosomal functions and cytokinesis, but their localization is segregated and their recruitment dynamics are different. Contrary to Snf7/CHMP4, Vps60/CHMP5 is not recruited during nuclear envelope reformation. Taken together, our results show that Vps60 and Snf7 form functionally distinct ESCRT-III polymers, supporting the notion that diversification of ESCRT-III subunits through evolution is linked to the acquisition of new cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Zivkovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Matt West
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tanner Peltier
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frédéric Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Greg Odorizzi
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Wang C, Chen Y, Hu S, Liu X. Insights into the function of ESCRT and its role in enveloped virus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1261651. [PMID: 37869652 PMCID: PMC10587442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1261651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is an essential molecular machinery in eukaryotic cells that facilitates the invagination of endosomal membranes, leading to the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). It participates in various cellular processes, including lipid bilayer remodeling, cytoplasmic separation, autophagy, membrane fission and re-modeling, plasma membrane repair, as well as the invasion, budding, and release of certain enveloped viruses. The ESCRT complex consists of five complexes, ESCRT-0 to ESCRT-III and VPS4, along with several accessory proteins. ESCRT-0 to ESCRT-II form soluble complexes that shuttle between the cytoplasm and membranes, mainly responsible for recruiting and transporting membrane proteins and viral particles, as well as recruiting ESCRT-III for membrane neck scission. ESCRT-III, a soluble monomer, directly participates in vesicle scission and release, while VPS4 hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy for ESCRT-III complex disassembly, enabling recycling. Studies have confirmed the hijacking of ESCRT complexes by enveloped viruses to facilitate their entry, replication, and budding. Recent research has focused on the interaction between various components of the ESCRT complex and different viruses. In this review, we discuss how different viruses hijack specific ESCRT regulatory proteins to impact the viral life cycle, aiming to explore commonalities in the interaction between viruses and the ESCRT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxuan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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8
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Hurtig F, Burgers TC, Cezanne A, Jiang X, Mol FN, Traparić J, Pulschen AA, Nierhaus T, Tarrason-Risa G, Harker-Kirschneck L, Löwe J, Šarić A, Vlijm R, Baum B. The patterned assembly and stepwise Vps4-mediated disassembly of composite ESCRT-III polymers drives archaeal cell division. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5224. [PMID: 36921039 PMCID: PMC10017037 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ESCRT-III family proteins form composite polymers that deform and cut membrane tubes in the context of a wide range of cell biological processes across the tree of life. In reconstituted systems, sequential changes in the composition of ESCRT-III polymers induced by the AAA-adenosine triphosphatase Vps4 have been shown to remodel membranes. However, it is not known how composite ESCRT-III polymers are organized and remodeled in space and time in a cellular context. Taking advantage of the relative simplicity of the ESCRT-III-dependent division system in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, one of the closest experimentally tractable prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes, we use super-resolution microscopy, electron microscopy, and computational modeling to show how CdvB/CdvB1/CdvB2 proteins form a precisely patterned composite ESCRT-III division ring, which undergoes stepwise Vps4-dependent disassembly and contracts to cut cells into two. These observations lead us to suggest sequential changes in a patterned composite polymer as a general mechanism of ESCRT-III-dependent membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Hurtig
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Thomas C. Q. Burgers
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alice Cezanne
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Frank N. Mol
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jovan Traparić
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Tim Nierhaus
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- University College London, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Jan Löwe
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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9
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Romano JD, Mayoral J, Guevara RB, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB, Weiss LM, Coppens I. Toxoplasma gondii scavenges mammalian host organelles through the usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4A. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260159. [PMID: 36718630 PMCID: PMC10022688 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens exploit cellular resources through host cell manipulation. Within its nonfusogenic parasitophorous vacuole (PV), Toxoplasma gondii targets host nutrient-filled organelles and sequesters them into the PV through deep invaginations of the PV membrane (PVM) that ultimately detach from this membrane. Some of these invaginations are generated by an intravacuolar network (IVN) of parasite-derived tubules attached to the PVM. Here, we examined the usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4A by the parasite to create PVM buds and vesicles. CHMP4B associated with the PVM/IVN, and dominant-negative (DN) CHMP4B formed many long PVM invaginations containing CHMP4B filaments. These invaginations were shorter in IVN-deficient parasites, suggesting cooperation between the IVN and ESCRT. In infected cells expressing Vps4A-DN, enlarged intra-PV structures containing host endolysosomes accumulated, reflecting defects in PVM scission. Parasite mutants lacking T. gondii (Tg)GRA14 or TgGRA64, which interact with ESCRT, reduced CHMP4B-DN-induced PVM invaginations and intra-PV host organelles, with greater defects in a double knockout, revealing the exploitation of ESCRT to scavenge host organelles by Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Romano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joshua Mayoral
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rebekah B. Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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10
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The archaeal Cdv cell division system. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:601-615. [PMID: 36658033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Cdv system is the protein machinery that performs cell division and other membrane-deforming processes in a subset of archaea. Evolutionarily, the system is closely related to the eukaryotic ESCRT machinery, with which it shares many structural and functional similarities. Since its first description 15 years ago, the understanding of the Cdv system progressed rather slowly, but recent discoveries sparked renewed interest and insights. The emerging physical picture appears to be that CdvA acts as a membrane anchor, CdvB as a scaffold that localizes division to the mid-cell position, CdvB1 and CvdB2 as the actual constriction machinery, and CdvC as the ATPase that detaches Cdv proteins from the membrane. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research done on Cdv and explains how this relatively understudied machinery acts to perform its cell-division function. Understanding of the Cdv system helps to better grasp the biophysics and evolution of archaea, and furthermore provides new opportunities for the bottom-up building of a divisome for synthetic cells.
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11
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Meadowcroft B, Palaia I, Pfitzner AK, Roux A, Baum B, Šarić A. Mechanochemical Rules for Shape-Shifting Filaments that Remodel Membranes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:268101. [PMID: 36608212 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.268101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sequential exchange of filament composition to increase filament curvature was proposed as a mechanism for how some biological polymers deform and cut membranes. The relationship between the filament composition and its mechanical effect is lacking. We develop a kinetic model for the assembly of composite filaments that includes protein-membrane adhesion, filament mechanics and membrane mechanics. We identify the physical conditions for such a membrane remodeling and show this mechanism of sequential polymer assembly lowers the energetic barrier for membrane deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Meadowcroft
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Palaia
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Aurélien Roux
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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12
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Shukla S, Larsen KP, Ou C, Rose K, Hurley JH. In vitro reconstitution of calcium-dependent recruitment of the human ESCRT machinery in lysosomal membrane repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205590119. [PMID: 35994655 PMCID: PMC9436306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205590119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is centrally involved in the repair of damage to both the plasma and lysosome membranes. ESCRT recruitment to sites of damage occurs on a fast time scale, and Ca2+ has been proposed to play a key signaling role in the process. Here, we show that the Ca2+-binding regulatory protein ALG-2 binds directly to negatively charged membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Next, by monitoring the colocalization of ALIX with ALG-2 on negatively charged membranes, we show that ALG-2 recruits ALIX to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that ALIX recruitment to the membrane orchestrates the downstream assembly of late-acting CHMP4B, CHMP3, and CHMP2A subunits along with the AAA+ ATPase VPS4B. Finally, we show that ALG-2 can also recruit the ESCRT-III machinery to the membrane via the canonical ESCRT-I/II pathway. Our reconstitution experiments delineate the minimal sets of components needed to assemble the entire membrane repair machinery and open an avenue for the mechanistic understanding of endolysosomal membrane repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp Shukla
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kevin P. Larsen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chenxi Ou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kevin Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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13
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Cada AK, Pavlin MR, Castillo JP, Tong AB, Larsen KP, Ren X, Yokom AL, Tsai FC, Shiah JV, Bassereau PM, Bustamante CJ, Hurley JH. Friction-driven membrane scission by the human ESCRT-III proteins CHMP1B and IST1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204536119. [PMID: 35858336 PMCID: PMC9303997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204536119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system is an ancient and ubiquitous membrane scission machinery that catalyzes the budding and scission of membranes. ESCRT-mediated scission events, exemplified by those involved in the budding of HIV-1, are usually directed away from the cytosol ("reverse topology"), but they can also be directed toward the cytosol ("normal topology"). The ESCRT-III subunits CHMP1B and IST1 can coat and constrict positively curved membrane tubes, suggesting that these subunits could catalyze normal topology membrane severing. CHMP1B and IST1 bind and recruit the microtubule-severing AAA+ ATPase spastin, a close relative of VPS4, suggesting that spastin could have a VPS4-like role in normal-topology membrane scission. Here, we reconstituted the process in vitro using membrane nanotubes pulled from giant unilamellar vesicles using an optical trap in order to determine whether CHMP1B and IST1 are capable of membrane severing on their own or in concert with VPS4 or spastin. CHMP1B and IST1 copolymerize on membrane nanotubes, forming stable scaffolds that constrict the tubes, but do not, on their own, lead to scission. However, CHMP1B-IST1 scaffolded tubes were severed when an additional extensional force was applied, consistent with a friction-driven scission mechanism. We found that spastin colocalized with CHMP1B-enriched sites but did not disassemble the CHMP1B-IST1 coat from the membrane. VPS4 resolubilized CHMP1B and IST1 without leading to scission. These observations show that the CHMP1B-IST1 ESCRT-III combination is capable of severing membranes by a friction-driven mechanism that is independent of VPS4 and spastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. King Cada
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mark R. Pavlin
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Juan P. Castillo
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander B. Tong
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kevin P. Larsen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Adam L. Yokom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Feng-Ching Tsai
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences & Letters, CNRS UMR168, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Jamie V. Shiah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Patricia M. Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences & Letters, CNRS UMR168, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Carlos J. Bustamante
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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14
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Tseng CC, Piper RC, Katzmann DJ. Bro1 family proteins harmonize cargo sorting with vesicle formation. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100276. [PMID: 35770783 PMCID: PMC9575758 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRTs) drive membrane remodeling in a variety of cellular processes that include the formation of endosomal intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) during multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis. During MVB sorting, ESCRTs recognize ubiquitin (Ub) attached to membrane protein cargo and execute ILV formation by controlling the activities of ESCRT-III polymers regulated by the AAA-ATPase Vps4. Exactly how these events are coordinated to ensure proper cargo loading into ILVs remains unclear. Here we discuss recent work documenting the ability of Bro1, an ESCRT-associated Ub-binding protein, to coordinate ESCRT-III and Vps4-dependent ILV biogenesis with upstream events such as cargo recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Che Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert C Piper
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David J Katzmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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15
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The ESCRT Machinery: Remodeling, Repairing, and Sealing Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060633. [PMID: 35736340 PMCID: PMC9229795 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ESCRT machinery is an evolutionarily conserved membrane remodeling complex that is used by the cell to perform reverse membrane scission in essential processes like protein degradation, cell division, and release of enveloped retroviruses. ESCRT-III, together with the AAA ATPase VPS4, harbors the main remodeling and scission function of the ESCRT machinery, whereas early-acting ESCRTs mainly contribute to protein sorting and ESCRT-III recruitment through association with upstream targeting factors. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie membrane constriction and scission by ESCRT-III and describe the involvement of this machinery in the sealing and repairing of damaged cellular membranes, a key function to preserve cellular viability and organellar function.
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16
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Lei Y, Fei P, Song B, Shi W, Luo C, Luo D, Li D, Chen W, Zheng J. A loosened gating mechanism of RIG-I leads to autoimmune disorders. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5850-5863. [PMID: 35580046 PMCID: PMC9177982 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DDX58 encodes RIG-I, a cytosolic RNA sensor that ensures immune surveillance of nonself RNAs. Individuals with RIG-IE510V and RIG-IQ517H mutations have increased susceptibility to Singleton-Merten syndrome (SMS) defects, resulting in tissue-specific (mild) and classic (severe) phenotypes. The coupling between RNA recognition and conformational changes is central to RIG-I RNA proofreading, but the molecular determinants leading to dissociated disease phenotypes remain unknown. Herein, we employed hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and single molecule magnetic tweezers (MT) to precisely examine how subtle conformational changes in the helicase insertion domain (HEL2i) promote impaired ATPase and erroneous RNA proofreading activities. We showed that the mutations cause a loosened latch-gate engagement in apo RIG-I, which in turn gradually dampens its self RNA (Cap2 moiety:m7G cap and N1-2-2′-O-methylation RNA) proofreading ability, leading to increased immunopathy. These results reveal HEL2i as a unique checkpoint directing two specialized functions, i.e. stabilizing the CARD2-HEL2i interface and gating the helicase from incoming self RNAs; thus, these findings add new insights into the role of HEL2i in the control of antiviral innate immunity and autoimmunity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Panyu Fei
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Song
- The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjia Shi
- The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,The Chemical Biology Center, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU Institute of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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17
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AAA+ proteins: one motor, multiple ways to work. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:895-906. [PMID: 35356966 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+) proteins form hexameric, ring-shaped complexes that function via ATPase-coupled translocation of substrates across the central channel. Cryo-electron microscopy of AAA+ proteins processing substrate has revealed non-symmetric, staircase-like hexameric structures that indicate a sequential clockwise/2-residue step translocation model for these motors. However, for many of the AAA+ proteins that share similar structural features, their translocation properties have not yet been experimentally determined. In the cases where translocation mechanisms have been determined, a two-residue translocation step-size has not been resolved. In this review, we explore Hsp104, ClpB, ClpA and ClpX as examples to review the experimental methods that have been used to examine, in solution, the translocation mechanisms employed by AAA+ motor proteins. We then ask whether AAA+ motors sharing similar structural features can have different translocation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss whether a single AAA+ motor can adopt multiple translocation mechanisms that are responsive to different challenges imposed by the substrate or the environment. We suggest that AAA+ motors adopt more than one translocation mechanism and are tuned to switch to the most energetically efficient mechanism when constraints are applied.
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18
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Liu CC, Liu YY, Zhou JF, Chen X, Chen H, Hu JH, Chen J, Zhang J, Sun RC, Wei JC, Go YY, Morita E, Zhou B. Cellular ESCRT components are recruited to regulate the endocytic trafficking and RNA replication compartment assembly during classical swine fever virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010294. [PMID: 35120190 PMCID: PMC8849529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the important molecular machinery for membrane protein sorting in eukaryotic cells, the endosomal sorting and transport complexes (ESCRT-0/I/II/III and VPS4) usually participate in various replication stages of enveloped viruses, such as endocytosis and budding. The main subunit of ESCRT-I, Tsg101, has been previously revealed to play a role in the entry and replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). However, the effect of the whole ESCRT machinery during CSFV infection has not yet been well defined. Here, we systematically determine the effects of subunits of ESCRT on entry, replication, and budding of CSFV by genetic analysis. We show that EAP20 (VPS25) (ESCRT-II), CHMP4B and CHMP7 (ESCRT-III) regulate CSFV entry and assist vesicles in transporting CSFV from Clathrin, early endosomes, late endosomes to lysosomes. Importantly, we first demonstrate that HRS (ESCRT-0), VPS28 (ESCRT-I), VPS25 (ESCRT-II) and adaptor protein ALIX play important roles in the formation of virus replication complexes (VRC) together with CHMP2B/4B/7 (ESCRT-III), and VPS4A. Further analyses reveal these subunits interact with CSFV nonstructural proteins (NS) and locate in the endoplasmic reticulum, but not Golgi, suggesting the role of ESCRT in regulating VRC assembly. In addition, we demonstrate that VPS4A is close to lipid droplets (LDs), indicating the importance of lipid metabolism in the formation of VRC and nucleic acid production. Altogether, we draw a new picture of cellular ESCRT machinery in CSFV entry and VRC formation, which could provide alternative strategies for preventing and controlling the diseases caused by CSFV or other Pestivirus. ESCRT machinery can be responsible for virus budding and participate in regulating virus entry. However, little has been reported on its effects on VRC formation. Here, we uncover the novel roles of ESCRT-III and VPS4A in VRC assembly and update the additional subunits involved in the intracellular trafficking of CSFV. These data indicate that the ESCRT machinery promotes CSFV replication by forming VRC, which making it become nuclease-insensitive to avoid the recognition by the host antiviral surveillance system and the destruction of the viral RNA. Furthermore, we first demonstrate that the roles of ESCRT components in the formation of VRC in swine Pestivirus. Our findings highlight the growing evidence of diverse interactions between ESCRT subunits and viral factors of Flaviviridae family, and provide alternative strategies for preventing and controlling the diseases caused by CSFV or other Pestivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-chun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-yun Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang-fei Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-huan Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui-cong Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-chao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Buysse D, West M, Leih M, Odorizzi G. Bro1 binds the Vps20 subunit of ESCRT-III and promotes ESCRT-III regulation by Doa4. Traffic 2022; 23:109-119. [PMID: 34908216 PMCID: PMC8792227 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The budding of intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) at endosomes requires membrane scission by the ESCRT-III complex. This step is negatively regulated in yeast by Doa4, the ubiquitin hydrolase that deubiquitinates transmembrane proteins sorted as cargoes into ILVs. Doa4 acts non-enzymatically to inhibit ESCRT-III membrane scission activity by directly binding the Snf7 subunit of ESCRT-III. This interaction inhibits the remodeling/disassembly of Snf7 polymers required for the ILV membrane scission reaction. Thus, Doa4 is thought to have a structural role that delays ILV budding while it also functions enzymatically to deubiquitinate ILV cargoes. In this study, we show that Doa4 binding to Snf7 in vivo is antagonized by another ESCRT-III subunit, Vps20. Doa4 is restricted from interacting with Snf7 in yeast expressing a mutant Vps20 allele that constitutively binds Doa4. This inhibitory effect of Vps20 is suppressed by overexpression of another ESCRT-III-associated protein, Bro1. We show that Bro1 binds directly to Vps20, suggesting that Bro1 has a central role in relieving the antagonistic relationship that Vps20 has toward Doa4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Buysse
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matt West
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Mitchell Leih
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Greg Odorizzi
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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20
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Pfitzner AK, Moser von Filseck J, Roux A. Principles of membrane remodeling by dynamic ESCRT-III polymers. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:856-868. [PMID: 33980463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal protein complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) polymers are involved in many crucial cellular functions, from cell division to endosome-lysosome dynamics. As a eukaryotic membrane remodeling machinery, ESCRT-III is unique in its ability to catalyze fission of membrane necks from their luminal side and to participate in membrane remodeling processes of essentially all cellular organelles. Found in Archaea, it is also the most evolutionary ancient membrane remodeling machinery. The simple protein structure shared by all of its subunits assembles into a large variety of filament shapes, limiting our understanding of how these filaments achieve membrane remodeling. Here, we review recent findings that discovered unpredicted properties of ESCRT-III polymers, which enable us to define general principles of the mechanism by which ESCRT-III filaments remodel membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aurélien Roux
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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21
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Horváth P, Müller-Reichert T. A Structural View on ESCRT-Mediated Abscission. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586880. [PMID: 33240884 PMCID: PMC7680848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) mediates cellular processes that are related to membrane remodeling, such as multivesicular body (MVB) formation, viral budding and cytokinesis. Abscission is the final stage of cytokinesis that results in the physical separation of the newly formed two daughter cells. Although abscission has been investigated for decades, there are still fundamental open questions related to the spatio-temporal organization of the molecular machinery involved in this process. Reviewing knowledge obtained from in vitro as well as in vivo experiments, we give a brief overview on the role of ESCRT components in abscission mainly focussing on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Horváth
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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22
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Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) I, -II and -III, and their associated factors are a collection of ∼20 proteins in yeast and ∼30 in mammals, responsible for severing membrane necks in processes that range from multivesicular body formation, HIV release and cytokinesis, to plasma and lysosomal membrane repair. ESCRTs are best known for 'reverse-topology' membrane scission, where they act on the inner surface of membrane necks, often when membranes are budded away from the cytosol. These events are driven by membrane-associated assemblies of dozens to hundreds of ESCRT molecules. ESCRT-III proteins form filaments with a variety of geometries and ESCRT-I has now been shown to also form helical structures. The complex nature of the system and the unusual topology of its action has made progress challenging, and led to controversies with regard to its underlying mechanism. This Review will focus on recent advances obtained by structural in vitro reconstitution and in silico mechanistic studies, and places them in their biological context. The field is converging towards a consensus on the broad outlines of a mechanism that is driven by a progressive ATP-dependent treadmilling exchange of ESCRT subunits, as well as compositional change and geometric transitions in ESCRT filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Remec Pavlin
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James H Hurley
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA .,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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23
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Pfitzner AK, Mercier V, Jiang X, Moser von Filseck J, Baum B, Šarić A, Roux A. An ESCRT-III Polymerization Sequence Drives Membrane Deformation and Fission. Cell 2020; 182:1140-1155.e18. [PMID: 32814015 PMCID: PMC7479521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) catalyzes membrane fission from within membrane necks, a process that is essential for many cellular functions, from cell division to lysosome degradation and autophagy. How it breaks membranes, though, remains unknown. Here, we characterize a sequential polymerization of ESCRT-III subunits that, driven by a recruitment cascade and by continuous subunit-turnover powered by the ATPase Vps4, induces membrane deformation and fission. During this process, the exchange of Vps24 for Did2 induces a tilt in the polymer-membrane interface, which triggers transition from flat spiral polymers to helical filament to drive the formation of membrane protrusions, and ends with the formation of a highly constricted Did2-Ist1 co-polymer that we show is competent to promote fission when bound on the inside of membrane necks. Overall, our results suggest a mechanism of stepwise changes in ESCRT-III filament structure and mechanical properties via exchange of the filament subunits to catalyze ESCRT-III activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Mercier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Buzz Baum
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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24
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Meng B, Lan K, Xie J, Lerner RA, Wilson IA, Yang B. Inhibitory antibodies identify unique sites of therapeutic vulnerability in rhinovirus and other enteroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13499-13508. [PMID: 32467165 PMCID: PMC7306783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918844117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of multiple serotypes renders vaccine development challenging for most viruses in the Enterovirus genus. An alternative and potentially more viable strategy for control of these viruses is to develop broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting highly conserved proteins that are indispensable for the virus life cycle, such as the 3C protease. Previously, two single-chain antibody fragments, YDF and GGVV, were reported to effectively inhibit human rhinovirus 14 proliferation. Here, we found that both single-chain antibody fragments target sites on the 3C protease that are distinct from its known drug site (peptidase active site) and possess different mechanisms of inhibition. YDF does not block the active site but instead noncompetitively inhibits 3C peptidase activity through an allosteric effect that is rarely seen for antibody protease inhibitors. Meanwhile, GGVV antagonizes the less-explored regulatory function of 3C in genome replication. The interaction between 3C and the viral genome 5' noncoding region has been reported to be important for enterovirus genome replication. Here, the interface between human rhinovirus 14 3C and its 5' noncoding region was probed by hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled mass spectrometry and found to partially overlap with the interface between GGVV and 3C. Consistently, prebinding of GGVV completely abolishes interaction between human rhinovirus 14 3C and its 5' noncoding region. The epitopes of YDF and GGVV, therefore, represent two additional sites of therapeutic vulnerability in rhinovirus. Importantly, the GGVV epitope appears to be conserved across many enteroviruses, suggesting that it is a promising target for pan-enterovirus inhibitor screening and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Meng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Lan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard A Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China;
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bei Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China;
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25
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Abstract
The emergence of the endomembrane system is a key step in the evolution of cellular complexity during eukaryogenesis. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is essential and required for the endomembrane system functions in eukaryotic cells. Recently, genes encoding eukaryote-like ESCRT protein components have been identified in the genomes of Asgard archaea, a newly proposed archaeal superphylum that is thought to include the closest extant prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes. However, structural and functional features of Asgard ESCRT remain uncharacterized. Here, we show that Vps4, Vps2/24/46, and Vps20/32/60, the core functional components of the Asgard ESCRT, coevolved eukaryote-like structural and functional features. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Asgard Vps4, Vps2/24/46, and Vps20/32/60 are closely related to their eukaryotic counterparts. Molecular dynamics simulation and biochemical assays indicate that Asgard Vps4 contains a eukaryote-like microtubule-interacting and transport (MIT) domain that binds the distinct type 1 MIT-interacting motif and type 2 MIT-interacting motif in Vps2/24/46 and Vps20/32/60, respectively. The Asgard Vps4 partly, but much more efficiently than homologs from other archaea, complements the vps4 null mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, further supporting the functional similarity between the membrane remodeling machineries of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes. Thus, this work provides evidence that the ESCRT complexes from Asgard archaea and eukaryotes are evolutionarily related and functionally similar. Thus, despite the apparent absence of endomembranes in Asgard archaea, the eukaryotic ESCRT seems to have been directly inherited from an Asgard ancestor, to become a key component of the emerging endomembrane system.IMPORTANCE The discovery of Asgard archaea has changed the existing ideas on the origins of eukaryotes. Researchers propose that eukaryotic cells evolved from Asgard archaea. This hypothesis partly stems from the presence of multiple eukaryotic signature proteins in Asgard archaea, including homologs of ESCRT proteins that are essential components of the endomembrane system in eukaryotes. However, structural and functional features of Asgard ESCRT remain unknown. Our study provides evidence that Asgard ESCRT is functionally comparable to the eukaryotic counterparts, suggesting that despite the apparent absence of endomembranes in archaea, eukaryotic ESCRT was inherited from an Asgard archaeal ancestor, alongside the emergence of endomembrane system during eukaryogenesis.
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Wang L, Myasnikov A, Pan X, Walter P. Structure of the AAA protein Msp1 reveals mechanism of mislocalized membrane protein extraction. eLife 2020; 9:e54031. [PMID: 31999255 PMCID: PMC7018516 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The AAA protein Msp1 extracts mislocalized tail-anchored membrane proteins and targets them for degradation, thus maintaining proper cell organization. How Msp1 selects its substrates and firmly engages them during the energetically unfavorable extraction process remains a mystery. To address this question, we solved cryo-EM structures of Msp1-substrate complexes at near-atomic resolution. Akin to other AAA proteins, Msp1 forms hexameric spirals that translocate substrates through a central pore. A singular hydrophobic substrate recruitment site is exposed at the spiral's seam, which we propose positions the substrate for entry into the pore. There, a tight web of aromatic amino acids grips the substrate in a sequence-promiscuous, hydrophobic milieu. Elements at the intersubunit interfaces coordinate ATP hydrolysis with the subunits' positions in the spiral. We present a comprehensive model of Msp1's mechanism, which follows general architectural principles established for other AAA proteins yet specializes Msp1 for its unique role in membrane protein extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy Chase, MarylandUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alexander Myasnikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, Inserm, Université de StrasbourgIllkirchFrance
| | - Xingjie Pan
- UCSF/UCB Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Peter Walter
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy Chase, MarylandUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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27
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Zheng J, Strutzenberg T, Pascal BD, Griffin PR. Protein dynamics and conformational changes explored by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 58:305-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Georgescauld F, Wales TE, Engen JR. Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry applied to chaperones and chaperone-assisted protein folding. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:613-625. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1633920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Georgescauld
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Thomas E. Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John R. Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Ahmed I, Akram Z, Iqbal HMN, Munn AL. The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:1-11. [PMID: 30615963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery drives different cellular processes such as endosomal sorting, organelle biogenesis, vesicular trafficking, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, membrane fission during cytokinesis and enveloped virus budding. The normal cycle of assembly and disassembly of some ESCRT complexes at the membrane requires the AAA-ATPase vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4p). A number of ESCRT proteins are hijacked by clinically significant enveloped viruses including Ebola, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to enable enveloped virus budding and Vps4p provides energy for the disassembly/recycling of these ESCRT proteins. Several years ago, the failure of the terminal budding process of HIV following Vps4 protein inhibition was published; although at that time a detailed understanding of the molecular players was missing. However, later it was acknowledged that the ESCRT machinery has a role in enveloped virus budding from cells due to its role in the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway. The MVB sorting pathway facilitates several cellular activities in uninfected cells, such as the down-regulation of signaling through cell surface receptors as well as the process of viral budding from infected host cells. In this review, we focus on summarising the functional organisation of ESCRT proteins at the membrane and the role of ESCRT machinery and Vps4p during MVB sorting and enveloped viral budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Ahmed
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Zain Akram
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L. CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Alan L Munn
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Thaller DJ, Allegretti M, Borah S, Ronchi P, Beck M, Lusk CP. An ESCRT-LEM protein surveillance system is poised to directly monitor the nuclear envelope and nuclear transport system. eLife 2019; 8:e45284. [PMID: 30942170 PMCID: PMC6461442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the nuclear membranes coupled to the selective barrier of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are essential for the segregation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Mechanical membrane disruption or perturbation to NPC assembly triggers an ESCRT-dependent surveillance system that seals nuclear pores: how these pores are sensed and sealed is ill defined. Using a budding yeast model, we show that the ESCRT Chm7 and the integral inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein Heh1 are spatially segregated by nuclear transport, with Chm7 being actively exported by Xpo1/Crm1. Thus, the exposure of the INM triggers surveillance with Heh1 locally activating Chm7. Sites of Chm7 hyperactivation show fenestrated sheets at the INM and potential membrane delivery at sites of nuclear envelope herniation. Our data suggest that perturbation to the nuclear envelope barrier would lead to local nuclear membrane remodeling to promote membrane sealing. Our findings have implications for disease mechanisms linked to NPC assembly and nuclear envelope integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Thaller
- Department of Cell BiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Matteo Allegretti
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMeyerhofstrasseGermany
| | - Sapan Borah
- Department of Cell BiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core FacilityEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMeyerhofstrasseGermany
| | - Martin Beck
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMeyerhofstrasseGermany
| | - C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell BiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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31
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Li X, Corbett AL, Taatizadeh E, Tasnim N, Little JP, Garnis C, Daugaard M, Guns E, Hoorfar M, Li ITS. Challenges and opportunities in exosome research-Perspectives from biology, engineering, and cancer therapy. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:011503. [PMID: 31069333 PMCID: PMC6481742 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small (∼30-140 nm) lipid bilayer-enclosed particles of endosomal origin. They are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most cell types. There has been growing interest in exosome research in the last decade due to their emerging role as intercellular messengers and their potential in disease diagnosis. Indeed, exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and RNAs that are specific to their cell origin and could deliver cargo to both nearby and distant cells. As a result, investigation of exosome cargo contents could offer opportunities for disease detection and treatment. Moreover, exosomes have been explored as natural drug delivery vehicles since they can travel safely in extracellular fluids and deliver cargo to destined cells with high specificity and efficiency. Despite significant efforts made in this relatively new field of research, progress has been held back by challenges such as inefficient separation methods, difficulties in characterization, and lack of specific biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in exosome biogenesis, their roles in disease progression, and therapeutic applications and opportunities in bioengineering. Furthermore, we highlight the established and emerging technological developments in exosome isolation and characterization. We aim to consider critical challenges in exosome research and provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alexander L. Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada, and Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Emma Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Isaac T. S. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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32
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The role of VPS4 in ESCRT-III polymer remodeling. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:441-448. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) and VPS4 catalyze a variety of membrane-remodeling processes in eukaryotes and archaea. Common to these processes is the dynamic recruitment of ESCRT-III proteins from the cytosol to the inner face of a membrane neck structure, their activation and filament formation inside or at the membrane neck and the subsequent or concomitant recruitment of the AAA-type ATPase VPS4. The dynamic assembly of ESCRT-III filaments and VPS4 on cellular membranes induces constriction of membrane necks with large diameters such as the cytokinetic midbody and necks with small diameters such as those of intraluminal vesicles or enveloped viruses. The two processes seem to use different sets of ESCRT-III filaments. Constriction is then thought to set the stage for membrane fission. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the structural transitions of ESCRT-III proteins required for filament formation, the functional role of VPS4 in dynamic ESCRT-III assembly and its active role in filament constriction. The recent data will be discussed in the context of different mechanistic models for inside-out membrane fission.
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33
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Structure and mechanism of the ESCRT pathway AAA+ ATPase Vps4. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:37-45. [PMID: 30647138 PMCID: PMC6393862 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The progression of ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) pathways, which mediate numerous cellular membrane fission events, is driven by the enzyme Vps4. Understanding of Vps4 mechanism is, therefore, of fundamental importance in its own right and, moreover, it is highly relevant to the understanding of many related AAA+ ATPases that function in multiple facets of cell biology. Vps4 unfolds its ESCRT-III protein substrates by translocating them through its central hexameric pore, thereby driving membrane fission and recycling of ESCRT-III subunits. This mini-review focuses on recent advances in Vps4 structure and mechanism, including ideas about how Vps4 translocates and unfolds ESCRT-III subunits. Related AAA+ ATPases that share structural features with Vps4 and likely utilize an equivalent mechanism are also discussed.
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34
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Zheng J, Wang C, Chang MR, Devarkar SC, Schweibenz B, Crynen GC, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Pascal BD, Novick SJ, Patel SS, Marcotrigiano J, Griffin PR. HDX-MS reveals dysregulated checkpoints that compromise discrimination against self RNA during RIG-I mediated autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5366. [PMID: 30560918 PMCID: PMC6299088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) ensures immune surveillance of viral RNAs bearing a 5'-triphosphate (5'ppp) moiety. Mutations in RIG-I (C268F and E373A) lead to impaired ATPase activity, thereby driving hyperactive signaling associated with autoimmune diseases. Here we report, using hydrogen/deuterium exchange, mechanistic models for dysregulated RIG-I proofreading that ultimately result in the improper recognition of cellular RNAs bearing 7-methylguanosine and N1-2'-O-methylation (Cap1) on the 5' end. Cap1-RNA compromises its ability to stabilize RIG-I helicase and blunts caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARD) partial opening by threefold. RIG-I H830A mutation restores Cap1-helicase engagement as well as CARDs partial opening event to a level comparable to that of 5'ppp. However, E373A RIG-I locks the receptor in an ATP-bound state, resulting in enhanced Cap1-helicase engagement and a sequential CARDs stimulation. C268F mutation renders a more tethered ring architecture and results in constitutive CARDs signaling in an ATP-independent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/chemistry
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- Deuterium Exchange Measurement/methods
- Gain of Function Mutation
- Guanosine/analogs & derivatives
- Guanosine/chemistry
- Guanosine/immunology
- Guanosine/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Methylation
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- RNA Caps/chemistry
- RNA Caps/immunology
- RNA Caps/metabolism
- RNA, Double-Stranded/chemistry
- RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| | - Chen Wang
- Structural Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Swapnil C Devarkar
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brandon Schweibenz
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Gogce C Crynen
- The Center for Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ruben D Garcia-Ordonez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Bruce D Pascal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Omics Informatics LLC, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Scott J Novick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Smita S Patel
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Joseph Marcotrigiano
- Structural Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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35
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Endosomal trafficking of yeast membrane proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1551-1558. [PMID: 30381337 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Various membrane trafficking pathways transport molecules through the endosomal system of eukaryotic cells, where trafficking decisions control the localisation and activity of a diverse repertoire of membrane protein cargoes. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to discover and define many mechanisms that regulate conserved features of endosomal trafficking. Internalised surface membrane proteins first localise to endosomes before sorting to other compartments. Ubiquitination of endosomal membrane proteins is a signal for their degradation. Ubiquitinated cargoes are recognised by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) apparatus, which mediate sorting through the multivesicular body pathway to the lysosome for degradation. Proteins that are not destined for degradation can be recycled to other intracellular compartments, such as the Golgi and the plasma membrane. In this review, we discuss recent developments elucidating the mechanisms that drive membrane protein degradation and recycling pathways in yeast.
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36
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McNally FJ, Roll-Mecak A. Microtubule-severing enzymes: From cellular functions to molecular mechanism. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4057-4069. [PMID: 30373906 PMCID: PMC6279391 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
McNally and Roll-Mecak review the molecular mechanism of microtubule-severing enzymes and their diverse roles in processes ranging from cell division to ciliogensis and morphogenesis. Microtubule-severing enzymes generate internal breaks in microtubules. They are conserved in eukaryotes from ciliates to mammals, and their function is important in diverse cellular processes ranging from cilia biogenesis to cell division, phototropism, and neurogenesis. Their mutation leads to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. All three known microtubule-severing enzymes, katanin, spastin, and fidgetin, are members of the meiotic subfamily of AAA ATPases that also includes VPS4, which disassembles ESCRTIII polymers. Despite their conservation and importance to cell physiology, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of microtubule-severing enzymes are not well understood. Here we review a subset of cellular processes that require microtubule-severing enzymes as well as recent advances in understanding their structure, biophysical mechanism, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J McNally
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD .,Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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37
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Hurley JH, Cada AK. Inside job: how the ESCRTs release HIV-1 from infected cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1029-1036. [PMID: 30154094 PMCID: PMC6277019 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hijacks the host endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins in order to release infectious viral particles from the cell. ESCRT recruitment is virtually essential for the production of infectious virus, despite that the main structural protein of HIV-1, Gag, is capable of self-assembling and eventually budding from membranes on its own. Recent data have reinforced the paradigm of ESCRT-dependent particle release while clarifying why this rapid release is so critical. The ESCRTs were originally discovered as integral players in endosome maturation and are now implicated in many important cellular processes beyond viral and endosomal budding. Nearly all of these roles have in common that membrane scission occurs from the inward face of the membrane neck, which we refer to as 'reverse topology' scission. A satisfactory mechanistic description of reverse-topology membrane scission by ESCRTs remains a major challenge both in general and in the context of HIV-1 release. New observations concerning the fundamental scission mechanism for ESCRTs in general, and the process of HIV-1 release specifically, have generated new insights in both directions, bringing us closer to a mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - A King Cada
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
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38
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McCullough J, Frost A, Sundquist WI. Structures, Functions, and Dynamics of ESCRT-III/Vps4 Membrane Remodeling and Fission Complexes. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:85-109. [PMID: 30095293 PMCID: PMC6241870 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway mediates cellular membrane remodeling and fission reactions. The pathway comprises five core complexes: ALIX, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, ESCRT-III, and Vps4. These soluble complexes are typically recruited to target membranes by site-specific adaptors that bind one or both of the early-acting ESCRT factors: ALIX and ESCRT-I/ESCRT-II. These factors, in turn, nucleate assembly of ESCRT-III subunits into membrane-bound filaments that recruit the AAA ATPase Vps4. Together, ESCRT-III filaments and Vps4 remodel and sever membranes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the structures, activities, and mechanisms of the ESCRT-III and Vps4 machinery, including the first high-resolution structures of ESCRT-III filaments, the assembled Vps4 enzyme in complex with an ESCRT-III substrate, the discovery that ESCRT-III/Vps4 complexes can promote both inside-out and outside-in membrane fission reactions, and emerging mechanistic models for ESCRT-mediated membrane fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McCullough
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA;
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA;
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Johnson DS, Bleck M, Simon SM. Timing of ESCRT-III protein recruitment and membrane scission during HIV-1 assembly. eLife 2018; 7:36221. [PMID: 29972351 PMCID: PMC6080951 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport III (ESCRT-III) proteins are critical for cellular membrane scission processes with topologies inverted relative to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Some viruses appropriate ESCRT-IIIs for their release. By imaging single assembling viral-like particles of HIV-1, we observed that ESCRT-IIIs and the ATPase VPS4 arrive after most of the virion membrane is bent, linger for tens of seconds, and depart ~20 s before scission. These observations suggest that ESCRT-IIIs are recruited by a combination of membrane curvature and the late domains of the HIV-1 Gag protein. ESCRT-IIIs may pull the neck into a narrower form but must leave to allow scission. If scission does not occur within minutes of ESCRT departure, ESCRT-IIIs and VPS4 are recruited again. This mechanistic insight is likely relevant for other ESCRT-dependent scission processes including cell division, endosome tubulation, multivesicular body and nuclear envelope formation, and secretion of exosomes and ectosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Johnson
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hofstra University, Hempstead, United States
| | - Marina Bleck
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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40
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Vandal SE, Zheng X, Ahmad ST. Molecular Genetics of Frontotemporal Dementia Elucidated by Drosophila Models-Defects in Endosomal⁻Lysosomal Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061714. [PMID: 29890743 PMCID: PMC6032313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common senile neurodegenerative disease. FTD is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into several subtypes. A mutation in CHMP2B locus (CHMP2Bintron5), which encodes a component of endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III), is associated with a rare hereditary subtype of FTD linked to chromosome 3 (FTD-3). ESCRT is involved in critical cellular processes such as multivesicular body (MVB) formation during endosomal–lysosomal pathway and autophagy. ESCRT mutants causes diverse physiological defects primarily due to accumulation of endosomes and defective MVBs resulting in misregulation of signaling pathways. Charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) is important for neuronal physiology which especially rely on precise regulation of protein homeostasis due to their post-mitotic status. Drosophila has proven to be an excellent model for charaterization of mechanistic underpinning of neurodegenerative disorders including FTD. In this review, current understanding of various FTD-related mutations is discussed with a focus on Drosophila models of CHMP2Bintron5-associated FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Vandal
- Department of Biology, Colby College, 5720 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
| | - Xiaoyue Zheng
- Department of Biology, Colby College, 5720 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
| | - S Tariq Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Colby College, 5720 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
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41
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ESCRT machinery components are required for Orthobunyavirus particle production in Golgi compartments. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007047. [PMID: 29723305 PMCID: PMC5953487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peribunyaviridae is a large family of RNA viruses with several members that cause mild to severe diseases in humans and livestock. Despite their importance in public heath very little is known about the host cell factors hijacked by these viruses to support assembly and cell egress. Here we show that assembly of Oropouche virus, a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus that causes a frequent arboviral infection in South America countries, involves budding of virus particles toward the lumen of Golgi cisternae. As viral replication progresses, these Golgi subcompartments become enlarged and physically separated from Golgi stacks, forming Oropouche viral factory (Vfs) units. At the ultrastructural level, these virally modified Golgi cisternae acquire an MVB appearance, and while they lack typical early and late endosome markers, they become enriched in endosomal complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins that are involved in MVB biogenesis. Further microscopy and viral replication analysis showed that functional ESCRT machinery is required for efficient Vf morphogenesis and production of infectious OROV particles. Taken together, our results indicate that OROV attracts ESCRT machinery components to Golgi cisternae to mediate membrane remodeling events required for viral assembly and budding at these compartments. This represents an unprecedented mechanism of how viruses hijack host cell components for coordinated morphogenesis.
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42
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Molecular mechanism to recruit galectin-3 into multivesicular bodies for polarized exosomal secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4396-E4405. [PMID: 29686075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718921115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-galactoside binding lectin galectin-3 (Gal3) is found intracellularly and in the extracellular space. Secretion of this lectin is mediated independently of the secretory pathway by a not yet defined nonclassical mechanism. Here, we found Gal3 in the lumen of exosomes. Superresolution and electron microscopy studies visualized Gal3 recruitment and sorting into intraluminal vesicles. Exosomal Gal3 release depends on the endosomal sorting complex required for transport I (ESCRT-I) component Tsg101 and functional Vps4a. Either Tsg101 knockdown or expression of dominant-negative Vps4aE228Q causes an intracellular Gal3 accumulation at multivesicular body formation sites. In addition, we identified a highly conserved tetrapeptide P(S/T)AP motif in the amino terminus of Gal3 that mediates a direct interaction with Tsg101. Mutation of the P(S/T)AP motif results in a loss of interaction and a dramatic decrease in exosomal Gal3 secretion. We conclude that Gal3 is a member of endogenous non-ESCRT proteins which are P(S/T)AP tagged for exosomal release.
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43
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Caspi Y, Dekker C. Dividing the Archaeal Way: The Ancient Cdv Cell-Division Machinery. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:174. [PMID: 29551994 PMCID: PMC5840170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division in most prokaryotes is mediated by the well-studied fts genes, with FtsZ as the principal player. In many archaeal species, however, division is orchestrated differently. The Crenarchaeota phylum of archaea features the action of the three proteins, CdvABC. This Cdv system is a unique and less-well-studied division mechanism that merits closer inspection. In vivo, the three Cdv proteins form a composite band that contracts concomitantly with the septum formation. Of the three Cdv proteins, CdvA is the first to be recruited to the division site, while CdvB and CdvC are thought to participate in the active part of the Cdv division machinery. Interestingly, CdvB shares homology with a family of proteins from the eukaryotic ESCRT-III complex, and CdvC is a homolog of the eukaryotic Vps4 complex. These two eukaryotic complexes are key factors in the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, which is responsible for various budding processes in eukaryotic cells and which participates in the final stages of division in Metazoa. There, ESCRT-III forms a contractile machinery that actively cuts the membrane, whereas Vps4, which is an ATPase, is necessary for the turnover of the ESCRT membrane-abscission polymers. In contrast to CdvB and CdvC, CdvA is unique to the archaeal Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota phyla. The Crenarchaeota division mechanism has often been suggested to represent a simplified version of the ESCRT division machinery thus providing a model system to study the evolution and mechanism of cell division in higher organisms. However, there are still many open questions regarding this parallelism and the division mechanism of Crenarchaeota. Here, we review the existing data on the role of the Cdv proteins in the division process of Crenarchaeota as well as concisely review the ESCRT system in eukaryotes. We survey the similarities and differences between the division and abscission mechanisms in the two cases. We suggest that the Cdv system functions differently in archaea than ESCRT does in eukaryotes, and that, unlike the eukaryotic case, the Cdv system's main function may be related to surplus membrane invagination and cell-wall synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Caspi
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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44
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45
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The peroxisomal AAA-ATPase Pex1/Pex6 unfolds substrates by processive threading. Nat Commun 2018; 9:135. [PMID: 29321502 PMCID: PMC5762779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex1 and Pex6 form a heterohexameric motor essential for peroxisome biogenesis and function, and mutations in these AAA-ATPases cause most peroxisome-biogenesis disorders in humans. The tail-anchored protein Pex15 recruits Pex1/Pex6 to the peroxisomal membrane, where it performs an unknown function required for matrix-protein import. Here we determine that Pex1/Pex6 from S. cerevisiae is a protein translocase that unfolds Pex15 in a pore-loop-dependent and ATP-hydrolysis-dependent manner. Our structural studies of Pex15 in isolation and in complex with Pex1/Pex6 illustrate that Pex15 binds the N-terminal domains of Pex6, before its C-terminal disordered region engages with the pore loops of the motor, which then processively threads Pex15 through the central pore. Furthermore, Pex15 directly binds the cargo receptor Pex5, linking Pex1/Pex6 to other components of the peroxisomal import machinery. Our results thus support a role of Pex1/Pex6 in mechanical unfolding of peroxins or their extraction from the peroxisomal membrane during matrix-protein import. Pex1 and Pex6 form a heterohexameric Type-2 AAA-ATPase motor whose function in peroxisomal matrix-protein import is still debated. Here, the authors combine structural, biochemical, and cell-biological approaches to show that Pex1/Pex6 is a protein unfoldase, which supports a role in mechanical unfolding of peroxin proteins.
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46
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47
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Distinct Roles of Cellular ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III Proteins in Efficient Entry and Egress of Budded Virions of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01636-17. [PMID: 29046462 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01636-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is necessary for budding of many enveloped viruses. Recently, it was demonstrated that Vps4, the key regulator for recycling of the ESCRT-III complex, is required for efficient infection by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). However, ESCRT assembly, regulation, and function are complex, and little is known regarding the details of participation of specific ESCRT complexes in AcMNPV infection. In this study, the core components of ESCRT-I (Tsg101 and Vps28) and ESCRT-III (Vps2B, Vps20, Vps24, Snf7, Vps46, and Vps60) were cloned from Spodoptera frugiperda Using a viral complementation system and RNA interference (RNAi) assays, we found that ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes are required for efficient entry of AcMNPV into insect cells. In cells knocking down or overexpressing dominant negative (DN) forms of the components of ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes, entering virions were partially trapped within the cytosol. To examine only egress, cells were transfected with the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting an individual ESCRT-I or ESCRT-III gene and viral bacmid DNA or viral bacmid DNA that expressed DN forms of ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III components. We found that ESCRT-III components (but not ESCRT-I components) are required for efficient nuclear egress of progeny nucleocapsids. In addition, we found that several baculovirus core or conserved proteins (Ac11, Ac76, Ac78, GP41, Ac93, Ac103, Ac142, and Ac146) interact with Vps4 and components of ESCRT-III. We propose that these viral proteins may form an "egress complex" that is involved in recruiting ESCRT-III components to a virus egress domain on the nuclear membrane.IMPORTANCE The ESCRT system is hijacked by many enveloped viruses to mediate budding and release. Recently, it was found that Vps4, the key regulator of the cellular ESCRT machinery, is necessary for efficient entry and egress of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). However, little is known about the roles of specific ESCRT complexes in AcMNPV infection. In this study, we demonstrated that ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes are required for efficient entry of AcMNPV into insect cells. The components of ESCRT-III (but not ESCRT-I) are also necessary for efficient nuclear egress of progeny nucleocapsids. Several baculovirus core or conserved proteins were found to interact with Vps4 and components of ESCRT-III, and these interactions may suggest the formation of an "egress complex" involved in the nuclear release or transport of viral nucleocapsids.
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48
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Han H, Monroe N, Sundquist WI, Shen PS, Hill CP. The AAA ATPase Vps4 binds ESCRT-III substrates through a repeating array of dipeptide-binding pockets. eLife 2017; 6:31324. [PMID: 29165244 PMCID: PMC5716660 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexameric AAA ATPase Vps4 drives membrane fission by remodeling and disassembling ESCRT-III filaments. Building upon our earlier 4.3 Å resolution cryo-EM structure (Monroe et al., 2017), we now report a 3.2 Å structure of Vps4 bound to an ESCRT-III peptide substrate. The new structure reveals that the peptide approximates a β-strand conformation whose helical symmetry matches that of the five Vps4 subunits it contacts directly. Adjacent Vps4 subunits make equivalent interactions with successive substrate dipeptides through two distinct classes of side chain binding pockets formed primarily by Vps4 pore loop 1. These pockets accommodate a wide range of residues, while main chain hydrogen bonds may help dictate substrate-binding orientation. The structure supports a ‘conveyor belt’ model of translocation in which ATP binding allows a Vps4 subunit to join the growing end of the helix and engage the substrate, while hydrolysis and release promotes helix disassembly and substrate release at the lagging end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Nicole Monroe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Peter S Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Christopher P Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
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49
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HDX reveals the conformational dynamics of DNA sequence specific VDR co-activator interactions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:923. [PMID: 29030554 PMCID: PMC5640644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor/retinoid X receptor-α heterodimer (VDRRXRα) regulates bone mineralization via transcriptional control of osteocalcin (BGLAP) gene and is the receptor for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3). However, supra-physiological levels of 1,25D3 activates the calcium-regulating gene TRPV6 leading to hypercalcemia. An approach to attenuate this adverse effect is to develop selective VDR modulators (VDRMs) that differentially activate BGLAP but not TRPV6. Here we present structural insight for the action of a VDRM compared with agonists by employing hydrogen/deuterium exchange. Agonist binding directs crosstalk between co-receptors upon DNA binding, stabilizing the activation function 2 (AF2) surfaces of both receptors driving steroid receptor co-activator-1 (SRC1) interaction. In contrast, AF2 of VDR within VDRM:BGLAP bound heterodimer is more vulnerable for large stabilization upon SRC1 interaction compared with VDRM:TRPV6 bound heterodimer. These results reveal that the combination of ligand structure and DNA sequence tailor the transcriptional activity of VDR toward specific target genes. The vitamin D receptor/retinoid X receptor-α heterodimer (VDRRXRα) regulates bone mineralization. Here the authors employ hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry to study the conformational dynamics of VDRRXRα and give mechanistic insights into how VDRRXRα controls the transcriptional activity of specific genes.
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50
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Adell MAY, Migliano SM, Upadhyayula S, Bykov YS, Sprenger S, Pakdel M, Vogel GF, Jih G, Skillern W, Behrouzi R, Babst M, Schmidt O, Hess MW, Briggs JA, Kirchhausen T, Teis D. Recruitment dynamics of ESCRT-III and Vps4 to endosomes and implications for reverse membrane budding. eLife 2017; 6:31652. [PMID: 29019322 PMCID: PMC5665648 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESCRT machinery mediates reverse membrane scission. By quantitative fluorescence lattice light-sheet microscopy, we have shown that ESCRT-III subunits polymerize rapidly on yeast endosomes, together with the recruitment of at least two Vps4 hexamers. During their 3–45 s lifetimes, the ESCRT-III assemblies accumulated 75–200 Snf7 and 15–50 Vps24 molecules. Productive budding events required at least two additional Vps4 hexamers. Membrane budding was associated with continuous, stochastic exchange of Vps4 and ESCRT-III components, rather than steady growth of fixed assemblies, and depended on Vps4 ATPase activity. An all-or-none step led to final release of ESCRT-III and Vps4. Tomographic electron microscopy demonstrated that acute disruption of Vps4 recruitment stalled membrane budding. We propose a model in which multiple Vps4 hexamers (four or more) draw together several ESCRT-III filaments. This process induces cargo crowding and inward membrane buckling, followed by constriction of the nascent bud neck and ultimately ILV generation by vesicle fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alonso Y Adell
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simona M Migliano
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yury S Bykov
- Structural and Computational Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Sprenger
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mehrshad Pakdel
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Georg F Vogel
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gloria Jih
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Wesley Skillern
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Reza Behrouzi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Markus Babst
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Utah, United States.,Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Utah, United States
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Ag Briggs
- Structural and Computational Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Kirchhausen
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - David Teis
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
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