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Jiang A, You L, Handley RR, Hawkins V, Reid SJ, Jacobsen JC, Patassini S, Rudiger SR, Mclaughlan CJ, Kelly JM, Verma PJ, Bawden CS, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Lehnert K, Snell RG. Single nuclei RNA-seq reveals a medium spiny neuron glutamate excitotoxicity signature prior to the onset of neuronal death in an ovine Huntington's disease model. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae087. [PMID: 38776957 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by an expansion in the CAG repeat tract of the huntingtin (HTT) gene resulting in behavioural, cognitive, and motor defects. Current knowledge of disease pathogenesis remains incomplete, and no disease course-modifying interventions are in clinical use. We have previously reported the development and characterisation of the OVT73 transgenic sheep model of HD. The 73 polyglutamine repeat is somatically stable and therefore likely captures a prodromal phase of the disease with an absence of motor symptomatology even at 5-years of age and no detectable striatal cell loss. To better understand the disease-initiating events we have undertaken a single nuclei transcriptome study of the striatum of an extensively studied cohort of 5-year-old OVT73 HD sheep and age matched wild-type controls. We have identified transcriptional upregulation of genes encoding N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors in medium spiny neurons, the cell type preferentially lost early in HD. Further, we observed an upregulation of astrocytic glutamate uptake transporters and medium spiny neuron GABAA receptors, which may maintain glutamate homeostasis. Taken together, these observations support the glutamate excitotoxicity hypothesis as an early neurodegeneration cascade-initiating process but the threshold of toxicity may be regulated by several protective mechanisms. Addressing this biochemical defect early may prevent neuronal loss and avoid the more complex secondary consequences precipitated by cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jiang
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Linya You
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renee R Handley
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Hawkins
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne J Reid
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jessie C Jacobsen
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Stefano Patassini
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Skye R Rudiger
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, 129 Holland Road, Adelaide, SA 5350, Australia
| | - Clive J Mclaughlan
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, 129 Holland Road, Adelaide, SA 5350, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Kelly
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, 129 Holland Road, Adelaide, SA 5350, Australia
| | - Paul J Verma
- Aquatic and Livestock Sciences, South Australian Research and Development Institute, 129 Holland Road, Adelaide, SA 5350, Australia
| | - C Simon Bawden
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, 129 Holland Road, Adelaide, SA 5350, Australia
| | - James F Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Marcy E MacDonald
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Russell G Snell
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Abdallah AM, Doudin A, Sulaiman TO, Jamil O, Arif R, Sada FA, Yassine HM, Elrayess MA, Elzouki AN, Emara MM, Thillaiappan NB, Cyprian FS. Metabolic predictors of COVID-19 mortality and severity: a survival analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353903. [PMID: 38799469 PMCID: PMC11127595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The global healthcare burden of COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented with a high mortality. Metabolomics, a powerful technique, has been increasingly utilized to study the host response to infections and to understand the progression of multi-system disorders such as COVID-19. Analysis of the host metabolites in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection can provide a snapshot of the endogenous metabolic landscape of the host and its role in shaping the interaction with SARS-CoV-2. Disease severity and consequently the clinical outcomes may be associated with a metabolic imbalance related to amino acids, lipids, and energy-generating pathways. Hence, the host metabolome can help predict potential clinical risks and outcomes. Methods In this prospective study, using a targeted metabolomics approach, we studied the metabolic signature in 154 COVID-19 patients (males=138, age range 48-69 yrs) and related it to disease severity and mortality. Blood plasma concentrations of metabolites were quantified through LC-MS using MxP Quant 500 kit, which has a coverage of 630 metabolites from 26 biochemical classes including distinct classes of lipids and small organic molecules. We then employed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to investigate the correlation between various metabolic markers, disease severity and patient outcomes. Results A comparison of survival outcomes between individuals with high levels of various metabolites (amino acids, tryptophan, kynurenine, serotonin, creatine, SDMA, ADMA, 1-MH and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and 2 enzymes) and those with low levels revealed statistically significant differences in survival outcomes. We further used four key metabolic markers (tryptophan, kynurenine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and 1-Methylhistidine) to develop a COVID-19 mortality risk model through the application of multiple machine-learning methods. Conclusions Metabolomics analysis revealed distinct metabolic signatures among different severity groups, reflecting discernible alterations in amino acid levels and perturbations in tryptophan metabolism. Notably, critical patients exhibited higher levels of short chain acylcarnitines, concomitant with higher concentrations of SDMA, ADMA, and 1-MH in severe cases and non-survivors. Conversely, levels of 3-methylhistidine were lower in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmma Doudin
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Theeb Osama Sulaiman
- Department of Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Jamil
- Department of Radiology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rida Arif
- Emergency Medicine Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima Al Sada
- Neurosurgery Department, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A. Elrayess
- College of Medicine, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdel-Naser Elzouki
- College of Medicine, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M. Emara
- College of Medicine, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Farhan S. Cyprian
- College of Medicine, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Bonomo R, Canta A, Chiorazzi A, Carozzi VA, Meregalli C, Pozzi E, Alberti P, Frampas CF, Van der Veen DR, Marmiroli P, Skene DJ, Cavaletti G. Effect of age on metabolomic changes in a model of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2024; 29:58-71. [PMID: 38126610 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) is one of the most common dose-limiting side effects of paclitaxel (PTX) treatment. Many age-related changes have been hypothesized to underlie susceptibility to damage or impaired regeneration/repair after nerve injury. The results of these studies, however, are inconclusive and other potential biomarkers of nerve impairment need to be investigated. METHODS Twenty-four young (2 months) and 24 adult (9 months) Wistar male rats were randomized to either PTX treatment (10 mg/kg i.v. once/week for 4 weeks) or vehicle administration. Neurophysiological and behavioral tests were performed at baseline, after 4 weeks of treatment and 2-week follow-up. Skin biopsies and nerve specimens collected from sacrificed animals were examined for intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density assessment and nerve morphology/morphometry. Blood and liver samples were collected for targeted metabolomics analysis. RESULTS At the end of treatment, the neurophysiological studies revealed a reduction in sensory nerve action potential amplitude (p < .05) in the caudal nerve of young PTX-animals, and in both the digital and caudal nerve of adult PTX-animals (p < .05). A significant decrease in the mechanical threshold was observed only in young PTX-animals (p < .001), but not in adult PTX-ones. Nevertheless, both young and adult PTX-rats had reduced IENF density (p < .0001), which persisted at the end of follow-up period. Targeted metabolomics analysis showed significant differences in the plasma metabolite profiles between PTX-animals developing peripheral neuropathy and age-matched controls, with triglycerides, diglycerides, acylcarnitines, carnosine, long chain ceramides, sphingolipids, and bile acids playing a major role in the response to PTX administration. INTERPRETATION Our study identifies for the first time multiple related metabolic axes involved in PTX-induced peripheral neurotoxicity, and suggests age-related differences in CIPN manifestations and in the metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bonomo
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Canta
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessia Chiorazzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Alda Carozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Meregalli
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Paola Alberti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Cecile F Frampas
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Daan R Van der Veen
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paola Marmiroli
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
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4
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Ekwudo MN, Gubert C, Hannan AJ. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in Huntington's disease: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38426291 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a currently incurable neurogenerative disorder and is typically characterized by progressive movement disorder (including chorea), cognitive deficits (culminating in dementia), psychiatric abnormalities (the most common of which is depression), and peripheral symptoms (including gastrointestinal dysfunction). There are currently no approved disease-modifying therapies available for HD, with death usually occurring approximately 10-25 years after onset, but some therapies hold promising potential. HD subjects are often burdened by chronic diarrhea, constipation, esophageal and gastric inflammation, and a susceptibility to diabetes. Our understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in HD is in its infancy and growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests a role of gut microbial population imbalance (gut dysbiosis) in HD pathophysiology. The gut and the brain can communicate through the enteric nervous system, immune system, vagus nerve, and microbiota-derived-metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and branched-chain amino acids. This review summarizes supporting evidence demonstrating the alterations in bacterial and fungal composition that may be associated with HD. We focus on mechanisms through which gut dysbiosis may compromise brain and gut health, thus triggering neuroinflammatory responses, and further highlight outcomes of attempts to modulate the gut microbiota as promising therapeutic strategies for HD. Ultimately, we discuss the dearth of data and the need for more longitudinal and translational studies in this nascent field. We suggest future directions to improve our understanding of the association between gut microbes and the pathogenesis of HD, and other 'brain and body disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent N Ekwudo
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carolina Gubert
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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5
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McGarry A, Hunter K, Gaughan J, Auinger P, Ferraro TN, Pradhan B, Ferrucci L, Egan JM, Moaddel R. An exploratory metabolomic comparison of participants with fast or absent functional progression from 2CARE, a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1101. [PMID: 38212353 PMCID: PMC10784537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is increasingly recognized for diverse pathology outside of the nervous system. To describe the biology of HD in relation to functional progression, we previously analyzed the plasma and CSF metabolome in a cross-sectional study of participants who had various degrees of functional impairment. Here, we carried out an exploratory study in plasma from HD individuals over a 3-year time frame to assess whether differences exist between those with fast or absent clinical progression. There were more differences in circulating metabolite levels for fast progressors compared to absent progressors (111 vs 20, nominal p < 0.05). All metabolite changes in faster progressors were decreases, whereas some metabolite concentrations increased in absent progressors. Many of the metabolite levels that decreased in the fast progressors were higher at Screening compared to absent progressors but ended up lower by Year 3. Changes in faster progression suggest greater oxidative stress and inflammation (kynurenine, diacylglycerides, cysteine), disturbances in nitric oxide and urea metabolism (arginine, citrulline, ornithine, GABR), lower polyamines (putrescine and spermine), elevated glucose, and deficient AMPK signaling. Metabolomic differences between fast and absent progressors suggest the possibility of predicting functional decline in HD, and possibly delaying it with interventions to augment arginine, polyamines, and glucose regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McGarry
- Department of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital and Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | - Krystal Hunter
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - John Gaughan
- Department of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital and Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Department of Neurology, Center for Health and Technology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas N Ferraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Basant Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Handley RR, Reid SJ, Burch Z, Jacobsen JC, Gillis T, Correia K, Rudiger SR, McLaughlin CJ, Bawden CS, MacDonald ME, Wheeler VC, Snell RG. Somatic CAG Repeat Stability in a Transgenic Sheep Model of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2024; 13:33-40. [PMID: 38393920 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-231516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Somatic instability of the huntingtin (HTT) CAG repeat mutation modifies age-at-onset of Huntington's disease (HD). Understanding the mechanism and pathogenic consequences of instability may reveal therapeutic targets. Using small-pool PCR we analyzed CAG instability in the OVT73 sheep model which expresses a full-length human cDNA HTT transgene. Analyses of five- and ten-year old sheep revealed the transgene (CAG)69 repeat was remarkably stable in liver, striatum, and other brain tissues. As OVT73 sheep at ten years old have minimal cell death and behavioral changes, our findings support instability of the HTT expanded-CAG repeat as being required for the progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R Handley
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne J Reid
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Burch
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessie C Jacobsen
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tammy Gillis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Correia
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Skye R Rudiger
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology, Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Clive J McLaughlin
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology, Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C Simon Bawden
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology, Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marcy E MacDonald
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa C Wheeler
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell G Snell
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Akyol S, Ashrafi N, Yilmaz A, Turkoglu O, Graham SF. Metabolomics: An Emerging "Omics" Platform for Systems Biology and Its Implications for Huntington Disease Research. Metabolites 2023; 13:1203. [PMID: 38132886 PMCID: PMC10744751 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. The precise mechanisms of HD progression are poorly understood; however, it is known that there is an expansion of the trinucleotide cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat in the Huntingtin gene. Important new strategies are of paramount importance to identify early biomarkers with predictive value for intervening in disease progression at a stage when cellular dysfunction has not progressed irreversibly. Metabolomics is the study of global metabolite profiles in a system (cell, tissue, or organism) under certain conditions and is becoming an essential tool for the systemic characterization of metabolites to provide a snapshot of the functional and pathophysiological states of an organism and support disease diagnosis and biomarker discovery. This review briefly highlights the historical progress of metabolomic methodologies, followed by a more detailed review of the use of metabolomics in HD research to enable a greater understanding of the pathogenesis, its early prediction, and finally the main technical platforms in the field of metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyya Akyol
- NX Prenatal Inc., 4350 Brownsboro Road, Louisville KY 40207, USA;
| | - Nadia Ashrafi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, 318 Meadow Brook Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (N.A.); (A.Y.); (O.T.)
| | - Ali Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, 318 Meadow Brook Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (N.A.); (A.Y.); (O.T.)
- Metabolomics Division, Beaumont Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Onur Turkoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, 318 Meadow Brook Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (N.A.); (A.Y.); (O.T.)
| | - Stewart F. Graham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, 318 Meadow Brook Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (N.A.); (A.Y.); (O.T.)
- Metabolomics Division, Beaumont Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
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Ashokan M, Rana E, Sneha K, Namith C, Naveen Kumar GS, Azharuddin N, Elango K, Jeyakumar S, Ramesha KP. Metabolomics-a powerful tool in livestock research. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3237-3249. [PMID: 36200897 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2128814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) along with recent developments in omics sciences have resulted in a better understanding of molecular mechanisms and pathways associated with the physio-pathological state of the animal. Metabolomics is a post-genomics tool that deals with small molecular metabolites in a given set of time which provides clear information about the status of an organism. Recently many researchers mainly focus their research on metabolomics studies due to its valuable information in the various fields of livestock management and precision dairying. The main aim of the present review is to provide an insight into the current research output from different sources and application of metabolomics in various areas of livestock including nutri-metabolomics, disease diagnosis advancements, reproductive disorders, pharmaco-metabolomics, genomics studies, and dairy production studies. The present review would be helpful in understanding the metabolomics methodologies and use of livestock metabolomics in various areas in a brief way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashokan
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Hassan Veterinary College, Hassan, India
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Cattle Breeding and Fodder Development, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Ekta Rana
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Kadimetla Sneha
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Hassan Veterinary College, Hassan, India
| | - C Namith
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - G S Naveen Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, Hassan Veterinary College, Hassan, India
| | - N Azharuddin
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - K Elango
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - S Jeyakumar
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - K P Ramesha
- Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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9
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Isherwood CM, Robertson MD, Skene DJ, Johnston JD. Daily rhythms of diabetogenic factors in men: role of type 2 diabetes and body weight. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e230064. [PMID: 37855336 PMCID: PMC10620456 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. Transition from obesity to type 2 diabetes manifests in the dysregulation of hormones controlling glucose homeostasis and inflammation. As metabolism is a dynamic process that changes across 24 h, we assessed diurnal rhythmicity in a panel of 10 diabetes-related hormones. Plasma hormones were analysed every 2 h over 24 h in a controlled laboratory study with hourly isocaloric drinks during wake. To separate effects of body mass from type 2 diabetes, we recruited three groups of middle-aged men: an overweight (OW) group with type 2 diabetes and two control groups (lean and OW). Average daily concentrations of glucose, triacylglycerol and all the hormones except visfatin were significantly higher in the OW group compared to the lean group (P < 0.001). In type 2 diabetes, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 increased further (P < 0.05), whereas triacylglycerol, ghrelin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were significantly lower compared to the OW group (P < 0.001). Insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and leptin exhibited significant diurnal rhythms in all study groups (P < 0.05). Other hormones were only rhythmic in 1 or 2 groups. In every group, hormones associated with glucose regulation (insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, ghrelin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), triacylglycerol and glucose peaked in the afternoon, whereas glucagon and hormones associated with appetite and inflammation peaked at night. Thus being OW with or without type 2 diabetes significantly affected hormone concentrations but did not affect the timing of the hormonal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Isherwood
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - M Denise Robertson
- Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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10
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Shing K, Sapp E, Boudi A, Liu S, Seeley C, Marchionini D, DiFiglia M, Kegel-Gleason KB. Early whole-body mutant huntingtin lowering averts changes in proteins and lipids important for synapse function and white matter maintenance in the LacQ140 mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106313. [PMID: 37777020 PMCID: PMC10731584 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of a triplet repeat tract in exon 1 of the HTT gene causes Huntington's disease (HD). The mutant HTT protein (mHTT) has numerous aberrant interactions with diverse, pleiomorphic effects. Lowering mHTT is a promising approach to treat HD, but it is unclear when lowering should be initiated, how much is necessary, and what duration should occur to achieve benefits. Furthermore, the effects of mHTT lowering on brain lipids have not been assessed. Using a mHtt-inducible mouse model, we analyzed mHtt lowering initiated at different ages and sustained for different time-periods. mHTT protein in cytoplasmic and synaptic compartments of the striatum was reduced 38-52%; however, there was minimal lowering of mHTT in nuclear and perinuclear regions where aggregates formed at 12 months of age. Total striatal lipids were reduced in 9-month-old LacQ140 mice and preserved by mHtt lowering. Subclasses important for white matter structure and function including ceramide (Cer), sphingomyelin (SM), and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), contributed to the reduction in total lipids. Phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and bismethyl phosphatidic acid (BisMePA) were also changed in LacQ140 mice. Levels of all subclasses except ceramide were preserved by mHtt lowering. mRNA expression profiling indicated that a transcriptional mechanism contributes to changes in myelin lipids, and some but not all changes can be prevented by mHtt lowering. Our findings suggest that early and sustained reduction in mHtt can prevent changes in levels of select striatal proteins and most lipids, but a misfolded, degradation-resistant form of mHTT hampers some benefits in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shing
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Adel Boudi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sophia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Connor Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Marian DiFiglia
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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11
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Pradhan SS, R SS, Kanikaram SP, V M DD, Pargaonkar A, Dandamudi RB, Sivaramakrishnan V. Metabolic deregulation associated with aging modulates protein aggregation in the yeast model of Huntington's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37732342 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2257322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is associated with increased CAG repeat resulting in an expanded polyglutamine tract in the protein Huntingtin (HTT) leading to its aggregation resulting in neurodegeneration. Previous studies have shown that N-terminal HTT with 46Q aggregated in the stationary phase but not the logarithmic phase in the yeast model of HD. We carried out a metabolomic analysis of logarithmic and stationary phase yeast model of HD expressing different polyQ lengths attached to N-terminal HTT tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The results show significant changes in the metabolic profile and deregulated pathways in stationary phase cells compared to logarithmic phase cells. Comparison of metabolic pathways obtained from logarithmic phase 46Q versus 25Q with those obtained for presymptomatic HD patients from our previous study and drosophila model of HD showed considerable overlap. The arginine biosynthesis pathway emerged as one of the key pathways that is common in stationary phase yeast compared to logarithmic phase and HD patients. Treatment of yeast with arginine led to a significant decrease, while transfer to arginine drop-out media led to a significant increase in the size of protein aggregates in both logarithmic and stationary phase yeast model of HD. Knockout of arginine transporters in the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole led to a significant decrease in mutant HTT aggregation. Overall our results highlight arginine as a critical metabolite that modulates the aggregation of mutant HTT and disease progression in HD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sanwid Pradhan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Swaroop R
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Phalguna Kanikaram
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Datta Darshan V M
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Pargaonkar
- Application Division, Agilent Technologies Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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12
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Vishweswaraiah S, Yilmaz A, Saiyed N, Khalid A, Koladiya PR, Pan X, Macias S, Robinson AC, Mann D, Green BD, Kerševičiūte I, Gordevičius J, Radhakrishna U, Graham SF. Integrative Analysis Unveils the Correlation of Aminoacyl-tRNA Biosynthesis Metabolites with the Methylation of the SEPSECS Gene in Huntington's Disease Brain Tissue. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1752. [PMID: 37761892 PMCID: PMC10530570 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of environmental factors on epigenetic changes is well established, and cellular function is determined not only by the genome but also by interacting partners such as metabolites. Given the significant impact of metabolism on disease progression, exploring the interaction between the metabolome and epigenome may offer new insights into Huntington's disease (HD) diagnosis and treatment. Using fourteen post-mortem HD cases and fourteen control subjects, we performed metabolomic profiling of human postmortem brain tissue (striatum and frontal lobe), and we performed DNA methylome profiling using the same frontal lobe tissue. Along with finding several perturbed metabolites and differentially methylated loci, Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis (adj p-value = 0.0098) was the most significantly perturbed metabolic pathway with which two CpGs of the SEPSECS gene were correlated. This study improves our understanding of molecular biomarker connections and, importantly, increases our knowledge of metabolic alterations driving HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Vishweswaraiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, 3601 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (S.V.); (U.R.)
| | - Ali Yilmaz
- Metabolomics Department, Corewell Health Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (A.Y.); (N.S.); (A.K.); (P.R.K.)
| | - Nazia Saiyed
- Metabolomics Department, Corewell Health Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (A.Y.); (N.S.); (A.K.); (P.R.K.)
| | - Abdullah Khalid
- Metabolomics Department, Corewell Health Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (A.Y.); (N.S.); (A.K.); (P.R.K.)
| | - Purvesh R. Koladiya
- Metabolomics Department, Corewell Health Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (A.Y.); (N.S.); (A.K.); (P.R.K.)
| | - Xiaobei Pan
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (X.P.); (S.M.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Shirin Macias
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (X.P.); (S.M.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Andrew C. Robinson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK; (A.C.R.); (D.M.)
| | - David Mann
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK; (A.C.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Brian D. Green
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (X.P.); (S.M.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Ieva Kerševičiūte
- VUGENE, LLC, 625 Kenmoor Ave Suite 301 PMB 96578, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA; (I.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Juozas Gordevičius
- VUGENE, LLC, 625 Kenmoor Ave Suite 301 PMB 96578, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA; (I.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Uppala Radhakrishna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, 3601 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (S.V.); (U.R.)
| | - Stewart F. Graham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, 3601 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (S.V.); (U.R.)
- Metabolomics Department, Corewell Health Research Institute, 3811 W. 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA; (A.Y.); (N.S.); (A.K.); (P.R.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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Shing K, Sapp E, Boudi A, Liu S, Seeley C, Marchionini D, DiFiglia M, Kegel-Gleason KB. Early whole-body mutant huntingtin lowering averts changes in proteins and lipids important for synapse function and white matter maintenance in the LacQ140 mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525697. [PMID: 36747614 PMCID: PMC9900921 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of a triplet repeat tract in exon1 of the HTT gene causes Huntington's disease (HD). The mutant HTT protein (mHTT) has numerous aberrant interactions with diverse, pleiomorphic effects. No disease modifying treatments exist but lowering mutant huntingtin (mHTT) by gene therapy is a promising approach to treat Huntington's disease (HD). It is not clear when lowering should be initiated, how much lowering is necessary and for what duration lowering should occur to achieve benefits. Furthermore, the effects of mHTT lowering on brain lipids have not been assessed. Using a mHtt-inducible mouse model we analyzed whole body mHtt lowering initiated at different ages and sustained for different time-periods. Subcellular fractionation (density gradient ultracentrifugation), protein chemistry (gel filtration, western blot, and capillary electrophoresis immunoassay), liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of lipids, and bioinformatic approaches were used to test effects of mHTT transcriptional lowering. mHTT protein in cytoplasmic and synaptic compartments of the caudate putamen, which is most affected in HD, was reduced 38-52%. Little or no lowering of mHTT occurred in nuclear and perinuclear regions where aggregates formed at 12 months of age. mHtt transcript repression partially or fully preserved select striatal proteins (SCN4B, PDE10A). Total lipids in striatum were reduced in LacQ140 mice at 9 months and preserved by early partial mHtt lowering. The reduction in total lipids was due in part to reductions in subclasses of ceramide (Cer), sphingomyelin (SM), and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), which are known to be important for white matter structure and function. Lipid subclasses phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and bismethyl phosphatidic acid (BisMePA) were also changed in LacQ140 mice. Levels of all subclasses other than ceramide were preserved by early mHtt lowering. Pathway enrichment analysis of RNAseq data imply a transcriptional mechanism is responsible in part for changes in myelin lipids, and some but not all changes can be rescued by mHTT lowering. Our findings suggest that early and sustained reduction in mHtt can prevent changes in levels of select striatal proteins and most lipids but a misfolded, degradation-resistant form of mHTT hampers some benefits in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shing
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Adel Boudi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Sophia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Connor Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | | | - Marian DiFiglia
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
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14
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Lange J, Gillham O, Flower M, Ging H, Eaton S, Kapadia S, Neueder A, Duchen MR, Ferretti P, Tabrizi SJ. PolyQ length-dependent metabolic alterations and DNA damage drive human astrocyte dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 225:102448. [PMID: 37023937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the Huntingtin gene. Astrocyte dysfunction is known to contribute to HD pathology, however our understanding of the molecular pathways involved is limited. Transcriptomic analysis of patient-derived PSC (pluripotent stem cells) astrocyte lines revealed that astrocytes with similar polyQ lengths shared a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Notably, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) modules from iPSC derived astrocytes showed significant overlap with WGCNA modules from two post-mortem HD cohorts. Further experiments revealed two key elements of astrocyte dysfunction. Firstly, expression of genes linked to astrocyte reactivity, as well as metabolic changes were polyQ length-dependent. Hypermetabolism was observed in shorter polyQ length astrocytes compared to controls, whereas metabolic activity and release of metabolites were significantly reduced in astrocytes with increasing polyQ lengths. Secondly, all HD astrocytes showed increased DNA damage, DNA damage response and upregulation of mismatch repair genes and proteins. Together our study shows for the first time polyQ-dependent phenotypes and functional changes in HD astrocytes providing evidence that increased DNA damage and DNA damage response could contribute to HD astrocyte dysfunction.
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15
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Andersen JV, Schousboe A. Glial Glutamine Homeostasis in Health and Disease. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1100-1128. [PMID: 36322369 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is an essential cerebral metabolite. Several critical brain processes are directly linked to glutamine, including ammonia homeostasis, energy metabolism and neurotransmitter recycling. Astrocytes synthesize and release large quantities of glutamine, which is taken up by neurons to replenish the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter pools. Astrocyte glutamine hereby sustains the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, synaptic transmission and general brain function. Cerebral glutamine homeostasis is linked to the metabolic coupling of neurons and astrocytes, and relies on multiple cellular processes, including TCA cycle function, synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter uptake. Dysregulations of processes related to glutamine homeostasis are associated with several neurological diseases and may mediate excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. In particular, diminished astrocyte glutamine synthesis is a common neuropathological component, depriving neurons of an essential metabolic substrate and precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis, hereby leading to synaptic dysfunction. While astrocyte glutamine synthesis is quantitatively dominant in the brain, oligodendrocyte-derived glutamine may serve important functions in white matter structures. In this review, the crucial roles of glial glutamine homeostasis in the healthy and diseased brain are discussed. First, we provide an overview of cellular recycling, transport, synthesis and metabolism of glutamine in the brain. These cellular aspects are subsequently discussed in relation to pathological glutamine homeostasis of hepatic encephalopathy, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further studies on the multifaceted roles of cerebral glutamine will not only increase our understanding of the metabolic collaboration between brain cells, but may also aid to reveal much needed therapeutic targets of several neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Burtscher J, Pepe G, Maharjan N, Riguet N, Di Pardo A, Maglione V, Millet GP. Sphingolipids and impaired hypoxic stress responses in Huntington disease. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101224. [PMID: 36898481 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a debilitating, currently incurable disease. Protein aggregation and metabolic deficits are pathological hallmarks but their link to neurodegeneration and symptoms remains debated. Here, we summarize alterations in the levels of different sphingolipids in an attempt to characterize sphingolipid patterns specific to HD, an additional molecular hallmark of the disease. Based on the crucial role of sphingolipids in maintaining cellular homeostasis, the dynamic regulation of sphingolipids upon insults and their involvement in cellular stress responses, we hypothesize that maladaptations or blunted adaptations, especially following cellular stress due to reduced oxygen supply (hypoxia) contribute to the development of pathology in HD. We review how sphingolipids shape cellular energy metabolism and control proteostasis and suggest how these functions may fail in HD and in combination with additional insults. Finally, we evaluate the potential of improving cellular resilience in HD by conditioning approaches (improving the efficiency of cellular stress responses) and the role of sphingolipids therein. Sphingolipid metabolism is crucial for cellular homeostasis and for adaptations following cellular stress, including hypoxia. Inadequate cellular management of hypoxic stress likely contributes to HD progression, and sphingolipids are potential mediators. Targeting sphingolipids and the hypoxic stress response are novel treatment strategies for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Pepe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell'Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Niran Maharjan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Alba Di Pardo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell'Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Spick M, Hancox TPM, Chowdhury NR, Middleton B, Skene DJ, Morton AJ. Metabolomic Analysis of Plasma in Huntington's Disease Transgenic Sheep (Ovis aries) Reveals Progressive Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. J Huntingtons Dis 2023; 12:31-42. [PMID: 36617787 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-220552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic abnormalities have long been predicted in Huntington's disease (HD) but remain poorly characterized. Chronobiological dysregulation has been described in HD and may include abnormalities in circadian-driven metabolism. OBJECTIVE Here we investigated metabolite profiles in the transgenic sheep model of HD (OVT73) at presymptomatic ages. Our goal was to understand changes to the metabolome as well as potential metabolite rhythm changes associated with HD. METHODS We used targeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics to analyze metabolites in plasma samples taken from female HD transgenic and normal (control) sheep aged 5 and 7 years. Samples were taken hourly across a 27-h period. The resulting dataset was investigated by machine learning and chronobiological analysis. RESULTS The metabolic profiles of HD and control sheep were separable by machine learning at both ages. We found both absolute and rhythmic differences in metabolites in HD compared to control sheep at 5 years of age. An increase in both the number of disturbed metabolites and the magnitude of change of acrophase (the time at which the rhythms peak) was seen in samples from 7-year-old HD compared to control sheep. There were striking similarities between the dysregulated metabolites identified in HD sheep and human patients (notably of phosphatidylcholines, amino acids, urea, and threonine). CONCLUSION This work provides the first integrated analysis of changes in metabolism and circadian rhythmicity of metabolites in a large animal model of presymptomatic HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Spick
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Thomas P M Hancox
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Namrata R Chowdhury
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Benita Middleton
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Blood Plasma Metabolome Profiling at Different Stages of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010140. [PMID: 36612136 PMCID: PMC9818272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnostics significantly improves the survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the prevailing type of adult kidney cancer. However, the absence of clinically obvious symptoms and effective screening strategies at the early stages result to disease progression and survival rate reducing. The study was focused on revealing of potential low molecular biomarkers for early-stage RCC. The untargeted direct injection mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling of blood plasma samples from 51 non-cancer volunteers (control) and 78 patients with different RCC subtypes and stages (early stages of clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC), chromophobe RCC (chrRCC) and advanced stages of ccRCC) was performed. Comparative analysis of the blood plasma metabolites between the control and cancer groups provided the detection of metabolites associated with different tumor stages. The designed model based on the revealed metabolites demonstrated high diagnostic power and accuracy. Overall, using the metabolomics approach the study revealed the metabolites demonstrating a high value for design of plasma-based test to improve early ccRCC diagnosis.
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19
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Harding BN, Skene DJ, Espinosa A, Middleton B, Castaño-Vinyals G, Papantoniou K, Navarrete JM, Such P, Torrejón A, Kogevinas M, Baker MG. Metabolic profiling of night shift work - The HORMONIT study. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1508-1516. [PMID: 36210507 PMCID: PMC10482506 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2131562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies are needed to understand how rotating shift work perturbs metabolic processing. We collected plasma samples (n = 196) from 49 males, rotating car factory shift workers at the beginning and end of a night-shift (22:00-06:00 h) and day-shift (06:00 h-14:00 h). Samples underwent targeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics and concentrations of 130 metabolites were log2-transformed and pareto-scaled. An elastic net selected the most influential metabolites for linear mixed models examining within-person variation in metabolite levels at night-shift end (06:00 h) compared to day-shift start (06:00 h). Quantitative enrichment analysis explored differentially enriched biological pathways between sample time points. We included 20 metabolites (amino acids, biogenic amines, acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids) in mixed models. Night-shift was associated with changes in concentrations of arginine (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 2.30, 95%CI 1.25, 4.23), glutamine (GMR 2.22, 95%CI 1.53, 3.24), kynurenine (GMR 3.22, 95%CI 1.05, 9.87), lysoPC18:2 (GMR 1.86, 95%CI 1.11, 3.11), lysoPC20:3 (GMR 2.48, 95%CI 1.05, 5.83), PCaa34:2 (GMR 2.27, 95%CI 1.16, 4.44), and PCae38:5 (GMR 1.66, 95%CI 1.02, 2.68). Tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, alanine metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, and urea cycle were pathways differing between shifts. Night shift work was associated with changes in metabolites and the perturbation of metabolic and biochemical pathways related to a variety of health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara N. Harding
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Benita Middleton
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kyriaki Papantoniou
- Department of Epidemiology, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Maria Navarrete
- Health, Safety and Emergencies of SEAT, CUPRA and the Volkswagen Group Companies in Spain
| | - Patricia Such
- Health, Safety and Emergencies of SEAT, CUPRA and the Volkswagen Group Companies in Spain
| | - Antonio Torrejón
- Health, Safety and Emergencies of SEAT, CUPRA and the Volkswagen Group Companies in Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Environment, Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marissa G. Baker
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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20
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Hung CY, Zhu C, Kittur FS, He M, Arning E, Zhang J, Johnson AJ, Jawa GS, Thomas MD, Ding TT, Xie J. A plant-based mutant huntingtin model-driven discovery of impaired expression of GTPCH and DHFR. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:553. [PMID: 36251090 PMCID: PMC9576654 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiology associated with Huntington's disease (HD) has been studied extensively in various cell and animal models since the 1993 discovery of the mutant huntingtin (mHtt) with abnormally expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts as the causative factor. However, the sequence of early pathophysiological events leading to HD still remains elusive. To gain new insights into the early polyQ-induced pathogenic events, we expressed Htt exon1 (Httex1) with a normal (21), or an extended (42 or 63) number of polyQ in tobacco plants. Here, we show that transgenic plants accumulated Httex1 proteins with corresponding polyQ tracts, and mHttex1 induced protein aggregation and affected plant growth, especially root and root hair development, in a polyQ length-dependent manner. Quantitative proteomic analysis of young roots from severely affected Httex1Q63 and unaffected Httex1Q21 plants showed that the most reduced protein by polyQ63 is a GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) along with many of its related one-carbon (C1) metabolic pathway enzymes. GTPCH is a key enzyme involved in folate biosynthesis in plants and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis in mammals. Validating studies in 4-week-old R6/2 HD mice expressing a mHttex1 showed reduced levels of GTPCH and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, a key folate utilization/alternate BH4 biosynthesis enzyme), and impaired C1 and BH4 metabolism. Our findings from mHttex1 plants and mice reveal impaired expressions of GTPCH and DHFR and may contribute to a better understanding of mHtt-altered C1 and BH4 metabolism, and their roles in the pathogenesis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Chuanshu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Farooqahmed S Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Maotao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Erland Arning
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Dallas, TX, 75204, USA
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Asia J Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Gurpreet S Jawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,DePuy Synthes Companies of Johnson & Johnson, West Chester, PA, 19380, USA
| | - Michelle D Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tomas T Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
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21
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Eaton SL, Murdoch F, Rzechorzek NM, Thompson G, Hartley C, Blacklock BT, Proudfoot C, Lillico SG, Tennant P, Ritchie A, Nixon J, Brennan PM, Guido S, Mitchell NL, Palmer DN, Whitelaw CBA, Cooper JD, Wishart TM. Modelling Neurological Diseases in Large Animals: Criteria for Model Selection and Clinical Assessment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172641. [PMID: 36078049 PMCID: PMC9454934 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Issue: The impact of neurological disorders is recognised globally, with one in six people affected in their lifetime and few treatments to slow or halt disease progression. This is due in part to the increasing ageing population, and is confounded by the high failure rate of translation from rodent-derived therapeutics to clinically effective human neurological interventions. Improved translation is demonstrated using higher order mammals with more complex/comparable neuroanatomy. These animals effectually span this translational disparity and increase confidence in factors including routes of administration/dosing and ability to scale, such that potential therapeutics will have successful outcomes when moving to patients. Coupled with advancements in genetic engineering to produce genetically tailored models, livestock are increasingly being used to bridge this translational gap. Approach: In order to aid in standardising characterisation of such models, we provide comprehensive neurological assessment protocols designed to inform on neuroanatomical dysfunction and/or lesion(s) for large animal species. We also describe the applicability of these exams in different large animals to help provide a better understanding of the practicalities of cross species neurological disease modelling. Recommendation: We would encourage the use of these assessments as a reference framework to help standardise neurological clinical scoring of large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Eaton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.E.); (T.M.W.); Tel.: +44-(0)-131-651-9125 (S.L.E.); +44-(0)-131-651-9233 (T.M.W.)
| | - Fraser Murdoch
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nina M. Rzechorzek
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gerard Thompson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, 50 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Claudia Hartley
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Benjamin Thomas Blacklock
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chris Proudfoot
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Simon G. Lillico
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Tennant
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adrian Ritchie
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James Nixon
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Paul M. Brennan
- Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Stefano Guido
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Bioresearch & Veterinary Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nadia L. Mitchell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - David N. Palmer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Departments of Pediatrics, Genetics, and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas M. Wishart
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.E.); (T.M.W.); Tel.: +44-(0)-131-651-9125 (S.L.E.); +44-(0)-131-651-9233 (T.M.W.)
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22
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Singh A, Agrawal N. Metabolism in Huntington's disease: a major contributor to pathology. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1757-1771. [PMID: 34704220 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disease exhibiting autosomal-dominant inheritance. It is caused by an unstable expansion in the CAG repeat tract of HD gene, which transforms the disease-specific Huntingtin protein (HTT) to a mutant form (mHTT). The profound neuronal death in cortico-striatal circuits led to its identification and characterisation as a neurodegenerative disease. However, equally disturbing are the concomitant whole-body manifestations affecting nearly every organ of the diseased individuals, at varying extents. Altered central and peripheral metabolism of energy, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates encompass the gross pathology of the disease. Intense fluctuation of body weight, glucose homeostasis and organ-specific subcellular abnormalities are being increasingly recognised in HD. Many of these metabolic abnormalities exist years before the neuropathological manifestations such as chorea, cognitive decline and behavioural abnormalities develop, and prove to be reliable predictors of the disease progression. In this review, we provide a consolidated overview of the central and peripheral metabolic abnormalities associated with HD, as evidenced from clinical and experimental studies. Additionally, we have discussed the potential of metabolic biomolecules to translate into efficient biomarkers for the disease onset as well as progression. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the efficacy of existing therapies targeting metabolic remediation. While it is clear that components of altered metabolic pathways can mark many aspects of the disease, it is only conceivable that combinatorial therapies aiming for neuronal protection in consort with metabolic upliftment will prove to be more efficient than the existing symptomatic treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Namita Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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23
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Metabolomics Markers of COVID-19 Are Dependent on Collection Wave. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080713. [PMID: 36005585 PMCID: PMC9415837 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of COVID-19 infection on the human metabolome has been widely reported, but to date all such studies have focused on a single wave of infection. COVID-19 has generated numerous waves of disease with different clinical presentations, and therefore it is pertinent to explore whether metabolic disturbance changes accordingly, to gain a better understanding of its impact on host metabolism and enable better treatments. This work used a targeted metabolomics platform (Biocrates Life Sciences) to analyze the serum of 164 hospitalized patients, 123 with confirmed positive COVID-19 RT-PCR tests and 41 providing negative tests, across two waves of infection. Seven COVID-19-positive patients also provided longitudinal samples 2–7 months after infection. Changes to metabolites and lipids between positive and negative patients were found to be dependent on collection wave. A machine learning model identified six metabolites that were robust in diagnosing positive patients across both waves of infection: TG (22:1_32:5), TG (18:0_36:3), glutamic acid (Glu), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA), aspartic acid (Asp) and methionine sulfoxide (Met-SO), with an accuracy of 91%. Although some metabolites (TG (18:0_36:3) and Asp) returned to normal after infection, glutamic acid was still dysregulated in the longitudinal samples. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that metabolic dysregulation has partially changed over the course of the pandemic, reflecting changes in variants, clinical presentation and treatment regimes. It also shows that some metabolic changes are robust across waves, and these can differentiate COVID-19-positive individuals from controls in a hospital setting. This research also supports the hypothesis that some metabolic pathways are disrupted several months after COVID-19 infection.
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24
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Murray SJ, Mitchell NL. The Translational Benefits of Sheep as Large Animal Models of Human Neurological Disorders. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:831838. [PMID: 35242840 PMCID: PMC8886239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.831838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen a considerable rise in the use of sheep to model human neurological disorders. While each animal model has its merits, sheep have many advantages over small animal models when it comes to studies on the brain. In particular, sheep have brains more comparable in size and structure to the human brain. They also have much longer life spans and are docile animals, making them useful for a wide range of in vivo studies. Sheep are amenable to regular blood and cerebrospinal fluid sampling which aids in biomarker discovery and monitoring of treatment efficacy. Several neurological diseases have been found to occur naturally in sheep, however sheep can also be genetically engineered or experimentally manipulated to recapitulate disease or injury. Many of these types of sheep models are currently being used for pre-clinical therapeutic trials, particularly gene therapy, with studies from several models culminating in potential treatments moving into clinical trials. This review will provide an overview of the benefits of using sheep to model neurological conditions, and highlight naturally occurring and experimentally induced sheep models that have demonstrated translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Murray
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Nadia L Mitchell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
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25
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Klonarakis M, De Vos M, Woo E, Ralph L, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J. The three sisters of fate: Genetics, pathophysiology and outcomes of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Yves D, Barateau L, Middleton B, Van Der Veen D, Skene DJ. Metabolomic Signature of Patients With Narcolepsy. Neurology 2021; 98:e493-e505. [PMID: 34845055 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is an orphan brain disorder caused by the irreversible destruction of orexin neurons. Metabolic disturbances are common in patients with NT1 who have a body mass index (BMI) 10-20% higher than the general population, with one third being obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Besides the destruction of orexin neurons in NT1, the metabolic alterations in obese and non-obese patients with narcolepsy type 1 remain unknown. The aim of the study was to identify possible differences in plasma metabolic profiles between patients with NT1 and controls as a function of their BMI status. METHODS We used a targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics approach to measure 141 circulating, low molecular weight metabolites in drug-free fasted plasma samples from 117 NT1 patients (including 41 obese subjects) compared with 116 BMI-matched controls (including 57 obese subjects). RESULTS Common metabolites driving the difference between NT1 and controls, irrespective of BMI, were identified, namely sarcosine, glutamate, nonaylcarnitine (C9), 5 long chain lysophosphatidylcholine acyls, one sphingolipid, 12 phosphatidylcholine diacyls and 11 phosphatidylcholine acyl-akyls, all showing increased concentrations in NT1. Metabolite concentrations significantly affected by NT1 (n = 42) and BMI category (n = 40) showed little overlap (n = 5). Quantitative enrichment analysis revealed common metabolic pathways that were implicated in the NT1/control differences, in both normal BMI and obese comparisons, namely glycine and serine, arachidonic acid, and tryptophan metabolisms. The metabolites driving these differences were glutamate, sarcosine and ornithine (glycine and serine metabolism), glutamate and PC aa C34:4 (arachidonic acid metabolism) and glutamate, serotonin and tryptophan (tryptophan metabolism). Linear metabolite-endophenotype regression analyses highlight that as part of the NT1 metabolic phenotype, most of the relationships between the sleep parameters (i.e. slow wave sleep duration, sleep latency and periodic leg movement) and metabolite concentrations seen in the controls were lost. DISCUSSION These results represented the most comprehensive metabolic profiling of patients with NT1 as a function of BMI and propose some metabolic diagnostic biomarkers for NT1, namely glutamate, sarcosine, serotonin, tryptophan, nonaylcarnitine and some phosphatidylcholines. The metabolic pathways identified offer, if confirmed, possible targets for treatment of obesity in NT1. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that a distinct metabolic profile can differentiate patients with Narcolepsy Type 1 from patients without the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauvilliers Yves
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy - Rare hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France .,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy - Rare hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benita Middleton
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Daan Van Der Veen
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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27
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Howland D, Ellederova Z, Aronin N, Fernau D, Gallagher J, Taylor A, Hennebold J, Weiss AR, Gray-Edwards H, McBride J. Large Animal Models of Huntington's Disease: What We Have Learned and Where We Need to Go Next. J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 9:201-216. [PMID: 32925082 PMCID: PMC7597371 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified rodent models of Huntington’s disease (HD) have been especially valuable to our understanding of HD pathology and the mechanisms by which the mutant HTT gene alters physiology. However, due to inherent differences in genetics, neuroanatomy, neurocircuitry and neurophysiology, animal models do not always faithfully or fully recapitulate human disease features or adequately predict a clinical response to treatment. Therefore, conducting translational studies of candidate HD therapeutics only in a single species (i.e. mouse disease models) may not be sufficient. Large animal models of HD have been shown to be valuable to the HD research community and the expectation is that the need for translational studies that span rodent and large animal models will grow. Here, we review the large animal models of HD that have been created to date, with specific commentary on differences between the models, the strengths and disadvantages of each, and how we can advance useful models to study disease pathophysiology, biomarker development and evaluation of promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Neil Aronin
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and RNA Therapeutics Institute at The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Fernau
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and RNA Therapeutics Institute at The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jill Gallagher
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and RNA Therapeutics Institute at The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Taylor
- Diplomate, MedVet, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine - Neurology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jon Hennebold
- Oregon National Primate Research Center at The Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alison R Weiss
- Oregon National Primate Research Center at The Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Heather Gray-Edwards
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and RNA Therapeutics Institute at The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jodi McBride
- Oregon National Primate Research Center at The Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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28
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Mears ER, Handley RR, Grant MJ, Reid SJ, Day BT, Rudiger SR, McLaughlan CJ, Verma PJ, Bawden SC, Patassini S, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Brauning R, Maclean P, Pearson JF, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Snell RG. A Multi-omic Huntington's Disease Transgenic Sheep-Model Database for Investigating Disease Pathogenesis. J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 10:423-434. [PMID: 34420978 PMCID: PMC8673501 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-210482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The pathological mechanism of cellular dysfunction and death in Huntington’s disease (HD) is not well defined. Our transgenic HD sheep model (OVT73) was generated to investigate these mechanisms and for therapeutic testing. One particular cohort of animals has undergone focused investigation resulting in a large interrelated multi-omic dataset, with statistically significant changes observed comparing OVT73 and control ‘omic’ profiles and reported in literature. Objective: Here we make this dataset publicly available for the advancement of HD pathogenic mechanism discovery. Methods: To enable investigation in a user-friendly format, we integrated seven multi-omic datasets from a cohort of 5-year-old OVT73 (n = 6) and control (n = 6) sheep into a single database utilising the programming language R. It includes high-throughput transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic data from blood, brain, and other tissues. Results: We present the ‘multi-omic’ HD sheep database as a queryable web-based platform that can be used by the wider HD research community (https://hdsheep.cer.auckland.ac.nz/). The database is supported with a suite of simple automated statistical analysis functions for rapid exploratory analyses. We present examples of its use that validates the integrity relative to results previously reported. The data may also be downloaded for user determined analysis. Conclusion: We propose the use of this online database as a hypothesis generator and method to confirm/refute findings made from patient samples and alternate model systems, to expand our understanding of HD pathogenesis. Importantly, additional tissue samples are available for further investigation of this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Mears
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Renee R Handley
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Grant
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne J Reid
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin T Day
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Skye R Rudiger
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Livestock Sciences Division, Rosedale, SA, Australia
| | - Clive J McLaughlan
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Livestock Sciences Division, Rosedale, SA, Australia
| | - Paul J Verma
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Livestock Sciences Division, Rosedale, SA, Australia
| | - Simon C Bawden
- Molecular Biology and Reproductive Technology Laboratories, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Livestock Sciences Division, Rosedale, SA, Australia
| | - Stefano Patassini
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James F Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcy E MacDonald
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rudiger Brauning
- Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Paul Maclean
- Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - John F Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Russell G Snell
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Gupta N, Ramakrishnan S, Wajid S. Emerging role of metabolomics in protein conformational disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:395-410. [PMID: 34227444 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1948330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolomics focuses on interactions among different metabolites associated with various cellular functions in cells, tissues, and organs. In recent years, metabolomics has emerged as a powerful tool to identify perturbed metabolites, pathways influenced by the environment, for protein conformational diseases (PCDs) and also offers wide clinical application.Area Covered: This review provides a brief overview of recent advances in metabolomics as applied to identify metabolic variations in PCDs, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, prion disease, and cardiac amyloidosis. The 'PubMed' and 'Google Scholar' database search methods have been used to screen the published reports with key search terms: metabolomics, biomarkers, and protein conformational disorders.Expert opinion: Metabolomics is the large-scale study of metabolites and is deemed to overwhelm other omics. It plays a crucial role in finding variations in diseases due to protein conformational changes. However, many PCDs are yet to be identified. Metabolomics is still an emerging field; there is a need for new high-resolution analytical techniques and more studies need to be carried out to generate new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, India
| | | | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, India
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Hancox TPM, Skene DJ, Dallmann R, Dunn WB. Tick-Tock Consider the Clock: The Influence of Circadian and External Cycles on Time of Day Variation in the Human Metabolome-A Review. Metabolites 2021; 11:328. [PMID: 34069741 PMCID: PMC8161100 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen a large influx of work investigating time of day variation in different human biofluid and tissue metabolomes. The driver of this daily variation can be endogenous circadian rhythms driven by the central and/or peripheral clocks, or exogenous diurnal rhythms driven by behavioural and environmental cycles, which manifest as regular 24 h cycles of metabolite concentrations. This review, of all published studies to date, establishes the extent of daily variation with regard to the number and identity of 'rhythmic' metabolites observed in blood, saliva, urine, breath, and skeletal muscle. The probable sources driving such variation, in addition to what metabolite classes are most susceptible in adhering to or uncoupling from such cycles is described in addition to a compiled list of common rhythmic metabolites. The reviewed studies show that the metabolome undergoes significant time of day variation, primarily observed for amino acids and multiple lipid classes. Such 24 h rhythms, driven by various factors discussed herein, are an additional source of intra/inter-individual variation and are thus highly pertinent to all studies applying untargeted and targeted metabolomics platforms, particularly for the construction of biomarker panels. The potential implications are discussed alongside proposed minimum reporting criteria suggested to acknowledge time of day variation as a potential influence of results and to facilitate improved reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. M. Hancox
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Warwick B. Dunn
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Vas S, Nicol AU, Kalmar L, Miles J, Morton AJ. Abnormal patterns of sleep and EEG power distribution during non-rapid eye movement sleep in the sheep model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105367. [PMID: 33848636 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disruption is a common invisible symptom of neurological dysfunction in Huntington's disease (HD) that takes an insidious toll on well-being of patients. Here we used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine sleep in 6 year old OVT73 transgenic sheep (Ovis aries) that we used as a presymptomatic model of HD. We hypothesized that despite the lack of overt symptoms of HD at this age, early alterations of the sleep-wake pattern and EEG powers may already be present. We recorded EEG from female transgenic and normal sheep (5/group) during two undisturbed 'baseline' nights with different lighting conditions. We then recorded continuously through a night of sleep disruption and the following 24 h (recovery day and night). On baseline nights, regardless of whether the lights were on or off, transgenic sheep spent more time awake than normal sheep particularly at the beginning of the night. Furthermore, there were significant differences between transgenic and normal sheep in both EEG power and its pattern of distribution during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In particular, there was a significant decrease in delta (0.5-4 Hz) power across the night in transgenic compared to normal sheep, and the distributions of delta, theta and alpha oscillations that typically dominate the EEG in the first half of the night of normal sheep were skewed so they were predominant in the second, rather than the first half of the night in transgenic sheep. Interestingly, the effect of sleep disruption on normal sheep was also to skew the pattern of distribution of EEG powers so they looked more like that of transgenic sheep under baseline conditions. Thus it is possible that transgenic sheep exist in a state that resemble a chronic state of physiological sleep deprivation. During the sleep recovery period, normal sheep showed a significant 'rebound' increase in delta power with frontal dominance. A similar rebound was not seen in transgenic sheep, suggesting that their homeostatic response to sleep deprivation is abnormal. Although sleep abnormalities in early stage HD patients are subtle, with patients often unaware of their existence, they may contribute to impairment of neurological function that herald the onset of disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying EEG abnormalities in early stage HD would give insight into how, and when, they progress into the sleep disorder. The transgenic sheep model is ideally positioned for studies of the earliest phase of disease when sleep abnormalities first emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Vas
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Alister U Nicol
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Lajos Kalmar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
| | - Jack Miles
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
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Minakawa EN, Nagai Y. Protein Aggregation Inhibitors as Disease-Modifying Therapies for Polyglutamine Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621996. [PMID: 33642983 PMCID: PMC7907447 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by the abnormal expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat that are translated into an expanded polyQ stretch in the disease-causative proteins. The expanded polyQ stretch itself plays a critical disease-causative role in the pathomechanisms underlying polyQ diseases. Notably, the expanded polyQ stretch undergoes a conformational transition from the native monomer into the β-sheet-rich monomer, followed by the formation of soluble oligomers and then insoluble aggregates with amyloid fibrillar structures. The intermediate soluble species including the β-sheet-rich monomer and oligomers exhibit substantial neurotoxicity. Therefore, protein conformation stabilization and aggregation inhibition that target the upstream of the insoluble aggregate formation would be a promising approach toward the development of disease-modifying therapies for polyQ diseases. PolyQ aggregation inhibitors of different chemical categories, such as intrabodies, peptides, and small chemical compounds, have been identified through intensive screening methods. Among them, recent advances in the brain delivery methods of several peptides and the screening of small chemical compounds have brought them closer to clinical utility. Notably, the recent discovery of arginine as a potent conformation stabilizer and aggregation inhibitor of polyQ proteins both in vitro and in vivo have paved way to the clinical trial for the patients with polyQ diseases. Meanwhile, expression reduction of expanded polyQ proteins per se would be another promising approach toward disease modification of polyQ diseases. Gene silencing, especially by antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), have succeeded in reducing the expression of polyQ proteins in the animal models of various polyQ diseases by targeting the aberrant mRNA with expanded CAG repeats. Of note, some of these ASOs have recently been translated into clinical trials. Here we overview and discuss these recent advances toward the development of disease modifying therapies for polyQ diseases. We envision that combination therapies using aggregation inhibitors and gene silencing would meet the needs of the patients with polyQ diseases and their caregivers in the near future to delay or prevent the onset and progression of these currently intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko N Minakawa
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.,Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Schneider WT, Goncalves RP, Knolle F, Morton AJ. Measuring executive function in sheep (Ovis aries) using visual stimuli in a semi-automated operant system. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 351:109009. [PMID: 33340554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a distinguishing feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. The intra-dimensional (ID) extra-dimensional (ED) attentional set shift task is part of a clinical battery of tests used to evaluate executive function in Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease patients. The IDED task, however, has not translated well to pre-clinical rodent models of neurological disease. NEW METHOD The ability to perform executive tasks coupled with a long lifespan makes sheep (Ovis aries) an ideal species for modelling cognitive decline in progressive neurodegenerative conditions. We describe the methodology for testing the performance of sheep in the IDED task using a semi-automated system in which visual stimuli are presented as coloured letters on computer screens. RESULTS During each stage of IDED testing, all sheep (n = 12) learned successfully to discriminate between different colours and letters. Sheep were quick to learn the rules of acquisition at each stage. They required significantly more trials to reach criterion (p < 0.05) and made more errors (p < 0.05) following stimulus reversal, with the exception of the ED shift (p > 0.05). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Previous research shows that sheep can perform IDED set shifting in a walk-through maze using solid objects with two changeable dimensions (colour and shape) as the stimuli. Presenting the stimuli on computer screens provides better validity, greater task flexibility and higher throughput than the walk-through maze. CONCLUSION All sheep completed each stage of the task, with a range of abilities expected in an outbred population. The IDED task described is ideally suited as a quantifiable and clinically translatable measure of executive function in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sorby-Adams
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W T Schneider
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R P Goncalves
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - F Knolle
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Klinikum recht der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A J Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Zafarullah M, Palczewski G, Rivera SM, Hessl DR, Tassone F. Metabolic profiling reveals dysregulated lipid metabolism and potential biomarkers associated with the development and progression of Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). FASEB J 2020; 34:16676-16692. [PMID: 33131090 PMCID: PMC7756608 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001880r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the FMR1 premutation. It is currently unknown when, and if, individual premutation carriers will develop FXTAS. Thus, with the aim of identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis, development, and progression of FXTAS, we performed global metabolomic profiling of premutation carriers (PM) who, as part of an ongoing longitudinal study, emerged into two distinct categories: those who developed symptoms of FXTAS (converters, CON) at subsequent visits and those who did not (non-converters, NCON) and we compared to age-matched healthy controls (HC). We assessed CGG repeat allele size by Southern Blot and PCR analysis. Metabolomic profile was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, accurate mass spectrometer, and an Orbitrap mass analyzer. In this study we found 47 metabolites were significantly dysregulated between HC and the premutation groups (PM). Importantly, we identified 24 metabolites that showed significant changes in expression in the CON as compared to the NCON both at V1 and V2, and 70 metabolites in CON as compared to NCON but only at V2. These findings suggest the potential role of the identified metabolites as biomarkers for early diagnosis and for FXTAS disease progression, respectively. Interestingly, the majority of the identified metabolites were lipids, followed by amino acids. To our knowledge, this the first report of longitudinal metabolic profiling and identification of unique biomarkers of FXTAS. The lipid metabolism and specifically the sub pathways involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics, as observed in other neurodegenerative disorders, are significantly altered in FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
| | | | - Susan M. Rivera
- Center for Mind and BrainUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
| | - David R. Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis, School of MedicineSacramentoCAUSA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCAUSA
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Cross-sectional analysis of plasma and CSF metabolomic markers in Huntington's disease for participants of varying functional disability: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20490. [PMID: 33235276 PMCID: PMC7686309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative condition. While generally considered for its devastating neurological phenotype, disturbances in other organ systems and metabolic pathways outside the brain have attracted attention for possible relevance to HD pathology, potential as therapeutic targets, or use as biomarkers of progression. In addition, it is not established how metabolic changes in the HD brain correlate to progression across the full spectrum of early to late-stage disease. In this pilot study, we sought to explore the metabolic profile across manifest HD from early to advanced clinical staging through metabolomic analysis by mass spectrometry in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With disease progression, we observed nominally significant increases in plasma arginine, citrulline, and glycine, with decreases in total and d-serine, cholesterol esters, diacylglycerides, triacylglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins. In CSF, worsening disease was associated with nominally significant increases in NAD+, arginine, saturated long chain free fatty acids, diacylglycerides, triacylglycerides, and sphingomyelins. Notably, diacylglycerides and triacylglyceride species associated with clinical progression were different between plasma and CSF, suggesting different metabolic preferences for these compartments. Increasing NAD+ levels strongly correlating with disease progression was an unexpected finding. Our data suggest that defects in the urea cycle, glycine, and serine metabolism may be underrecognized in the progression HD pathology, and merit further study for possible therapeutic relevance.
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36
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Bozzi M, Sciandra F. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Muscle Wasting in Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218314. [PMID: 33167595 PMCID: PMC7664236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic expansions of the triplet cytosine-adenosine-guanosine (CAG) within the Huntingtin gene. These expansions lead to a prolongation of the poly-glutamine stretch at the N-terminus of Huntingtin causing protein misfolding and aggregation. Huntingtin and its pathological variants are widely expressed, but the central nervous system is mainly affected, as proved by the wide spectrum of neurological symptoms, including behavioral anomalies, cognitive decline and motor disorders. Other hallmarks of HD are loss of body weight and muscle atrophy. This review highlights some key elements that likely provide a major contribution to muscle atrophy, namely, alteration of the transcriptional processes, mitochondrial dysfunction, which is strictly correlated to loss of energy homeostasis, inflammation, apoptosis and defects in the processes responsible for the protein quality control. The improvement of muscular symptoms has proven to slow the disease progression and extend the life span of animal models of HD, underlining the importance of a deep comprehension of the molecular mechanisms driving deterioration of muscular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bozzi
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Sezione di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”– SCITEC Sede di Roma, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Sciandra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”– SCITEC Sede di Roma, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy;
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Gyawali A, Gautam S, Hyeon SJ, Ryu H, Kang YS. L-Citrulline Level and Transporter Activity Are Altered in Experimental Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:647-657. [PMID: 33000451 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease caused by the death of the neurons regulating the voluntary muscles which leads to the progressive paralysis. We investigated the difference of transport function of L-citrulline in ALS disease model (NSC-34/hSOD1G93A, MT) and a control model (NSC-34/hSOD1wt, WT). The [14C]L-citrulline uptake was significantly reduced in MT cells as compared with that of control. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for MT cells was 0.67 ± 0.05 mM, whereas it was 1.48 ± 0.21 mM for control. On the other hand, the Vmax values for MT and control were 10.9 ± 0.8 nmol/mg protein/min and 18.3 ± 2.9 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively. The Km and Vmax values showed the high affinity and low capacity for MT as compared with control. Moreover, the uptake of [14C]L-citrulline was significantly inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) and harmaline which is the inhibitor of the large neutral amino acid transporter1 (LAT1) in NSC-34 cell lines. Furthermore, [14C]L-citrulline uptakes took place in Na+-independent manner. It was also inhibited by the neutral amino acids such as citrulline and phenylalanine. Likewise, L-dopa, gabapentin, and riluzole significantly inhibited the [14C]L-citrulline uptake. It shows the competitive inhibition for L-dopa in ALS cell lines. On the other hand, [14C]L-citrulline uptake in the presence of riluzole showed competitive inhibition in WT cells, whereas it was uncompetitive for MT cells. The small interfering RNA experiments showed that LAT1 is involved in the [14C]L-citrulline uptake in NSC-34 cell lines. On the other hand, in the examination of the alteration in the expression level of LAT1, it was significantly lower in MT cells as compared with that of control. Similarly, in the spinal cord of ALS, transgenic mice revealed a slight but significant decrease in LAT1 immunoreactivity in motor neurons of ALS mice compared with control. However, the LAT1 immunoreactivity in non-motor neurons and in astrocytes was relatively increased in the spinal cord gray matter of ALS mice. The experimental evidences of our results suggest that the change of transport activity of [14C]L-citrulline may be partially responsible for the pathological alteration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Gyawali
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Gautam
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Laboratory for Brain Gene Regulation and Epigenetics, Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Laboratory for Brain Gene Regulation and Epigenetics, Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02183, USA
| | - Young-Sook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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DNA methylation study of Huntington's disease and motor progression in patients and in animal models. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4529. [PMID: 32913184 PMCID: PMC7484780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Huntington's disease (HD) is a well studied Mendelian genetic disorder, less is known about its associated epigenetic changes. Here, we characterize DNA methylation levels in six different tissues from 3 species: a mouse huntingtin (Htt) gene knock-in model, a transgenic HTT sheep model, and humans. Our epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of human blood reveals that HD mutation status is significantly (p < 10-7) associated with 33 CpG sites, including the HTT gene (p = 6.5 × 10-26). These Htt/HTT associations were replicated in the Q175 Htt knock-in mouse model (p = 6.0 × 10-8) and in the transgenic sheep model (p = 2.4 × 10-88). We define a measure of HD motor score progression among manifest HD cases based on multiple clinical assessments. EWAS of motor progression in manifest HD cases exhibits significant (p < 10-7) associations with methylation levels at three loci: near PEX14 (p = 9.3 × 10-9), GRIK4 (p = 3.0 × 10-8), and COX4I2 (p = 6.5 × 10-8). We conclude that HD is accompanied by profound changes of DNA methylation levels in three mammalian species.
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Bertrand M, Decoville M, Meudal H, Birman S, Landon C. Metabolomic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies at Presymptomatic and Symptomatic Stages of Huntington’s Disease on a Drosophila Model. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4034-4045. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marylène Bertrand
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CBM, UPR 4301, CNRS, Rue Charles SADRON, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Martine Decoville
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CBM, UPR 4301, CNRS, Rue Charles SADRON, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
- University of Orléans, 6 Avenue du Parc Floral, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Hervé Meudal
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CBM, UPR 4301, CNRS, Rue Charles SADRON, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Serge Birman
- GCRN Team, Brain Plasticity Unit, UMR 8249, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Céline Landon
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CBM, UPR 4301, CNRS, Rue Charles SADRON, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
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40
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Bonomo R, Cavaletti G, Skene DJ. Metabolomics markers in Neurology: current knowledge and future perspectives for therapeutic targeting. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:725-738. [PMID: 32538242 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1782746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics is an emerging approach providing new insights into the metabolic changes and underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors present an overview of the current knowledge of metabolic profiling (metabolomics) to provide critical insight on the role of biochemical markers and metabolic alterations in neurological diseases. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of characteristic metabolic alterations in neurological disorders is crucial for a better understanding of their pathogenesis, and for identifying potential biomarkers and drug targets. Nevertheless, discrepancies in diagnostic criteria, sample handling protocols, and analytical methods still affect the generalizability of current study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bonomo
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Monza, Italy.,Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Monza, Italy
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
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41
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Morton AJ, Middleton B, Rudiger S, Bawden CS, Kuchel TR, Skene DJ. Increased plasma melatonin in presymptomatic Huntington disease sheep (Ovis aries): Compensatory neuroprotection in a neurodegenerative disease? J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12624. [PMID: 31742766 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotrophic hormone, synthesised primarily by the pineal gland under the control of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). It not only provides a hormonal signal of darkness but also has neuroprotective properties. Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by abnormal motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. There is growing evidence, particularly from animal models, that circadian rhythms may also be disturbed in HD. We measured two circadian-regulated hormones, melatonin and cortisol, in plasma samples collected around-the-clock from normal and presymptomatic transgenic HD sheep (Ovis aries) at 5 and 7 years of age, to assess SCN-driven rhythms and the effect of genotype, sex and age. Melatonin-related precursors and metabolites (tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine) were also measured by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS). At 5 years of age in both rams and ewes, plasma melatonin levels were significantly elevated in HD sheep. In ewes measured 2 years later, there was still a significant elevation of nocturnal melatonin. Furthermore, the daytime baseline levels of melatonin were significantly higher in HD sheep. Since increased melatonin could have global beneficial effects on brain function, we suggest that the increased melatonin measured in presymptomatic HD sheep is part of an autoprotective response to mutant huntingtin toxicity that may account, at least in part, for the late onset of disease that characterises HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benita Middleton
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Skye Rudiger
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Simon Bawden
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy R Kuchel
- Preclinical, Imaging and Research Laboratories (PIRL), SAHMRI, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Fang Q, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li H, Cheng L, Zhu W, Zhang Z, Tang M, Liu W, Wang H, Wang T, Shen T, Chai R. Three-Dimensional Graphene Enhances Neural Stem Cell Proliferation Through Metabolic Regulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:436. [PMID: 31998703 PMCID: PMC6961593 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene consists of two-dimensional sp2-bonded carbon sheets, a single or a few layers thick, which has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its good conductivity and biocompatibility. Three-dimensional graphene foam (3DG) has been demonstrated to be a robust scaffold for culturing neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro that not only supports NSCs growth, but also maintains cells in a more active proliferative state than 2D graphene films and ordinary glass. In addition, 3DG can enhance NSCs differentiation into astrocytes and especially neurons. However, the underlying mechanisms behind 3DG's effects are still poorly understood. Metabolism is the fundamental characteristic of life and provides substances for building and powering the cell. Metabolic activity is tightly tied with the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of stem cells. This study focused on the metabolic reconfiguration of stem cells induced by culturing on 3DG. This study established the correlation between metabolic reconfiguration metabolomics with NSCs cell proliferation rate on different scaffold. Several metabolic processes have been uncovered in association with the proliferation change of NSCs. Especially, culturing on 3DG triggered pathways that increased amino acid incorporation and enhanced glucose metabolism. These data suggested a potential association between graphene and pathways involved in Parkinson's disease. Our work provides a very useful starting point for further studies of NSC fate determination on 3DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojun Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Hangzhou Rongze Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liya Cheng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Zhangjiagang City First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Suzhou University, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Information and Computing Science Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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43
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Honma A, Revell VL, Gunn PJ, Davies SK, Middleton B, Raynaud FI, Skene DJ. Effect of acute total sleep deprivation on plasma melatonin, cortisol and metabolite rhythms in females. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:366-378. [PMID: 30929284 PMCID: PMC7027445 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Disruption to sleep and circadian rhythms can impact on metabolism. The study aimed to investigate the effect of acute sleep deprivation on plasma melatonin, cortisol and metabolites, to increase understanding of the metabolic pathways involved in sleep/wake regulation processes. Twelve healthy young female participants remained in controlled laboratory conditions for ~92 hr with respect to posture, meals and environmental light (18:00-23:00 hr and 07:00-09:00 hr <8 lux; 23:00-07:00 hr 0 lux (sleep opportunity) or <8 lux (continuous wakefulness); 09:00-18:00 hr ~90 lux). Regular blood samples were collected for 70 hr for plasma melatonin and cortisol, and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. Timepoints between 00:00 and 06:00 hr for day 1 (baseline sleep), day 2 (sleep deprivation) and day 3 (recovery sleep) were analysed. Cosinor analysis and MetaCycle analysis were performed for detection of rhythmicity. Night-time melatonin levels were significantly increased during sleep deprivation and returned to baseline levels during recovery sleep. No significant differences were observed in cortisol levels. Of 130 plasma metabolites quantified, 41 metabolites were significantly altered across the study nights, with the majority decreasing during sleep deprivation, most notably phosphatidylcholines. In cosinor analysis, 58 metabolites maintained their rhythmicity across the study days, with the majority showing a phase advance during acute sleep deprivation. This observation differs to that previously reported for males. Our study is the first of metabolic profiling in females during sleep deprivation and recovery sleep, and offers a novel view of human sleep/wake regulation and sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Honma
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | | | - Pippa J. Gunn
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah K. Davies
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Benita Middleton
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Debra J. Skene
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
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Andersen JV, Skotte NH, Aldana BI, Nørremølle A, Waagepetersen HS. Enhanced cerebral branched-chain amino acid metabolism in R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2449-2461. [PMID: 30830240 PMCID: PMC11105563 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary and fatal disease causing profound neurodegeneration. Deficits in cerebral energy and neurotransmitter metabolism have been suggested to play a central role in the neuronal dysfunction and death associated with HD. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine and valine, are important for cerebral nitrogen homeostasis, neurotransmitter recycling and can be utilized as energy substrates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Reduced levels of BCAAs in HD have been validated by several reports. However, it is still unknown how cerebral BCAA metabolism is regulated in HD. Here we investigate the metabolism of leucine and isoleucine in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. Acutely isolated cerebral cortical and striatal slices of control and R6/2 mice were incubated in media containing 15N- or 13C-labeled leucine or isoleucine and slice extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine isotopic enrichment of derived metabolites. Elevated BCAA transamination was found from incubations with [15N]leucine and [15N]isoleucine, in both cerebral cortical and striatal slices of R6/2 mice compared to controls. Metabolism of [U-13C]leucine and [U-13C]isoleucine, entering oxidative metabolism as acetyl CoA, was maintained in R6/2 mice. However, metabolism of [U-13C]isoleucine, entering the TCA cycle as succinyl CoA, was elevated in both cerebral cortical and striatal slices of R6/2 mice, suggesting enhanced metabolic flux via this anaplerotic pathway. To support the metabolic studies, expression of enzymes in the BCAA metabolic pathway was assessed from a proteomic resource. Several enzymes related to BCAA metabolism were found to exhibit augmented expression in the R6/2 brain, particularly related to isoleucine metabolism, suggesting an increase in the BCAA metabolic machinery. Our results show that the capacity for cerebral BCAA metabolism, predominantly of isoleucine, is amplified in the R6/2 brain and indicates that perturbations in cerebral BCAA homeostasis could have functional consequences for HD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H Skotte
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Nørremølle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Di Pardo A, Castaldo S, Amico E, Pepe G, Marracino F, Capocci L, Giovannelli A, Madonna M, van Bergeijk J, Buttari F, van der Kam E, Maglione V. Stimulation of S1PR5 with A-971432, a selective agonist, preserves blood-brain barrier integrity and exerts therapeutic effect in an animal model of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2490-2501. [PMID: 29688337 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder for which no effective cure is yet available. Although several agents have been identified to provide benefits so far, the number of therapeutic options remains limited with only symptomatic treatment available. Over the past few years, we have demonstrated that sphingolipid-based approaches may open the door to new and more targeted treatments for the disease. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of stimulating sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 5 by the new selective agonist A-971432 (provided by AbbVie) in R6/2 mice, a widely used HD animal model. Chronic administration of low-dose (0.1 mg/kg) A-971432 slowed down the progression of the disease and significantly prolonged lifespan in symptomatic R6/2 mice. Such beneficial effects were associated with activation of pro-survival pathways (BDNF, AKT and ERK) and with reduction of mutant huntingtin aggregation. A-971432 also protected blood-brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis in the same mice. Interestingly, when administered early in the disease, before any overt symptoms, A-971432 completely protected HD mice from the classic progressive motor deficit and preserved BBB integrity. Beside representing a promising strategy to take into consideration for the development of alternative therapeutic options for HD, selective stimulation of S1P receptor 5 may be also seen as an effective approach to target brain vasculature defects in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Di Pardo
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Enrico Amico
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pepe
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Luca Capocci
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Buttari
- IRCCS Neuromed, Localitá Camerelle, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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Chronic sleep restriction in the rotenone Parkinson's disease model in rats reveals peripheral early-phase biomarkers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1898. [PMID: 30760786 PMCID: PMC6374389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic disorder that presents a range of premotor signs, such as sleep disturbances and cognitive decline, which are key non-motor features of the disease. Increasing evidence of a possible association between sleep disruption and the neurodegenerative process suggests that sleep impairment could produce a detectable metabolic signature on the disease. In order to integrate neurocognitive and metabolic parameters, we performed untargeted and targeted metabolic profiling of the rotenone PD model in a chronic sleep restriction (SR) (6 h/day for 21 days) condition. We found that SR combined with PD altered several behavioural (reversal of locomotor activity impairment; cognitive impairment; delay of rest-activity rhythm) and metabolic parameters (branched-chain amino acids, tryptophan pathway, phenylalanine, and lipoproteins, pointing to mitochondrial impairment). If combined, our results bring a plethora of parameters that represents reliable early-phase PD biomarkers which can easily be measured and could be translated to human studies.
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48
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Abstract
This review systematically examines the evidence for shifts in flux through energy generating biochemical pathways in Huntington’s disease (HD) brains from humans and model systems. Compromise of the electron transport chain (ETC) appears not to be the primary or earliest metabolic change in HD pathogenesis. Rather, compromise of glucose uptake facilitates glucose flux through glycolysis and may possibly decrease flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), limiting subsequent NADPH and GSH production needed for antioxidant protection. As a result, oxidative damage to key glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes further restricts energy production so that while basal needs may be met through oxidative phosphorylation, those of excessive stimulation cannot. Energy production may also be compromised by deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics or trafficking. Restrictions on energy production may be compensated for by glutamate oxidation and/or stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Transcriptional dysregulation generated by mutant huntingtin also contributes to energetic disruption at specific enzymatic steps. Many of the alterations in metabolic substrates and enzymes may derive from normal regulatory feedback mechanisms and appear oscillatory. Fine temporal sequencing of the shifts in metabolic flux and transcriptional and expression changes associated with mutant huntingtin expression remain largely unexplored and may be model dependent. Differences in disease progression among HD model systems at the time of experimentation and their varying states of metabolic compensation may explain conflicting reports in the literature. Progressive shifts in metabolic flux represent homeostatic compensatory mechanisms that maintain the model organism through presymptomatic and symptomatic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Dubinsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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49
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Targeted biochemical profiling of brain from Huntington's disease patients reveals novel metabolic pathways of interest. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2430-2437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Montojo MT, Aganzo M, González N. Huntington's Disease and Diabetes: Chronological Sequence of its Association. J Huntingtons Dis 2018; 6:179-188. [PMID: 28968242 PMCID: PMC5676851 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Huntington’s disease (HD) is primarily considered a rare neurodegenerative disorder, it has been linked to glucose metabolism alterations and diabetes, as has been described in other neuro syndromes such as Friedreich’s ataxia or Alzheimer’s disease. This review surveys the existing literature on HD and its potential relationship with diabetes, glucose metabolism-related indexes and pancreas morphology, in humans and in animal’s models. The information is reported in chronological sequence. That is, studies performed before and after the identification of the genetic defect underlying HD (CAG: encoding glutamine ≥36 repeats located in exon 1 of the HTT gene) and with the development and evolution of HD animal models. The aim of the review is to evaluate whether impaired glucose metabolism contributes to the development of HD, and whether optimized glycemic control may ameliorate the symptoms of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Montojo
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Aganzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves González
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) network, Madrid, Spain
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