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Johnston LJ. Cellulose nanomaterial metrology: microscopy measurements. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:18767-18787. [PMID: 39315456 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials are increasingly used for a wide variety of applications. Adequate characterization of these materials is required for quality control during production, to distinguish between materials synthesized by different methods, by different suppliers or from difference cellulose biomass sources, to facilitate development of applications and for regulatory purposes. Here we review recent microscopy measurements for the three main types of cellulose nanomaterials: cellulose nanocrystals, individual cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanofibrils. Atomic force microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy are covered with a focus on recent studies that have metrological rigor, rather than qualitative investigations. In some cases results are compared to those obtained by other methods that are more likely to see widespread use for routine quality control measurements. Detailed studies that use microscopy to provide insight on fundamental material properties (e.g., chiral properties) are also included. Particle size and morphology are important properties but are challenging to measure for cellulose nanomaterials due to the rod or fibril shaped particles, their propensity to agglomerate and aggregate, their low contrast for electron microscopy and, for cellulose nanofibrils, the complex branched and interconnected structures. Overall, the results show that there are now a number of studies in which attention to metrological detail has resulted in measurements that allow one to compare and distinguish between different materials, although there are still examples for which it is not possible to draw conclusions on size differences. The use of detailed microscopy protocols that yield accurate and reliable results will be beneficial in material production and addressing regulatory requirements and will allow the validation of other methods that are more amenable to routine measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Johnston
- Metrology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6.
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2
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Aminadav G, Shoseyov O, Belsey S, Voignac D, Yochelis S, Levi-Kalisman Y, Yan B, Shoseyov O, Paltiel Y. Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal Films for Enhanced Charge Separation and Quantum-Confined Stark Effect. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39381943 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Efficient charge separation is essential in various optoelectronic systems, yet it continues to pose substantial challenges. Building upon the recent evidence that chiral biomolecules can function as electron spin filters, this study aims to extend the application of chirality-driven charge separation from the molecular level to the mesoscale and supramolecular scale. Utilizing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from cellulose, the most abundant biomaterial on Earth, this research leverages their self-assembly into chiral nematic structures and their dielectric properties. A device is introduced featuring a chiral nematic hybrid film composed of CNCs and quantum dots (QDs), decorated with iron oxide nanoparticles. Using the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) to probe charge separation, we reveal significant sensitivity to the circular polarization of light and the chiral nematic structure of the film. This approach achieves effective, long-lasting charge separation, both locally and across length scales exceeding 1 μm, enabling potential applications such as self-assembled devices that combine photovoltaic cells with electric capacitance as well as optical electric-field hybrid biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur Aminadav
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Omer Shoseyov
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shylee Belsey
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
| | - Daniel Voignac
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yael Levi-Kalisman
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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3
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Nishitha M, Narayana B, Sarojini BK, Dayananda BS. Fabrication and characterization of biodegradable hydrogel beads of guar gum for the removal of chlorpyrifos pesticide from water. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134454. [PMID: 39102919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
A new guar gum hydrogel beads were fabricated by dropping method from an aqueous solution of guar gum (GG) using ammonium persulphate and polyethylene glycol as initiator and crosslinker respectively, for the adsorption of chlorpyrifos (CP) from water. The semi-crystalline nature of the synthesized beads was confirmed by FESEM analysis. The TGA studies implied that the beads were thermally stable up to 600 °C. The maximum swelling ratio of 1400 gg-1 was attained at pH 9.2 and 80 min. The evidence of a strong absorption band was found in FTIR spectrum at 584 cm-1 due to -P=S of the adsorbed pesticide CP. The maximum adsorption of CP was found to be 220.97 mgg-1. The adsorption followed pseudo second-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm with regression coefficients 0.9998 and 0.9938 which followed the chemisorption process. It is due to the hydrolysis of CP at pH 9.2 to yield 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol which in turn reacts with the carboxylic group present in GG giving -N-C=O linkage. A -ΔG indicates that the process is spontaneous and involves chemisorption which is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable and a -ΔH value (-10.37 kJ/mol) suggests that the adsorption is exothermic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majakkar Nishitha
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka 574199, India
| | - Badiadka Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka 574199, India; School of Applied Sciences, K. K. University, Biharsharif, Berauti, Bihar 803115, India.
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4
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Yupanqui-Mendoza SL, Arantes V. An enzymatic hydrolysis-based platform technology for the efficient high-yield production of cellulose nanospheres. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134602. [PMID: 39127282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluates the feasibility of using enzymatic technology to produce novel nanostructures of cellulose nanomaterials, specifically cellulose nanospheres (CNS), through enzymatic hydrolysis with endoglucanase and xylanase of pre-treated cellulose fibers. A statistical experimental design facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the process parameters, which enabled high yields of up to 82.7 %, while maintaining a uniform diameter of 54 nm and slightly improved crystallinity and thermal stability. Atomic force microscopy analyses revealed a distinct CNS formation mechanism, where initial fragmentation of rod-like nanoparticles and subsequent self-assembly of shorter rod-shaped nanoparticles led to CNS formation. Additionally, adjustments in process parameters allowed precise control over the CNS diameter, ranging from 20 to 100 nm, highlighting the potential for customization in high-performance applications. Furthermore, this study demonstrates how the process framework, originally developed for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production, was successfully adapted and optimized for CNS production, ensuring scalability and efficiency. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the versatility and efficiency of the enzyme-based platform for producing high-quality CNS, providing valuable insights into energy consumption for large-scale economic and environmental assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Luis Yupanqui-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810, Brazil.
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5
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Ren J, Opoku H, Tang S, Edman L, Wang J. Carbon Dots: A Review with Focus on Sustainability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405472. [PMID: 39023174 PMCID: PMC11425242 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials with attractive optical properties, which promise to enable a variety of applications. An important and timely question is whether CDs can become a functional and sustainable alternative to incumbent optical nanomaterials, notably inorganic quantum dots. Herein, the current CD literature is comprehensively reviewed as regards to their synthesis and function, with a focus on sustainability aspects. The study quantifies why it is attractive that CDs can be synthesized with biomass as the sole starting material and be free from toxic and precious metals and critical raw materials. It further describes and analyzes employed pretreatment, chemical-conversion, purification, and processing procedures, and highlights current issues with the usage of solvents, the energy and material efficiency, and the safety and waste management. It is specially shown that many reported synthesis and processing methods are concerningly wasteful with the utilization of non-sustainable solvents and energy. It is finally recommended that future studies should explicitly consider and discuss the environmental influence of the selected starting material, solvents, and generated byproducts, and that quantitative information on the required amounts of solvents, consumables, and energy should be provided to enable an evaluation of the presented methods in an upscaled sustainability context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Ren
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of PhysicsUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
| | - Henry Opoku
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of PhysicsUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
| | - Shi Tang
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of PhysicsUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
- LunaLEC ABUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of PhysicsUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
- LunaLEC ABUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of PhysicsUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
| | - Jia Wang
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of PhysicsUmeå UniversityUmeåSE‐90187Sweden
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6
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Atakhanov AA, Ashurov NS, Kuzieva MM, Mamadiyorov BN, Ergashev DJ, Rashidova SS, Khutoryanskiy VV. Novel Acryloylated and Methacryloylated Nanocellulose Derivatives with Improved Mucoadhesive Properties. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2400183. [PMID: 39177149 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
In this work, three nanocellulose derivatives are synthesized with the aim of preparing new mucoadhesive materials. Nanocellulose is reacted with glycidyl methacrylate in dimethylsulphoxide, and with acryloyl and methacryloyl chloride in dimethylacetamide in the presence of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine as a catalyst. These reactions are carried out under heterogeneous conditions, and the reaction products are characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed all the characteristic absorption bands typical for cellulose and also new peaks at 1720 cm-1 for the carbonyl group (C═O) and 1639, 812 cm-1 for the double bond (C═C). It is established that the crystal structure of the nanocellulose is slightly changed with derivatisation and the thermal stability of these derivatives increased. Mucoadhesive properties of nanocellulose and its derivatives is evaluated using the tensile test, rotating basket method, and fluorescence flow-through method. The retention of these polymers is evaluated on sheep oral mucosal tissue ex vivo using artificial saliva. Test results demonstrated that the new derivatives of nanocellulose have improved mucoadhesive properties compared to the parent nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdumutolib A Atakhanov
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Science, A. Kadiriy str., 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
| | - Nurbek Sh Ashurov
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Science, A. Kadiriy str., 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
| | - Makhliyo M Kuzieva
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Science, A. Kadiriy str., 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
| | - Burhon N Mamadiyorov
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Science, A. Kadiriy str., 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
| | - Doniyor J Ergashev
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Science, A. Kadiriy str., 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
| | - Sayyora Sh Rashidova
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Uzbekistan Academy of Science, A. Kadiriy str., 7b, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan
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7
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Margellou AG, Psochia EA, Torofias SA, Pappa CP, Triantafyllidis KS. Isolation of Highly Crystalline Cellulose via Combined Pretreatment/Fractionation and Extraction Procedures within a Biorefinery Concept. ACS SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2024; 1:1432-1443. [PMID: 39081538 PMCID: PMC11285807 DOI: 10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable production of bio-based materials and chemicals requires integrated approaches which utilize all fractions of lignocellulosic biomass. In this work, highly crystalline cellulose was isolated via combined pretreatment/fractionation and extraction processes from beechwood sawdust. The proposed approach was based on the selective recovery of hemicellulose components in the first step, followed by enhanced delignification in the second step, permitting the efficient recovery of the remaining cellulose via bleaching in the final step. Hydrothermal pretreatment under tailored conditions in neat water or dilute acid resulted in almost complete hemicellulose removal (80-96 wt %) in the liquid fraction. In the second step, the formed surface lignin was isolated via mild extraction while enhanced removal of both native/structural and surface lignin (71 wt %) was achieved by applying the organosolv treatment using dilute sulfuric acid as catalyst. Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment followed by acid catalyzed organosolv pretreatment proved to be the most efficient combined approach, leading to 80 wt % hemicellulose removal as xylose monomer, and 71 wt % delignification. High crystallinity cellulose (<88%), with an overall cellulose recovery of 68-91 wt % based on native cellulose in parent biomass was isolated in the last step via bleaching of all pretreated biomass solids. The proposed integrated biorefinery procedures that aim to whole "waste" biomass valorization, replacing fossil resources, with the use of green solvents (water, ethanol) at relatively mild temperature/pressure conditions, are in line with the scope of several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, such as UN SDG 8, 11, 12, and 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni G. Margellou
- Department
of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni A. Psochia
- Department
of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stylianos A. Torofias
- Department
of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina P. Pappa
- Department
of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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8
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Osei-Bonsu R, Hoque M, McMichael PS, Foster EJ. Subcritical water digestion of woody biomass: extraction of cellulose nanomaterials under acid-lean condition. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3923-3933. [PMID: 39050949 PMCID: PMC11265577 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an emerging green and efficient hydrothermal technology, that offers superior performance in active material extraction, scalability, and reduction of harsh process chemicals, in biomass conversion. Regarding biomaterials, traditional isolation methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are reliant on harsh chemicals (i.e., strong acid), which are expensive with little to no recyclability. This paper explores SWE as a nanotechnology platform to produce CNCs under the principle of "less is more" - by using low content (1 wt%) of phosphoric acid under subcritical conditions. Acid-catalyzed digestion of woody biomass afforded CNCs desirable physico-chemical features that are dependent on the process parameters (temperature, pressure, and time). Process temperature had a major impact on the reduction of fiber sizes (macroscale to nanoscale), fiber degradation, and fiber coloration (white to black). Electron microscopy revealed rod-like structures, with varying particle size distribution (100-500 nm), dominated by process time. However, colloidal stability was low (versus acid-hydrolyzed CNCs) due to the low charges on the surface of CNCs. Interestingly, vibrational spectroscopy reveals the effect of process pressure on biomass conversion to CNCs (with cellulose I structure) evidenced by Raman spectroscopy and solid-state fluorometry. The produced (bio)nanomaterials possessed a degree of crystallinity (∼70%) comparable to those produced via acid hydrolysis, with higher thermal stability, enhancing their applicability over a wide range of heat-intensive processes required for nanocomposite applications in biomedical and automotive industries, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Osei-Bonsu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
| | - Mahfuzul Hoque
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
| | - Philip S McMichael
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Pulp and Paper Centre 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia 2385 East Mall V6T 1Z4 BC Canada
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Pal R, Pattath K. Rheology of Suspensions Thickened by Cellulose Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1122. [PMID: 38998728 PMCID: PMC11243218 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The steady rheological behavior of suspensions of solid particles thickened by cellulose nanocrystals is investigated. Two different types and sizes of particles are used in the preparation of suspensions, namely, TG hollow spheres of 69 µm in Sauter mean diameter and solospheres S-32 of 14 µm in Sauter mean diameter. The nanocrystal concentration varies from 0 to 3.5 wt% and the particle concentration varies from 0 to 57.2 vol%. The influence of salt (NaCl) concentration and pH on the rheology of suspensions is also investigated. The suspensions generally exhibit shear-thinning behavior. The degree of shear-thinning is stronger in suspensions of smaller size particles. The experimental viscosity data are adequately described by a power-law model. The variations in power-law parameters (consistency index and flow behavior index) under different conditions are determined and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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10
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Peng Y, Zhou H, Zhang A, Guo Y, Xie L, Yuan D. Natural products from Camellia oleifera fruit and its comprehensive utilisation. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38899590 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2369228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) is a woody oil plant with a good reputation of 'Oriental Olive Oil' in China. The national understanding of the health-care benefits of Camellia oil are already widespread, but the production of C. oleifera fruit has not been achieved large-scale industrialisation. In this review, we focus on the properties and commercial value of its natural products, and processing technology, performance characterisation, and novel modification strategies of its processed products. In addition, we briefly summarised the research progress of breeding and put forward the comprehensive utilisation of C. oleifera fruit based on the tandem of extraction and processing. This review might attract more researchers to make profound study regarding it as an alternative of olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Anlin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lianwu Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
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11
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Hao LT, Kim S, Lee M, Park SB, Koo JM, Jeon H, Park J, Oh DX. Next-generation all-organic composites: A sustainable successor to organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132129. [PMID: 38718994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This Review presents an overview of all-organic nanocomposites, a sustainable alternative to organic-inorganic hybrids. All-organic nanocomposites contain nanocellulose, nanochitin, and aramid nanofibers as highly rigid reinforcing fillers. They offer superior mechanical properties and lightweight characteristics suitable for diverse applications. The Review discusses various methods for preparing the organic nanofillers, including top-down and bottom-up approaches. It highlights in situ polymerization as the preferred method for incorporating these nanomaterials into polymer matrices to achieve homogeneous filler dispersion, a crucial factor for realizing desired performance. Furthermore, the Review explores several applications of all-organic nanocomposites in diverse fields including food packaging, performance-advantaged plastics, and electronic materials. Future research directions-developing sustainable production methods, expanding biomedical applications, and enhancing resistance against heat, chemicals, and radiation of all-organic nanocomposites to permit their use in extreme environments-are explored. This Review offers insights into the potential of all-organic nanocomposites to drive sustainable growth while meeting the demand for high-performance materials across various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Kim
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Ramli NA, Adam F, Ries ME, Ibrahim SF. DES-ultrasonication treatment of cellulose nanocrystals and the reinforcement in carrageenan biocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132385. [PMID: 38754668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
CNCs are intensively studied to reinforce biocomposites. However, it remains a challenge to homogeneously disperse the CNC in biocomposites for a smooth film surface. Mechanochemical treatment via ultrasonication in deep eutectic solvent (DES) generated a stable dispersion of CNC before incorporation into carrageenan biocomposite. Shifted peaks of choline chloride (ChCl) methylene groups to 3.95-3.98 ppm in 1H NMR indicated a formation of eutectic mixture between the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at the functional group of CH3···OH. The swelling of CNC in the DES was proven by the formation of intermolecular H-bond at a length of 2.46 Å. The use of DES contributed to a good dispersion of CNC in the solution which increased zeta potential by 43.2 % compared to CNC in deionized water. The ultrasonication amplitude and feed concentration were varied for the best parameters of a stable dispersion of CNC. The crystallinity of 1 wt% of CNC at 20 % sonication amplitude improved from 76 to 81 %. The high crystallinity of CNCDES resulted in an increase in film tensile and capsule loop strength of Carra-CNCDES by 20.7 and 19.4 %, respectively. Improved dispersion of CNCDES reduced the surface roughness of the biocomposite by 21.8 %. H-bond network in CNCDES improved the biocomposite properties for an ingenious reinforcement material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amalina Ramli
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Fatmawati Adam
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Michael E Ries
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - S Fatimah Ibrahim
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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13
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Gama Cavalcante AL, Dari DN, Izaias da Silva Aires F, Carlos de Castro E, Moreira Dos Santos K, Sousa Dos Santos JC. Advancements in enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanomaterials: toward sustainable industrial applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17946-17988. [PMID: 38841394 PMCID: PMC11151160 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in biofuels, food, and pharmaceuticals. The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, particularly magnetic nanomaterials, enhances their stability and catalytic activity. Magnetic nanomaterials are chosen for their versatility, large surface area, and superparamagnetic properties, which allow for easy separation and reuse in industrial processes. Researchers focus on the synthesis of appropriate nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes. Immobilization protocols are predefined and adapted to both enzymes and support requirements for optimal efficiency. This review provides a detailed exploration of the application of magnetic nanomaterials in enzyme immobilization protocols. It covers methods, challenges, advantages, and future perspectives, starting with general aspects of magnetic nanomaterials, their synthesis, and applications as matrices for solid enzyme stabilization. The discussion then delves into existing enzymatic immobilization methods on magnetic nanomaterials, highlighting advantages, challenges, and potential applications. Further sections explore the industrial use of various enzymes immobilized on these materials, the development of enzyme-based bioreactors, and prospects for these biocatalysts. In summary, this review provides a concise comparison of the use of magnetic nanomaterials for enzyme stabilization, highlighting potential industrial applications and contributing to manufacturing optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Dayana Nascimento Dari
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Francisco Izaias da Silva Aires
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - Erico Carlos de Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
| | - Kaiany Moreira Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus Pici Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira Campus das Auroras Redenção CEP 62790970 CE Brazil
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará Campus do Pici, Bloco 940 Fortaleza CEP 60455760 CE Brazil
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14
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Sun W, Song Z, Wang J, Yi Z, He M. Preparation of patterned hydrogels for anti-counterfeiting and directional actuation by shear-induced orientation of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121946. [PMID: 38431424 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels with anisotropic structures are of great interest in the fields of bionic actuators, sensing and anti-counterfeiting due to their unique optical and stimulus response properties. Here we report an anisotropic cellulose nanocrystals/polyacrylamide (CNC/PAM) hydrogel with a patterned structure obtained by shear-induced orientation of CNC in precursor solution. Due to the difference in affinity between different slider surfaces and the precursor, patterned structures with different interference colors were realized by adhering the polypropylene (PP) film with a specific pattern to the bottom glass slider, which leads to differences in CNC orientation in different areas. These interfere color patterns can only be observed between crossed polarization, allowing the hydrogel to be used in applications of anti-counterfeiting and information encryption. Moreover, a complex and controllable 3D deformation is realized by introducing "zebra crossing" structure in the hydrogel. The opening and closing processes of flowers are vividly mimicked using the reversible swelling and shrinking properties of hydrogels in water and salt solutions, making the hydrogel promising for soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zengbin Song
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaodi Yi
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ming He
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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15
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Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Abdelaziz A, Bessa W, Thakur S, Hussin MH, Brosse N, Thakur VK. A comprehensive review on processing, characteristics, and applications of cellulose nanofibrils/graphene hybrid-based nanocomposites: Toward a synergy between two-star nanomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131633. [PMID: 38641279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials are fascinating since they are promising for intensely enhancing materials' performance, and they can offer multifunctional features. Creating such high-performance nanocomposites via effective and mild approaches is an inevitable requirement for sustainable materials engineering. Nanocomposites, which combine two-star nanomaterials, namely, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and graphene derivatives (GNMs), have recently revealed interesting physicochemical properties and excellent performance. Despite numerous studies on the production and application of such systems, there is still a lack of concise information on their practical uses. In this review, recent progress in the production, modification, properties, and emerging uses of CNFs/GNMs hybrid-based nanocomposites in various fields such as flexible energy harvesting and storage, sensors, adsorbents, packaging, and thermal management, among others, are comprehensively examined and described based on recent investigations. Nevertheless, numerous challenges and gaps need to be addressed to successfully introduce such nanomaterials in large-scale industrial applications. This review will certainly help readers understand the design approaches and potential applications of CNFs/GNMs hybrid-based nanocomposites for which new research directions in this emerging topic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djalal Trache
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Amir Abdelaziz
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Wissam Bessa
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Teaching and Research Unit of Energetic Processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - M Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, Bld. des Aiguillettes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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16
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Dáger-López D, Chenché Ó, Ricaurte-Párraga R, Núñez-Rodríguez P, Bajaña JM, Fiallos-Cárdenas M. Advances in the Production of Sustainable Bacterial Nanocellulose from Banana Leaves. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1157. [PMID: 38675076 PMCID: PMC11054657 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interest in bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has grown due to its purity, mechanical properties, and biological compatibility. To address the need for alternative carbon sources in the industrial production of BNC, this study focuses on banana leaves, discarded during harvesting, as a valuable source. Banana midrib juice, rich in nutrients and reducing sugars, is identified as a potential carbon source. An optimal culture medium was designed using a simplex-centroid mixing design and evaluated in a 10 L bioreactor. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the structural, thermal, and morphological properties of BNC. Banana midrib juice exhibited specific properties, such as pH (5.64), reducing sugars (15.97 g/L), Trolox (45.07 µM), °Brix (4.00), and antioxidant activity (71% DPPH). The model achieved a 99.97% R-adjusted yield of 6.82 g BNC/L. Physicochemical analyses revealed distinctive attributes associated with BNC. This approach optimizes BNC production and emphasizes the banana midrib as a circular solution for BNC production, promoting sustainability in banana farming and contributing to the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dáger-López
- Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro 091050, Ecuador; (D.D.-L.); (Ó.C.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Óscar Chenché
- Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro 091050, Ecuador; (D.D.-L.); (Ó.C.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Rayner Ricaurte-Párraga
- Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro 091050, Ecuador; (D.D.-L.); (Ó.C.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Pablo Núñez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Campus Milagro, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Milagro 091050, Ecuador; (P.N.-R.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Joaquin Morán Bajaña
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Campus Milagro, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Milagro 091050, Ecuador; (P.N.-R.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Manuel Fiallos-Cárdenas
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ingeniería en Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
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17
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Amit S, Gomez-Maldonado D, Bish T, Peresin MS, Davis VA. Properties of APTES-Modified CNC Films. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16572-16580. [PMID: 38617654 PMCID: PMC11007690 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Sulfated cellulose nanocrystals' (CNCs') facile aqueous dispersibility enables producing films, fibers, and other materials using only water as a solvent but prevents using sulfated CNCs in applications that require water immersion. We report that modifying CNCs with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) via a simple, single-pot reaction scheme dramatically improves the hydrolytic stability of CNC films. The effects of APTES modification on CNCs' properties were studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force and optical microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, and ultimate analysis. Substituting a mere 12.6% of the CNCs' available hydroxyl groups with APTES dramatically increased the hydrolytic stability of shear cast films while only having minor impacts on their mechanical properties. In addition, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCMD) and multiparametric surface plasmon resonance (MP-SPR) studies showed that the CNC-APTES films also had a greater irreversible binding with carbofuran, a pesticide and emerging contaminant. These results highlight that APTES modification is a promising method for increasing the utility of sulfated CNCs in sensors, adsorbents, and other applications requiring water immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadat
Kamal Amit
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Diego Gomez-Maldonado
- Sustainable
Biomaterials Lab, College of Forestry, Wildlife, and the Environment, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Dr, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Tiana Bish
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Maria S. Peresin
- Sustainable
Biomaterials Lab, College of Forestry, Wildlife, and the Environment, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Dr, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Virginia A. Davis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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18
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Wei X, Lin T, Lu L, Yu M, Yin X. Enhanced homogeneity and flexibility in a humidity sensor using cellulose nanocrystal-based composite film with circular shear flow. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130293. [PMID: 38382791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film is known to be one kind of dynamic color-sensing material, capable of reversible color changes in response to varying humidity levels. However, the brittleness, low hygroscopicity and poor homogeneity of these films have hindered their development. To address this limitation, we present a novel approach where we combine natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with sorbitol under the influence of circular shear flow to craft a CNC humidity-sensitive film with enhanced flexibility, hygroscopicity and homogeneity. The inclusion of sorbitol and NADES enhances hygroscopicity and improves the flexibility. Surprisingly, the introduction of circular shear flow was found not only to improve homogeneity, macroscopically and microscopically, but also to further enhance flexibility, toughness, and water absorption capability. The resulting composite films demonstrated highly reversible color changes across the whole visible spectrum depending on the relative humidity, showing their capability to be reliable humidity-sensing materials. Thanks to the improved homogeneity and flexibility, the obtained humidity-sensing composite film can be employed in its entirety without the need for cutting, making it a promising candidate for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Wei
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lulu Lu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Meng Yu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Yin
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China.
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19
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Sonyeam J, Chaipanya R, Suksomboon S, Khan MJ, Amatariyakul K, Wibowo A, Posoknistakul P, Charnnok B, Liu CG, Laosiripojana N, Sakdaronnarong C. Process design for acidic and alcohol based deep eutectic solvent pretreatment and high pressure homogenization of palm bunches for nanocellulose production. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7550. [PMID: 38555319 PMCID: PMC10981746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to study on nanocellulose production from palm bunch using process design and cost analysis. Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent pretreatment was selected for high-purity cellulose separation at mild condition, followed by nano-fibrillation using mechanical treatment. Three types of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents employing different hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) namely lactic acid, 1,3-butanediol and oxalic acid were studied. The optimal cellulose extraction condition was choline chloride/lactic acid (ChLa80C) pretreatment of palm empty bunch at 80 °C followed by bleaching yielding 94.96%w/w cellulose content in product. Size reduction using ultrasonication and high-pressure homogenization produced nanocellulose at 67.12%w/w based on cellulose in raw material. Different morphologies of nanocellulose were tunable in the forms of nanocrystals, nano-rods and nanofibers by using dissimilar deep eutectic solvents. This work offered a sustainable and environmentally friendly process as well as provided analysis of DES pretreatment and overview operating cost for nanocellulose production. Application of nanocellulose for the fabrication of highly functional and biodegradable material for nanomedicine, electronic, optical, and micromechanical devices is achievable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janejira Sonyeam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Ratanaporn Chaipanya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Suksomboon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Mohd Jahir Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Krongkarn Amatariyakul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Agung Wibowo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pattaraporn Posoknistakul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonya Charnnok
- Department of Specialized Engineering, Energy Technology Program, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Chen Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mot, Thung Khru, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Chularat Sakdaronnarong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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20
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Hamidon TS, Idris NN, Adnan R, Haafiz MKM, Zahari A, Hussin MH. Oil palm frond-derived cellulose nanocrystals: Effect of pretreatment and elucidating its reinforcing potential in hydrogel beads. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130239. [PMID: 38367788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Herein, cellulose nanocrystals were synthesized from oil palm fronds (CNC-OPF) involving two pretreatment approaches, viz. autohydrolysis and soda pulping. The pretreatments were applied individually to OPF fibers to assess their influence on CNCs' physicochemical and thermal properties. CNC-OPF samples were assessed using complementary characterization techniques, which confirmed their purity and characteristics. CP/MAS 13C NMR and TEM studies revealed that autohydrolysis pretreatment yielded CNCs with effective hemicellulose and extractives removal compared to that of soda pulping. XRD analysis demonstrated that autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF contained a much higher crystallinity index compared to soda pulping treatment. BET measurement disclosed a relatively higher surface area and wider pore diameter of autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF. Autohydrolysis-treated CNCs were applied as a reinforcement filler in alginate-based hydrogel beads for the removal of 4-chlorophenol from water, which attained a qmax of 19.168 mg g-1. BET analysis revealed the less porous nature of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads which could have contributed to hydrogel beads' relatively lower adsorption capacity. The point of zero charge of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads was 4.82, suggesting their applicability only within a short solution pH range. This study directs future studies to unveil the possibilities of functionalizing CNCs in order to enhance the adsorption performance of CNC-immobilized hydrogel beads towards 4-chlorophenol and other organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Najhan Idris
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Adnan
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M K Mohamad Haafiz
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Azeana Zahari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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21
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Kim M, Doh H. Upcycling Food By-products: Characteristics and Applications of Nanocellulose. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301068. [PMID: 38246883 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Rising global food prices and the increasing prevalence of food insecurity highlight the imprudence of food waste and the inefficiencies of the current food system. Upcycling food by-products holds significant potential for mitigating food loss and waste within the food supply chain. Food by-products can be utilized to extract nanocellulose, a material that has obtained substantial attention recently due to its renewability, biocompatibility, bioavailability, and a multitude of remarkable properties. Cellulose nanomaterials have been the subject of extensive research and have shown promise across a wide array of applications, including the food industry. Notably, nanocellulose possesses unique attributes such as a surface area, aspect ratio, rheological behavior, water absorption capabilities, crystallinity, surface modification, as well as low possibilities of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. These qualities make nanocellulose suitable for diverse applications spanning the realms of food production, biomedicine, packaging, and beyond. This review aims to provide an overview of the outcomes and potential applications of cellulose nanomaterials derived from food by-products. Nanocellulose can be produced through both top-down and bottom-up approaches, yielding various types of nanocellulose. Each of these variants possesses distinctive characteristics that have the potential to significantly enhance multiple sectors within the commercial market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03710
| | - Hansol Doh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03710
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22
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Goswami R, Singh S, Narasimhappa P, Ramamurthy PC, Mishra A, Mishra PK, Joshi HC, Pant G, Singh J, Kumar G, Khan NA, Yousefi M. Nanocellulose: A comprehensive review investigating its potential as an innovative material for water remediation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127465. [PMID: 37866583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid growth in industrialization sectors, the wastewater treatment plants become exhausted and potentially not able to give desirable discharge standards. Many industries discharge the untreated effluent into the water bodies which affects the aquatic diversity and human health. The effective disposal of industrial effluents thus has been an imperative requirement. For decades nanocellulose based materials gained immense attraction towards application in wastewater remediation and emerged out as a new biobased nanomaterial. It is light weighted, cost effective, mechanically strong and easily available. Large surface area, versatile surface functionality, biodegradability, high aspect ratio etc., make them suitable candidate in this field. Majorly cellulose based nanomaterials are used in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). This review specifically describes about a variety of extraction methods to produced nanocellulose and also discusses the modification of nanocellulose by adding functionalities in its surface chemistry. We majorly focus on the utilization of nanocellulose based materials in water remediation for the removal of different contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, oil, microbial colony etc. This review mainly emphasizes in ray of hope towards nanocellulose materials to achieve more advancement in the water remediation fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Goswami
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Pavithra Narasimhappa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Abhilasha Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Mishra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era (deemed to be) University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Harish Chandra Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav Pant
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Botany, Nagaland University, HQRS: Lumami, 798 627, Zunheboto, Nagaland, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Cherian RM, Varghese RT, Antony T, Malhotra A, Kargarzadeh H, Chauhan SR, Chauhan A, Chirayil CJ, Thomas S. Non-cytotoxic, highly functionalized cellulose nanocrystals with high crystallinity and thermal stability derived from a novel agromass of Elettaria cardamomum, using a soft and benign mild oxalic acid hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126571. [PMID: 37648134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-cytotoxic, highly crystalline, and functionalized, thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals are extracted from the stems of Elettaria cardamom, a novel underutilised agromass, by employing a neat green, mild oxalic acid hydrolysis. The protocol involves a chemo-mechanical strategy of coupling hydrolysis with steam explosion and homogenization. The obtained CNC showed a crystallinity index of 81.51 %, an aspect ratio of 17.80 ± 1.03 and a high degradation temperature of about 339.07 °C. The extraction procedure imparted a high negative surface functionalization with a zeta potential value of -34.244 ± 0.496 mV and a polydispersity of 16.5 %. The CNC had no antibacterial activity, according to non-cytotoxic experiments conducted on four bacterial strains. This supports the notion of "One Health" in the context of AMR by demonstrating the safety of antibiotic resistance due to consistent exposure upon environmental disposal. The as-extracted nanocellulose crystals can be a potential candidate for commercial application in wide and diversified disciplines like food packaging, anti-infective surfaces for medical devices, biosensors, bioelectronics etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeba Mary Cherian
- Department of Chemistry, Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala 685584, India; School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
| | - Rini Thresia Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala 685584, India; School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tijo Antony
- Department of Chemistry, Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala 685584, India; School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemistry, Pavanatma College, Murickassery, Idukki, Kerala 685604, India
| | - Akshit Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi- South campus, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Hanieh Kargarzadeh
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Suchitra Rajput Chauhan
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), School of Engineering and Technology, BML Munjal University, Sidhrawali, Gurgaon, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Ashwini Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi- South campus, Delhi 110021, India
| | | | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box. 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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24
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Wang Y, Liu H, Wang Q, An X, Ji X, Tian Z, Liu S, Yang G. Recent advances in sustainable preparation of cellulose nanocrystals via solid acid hydrolysis: A mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127353. [PMID: 37839592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
As a green and renewable nanomaterial, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have received numerous attention due to the unique structural features and superior physicochemical properties. Conventionally, CNC was isolated from lignocellulosic biomass mostly depending on sulfuric or hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. Although this approach is effective, some critical issues such as severe equipment corrosion, excessive cellulose degradation, serious environmental pollution, and large water usage are inevitable. Fortunately, solid acid hydrolysis is emerging as an economical and sustainable CNC production technique and has achieved considerable progress in recent years. Herein, the preparation of CNC by solid acid hydrolysis was summarized systematically, including organic solid acids (citric, maleic, oxalic, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid) and inorganic solid acids (phosphotungstic, phosphoric, and Lewis acid). The advantages and disadvantages of organic and inorganic solid acid hydrolysis methods were evaluated comprehensively. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in the later exploitation and application of solid acid hydrolysis to prepare CNC in the industrial context are discussed. Considering the future development of this technology in the large-scale CNC production, much more efforts should be made in lowering CNC processing cost, fabricating high-solid-content and re-dispersible CNC, developing value-added applications of CNC, and techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment on the whole process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
| | - Xingye An
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B5A3, Canada.
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
| | - Zhongjian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
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25
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Zhang Z, Zhong M, Xiang H, Ding Y, Wang Y, Shi Y, Yang G, Tang B, Tam KC, Zhou G. Antibacterial polylactic acid fabricated via Pickering emulsion approach with polyethyleneimine and polydopamine modified cellulose nanocrystals as emulsion stabilizers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127263. [PMID: 37802443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial biodegradable plastics are highly demanded for food package and disposable medical plastic consumables. Incorporating antibacterial nanoagents into polymer matrices is an effective method to endow polymers with antibacterial activity. However, synthesis of sustainable antibacterial nanoagents with high antibacterial activity via facile approach and well dispersion of them in polymer matrices are still challenging. In this study, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was grafted on surface of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) via the oxidation self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) and the Michael addition/Schiff base reaction between DA and PEI. The resulted PEI and polydopamine modified CNCs (PPCs) showed substantially enhanced antibacterial activity and reduced cytotoxicity for NIH3T3 than PEI due to increased local concentration and anchoring of PEI. The minimum concentration of PPCs to achieve antibacterial rate of 99.99 % against S. aureus and E. coli were about 50 and 20 μg/mL, respectively. PPCs displayed outstanding emulsifying ability, and PPC coated polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres were obtained by drying PPC stabilized PLA Pickering emulsion, leading to a well dispersion of PPCs in PLA. PPC/PLA film prepared by hot-pressing displayed great antibacterial performance and enhanced mechanical properties. Therefore, this study proposed a facile approach to fabricate biocompatible antibacterial nanoagents and plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; ScienceK Ltd, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Mengqiu Zhong
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haosheng Xiang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yugao Ding
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Yijing Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Biao Tang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kam C Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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26
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Jali S, Mohan TP, Mwangi FM, Kanny K. A Review on Barrier Properties of Cellulose/Clay Nanocomposite Polymers for Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:51. [PMID: 38201717 PMCID: PMC10780723 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Packaging materials are used to protect consumer goods, such as food, drinks, cosmetics, healthcare items, and more, from harmful gases and physical and chemical damage during storage, distribution, and handling. Synthetic plastics are commonly used because they exhibit sufficient characteristics for packaging requirements, but their end lives result in environmental pollution, the depletion of landfill space, rising sea pollution, and more. These exist because of their poor biodegradability, limited recyclability, etc. There has been an increasing demand for replacing these polymers with bio-based biodegradable materials for a sustainable environment. Cellulosic nanomaterials have been proposed as a potential substitute in the preparation of packaging films. Nevertheless, their application is limited due to their poor properties, such as their barrier, thermal, and mechanical properties, to name a few. The barrier properties of materials play a pivotal role in extending and determining the shelf lives of packaged foods. Nanofillers have been used to enhance the barrier properties. This article reviews the literature on the barrier properties of cellulose/clay nanocomposite polymers. Cellulose extraction stages such as pretreatment, bleaching, and nanoparticle isolation are outlined, followed by cellulose modification methods. Finally, a brief discussion on nanofillers is provided, followed by an extensive literature review on the barrier properties of cellulose/clay nanocomposite polymers. Although similar reviews have been presented, the use of modification processes applied to cellulose, clay, and final nanocomposites to enhance the barrier properties has not been reviewed. Therefore, this article focuses on this scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandile Jali
- Composite Research Group (CRG), Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.J.); (F.M.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Turup Pandurangan Mohan
- Composite Research Group (CRG), Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.J.); (F.M.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Festus Maina Mwangi
- Composite Research Group (CRG), Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.J.); (F.M.M.); (K.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Krishnan Kanny
- Composite Research Group (CRG), Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.J.); (F.M.M.); (K.K.)
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27
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Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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28
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Rodriguez-Quiroz ES, Olivares-Xometl O, Santacruz-Vázquez V, Santacruz-Vázquez C, Arellanes-Lozada P, Rubio-Rosas E. Production of Cellulosic Microfibers from Coffee Pulp via Alkaline Treatment, Bleaching and Acid Hydrolysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7607. [PMID: 38138748 PMCID: PMC10744440 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The present work deals with the production of cellulosic microfibers (CMFs) from coffee pulp. The experimental development corresponds to an experimental design of three variables (concentration, temperature and time) of alkaline treatment for delignification, finding that concentration, temperature and time were the most representative variables. Higher delignification was achieved by bleaching cellulosic fibers, followed by acid hydrolysis, thus producing cellulosic fibers with an average diameter of 5.2 µm, which was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed, via the crystallinity index, the presence of Type I cellulose and removal of lignocellulosic compounds through chemical treatments. The proximate chemical analysis (PChA) of coffee pulp helped to identify 17% of the crude fiber corresponding to the plant cell wall consisting of lignocellulosic compounds. The initial cellulose content of 26.06% increased gradually to 48.74% with the alkaline treatment, to 57.5% with bleaching, and to 64.7% with acid hydrolysis. These results attested to the rich cellulosic content in the coffee pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud S. Rodriguez-Quiroz
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Blvd. 18 sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (E.S.R.-Q.); (O.O.-X.); (V.S.-V.)
| | - Octavio Olivares-Xometl
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Blvd. 18 sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (E.S.R.-Q.); (O.O.-X.); (V.S.-V.)
| | - Verónica Santacruz-Vázquez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Blvd. 18 sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (E.S.R.-Q.); (O.O.-X.); (V.S.-V.)
| | - Claudia Santacruz-Vázquez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Blvd. 18 sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (E.S.R.-Q.); (O.O.-X.); (V.S.-V.)
| | - Paulina Arellanes-Lozada
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Blvd. 18 sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (E.S.R.-Q.); (O.O.-X.); (V.S.-V.)
| | - Efraín Rubio-Rosas
- Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prol. 24 sur y Av. San Claudio, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
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29
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Niu Z, Wang Q, Lu J, Hu Y, Huang J, Zhao W, Liu Y, Long YZ, Han G. Electrospun Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Flexible Sensing Paper for Triboelectric Energy Harvesting and Dynamic Self-Powered Tactile Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2307810. [PMID: 38050940 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The technical synergy between flexible sensing paper and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in the next stage of artificial intelligence Internet of Things engineering makes the development of intelligent sensing paper with triboelectric function very attractive. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to explore functional papers that are more suitable for triboelectric sensing. Here, a cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) reinforced PVDF hybrid paper (CPHP) is developed by electrospinning technology. Benefitting from the unique effects of CNCs, CPHP forms a solid cross-linked network among fibers and obtains a high-strength (25 MPa) paper-like state and high surface roughness. Meanwhile, CNCs also improve the triboelectrification effect of CPHP by assisting the PVDF matrix to form more electroactive phases (96% share) and a higher relative permittivity (17.9). The CPHP-based TENG with single electrode configuration demonstrates good output performance (open-circuit voltage of 116 V, short-circuit current of 2.2 µA and power density of 91 mW m-2 ) and ultrahigh pressure-sensitivity response (3.95 mV Pa-1 ), which endows CPHP with reliable power supply and sensing capability. More importantly, the CPHP-based flexible self-powered tactile sensor with TENG array exhibits multifunctional applications in imitation Morse code compilation, tactile track recognition, and game character control, showing great prospects in the intelligent inductive device and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxuan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Qingxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Jiqing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Ze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials & Devices, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Guangping Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
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30
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Yang D, Fan B, Sun G, He YC, Ma C. Ultraviolet blocking ability, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of newly prepared polyvinyl alcohol-nanocellulose‑silver nanoparticles-ChunJian peel extract composite film. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126427. [PMID: 37598821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, nanocellulose (CNC) from waste water chestnut (WCT) shell was firstly used for preparing nanocomposite films, by using ChunJian peel extract (CJPE) as a green reducing agent to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and then loading them into polyvinyl alcohol-nanocellulose (PVA-CNC) matrix, a multifunctional nanocomposite material that could be used in food packaging was developed. The prepared films were tested for mechanical strength, barrier properties, thermal properties, antibacterial, antioxidant and biocompatibility through various characterizations. The PVA-CNC-AgNPs-CJPE film had good thermostability, mechanical strength, barrier properties, and biocompatibility. Compared with pure PVA film and PVA-CNC film, PVA-CNC-AgNPs-CJPE could shield over 95 % of the UVB (320-275 nm) spectrum and UVC (275-200 nm) spectrum and most of the UVA (400-320 nm). By disk diffusion analysis, the inhibition zones of PVA-CNC-AgNPs-CJPE film against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. faecalis were 22.3 mm, 25.0 mm, 22.0 mm and 19.3 mm, respectively. The milk antibacterial simulation test confirmed that PVA-CNC-AgNPs-CJPE film could effectively limit bacterial reproduction and prolong the shelf life of milk. PVA-CNC-AgNPs-CJPE film had excellent UV barrier properties, good antioxidant properties and high-efficiency antibacterial activity, which is expected to be widely used in sustainable nanocomposite food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Bo Fan
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guangting Sun
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Lifes, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Cuiluan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Lifes, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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31
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Chen C, Sun W, Wang J, Gardner DJ. Tunable biocomposite films fabricated using cellulose nanocrystals and additives for food packaging. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121315. [PMID: 37739509 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are considered a prospective packaging material to partially replace petroleum-based plastics attributed to their renewability, sustainability, biodegradability, and desirable attributes including transparency, oxygen, and oil barrier properties. However, neat CNC films are rigid and too brittle to handle or utilize for packaging applications. Hence different additives, including sorbitol, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitin, and κ-carrageenan (CG) were selected to mix with CNCs for packaging film preparation. The influence of additive categories (plasticizer, nonionic polymer, weak cationic and anionic natural polysaccharide), and their concentrations on the performance of CNC suspensions as well as optical, barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties of CNC films were examined. The morphology and physical characterization including density, equilibrium moisture content, contact angle and water durability of the composite films were also determined. Sorbitol and PVA films had the best visible light transparency; mixing with chitin can effectively improve the water durability of CNC films, and CG changed the CNC film from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Moreover, all CNC films exhibited sufficient oxygen barrier properties, high PVA content films attained the "very high" barrier grade. Thus, durable CNC films can be obtained by adding proper types and amounts of additives, which provides potential scenarios for practical application of CNC films in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jinwu Wang
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, United States.
| | - Douglas J Gardner
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States; Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
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Usca ÜA. The Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Nanofluid on Milling Performance: An Investigation of Dillimax 690T. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4521. [PMID: 38231924 PMCID: PMC10708310 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Machining high-strength structural steels often requires challenging processes. It is essential to improve the machinability of such materials, which are frequently needed in industrial manufacturing areas. Recently, it has become necessary to enhance the machinability of such materials using different nanopowders. In this study, different cooling/lubricating (C/L) liquids were prepared with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) nanopowder. The aim was to improve the machinability properties of Dillimax 690T material with the prepared CNC-based cutting fluids. CNC nanopowders were added to 0.5% distilled water by volume, and a new nanofluid was produced. Unlike previous studies, base synthetic oil and CNC-based cutting fluid were sprayed on the cutting area with a double minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system. Machinability tests were carried out by milling. Two different cutting speeds (Vc = 120-150 m/min), two different feed rates (f = 0.05-0.075 mm/tooth), and four different C/L environments (dry, MQL oil, CNC nanofluid, MQL oil + CNC nanofluid) were used in the experiments. In the study, where a total of 16 experiments were performed, cutting temperature (Tc), surface roughness (Ra), tool wear (Vb), and energy consumption results were analyzed in detail. According to the test results, significant improvements were achieved in the machinability properties of the material in the experiments carried out using CNC nanofluid. In particular, the hybrid C/L environment using MQL oil + CNC nanofluid improved all machinability metrics by over 15% compared to dry machining. In short, using CNC nanopowders offers a good milling process of Dillimax 690T material with effective lubrication and cooling ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Üsame Ali Usca
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye
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List R, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Ashfaq A, Zaouak A, Driscoll M, Al-Sheikhly M. On the Mechanism of the Ionizing Radiation-Induced Degradation and Recycling of Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4483. [PMID: 38231912 PMCID: PMC10708459 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of ionizing radiation offers a boundless range of applications for polymer scientists, from inducing crosslinking and/or degradation to grafting a wide variety of monomers onto polymeric chains. This review in particular aims to introduce the field of ionizing radiation as it relates to the degradation and recycling of cellulose and its derivatives. The review discusses the main mechanisms of the radiolytic sessions of the cellulose molecules in the presence and absence of water. During the radiolysis of cellulose, in the absence of water, the primary and secondary electrons from the electron beam, and the photoelectric, Compton effect electrons from gamma radiolysis attack the glycosidic bonds (C-O-C) on the backbone of the cellulose chains. This radiation-induced session results in the formation of alkoxyl radicals and C-centered radicals. In the presence of water, the radiolytically produced hydroxyl radicals (●OH) will abstract hydrogen atoms, leading to the formation of C-centered radicals, which undergo various reactions leading to the backbone session of the cellulose. Based on the structures of the radiolytically produced free radicals in presence and absence of water, covalent grafting of vinyl monomers on the cellulose backbone is inconceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard List
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- UV/EB Technology Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Lorelis Gonzalez-Lopez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aiysha Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amira Zaouak
- Research Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Science Development, National Center for Nuclear Science and Technology, Sidi-Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
| | - Mark Driscoll
- UV/EB Technology Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Perrin L, Desobry S, Gillet G, Desobry-Banon S. Low-Frequency Ultrasound Effects on Cellulose Nanocrystals for Potential Application in Stabilizing Pickering Emulsions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4371. [PMID: 38006095 PMCID: PMC10674726 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose, in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), is a promising biomaterial for stabilizing Pickering emulsions (PEs). PEs are commonly formed using low-frequency ultrasound (LFU) treatment and impact CNC properties. The present study investigated the specific effects of LFU treatment on CNCs' chemical and physical properties. CNCs were characterized using dynamic light scattering, ζ;-potential determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and contact angle measurement. CNC suspensions were studied using rheological analysis and static multiple light scattering. LFU treatment broke CNC aggregates and modified the rheological behavior of CNC suspensions but did not affect the CNCs' chemical or crystallographic structures, surface charge, or hydrophilic properties. During the storage of CNC suspensions and PEs, liquid crystal formation was observed with cross-polarized light. Hypotheses related to the impact of liquid crystal CNCs on PE stability were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Perrin
- Laboratory of Biomolecules Engineering (LIBio), University of Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Foret de Haye, BP 20163, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; (S.D.); (S.D.-B.)
- SAS GENIALIS Route d’Acheres, 18250 Henrichemont, France;
| | - Stephane Desobry
- Laboratory of Biomolecules Engineering (LIBio), University of Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Foret de Haye, BP 20163, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; (S.D.); (S.D.-B.)
| | | | - Sylvie Desobry-Banon
- Laboratory of Biomolecules Engineering (LIBio), University of Lorraine, 2 Avenue de la Foret de Haye, BP 20163, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; (S.D.); (S.D.-B.)
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Gomri C, Benkhaled BT, Chaix A, Dorandeu C, Chopineau J, Petit E, Aissou K, Cot D, Cretin M, Semsarilar M. A facile approach to modify cellulose nanocrystal for the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121189. [PMID: 37567721 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose-based materials are a sustainable alternative to polymers derived from petroleum. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a biopolymer belonging to this family; it is commonly known for its important physical and chemical properties and ability to form a film. Modifying CNC via electrostatic interaction provided by cationic polymers is a facile and promising technique to enlarge the application of CNC. Herein, we report the preparation of films, from blends of negatively charged CNC and positively charged poly (trimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (PTMAEMA). The interaction between CNC and PTMAEMA was verified by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), as well as by measuring the particle size and ζ-potential of the casting mixture. To favor the application of the nanocomposite film in water treatment, the film was supported on Whatman™ paper, and adsorption tests were conducted using perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as a model compound for the family of persistent fluorinated pollutants known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaimaa Gomri
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Belkacem Tarek Benkhaled
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Chaix
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Joel Chopineau
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Eddy Petit
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Karim Aissou
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Cot
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Cretin
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mona Semsarilar
- Institut Européen des Membranes-IEM (UMR 5635), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Garg S, Goel N. Encapsulation of heavy metal ions via adsorption using cellulose/ZnO composite: First principles approach. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 124:108566. [PMID: 37487371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of the current research is to describe an effective and eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of aquatic micropollutants. The design of the cellulose-modified zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite was successfully carried out by density functional calculations. The proposed structures of the constituent and composite materials were confirmed using formation energy (Ef), frontier orbitals, band gaps (Egap), density of state (DOS) plots, natural bond orbitals (NBO), and UV-Vis spectral analysis. The cellulose/(ZnO)12 composite was further used for the adsorption of different heavy metal ions such as Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and As(III) through calculation of electronic and optical properties. The values of the adsorption energy (Eads) show that the As(III) interacted better with the composite in both phases, i.e., gas (-806.98 kcal/mol) and aqueous (-491.66 kcal/mol). The analysis of frontier molecular orbital data exhibited a decrease in the Egap of composite@metal ion complexes. The high negative value of the solvation energies (ΔEsol) indicates the suitability of composite@metal ions in an aqueous environment. The nature of interactions between metal ions and the composite unit is analyzed by noncovalent interactions (NCI) and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). The theoretical results of the present study show the feasibility of the cellulose/(ZnO)12 composite for the removal of heavy metal ions and provide useful information to experimentalists to treat contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Garg
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Neetu Goel
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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E Z, Liang J, Dong Y, Chao Q, Li P, Fan Q. Different photoreduction processes of Cr(VI) on cellulose-rich and lignin-rich biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116819. [PMID: 37541418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of biochar were prepared via pyrolyzing cellulose-rich pakchoi (PBC) and lignin-rich corncob (CBC) to explore the photoreduction process of Cr(VI). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed higher oxygenated functional groups in PBC (48.9%-57.1%), whereas CBC exhibited more aromatization properties due to the stable aromatic network in lignin. For PBC, the valence bands decreased from 1.42 eV to 1.20 eV with the increase of pyrolysis temperature from 300 °C to 500 °C; however, an opposite trend was observed for CBC. The photoreduction of Cr(VI) clearly showed that both PBC and CBC had the best performance at the carbonization temperature of 300 °C (named PBC300 and CBC300). It is noted that PBC300 exhibited the most effective photoreduction of Cr(VI), which was about 1.3 times higher than that of CBC300. The maximum reduction capacities of Cr(VI) were 68.2 mg g-1 on PBC300 and 66.1 mg g-1 on CBC300 at pH∼2.0. Compared with the insoluble char substances, dissolved black carbons made more contributions for Cr(VI) photoreduction, ∼70% in PBC and almost 100% in CBC, which suggested that in the case of PBC, the insoluble char and the corresponding dissolved black carbons play an important role in the photoreduction of Cr(VI). However, only dissolved black carbons contributed to Cr(VI) photoreduction on CBC. As the key reaction pathway, the interfacial electron transport dominated Cr(VI) reduction on PBC and CBC. Moreover, the radical of •O2- had some contribution to the reduction of Cr(VI) only in the PBC system. Interestingly, •OH could promote the photoreduction of Cr(VI) in both PBC and CBC systems, which might be due to the fact that •OH facilitated the formation of small molecule fragments. These findings provide an essential basis for evaluating the environmental impact of photocatalytic behaviors of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang E
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianjun Liang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Strategic Mineral Resources of the Upper Yellow River, Ministry of Natural Resources, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yaqiong Dong
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Chao
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Li
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Strategic Mineral Resources of the Upper Yellow River, Ministry of Natural Resources, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiaohui Fan
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Strategic Mineral Resources of the Upper Yellow River, Ministry of Natural Resources, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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38
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Ferreira FV, Souza AG, Ajdary R, de Souza LP, Lopes JH, Correa DS, Siqueira G, Barud HS, Rosa DDS, Mattoso LH, Rojas OJ. Nanocellulose-based porous materials: Regulation and pathway to commercialization in regenerative medicine. Bioact Mater 2023; 29:151-176. [PMID: 37502678 PMCID: PMC10368849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the recent progress that have led to the development of porous materials based on cellulose nanostructures found in plants and other resources. In light of the properties that emerge from the chemistry, shape and structural control, we discuss some of the most promising uses of a plant-based material, nanocellulose, in regenerative medicine. Following a brief discussion about the fundamental aspects of self-assembly of nanocellulose precursors, we review the key strategies needed for material synthesis and to adjust the architecture of the materials (using three-dimensional printing, freeze-casted porous materials, and electrospinning) according to their uses in tissue engineering, artificial organs, controlled drug delivery and wound healing systems, among others. For this purpose, we map the structure-property-function relationships of nanocellulose-based porous materials and examine the course of actions that are required to translate innovation from the laboratory to industry. Such efforts require attention to regulatory aspects and market pull. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities in this nascent field are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe V. Ferreira
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation – Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-979, Brazil
| | - Alana G. Souza
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Rubina Ajdary
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Lucas P. de Souza
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - João H. Lopes
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Sciences (IEF), Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA), São Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation – Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-979, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hernane S. Barud
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Laboratory (BIOPOLMAT), University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, 14801-340, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Derval dos S. Rosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Luiz H.C. Mattoso
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation – Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-979, Brazil
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Las-Casas B, Dias IKR, Yupanqui-Mendoza SL, Pereira B, Costa GR, Rojas OJ, Arantes V. The emergence of hybrid cellulose nanomaterials as promising biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126007. [PMID: 37524277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are promising green materials due to their unique properties as well as their environmental benefits. Among these materials, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) are the most extensively researched types of CNs. While they share some fundamental properties like low density, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity, they also possess unique differentiating characteristics such as morphology, rheology, aspect ratio, crystallinity, mechanical and optical properties. Therefore, numerous comparative studies have been conducted, and recently, various studies have reported the synergetic advantages resulting from combining CNF and CNC. In this review, we initiate by addressing the terminology used to describe combinations of these and other types of CNs, proposing "hybrid cellulose nanomaterials" (HCNs) as the standardized classifictation for these materials. Subsequently, we briefly cover aspects of properties-driven applications and the performance of CNs, from both an individual and comparative perspective. Next, we comprehensively examine the potential of HCN-based materials, highlighting their performance for various applications. In conclusion, HCNs have demonstraded remarkable success in diverse areas, such as food packaging, electronic devices, 3D printing, biomedical and other fields, resulting in materials with superior performance when compared to neat CNF or CNC. Therefore, HCNs exhibit great potential for the development of environmentally friendly materials with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Las-Casas
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabella K R Dias
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luis Yupanqui-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Costa
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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40
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Leong MY, Kong YL, Harun MY, Looi CY, Wong WF. Current advances of nanocellulose application in biomedical field. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108899. [PMID: 37478689 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural fiber that can be extracted in fibrils or crystals form from different natural sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. In recent years, nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable biomaterial for various medicinal applications including drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatment due to its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and exceptional water holding capacity for cell immobilization. Many antimicrobial products can be produced due to the chemical functionality of nanocellulose, such disposable antibacterial smart masks for healthcare use. This article discusses comprehensively three types of nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in view of their structural and functional properties, extraction methods, and the distinctive biomedical applications based on the recently published work. On top of that, the biosafety profile and the future perspectives of nanocellulose-based biomaterials have been further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Leong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Y L Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American Degree Program, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - M Y Harun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - C Y Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - W F Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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41
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Pratiwi H, Kusmono, Wildan MW. Oxidized Cellulose Nanocrystals from Durian Peel Waste by Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30262-30272. [PMID: 38174106 PMCID: PMC10763620 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained much attention due to their biodegradable, renewable, nontoxic, and inexpensive nanomaterials with some remarkable properties. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals from durian peel waste were isolated by chemical oxidation. This process involved two stages of a chemical process, namely, bleaching followed by oxidation of ammonium persulfate (APS). The impact of process parameters (APS concentrations and oxidation temperatures) on the oxidized CNC was assessed. The properties of CNC were investigated by attenuated total reflection-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ATR-IR results showed that the structure of cellulose did not change during APS oxidation. XRD results indicated that APS oxidation improved the crystallinity index by 103% due to the removal of the amorphous components. The resulting CNC was needlelike in shape and had an average width range of 5.00-7.81 nm, a length range of 114.52-126.83 nm, and an aspect ratio range of 16.76-24.20. From the TGA analysis, the thermal stability was found to increase with increasing oxidation temperature. The optimum conditions for a maximum crystallinity index and the highest thermal stability were obtained at 80°C oxidation with 1 M APS. Therefore, APS oxidation was a remarkable method for increasing the value of durian peel waste into high-value nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny Pratiwi
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering Education, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Jl. Colombo No. 1, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Kusmono
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Waziz Wildan
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Gabrielli V, Ferrarini A, Frasconi M. A study across scales to unveil microstructural regimes in the multivalent metal driven self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13384-13392. [PMID: 37531168 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01418e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behaviour of self-assembled systems, from nanoscale building blocks to bulk materials, is a central theme for the rational design of high-performance materials. Herein, we revealed, at different length scales, how the self-assembly of TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNCs) into rod fractal gels is directed by the complexation of Fe3+ ions on the surface of colloidal particles. Different specificities in Fe3+ binding on the TOCNC surface and conformational changes of the nanocellulose chain were unveiled by paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy. The macroscopic properties of systems presenting different concentrations of TOCNCs and Fe3+ ions were investigated by rheology and microscopy, demonstrating the tunability of the self-assembly of cellulose nanorods driven by Fe3+ complexation. Near-atomistic coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were developed to gain microscopic insight into the behaviour of this colloidal system. We found that the formation of different self-assembled architectures is driven by metal-nanocellulose complexation combined with the attenuation of electrostatic repulsion and water structuration around cellulose, leading to different microstructural regimes, from isolated nanorods to disconnected rod fractal clusters and rod fractal gels. These findings lay the foundation to unlock the full potential of cellulose nanocrystals as sustainable building blocks to develop self-assembled materials with defined structural control for a range of advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gabrielli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberta Ferrarini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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43
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Xu Y, Xu Y, Deng W, Chen H, Xiong J. Extracting dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystals using choline chloride/urea-based deep eutectic solvents: A comparative study in NaIO 4 pre-oxidation and synchronous oxidation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125604. [PMID: 37392908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystals (DCNC) are defined as C2 and C3 aldehyde nanocellulose, which can be used as raw materials for nanocellulose derivatization, owing to the high activity of aldehyde groups. Herein, a comparative study in NaIO4 pre-oxidation and synchronous oxidation is investigated for DCNC extraction via choline chloride (ChCl)/urea-based deep eutectic solvent (DES). Ring-liked DCNC with an average particle size of 118 ± 11 nm, a yield of 49.25 %, an aldehyde group content of 6.29 mmol/g, a crystallinity of 69 %, and rod-liked DCNC with an average particle size of 109 ± 9 nm, a yield of 39.40 %, an aldehyde group content of 3.14 mmol/g, a crystallinity of 75 % can be extracted via optimized DES treatment combined with pre-oxidation and synchronous oxidation, respectively. In addition, the average particle size, size distribution, and aldehyde group content of DCNC were involved. TEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA results reveal the variation of microstructure, chemical structure, crystalline structure, and thermostability of two kinds of DCNC during extraction even though the obtained DCNC exhibiting different micromorphology, pre-oxidation, or synchronous oxidation during ChCl/urea-based DES treatment can be considered as an efficient approach for DCNC extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical & Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical & Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Wenhuan Deng
- College of Bioresources Chemical & Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical & Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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Jahed KR, Saini AK, Sherif SM. Coping with the cold: unveiling cryoprotectants, molecular signaling pathways, and strategies for cold stress resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1246093. [PMID: 37649996 PMCID: PMC10465183 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1246093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature stress significantly threatens crop productivity and economic sustainability. Plants counter this by deploying advanced molecular mechanisms to perceive and respond to cold stress. Transmembrane proteins initiate these responses, triggering a series of events involving secondary messengers such as calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inositol phosphates. Of these, calcium signaling is paramount, activating downstream phosphorylation cascades and the transcription of cold-responsive genes, including cold-regulated (COR) genes. This review focuses on how plants manage freeze-induced damage through dual strategies: cold tolerance and cold avoidance. Tolerance mechanisms involve acclimatization to decreasing temperatures, fostering gradual accumulation of cold resistance. In contrast, avoidance mechanisms rely on cryoprotectant molecules like potassium ions (K+), proline, glycerol, and antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Cryoprotectants modulate intracellular solute concentration, lower the freezing point, inhibit ice formation, and preserve plasma membrane fluidity. Additionally, these molecules demonstrate antioxidant activity, scavenging ROS, preventing protein denaturation, and subsequently mitigating cellular damage. By forming extensive hydrogen bonds with water molecules, cryoprotectants also limit intercellular water movement, minimizing extracellular ice crystal formation, and cell dehydration. The deployment of cryoprotectants is a key adaptive strategy that bolsters plant resilience to cold stress and promotes survival in freezing environments. However, the specific physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying these protective effects remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this review underscores the need for further research to elucidate these mechanisms and assess their potential impact on crop productivity and sustainability, contributing to the progressive discourse in plant biology and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherif M. Sherif
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
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45
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Vidal E, Alexis F, Camiña JM, Garcia CD, Whitehead DC. Removal of metals and inorganics from rendered fat using polyamine-modified cellulose nanocrystals. RSC SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 1:1184-1191. [PMID: 38013677 PMCID: PMC10399612 DOI: 10.1039/d3su00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Meatpacking and poultry operations produce an enormous amount of co-products including offal, fat, blood, feathers etc. that are collected and processed by the rendering industry into value-added materials such as various protein meals and rendered fat products. Rendered fats (mainly composed of triglycerides from the adipose tissue of animals or used cooking oil from the restaurant industry) are sold for a variety of applications including animal feed formulations. Nonetheless, in the current context of energy scarcity, their use as feedstocks for the generation of renewable fuels including biodiesel and renewable diesel represents a growing market. The diverse composition of the source material can impose significant challenges in terms of compliance, requiring the control (and reduction) of the concentration of elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and other undesirable metals that can otherwise interfere with critical aspects of the refining process or contaminate the renewable fuel products. To address this critical need, we describe the application of poly(ethylenimine)-modified cellulose nanocrystals as a low-cost material for the removal of unwanted metal/inorganic cations from rendered fat. A total of 28 real samples including poultry, white pork grease, and beef tallow were analyzed. Test results showed that the approach can effectively decrease the concentration of the target elements by 95 ± 2%, suggesting that this treatment protocol could dramatically improve the application of rendered fat products for renewable fuel refining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University 211 S. Palmetto Blvd, Hunter Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA +1 864 656 3128
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech San Miguel de Urcuquí Ecuador
| | - José M Camiña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa La Pampa Argentina
| | - Carlos D Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University 211 S. Palmetto Blvd, Hunter Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA +1 864 656 3128
| | - Daniel C Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University 211 S. Palmetto Blvd, Hunter Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA +1 864 656 3128
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46
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Andrew LJ, Gillman ER, Walters CM, Lizundia E, MacLachlan MJ. Multi-Responsive Supercapacitors from Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Activated Carbon Aerogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301947. [PMID: 37093171 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of long-lived electrochemical energy storage systems based on renewable materials is integral for the transition toward a more sustainable society. Supercapacitors have garnered considerable interest given their impressive cycling performance, low cost, and safety. Here, the first example of a chiral nematic activated carbon aerogel is shown. Specifically, supercapacitor materials are developed based on cellulose, a non-toxic and biodegradable material. The chiral nematic structure of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is harnessed to obtain free-standing hierarchically ordered activated carbon aerogels. To impart multifunctionality, iron- and cobalt-oxide nanoparticles are incorporated within the CNC matrix. The hierarchical structure remains intact even at nanoparticle concentrations of ≈70 wt%. The aerogels are highly porous, with specific surface areas up to 820 m2 g-1 . A maximum magnetization of 17.8 ± 0.1 emu g-1 with superparamagnetic behavior is obtained, providing a base for actuator applications. These materials are employed as symmetric supercapacitors; owing to the concomitant effect of the hierarchically arranged carbon skeleton and KOH activation, a maximum Cp of 294 F g-1 with a capacitance retention of 93% after 2500 cycles at 50 mV s-1 is achieved. The multifunctionality of the composite aerogels opens new possibilities for the use of biomass-derived materials in energy storage and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Andrew
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Emma R Gillman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- UBC BioProducts Institute, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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47
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Ji C, Wang Y. Nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions: Fabrication, stabilization, and food applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102970. [PMID: 37523998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions have been widely studied due to their good stability and potential applications. Nanocellulose including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (BCNFs) has emerged as sustainable stabilizers/emulsifiers in food-related Pickering emulsions due to their favorable properties such as renewability, low toxicity, amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, and high aspect ratio. Nanocellulose can be widely obtained from different sources and extraction methods and can effectively stabilize Pickering emulsions via the irreversible adsorption onto oil-water interface. The synergistic effects of nanocellulose and other substances can further enhance the interfacial networks. The nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions have potential food-related applications in delivery systems, food packaging materials, and fat substitutes. Nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions as 3D printing inks exhibit good injectable and gelling properties and are promising to print spatial architectures. In the future, the utilization of biomass waste and the development of "green" and facile extraction methods for nanocellulose production deserve more attention. The stability of nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions in multi-component food systems and at various conditions is an utmost challenge. Moreover, the case-by-case studies on the potential safety issues of nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions need to be carried out with the standardized assessment procedures. In this review, we highlight key fundamental work and recent reports on nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsion systems. The sources and extraction of nanocellulose and the fabrication of nanocellulose-based Pickering emulsions are briefly summarized. Furthermore, the synergistic stability and food-related applications of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions are spotlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuye Ji
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
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48
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Lan R, Shen W, Yao W, Chen J, Chen X, Yang H. Bioinspired humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials: from adaptive soft actuators to visualized sensors and detectors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2824-2844. [PMID: 37211901 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, humidity-responsive materials and devices have attracted significant interest from scientists in multiple disciplines, ranging from chemistry, physics and materials science to biomimetics. Owing to their superiorities, including harmless stimulus and untethered control, humidity-driven materials have been widely investigated for application in soft robots, smart sensors and detectors, biomimetic devices and anticounterfeiting labels. Especially, humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials are particularly appealing due to the combination of programmable and adaptive liquid crystal matrix and humidity-controllability, enabling the fabrication of advanced self-adaptive robots and visualized sensors. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in humidity-driven liquid crystalline materials. First, a brief introduction of liquid crystal materials, including liquid crystalline polymers, cholesteric liquid crystals, blue-phase liquid crystals and cholesteric cellulose nanocrystals is provided. Subsequently, the mechanisms of humidity-responsiveness are presented, followed by the diverse strategies for the fabrication of humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials. The applications of humidity-driven devices will be presented ranging from soft actuators to visualized sensors and detectors. Finally, we provide an outlook on the development of humidity-driven liquid crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Lan
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wenbo Shen
- Hangzhou WITLANCE Technology Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wenhuan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Huai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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49
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Magalhães S, Fernandes C, Pedrosa JFS, Alves L, Medronho B, Ferreira PJT, Rasteiro MDG. Eco-Friendly Methods for Extraction and Modification of Cellulose: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3138. [PMID: 37514527 PMCID: PMC10386580 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable polymer on Earth and can be obtained from several different sources, such as trees, grass, or biomass residues. However, one of the issues is that not all the fractionation processes are eco-friendly and are essentially based on cooking the lignocellulose feedstock in a harsh chemical mixture, such as NaOH + Na2S, and water, to break loose fibers. In the last few years, new sustainable fractionation processes have been developed that enable the obtaining of cellulose fibers in a more eco-friendly way. As a raw material, cellulose's use is widely known and established in many areas. Additionally, its products/derivatives are recognized to have a far better environmental impact than fossil-based materials. Examples are textiles and packaging, where forest-based fibers may contribute to renewable and biodegradable substitutes for common synthetic materials and plastics. In this review, some of the main structural characteristics and properties of cellulose, recent green extraction methods/strategies, chemical modification, and applications of cellulose derivatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Magalhães
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Fernandes
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Jorge F S Pedrosa
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Alves
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Medronho
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- FSCN, Surface and Colloid Engineering, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Paulo J T Ferreira
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria da Graça Rasteiro
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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50
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Tong Y, Huang S, Meng X, Wang Y. Aqueous-Cellulose-Solvent-Derived Changes in Cellulose Nanocrystal Structure and Reinforcing Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3030. [PMID: 37514420 PMCID: PMC10386394 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcing agents have received considerable interest, and their dimension mainly depends on the original sources of cellulose. We intend to manually modulate the morphology of cellulose nanocrystals by treating them with cellulose solvents so that we can explore their reinforcing capacity. In this work, waste cotton fabric was processed in two aqueous solvents (a sulfuric acid aqueous solution and a NaOH/urea aqueous solution), and the regenerated cellulose was used to produce cellulose nanocrystals using acid hydrolysis. The results revealed that the nanocrystals (RCNC-H) obtained after the treatment in sulfuric acid had a hybrid crystalline structure and a needle-like shape with an aspect ratio of about 15.2, while cotton fabric was completely dissolved in the NaOH/urea aqueous solution, and the regenerated nanocrystals (RCNC-N) displayed a typical crystalline form of cellulose II with a higher crystallinity and a shorter rod-like shape with an aspect ratio of about 6.3. The reinforcing effects of RCNC-H and RCNC-N were evaluated using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films as a model, where the addition of RCNC-H resulted in a relatively better tensile strength and oxygen barrier property, and the PVA/RCNC-N films had a slightly lower water vapor permeability. Therefore, this work suggests a new possibility for altering the naturally formed nanostructure of cellulose for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Tong
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling St., Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Xianjun Meng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling St., Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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