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Miranda A, Shekhtman T, McCarthy M, DeModena A, Leckband SG, Kelsoe JR. Study of 45 candidate genes suggests CACNG2 may be associated with lithium response in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2019; 248:175-179. [PMID: 30738251 PMCID: PMC7292366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is characterized by fluctuations between manic and depressive phases. Lithium is the original and best mood stabilizing treatment for bipolar disorder. While its mechanism is not well understood, it is believed to have a strong genetic component, as several studies suggest that lithium responsiveness, in bipolar disorder, is heritable. In this study we aimed to identify genetic variants that are associated with lithium responsiveness in bipolar disorder. METHODS Here we present two cohorts; a retrospective cohort in which patients were surveyed about their response to lithium, and a prospective cohort, in which patients were placed on a lithium monotherapy and monitored for their response to lithium. In both cohorts, patients were stratified into two categories in terms of lithium response; good responders and poor responders. 45 genes were selected based on previous associations with lithium pathways or bipolar disorder and 684 SNPs within these genes were selected to test for association with lithium response. RESULTS While no single SNP was significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, there were several that were nominally significant (p < 0.05). Of these nominally significant SNPs, the most highly significant SNP in both the prospective and retrospective cohorts were found to be in CACNG2, or Stargazin. The second best association with lithium response was several SNPs in NRG1, a gene that has previously been associated with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for the association of lithium response with SNPs in CACNG2 is consistent with previous findings that have identified CACNG2 as associated with both bipolar disorder and lithium responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093 CA, USA
| | - Tatyana Shekhtman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093 CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093 CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna DeModena
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093 CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan G Leckband
- Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093 CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Wang J, Luo J, Aryal DK, Wetsel WC, Nass R, Benovic JL. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK-2) regulates serotonin metabolism through the monoamine oxidase AMX-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5943-5956. [PMID: 28213524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many animal behaviors. GPCR signaling is mediated by agonist-promoted interactions of GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and arrestins. To further elucidate the role of GRKs in regulating GPCR-mediated behaviors, we utilized the genetic model system Caenorhabditis elegans Our studies demonstrate that grk-2 loss-of-function strains are egg laying-defective and contain low levels of serotonin (5-HT) and high levels of the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). The egg laying defect could be rescued by the expression of wild type but not by catalytically inactive grk-2 or by the selective expression of grk-2 in hermaphrodite-specific neurons. The addition of 5-HT or inhibition of 5-HT metabolism also rescued the egg laying defect. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AMX-2 is the primary monoamine oxidase that metabolizes 5-HT in C. elegans, and we also found that grk-2 loss-of-function strains have abnormally high levels of AMX-2 compared with wild-type nematodes. Interestingly, GRK-2 was also found to interact with and promote the phosphorylation of AMX-2. Additional studies reveal that 5-HIAA functions to inhibit egg laying in a manner dependent on the 5-HT receptor SER-1 and the G protein GOA-1. These results demonstrate that GRK-2 modulates 5-HT metabolism by regulating AMX-2 function and that 5-HIAA may function in the SER-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Jiansong Luo
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | | | - William C Wetsel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.,Cell Biology, and.,Neurobiology and.,Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - Richard Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107,
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3
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Ross J, Gedvilaite E, Badner JA, Erdman C, Baird L, Matsunami N, Leppert M, Xing J, Byerley W. A Rare Variant in CACNA1D Segregates with 7 Bipolar I Disorder Cases in a Large Pedigree. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2016; 2:145-150. [PMID: 27867939 DOI: 10.1159/000448041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 3 bipolar I disorder (BPI) cases from a multiplex pedigree of European ancestry with 7 BPI cases. Within CACNA1D, a gene implicated by genome-wide association studies, a G to C nucleotide transversion at 53,835,340 base pairs (bps) was found predicting the substitution of proline for alanine at amino acid position 1751 (A1751P). Using Sanger sequencing, the DNA variant was shown to co-segregate with the remaining 4 BPI cases within the pedigree. A high-resolution DNA denaturing curve method was then used to screen for the presence of the A1751P change in 4,150 BPI cases from the NIMH Genetics Initiative. The A1751P variant was found in 4 BPI cases. A second variant within exon 43, a C to T nucleotide transition, was found in 1 case at 53,835,355 bps, predicting the substitution of tryptophan for arginine at amino acid position 1771 (R1771W). In the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project database, the heterozygous A1751P variant was present in 3 of 4,300 subjects of European ancestry, and the R1771W change was not present in any subject. Given the rarity of these variants, large-scale case/control rare variant sequencing studies will be required for definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
| | - Erika Gedvilaite
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., USA
| | - Judith A Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Carolyn Erdman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nori Matsunami
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mark Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., USA
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA
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4
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Liu X, Kelsoe JR, Greenwood TA. A genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder with comorbid eating disorder replicates the SOX2-OT region. J Affect Disord 2016; 189:141-9. [PMID: 26433762 PMCID: PMC4640946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is a heterogeneous mood disorder associated with several important clinical comorbidities, such as eating disorders. This clinical heterogeneity complicates the identification of genetic variants contributing to bipolar susceptibility. Here we investigate comorbidity of eating disorders as a subphenotype of bipolar disorder to identify genetic variation that is common and unique to both disorders. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association analysis contrasting 184 bipolar subjects with eating disorder comorbidity against both 1370 controls and 2006 subjects with bipolar disorder only from the Bipolar Genome Study (BiGS). RESULTS The most significant genome-wide finding was observed bipolar with comorbid eating disorder vs. controls within SOX2-OT (p=8.9×10(-8) for rs4854912) with a secondary peak in the adjacent FXR1 gene (p=1.2×10(-6) for rs1805576) on chromosome 3q26.33. This region was also the most prominent finding in the case-only analysis (p=3.5×10(-7) and 4.3×10(-6), respectively). Several regions of interest containing genes involved in neurodevelopment and neuroprotection processes were also identified. LIMITATIONS While our primary finding did not quite reach genome-wide significance, likely due to the relatively limited sample size, these results can be viewed as a replication of a recent study of eating disorders in a large cohort. CONCLUSIONS These findings replicate the prior association of SOX2-OT with eating disorders and broadly support the involvement of neurodevelopmental/neuroprotective mechanisms in the pathophysiology of both disorders. They further suggest that different clinical manifestations of bipolar disorder may reflect differential genetic contributions and argue for the utility of clinical subphenotypes in identifying additional molecular pathways leading to illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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A significant risk locus on 19q13 for bipolar disorder identified using a combined genome-wide linkage and copy number variation analysis. BioData Min 2015; 8:42. [PMID: 26692414 PMCID: PMC4683747 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-015-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic background to bipolar disorder (BPD) has been attributed to different genetic and genomic risk factors. In the present study we hypothesized that inherited copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to susceptibility of BPD. We screened 637 BP-pedigrees from the NIMH Genetic Initiative and gave priority to 46 pedigrees. In this subsample we performed parametric and non-parametric genome-wide linkage analyses using ~21,000 SNP-markers. We developed an algorithm to test for linkage restricted to regions with CNVs that are shared within and across families. Results For the combined CNV and linkage analysis, one region on 19q13 survived correction for multiple comparisons and replicates a previous BPD risk locus. The shared CNV map to the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) gene, a gene-family not previously implicated in BPD etiology. Two SNPs in the shared CNV are likely transcription factor binding sites and are linked to expression of an F-box binding gene, a key regulator of neuronal pathways suggested to be involved in BPD etiology. Conclusions Our CNV-weighted linkage approach identifies a risk locus for BPD on 19q13 and forms a useful tool to future studies to unravel part of the genetic vulnerability to BPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13040-015-0076-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Waters RP, Rivalan M, Bangasser DA, Deussing JM, Ising M, Wood SK, Holsboer F, Summers CH. Evidence for the role of corticotropin-releasing factor in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:63-78. [PMID: 26271720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a devastating disease affecting over 300 million people worldwide, and costing an estimated 380 billion Euros in lost productivity and health care in the European Union alone. Although a wealth of research has been directed toward understanding and treating MDD, still no therapy has proved to be consistently and reliably effective in interrupting the symptoms of this disease. Recent clinical and preclinical studies, using genetic screening and transgenic rodents, respectively, suggest a major role of the CRF1 gene, and the central expression of CRF1 receptor protein in determining an individual's risk of developing MDD. This gene is widely expressed in brain tissue, and regulates an organism's immediate and long-term responses to social and environmental stressors, which are primary contributors to MDD. This review presents the current state of knowledge on CRF physiology, and how it may influence the occurrence of symptoms associated with MDD. Additionally, this review presents findings from multiple laboratories that were presented as part of a symposium on this topic at the annual 2014 meeting of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society (IBNS). The ideas and data presented in this review demonstrate the great progress that has been made over the past few decades in our understanding of MDD, and provide a pathway forward toward developing novel treatments and detection methods for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S K Wood
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - F Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; HMNC GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Cliff H Summers
- University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA.
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Kandaswamy R, McQuillin A, Curtis D, Gurling H. Allelic association, DNA resequencing and copy number variation at the metabotropic glutamate receptor GRM7 gene locus in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:365-72. [PMID: 24804643 PMCID: PMC4231221 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic markers at the GRM7 gene have shown allelic association with bipolar disorder (BP) in several case-control samples including our own sample. In this report, we present results of resequencing the GRM7 gene in 32 bipolar samples and 32 random controls selected from 553 bipolar cases and 547 control samples (UCL1). Novel and potential etiological base pair changes discovered by resequencing were genotyped in the entire UCL case-control sample. We also report on the association between GRM7 and BP in a second sample of 593 patients and 642 controls (UCL2). The three most significantly associated SNPs in the original UCL1 BP GWAS sample were genotyped in the UCL2 sample, of which none were associated. After combining the genotype data for the two samples only two (rs1508724 and rs6769814) of the original three SNP markers remained significantly associated with BP. DNA sequencing revealed mutations in three cases which were absent in control subjects. A 3'-UTR SNP rs56173829 was found to be significantly associated with BP in the whole UCL sample (P = 0.035; OR = 0.482), the rare allele being less common in cases compared to controls. Bioinformatic analyses predicted a change in the centroid secondary structure of RNA and alterations in the miRNA binding sites for the mutated base of rs56173829. We also validated two deletions and a duplication within GRM7 using quantitative-PCR which provides further support for the pre-existing evidence that copy number variants at GRM7 may have a role in the etiology of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Kandaswamy
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College LondonLondon, UK,* Correspondence to: Andrew McQuillin, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, Rockefeller Building, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. E-mail:
| | - David Curtis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Hugh Gurling
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College LondonLondon, UK
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Greenwood TA, Badner JA, Byerley W, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, Kelsoe JR. Heritability and linkage analysis of personality in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:748-755. [PMID: 23972719 PMCID: PMC3797235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The many attempts that have been made to identify genes for bipolar disorder (BD) have met with limited success, which may reflect an inadequacy of diagnosis as an informative and biologically relevant phenotype for genetic studies. Here we have explored aspects of personality as quantitative phenotypes for bipolar disorder through the use of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), which assesses personality in seven dimensions. Four temperament dimensions are assessed: novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (PS). Three character dimensions are also included: self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (CO), and self-transcendence (ST). METHODS We compared personality scores between diagnostic groups and assessed heritability in a sample of 101 families collected for genetic studies of BD. A genome-wide SNP linkage analysis was then performed in the subset of 51 families for which genetic data was available. RESULTS Significant group differences were observed between BD subjects, their first-degree relatives, and independent controls for all but RD and PS, and all but HA and RD were found to be significantly heritable in this sample. Linkage analysis of the heritable dimensions produced several suggestive linkage peaks for NS (chromosomes 7q21 and 10p15), PS (chromosomes 6q16, 12p13, and 19p13), and SD (chromosomes 4q35, 8q24, and 18q12). LIMITATIONS The relatively small size of our linkage sample likely limited our ability to reach genome-wide significance in this study. CONCLUSIONS While not genome-wide significant, these results suggest that aspects of personality may prove useful in the identification of genes underlying BD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Paul E. Keck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Susan L. McElroy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH,Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH
| | | | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Greenwood TA, Badner JA, Byerley W, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, Akiskal HS, Kelsoe JR. Heritability and genome-wide SNP linkage analysis of temperament in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:1031-40. [PMID: 23759419 PMCID: PMC3759543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The many attempts to identify genes for bipolar disorder (BD) have met with limited success, which has generally been attributed to genetic heterogeneity and small gene effects. However, it is also possible that the categorical phenotypes used in genetic studies of BD are not the most informative or biologically relevant. We have explored aspects of temperament as quantitative phenotypes for BD through the use of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A), which is designed to assess lifelong, milder aspects of bipolar symptomatology and defines five temperaments: hyperthymic, dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious. METHODS We compared temperament scores between diagnostic groups and assessed heritability in a sample of 101 families collected for genetic studies of BD. A genome-wide SNP linkage study was then performed in the subset of 51 families for which genetic data was available. RESULTS Significant group differences were observed between BD subjects, their first-degree relatives, and independent controls, and all five temperaments were found to be significantly heritable, with heritabilities ranging from 21% for the hyperthymic to 52% for the irritable temperaments. Suggestive evidence for linkage was observed for the hyperthymic (chromosomes 1q44, 2p16, 6q16, and 14q23), dysthymic (chromosomes 3p21 and 13q34), and irritable (chromosome 6q24) temperaments. LIMITATIONS The relatively small size of our linkage sample likely limited our ability to reach genome-wide significance in this study. CONCLUSIONS While not genome-wide significant, these results suggest that aspects of temperament may prove useful in the identification of genes underlying BD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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10
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Greenwood TA, Joo EJ, Shektman T, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Kelsoe JR. Association of dopamine transporter gene variants with childhood ADHD features in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:137-45. [PMID: 23255304 PMCID: PMC3904300 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit remarkably high rates of comorbidity, as well as patterns of familial co-segregation. Epidemiological data suggests that these disorders either share a common genetic architecture or that ADHD features in BD may represent an etiologically distinct subtype. We previously used the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) to assess ADHD features in BD families and identified three heritable factors relating to impulsivity, mood instability, and inattention. Linkage analysis revealed a LOD score of 1.33 for the inattention factor on 5p15.3 near the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), which has been associated with both BD and ADHD. Pharmacological evidence also suggests a role for DAT in both disorders. We have now evaluated the association of ten DAT1 variants for the WURS total score and factors in an overlapping sample of 87 BD families. Significant associations for three SNPs were observed across the WURS measures, notably for a SNP in intron 8 with the WURS total score (P = 0.007) and for variants in introns 9 and 13 with mood instability (P = 0.009 and 0.004, respectively). Analysis of an independent sample of 52 BD cases and 46 healthy controls further supported association of the intron 8 variant with mood instability (P = 0.005), and a combined analysis confirmed the associations of this SNP with WURS total score. Impulsivity and mood instability (P = 0.002, 0.007, and 8 × 10(-4), respectively). These data suggest that variants within DAT1 may predispose to a subtype of BD characterized by early prodromal features that include attentional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Greenwood TA, Kelsoe JR. Genome-wide association study of irritable vs. elated mania suggests genetic differences between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53804. [PMID: 23326512 PMCID: PMC3542199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of clinical features to define subtypes of a disorder may aid in gene identification for complex diseases. In particular, clinical subtypes of mania may distinguish phenotypic subgroups of bipolar subjects that may also differ genetically. To assess this possibility, we performed a genome-wide association study using genotype data from the Bipolar Genome Study (BiGS) and subjects that were categorized as having either irritable or elated mania during their most severe episode. A bipolar case-only analysis in the GAIN bipolar sample identified several genomic regions that differed between irritable and elated subjects, the most significant of which was for 33 SNPs on chromosome 13q31 (peak p = 2×10(-7)). This broad peak is in a relative gene desert over an unknown EST and between the SLITRK1 and SLITRK6 genes. Evidence for association to this region came predominantly from subjects in the sample that were originally collected as part of a family-based bipolar linkage study, rather than those collected as bipolar singletons. We then genotyped an additional sample of bipolar singleton cases and controls, and the analysis of irritable vs. elated mania in this new sample did not replicate our previous findings. However, this lack of replication is likely due to the presence of significant differences in terms of clinical co-morbity that were identified between these singleton bipolar cases and those that were selected from families segregating the disorder. Despite these clinical differences, analysis of the combined sample provided continued support for 13q31 and other regions from our initial analysis. Though genome-wide significance was not achieved, our results suggest that irritable mania results from a distinct set of genes, including a region on chromosome 13q31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- San Diego Veterans Administration Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
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12
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Nissen S, Liang S, Shehktman T, Kelsoe JR, Greenwood TA, Nievergelt CM, McKinney R, Shilling PD, Smith EN, Schork NJ, Bloss CS, Nurnberger JI, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Koller DL, Gershon ES, Liu C, Badner JA, Scheftner WA, Lawson WB, Nwulia EA, Hipolito M, Coryell W, Rice J, Byerley W, McMahon FJ, Berrettini WH, Potash JB, Zandi PP, Mahon PB, McInnis MG, Zöllner S, Zhang P, Craig DW, Szelinger S, Barrett TB, Schulze TG. Evidence for association of bipolar disorder to haplotypes in the 22q12.3 region near the genes stargazin, IFT27 and parvalbumin. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:941-50. [PMID: 23038240 PMCID: PMC3665332 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported genome-wide significant linkage of bipolar disorder to a region on 22q12.3 near the marker D22S278. Towards identifying the susceptibility gene, we have conducted a fine-mapping association study of the region in two independent family samples, an independent case-control sample and a genome-wide association dataset. Two hundred SNPs were first examined in a 5 Mb region surrounding the D22S278 marker in a sample of 169 families and analyzed using PLINK. The peak of association was a haplotype near the genes stargazin (CACNG2), intraflagellar transport protein homolog 27 (IFT27) and parvalbumin (PVALB; P = 4.69 × 10(-4)). This peak overlapped a significant haplotype in a family based association study of a second independent sample of 294 families (P = 1.42 × 10(-5)). Analysis of the combined family sample yielded statistically significant evidence of association to a rare three SNP haplotype in the gene IFT27 (P = 8.89 × 10(-6)). Twelve SNPs comprising these haplotypes were genotyped in an independent sample of 574 bipolar I cases and 550 controls. Statistically significant association was found for a haplotype window that overlapped the region from the first two family samples (P = 3.43 × 10(-4)). However, analyses of the two family samples using the program LAMP, found no evidence for association in this region, but did yield significant evidence for association to a haplotype 3' of CACNG2 (P = 1.76 × 10(-6)). Furthermore, no evidence for association was found in a large genome-wide association dataset. The replication of association to overlapping haplotypes in three independent datasets suggests the presence of a bipolar disorder susceptibility gene in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California
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Greenwood TA, Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK, Kelsoe JR. Genome-wide association study of temperament in bipolar disorder reveals significant associations with three novel Loci. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:303-10. [PMID: 22365631 PMCID: PMC3925336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The many attempts to identify genes for bipolar disorder (BD) have met with limited success, which has generally been attributed to genetic heterogeneity and small gene effects. However, it is also possible that the categorical phenotypes used in genetic studies of BD are not the most informative or biologically relevant. Although quantitative phenotypes provide an alternative to categorical phenotypes based on diagnosis, they have not been fully exploited in BD genetics due to the lack of accessible biological measures. We have explored aspects of temperament as quantitative phenotypes that might define subtypes of BD with different clinical features and courses of illness. Temperament is a heritable personality factor that establishes the baseline level of reactivity, mood, and energy of a person. METHODS We have performed a genome-wide association study with genotype data from the Bipolar Genome Study and 1263 bipolar subjects that had completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). The TEMPS-A is designed to assess lifelong, milder aspects of bipolar symptomatology and defines five temperaments: hyperthymic, dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious. RESULTS The irritable temperament produced the most significant result with a genome-wide significant p value of 1.7 × 10(-8) on chromosome 1. The hyperthymic temperament produced additional genome-wide significant p values of 4.1 × 10(-8) and 2.1 × 10(-8) on chromosomes 12 and 22, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aspects of temperament might define subtypes of BD that are more clinically and genetically homogenous, which might aid in the identification of predisposing genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hagop S. Akiskal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,International Mood Center, La Jolla, CA,VA San Diego VA Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VA San Diego VA Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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14
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Witte AV, Flöel A. Effects of COMT polymorphisms on brain function and behavior in health and disease. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:418-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Because of the high costs associated with ascertainment of families, most linkage studies of Bipolar I disorder (BPI) have used relatively small samples. Moreover, the genetic information content reported in most studies has been less than 0.6. Although microsatellite markers spaced every 10 cM typically extract most of the genetic information content for larger multiplex families, they can be less informative for smaller pedigrees especially for affected sib pair kindreds. For these reasons we collaborated to pool family resources and carried out higher density genotyping. Approximately 1100 pedigrees of European ancestry were initially selected for study and were genotyped by the Center for Inherited Disease Research using the Illumina Linkage Panel 12 set of 6090 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Of the ~1100 families, 972 were informative for further analyses, and mean information content was 0.86 after pruning for linkage disequilibrium. The 972 kindreds include 2284 cases of BPI disorder, 498 individuals with bipolar II disorder (BPII) and 702 subjects with recurrent major depression. Three affection status models (ASMs) were considered: ASM1 (BPI and schizoaffective disorder, BP cases (SABP) only), ASM2 (ASM1 cases plus BPII) and ASM3 (ASM2 cases plus recurrent major depression). Both parametric and non-parametric linkage methods were carried out. The strongest findings occurred at 6q21 (non-parametric pairs LOD 3.4 for rs1046943 at 119 cM) and 9q21 (non-parametric pairs logarithm of odds (LOD) 3.4 for rs722642 at 78 cM) using only BPI and schizoaffective (SA), BP cases. Both results met genome-wide significant criteria, although neither was significant after correction for multiple analyses. We also inspected parametric scores for the larger multiplex families to identify possible rare susceptibility loci. In this analysis, we observed 59 parametric LODs of 2 or greater, many of which are likely to be close to maximum possible scores. Although some linkage findings may be false positives, the results could help prioritize the search for rare variants using whole exome or genome sequencing.
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16
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Identification of chromosome abnormalities in screening of a family with manic depression and psoriasis: predisposition to aneuploidy. Asian J Psychiatr 2012; 5:169-74. [PMID: 22813662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis is an important stage in understanding the genetic background of manic depression (MD), and may provide a valuable clue to the identification of target loci and successful search for major genes. In order to identify chromosomal regions we aimed to detect the relationships between chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and immunological markers in a family with MD and psoriasis. We used the cell cultivation and conventional G-banding. We found predominantly numerical aberrations. The most common aneuploidy was chromosome 8, followed by chromosome 22, 21, 15, X and Y. However, structural aberrations consisted of duplications, deletions, translocations and breaks, with a focus on: loci on del(1)(q12-q23), del(1)(q21.1-q24), del(1)(q21.1-q23), del(10)(p11.2-pter), der(2)t(2;4)(p25;p12), t(2;22)(p14;p13), t(19;Y)? and dup(10)(q26). The susceptibility genes of MD or psoriasis may be located on these loci. Numerical sex CAs included 4(5.8%) with 45,X, 3(4.3%) with 47,XXY, and 4(5.8%) with structural chromosome X; del(X)(q13); del(X)(p11-pter) del(X)(q21.3) and inv(Y)(q11.2). We also conducted an immunological study. According results of this study, the percentage of CD2+, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes of the father were significantly higher, whereas CD4+ lymphocytes were decreased in the mother, when compared the healthy persons. The percentage of CD4 level of the son was decreased, whereas CD8+ lymphocytes were higher. The CD4/CD8 ratio of the father and the son was found to be significantly high. These results may suggest that MD and psoriasis have a significant impact on both genetic and immunological parameters.
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17
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Greenwood TA, Nievergelt CM, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Shekhtman T, McKinney R, Kelsoe JR. Further evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosomes 6 and 17 in a new independent pedigree series. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14:71-9. [PMID: 22329474 PMCID: PMC3965176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have previously reported the results of a linkage analysis of bipolar disorder in an initial set of 20 pedigrees ascertained through collaboration among three sites. We now report the results of our genome-wide linkage analysis in an independent sample of 34 pedigrees segregating bipolar disorder. METHODS Families were ascertained through a bipolar I or II disorder proband for the presence of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, or recurrent major depression in at least two other family members. A total of 440 markers at an average spacing of 8 cM were genotyped in 229 family members using fluorescent methods. RESULTS Initial nonparametric analyses of chromosomes 6 and 17 provided evidence for a modest replication of linkage to these chromosomes previously reported in other studies. Additional analyses using multipoint parametric methods provided further evidence to support the 6q25 region with a heterogeneity logarithm of odds score of 3.28. Evidence from two-point parametric analyses also provides a modest replication of our previous findings of linkage to the 23 cM region of chromosome 22q13 in our original University of California, San Diego sample of 20 families and 57 families from the National Institute of Mental Health bipolar disorder sample. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest replication of some reported linkage peaks, such as 6q25 and 17p12; however, other peaks from our own previous study, such as 5p15, 13q32, and 22q13, were either not replicated or were only modestly replicated in these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - A Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Paul E Keck
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tatyana Shekhtman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Gurevich EV, Tesmer JJG, Mushegian A, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases: more than just kinases and not only for GPCRs. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:40-69. [PMID: 21903131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are best known for their role in homologous desensitization of GPCRs. GRKs phosphorylate activated receptors and promote high affinity binding of arrestins, which precludes G protein coupling. GRKs have a multidomain structure, with the kinase domain inserted into a loop of a regulator of G protein signaling homology domain. Unlike many other kinases, GRKs do not need to be phosphorylated in their activation loop to achieve an activated state. Instead, they are directly activated by docking with active GPCRs. In this manner they are able to selectively phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues on only the activated form of the receptor, unlike related kinases such as protein kinase A. GRKs also phosphorylate a variety of non-GPCR substrates and regulate several signaling pathways via direct interactions with other proteins in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Multiple GRK subtypes are present in virtually every animal cell, with the highest expression levels found in neurons, with their extensive and complex signal regulation. Insufficient or excessive GRK activity was implicated in a variety of human disorders, ranging from heart failure to depression to Parkinson's disease. As key regulators of GPCR-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, GRKs are emerging drug targets and promising molecular tools for therapy. Targeted modulation of expression and/or of activity of several GRK isoforms for therapeutic purposes was recently validated in cardiac disorders and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Preston Research Building, Rm. 454, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Yosifova A, Mushiroda T, Kubo M, Takahashi A, Kamatani Y, Kamatani N, Stoianov D, Vazharova R, Karachanak S, Zaharieva I, Dimova I, Hadjidekova S, Milanova V, Madjirova N, Gerdjikov I, Tolev T, Poryazova N, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Kirov G, Toncheva D, Nakamura Y. Genome-wide association study on bipolar disorder in the Bulgarian population. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:789-97. [PMID: 21771265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe psychiatric disorder influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Genetic studies have implicated many variants in the disease's etiology but only few have been successfully replicated. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on bipolar disorder in the Bulgarian population followed by a replication study of the top 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing the smallest P values. The GWAS was performed on 188 bipolar disorder patients and 376 control subjects genotyped on the Illumina 550 platform. The replication study was conducted on 122 patients and 328 controls. Although our study did not show any association P value that achieved genome-wide significance, and none of the top 100 SNPs reached the Bonferroni-corrected P value in the replication study, the plausible involvement of some variants cannot be entirely discarded. Three polymorphisms, rs8099939 [P = 2.12 × 10(-6), odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.43-2.67] in GRIK5, rs6122972 (P = 3.11 × 10(-6), OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.46-2.80) in PARD6B and rs2289700 (P = 9.14 × 10(-6), OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.53-2.95) in CTSH remained associated at a similar level after Mantel-Haenszel test for combining the results from the genome-wide and replication studies. A modest association was also detected for SNP rs1012053 (GWAS P = 4.50 × 10(-2)) in DGKH, which has already been reported as the most significant variant in a previous genome-wide scan on bipolar disorder. However, further studies using larger datasets are needed to identify variants with smaller effects that contribute to the risk of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yosifova
- Laboratory for International Alliance, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Porton B, Wetsel WC, Kao HT. Synapsin III: role in neuronal plasticity and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:416-24. [PMID: 21827867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synapsin III was discovered in 1998, more than two decades after the first two synapsins (synapsins I and II) were identified. Although the biology of synapsin III is not as well understood as synapsins I and II, this gene is emerging as an important factor in the regulation of the early stages of neurodevelopment and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and in certain neuropsychiatric illnesses. Molecular genetic and clinical studies of synapsin III have determined that its neurodevelopmental effects are exerted at the levels of neurogenesis and axonogenesis. In vitro voltammetry studies have shown that synapsin III can control dopamine release in the striatum. Since dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, one may anticipate that polymorphisms in synapsin III can exert pervasive effects, especially since it is localized to extrasynaptic sites. Indeed, mutations in this gene have been identified in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis. These and other findings indicate that the roles of synapsin III differ significantly from those of synapsins I and II. Here, we focus on the unique roles of the newest synapsin, and where relevant, compare and contrast these with the actions of synapsins I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Porton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, BioMedical Center, 171 Meeting Street, Room 187, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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21
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Pers TH, Hansen NT, Lage K, Koefoed P, Dworzynski P, Miller ML, Flint TJ, Mellerup E, Dam H, Andreassen OA, Djurovic S, Melle I, Børglum AD, Werge T, Purcell S, Ferreira MA, Kouskoumvekaki I, Workman CT, Hansen T, Mors O, Brunak S. Meta-analysis of heterogeneous data sources for genome-scale identification of risk genes in complex phenotypes. Genet Epidemiol 2011; 35:318-32. [PMID: 21484861 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses of large-scale association studies typically proceed solely within one data type and do not exploit the potential complementarities in other sources of molecular evidence. Here, we present an approach to combine heterogeneous data from genome-wide association (GWA) studies, protein-protein interaction screens, disease similarity, linkage studies, and gene expression experiments into a multi-layered evidence network which is used to prioritize the entire protein-coding part of the genome identifying a shortlist of candidate genes. We report specifically results on bipolar disorder, a genetically complex disease where GWA studies have only been moderately successful. We validate one such candidate experimentally, YWHAH, by genotyping five variations in 640 patients and 1,377 controls. We found a significant allelic association for the rs1049583 polymorphism in YWHAH (adjusted P = 5.6e-3) with an odds ratio of 1.28 [1.12-1.48], which replicates a previous case-control study. In addition, we demonstrate our approach's general applicability by use of type 2 diabetes data sets. The method presented augments moderately powered GWA data, and represents a validated, flexible, and publicly available framework for identifying risk genes in highly polygenic diseases. The method is made available as a web service at www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/metaranker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tune H Pers
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Mathieu F, Dizier MH, Etain B, Jamain S, Rietschel M, Maier W, Albus M, McKeon P, Roche S, Blackwood D, Muir WJ, Henry C, Malafosse A, Preisig M, Ferrero F, Cichon S, Schumacher J, Ohlraun S, Propping P, Abou Jamra R, Schulze TG, Zelenica D, Charon C, Marusic A, Dernovsek MC, Gurling H, Nöthen M, Lathrop M, Leboyer M, Bellivier F. European collaborative study of early-onset bipolar disorder: Evidence for genetic heterogeneity on 2q14 according to age at onset. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1425-33. [PMID: 20886542 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder has a genetic component, but the mode of inheritance remains unclear. A previous genome scan conducted in 70 European families led to detect eight regions linked to bipolar disease. Here, we present an investigation of whether the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder corresponds to genetic heterogeneity in these regions using additional markers and an extended sample of families. The MLS statistic was used for linkage analyses. The predivided sample test and the maximum likelihood binomial methods were used to test genetic homogeneity between early-onset bipolar type I (cut-off of 22 years) and other types of the disorder (later onset of bipolar type I and early-onset bipolar type II), using a total of 138 independent bipolar-affected sib-pairs. Analysis of the extended sample of families supports linkage in four regions (2q14, 3p14, 16p23, and 20p12) of the eight regions of linkage suggested by our previous genome scan. Heterogeneity testing revealed genetic heterogeneity between early and late-onset bipolar type I in the 2q14 region (P = 0.0001). Only the early form of the bipolar disorder but not the late form appeared to be linked to this region. This region may therefore include a genetic factor either specifically involved in the early-onset bipolar type I or only influencing the age at onset (AAO). Our findings illustrate that stratification according to AAO may be valuable for the identification of genetic vulnerability polymorphisms. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Mathieu
- INSERM, U 955, IMRB, Department of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry Genetics, Creteil, France.
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23
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Kremeyer B, García J, Müller H, Burley MW, Herzberg I, Parra MV, Duque C, Vega J, Montoya P, López MC, Bedoya G, Reus V, Palacio C, López C, Ospina-Duque J, Freimer NB, Ruiz-Linares A. Genome-wide linkage scan of bipolar disorder in a Colombian population isolate replicates Loci on chromosomes 7p21-22, 1p31, 16p12 and 21q21-22 and identifies a novel locus on chromosome 12q. Hum Hered 2010; 70:255-68. [PMID: 21071953 PMCID: PMC3068751 DOI: 10.1159/000320914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bipolar disorder (BP) is a severe psychiatric illness, characterised by alternating episodes of depression and mania, which ranks among the top ten causes of morbidity and life-long disability world-wide. We have previously performed a whole-genome linkage scan on 6 pedigrees segregating severe BP from the well-characterised population isolate of Antioquia, Colombia. We recently collected genotypes for the same set of 382 autosomal microsatellite markers in 9 additional Antioquian BP pedigrees. Here, we report the analysis of the combined pedigree set. METHODS Linkage analysis using both parametric and nonparametric approaches was conducted for 3 different diagnostic models: severe BP only (BPI); mood disorders (BPI, BPII and major depression); and psychosis (operationally defined by the occurrence of at least 1 episode of hallucinations and/or delusions). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION For BPI only, the most interesting result was obtained for chromosome 7p21.1-p22.2 under a recessive model of inheritance (heterogeneity LOD score = 2.80), a region that had previously been linked to BP in a study on Portuguese Island families. For both BPI and mood disorders, nonparametric analyses identified a locus on chromosome 12ct-q14 (nonparametric linkage = 2.55 and 2.35, respectively). This locus has not previously been reported as a candidate region for BP. Additional candidate regions were found on chromosomes 1p22-31 (mood disorders) and 21q21-22 (BPI), 2 loci that have repeatedly been implicated in BP susceptibility. Linkage analysis of psychosis as a phenotype identified candidate regions on chromosomes 2q24-31 and 16p12-q12. The finding on chromosome 16p is noteworthy because the same locus has been implicated by genome-wide association analyses of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kremeyer
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
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Binder EB, Nemeroff CB. The CRF system, stress, depression and anxiety-insights from human genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:574-88. [PMID: 20010888 PMCID: PMC3666571 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A concatenation of findings from preclinical and clinical studies support a preeminent function for the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in mediating the physiological response to external stressors and in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. Recently, human genetic studies have provided considerable support to several long-standing hypotheses of mood and anxiety disorders, including the CRF hypothesis. These data, reviewed in this report, are congruent with the hypothesis that this system is of paramount importance in mediating stress-related psychopathology. More specifically, variants in the gene encoding the CRF(1) receptor interact with adverse environmental factors to predict risk for stress-related psychiatric disorders. In-depth characterization of these variants will likely be important in furthering our understanding of the long-term consequences of adverse experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Binder
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Oedegaard KJ, Greenwood TA, Lunde A, Fasmer OB, Akiskal HS, Kelsoe JR. A genome-wide linkage study of bipolar disorder and co-morbid migraine: replication of migraine linkage on chromosome 4q24, and suggestion of an overlapping susceptibility region for both disorders on chromosome 20p11. J Affect Disord 2010; 122:14-26. [PMID: 19819557 PMCID: PMC5660919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Migraine and Bipolar Disorder (BPAD) are clinically heterogeneous disorders of the brain with a significant, but complex, genetic component. Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated a high degree of co-morbidity between migraine and BPAD. Several genome-wide linkage studies in BPAD and migraine have shown overlapping regions of linkage on chromosomes, and two functionally similar voltage-dependent calcium channels CACNA1A and CACNA1C have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine and recently implicated in two whole genome BPAD association studies, respectively. We hypothesized that using migraine co-morbidity to look at subsets of BPAD families in a genetic linkage analysis would prove useful in identifying genetic susceptibility regions in both of these disorders. We used BPAD with co-morbid migraine as an alternative phenotype definition in a re-analysis of the NIMH Bipolar Genetics Initiative wave 4 data set. In this analysis we selected only those families in which at least two members were diagnosed with migraine by a doctor according to patients' reports. Nonparametric linkage analysis performed on 31 families segregating both BPAD and migraine identified a linkage signal on chromosome 4q24 for migraine (but not BPAD) with a peak LOD of 2.26. This region has previously been implicated in two independent migraine linkage studies. In addition we identified a locus on chromosome 20p11 with overlapping elevated LOD scores for both migraine (LOD=1.95) and BPAD (LOD=1.67) phenotypes. This region has previously been implicated in two BPAD linkage studies, and, interestingly, it harbors a known potassium dependant sodium/calcium exchanger gene, SLC24A3, that plays a critical role in neuronal calcium homeostasis. Our findings replicate a previously identified migraine linkage locus on chromosome 4 (not co-segregating with BPAD) in a sample of BPAD families with co-morbid migraine, and suggest a susceptibility locus on chromosome 20, harboring a gene for the migraine/BPAD phenotype. Together these data suggest that some genes may predispose to both bipolar disorder and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Oedegaard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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McCarthy MJ, Barrett TB, Nissen S, Kelsoe JR, Turner EE. Allele specific analysis of the ADRBK2 gene in lymphoblastoid cells from bipolar disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:201-8. [PMID: 19766236 PMCID: PMC2830298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor kinase-3 (GRK3), translated from the gene, ADRBK2 has been implicated as a candidate molecule for bipolar disorder through multiple, converging lines of evidence. In some individuals, the ADRBK2 gene harbors the A-haplotype, a collection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder. Because the A-haplotype encompasses the ADRBK2 promoter, we hypothesized that it may alter the regulation of gene expression. Using histone H3 acetylation to infer promoter activity in lymphoblastoid cells from patients with bipolar disorder, we examined the A-haplotype within its genomic context and determined that at least four of its SNPs are present in transcriptionally active portions of the promoter. However, using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by allele-specific PCR in samples heterozygous for the A-haplotype, we found no evidence of altered levels of acetylated histone H3 at the affected allele compared to the common allele. Similarly, using a transcribed SNP to discriminate expressed ADRBK2 mRNA strands by allele of origin; we found that the A-haplotype did not confer an allelic-expression imbalance. Our data suggest that while the A-haplotype is situated in active regulatory sequence, the risk-associated SNPs do not appear to affect ADRBK2 gene regulation at the level of histone H3 acetylation nor do they confer measurable changes in transcription in lymphoblastoid cells. However, tissue-specific mechanisms by which the A-haplotype could affect ADRBK2 in the central nervous system cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Cherlyn SYT, Woon PS, Liu JJ, Ong WY, Tsai GC, Sim K. Genetic association studies of glutamate, GABA and related genes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a decade of advance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:958-77. [PMID: 20060416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are debilitating neurobehavioural disorders likely influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors and which can be seen as complex disorders of synaptic neurotransmission. The glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission systems have been implicated in both diseases and we have reviewed extensive literature over a decade for evidence to support the association of glutamate and GABA genes in SZ and BD. Candidate-gene based population and family association studies have implicated some ionotrophic glutamate receptor genes (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B and GRIK3), metabotropic glutamate receptor genes (such as GRM3), the G72/G30 locus and GABAergic genes (e.g. GAD1 and GABRB2) in both illnesses to varying degrees, but further replication studies are needed to validate these results. There is at present no consensus on specific single nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes associated with the particular candidate gene loci in these illnesses. The genetic architecture of glutamate systems in bipolar disorder need to be better studied in view of recent data suggesting an overlap in the genetic aetiology of SZ and BD. There is a pressing need to integrate research platforms in genomics, epistatic models, proteomics, metabolomics, neuroimaging technology and translational studies in order to allow a more integrated understanding of glutamate and GABAergic signalling processes and aberrations in SZ and BD as well as their relationships with clinical presentations and treatment progress over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Ying Tan Cherlyn
- Institute of Mental Health/Woodbridge Hospital, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747, Singapore
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Logue MW, Durner M, Heiman GA, Hodge SE, Hamilton SP, Knowles JA, Fyer AJ, Weissman MM. A linkage search for joint panic disorder/bipolar genes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:1139-46. [PMID: 19308964 PMCID: PMC3058784 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is comorbidity and a possible genetic connection between Bipolar disease (BP) and panic disorder (PD). Genes may exist that increase risk to both PD and BP. We explored this possibility using data from a linkage study of PD (120 multiplex families; 37 had > or =1 BP member). We calculated 2-point lodscores maximized over male and female recombination fractions by classifying individuals with PD and/or BP as affected (PD + BP). Additionally, to shed light on possible heterogeneity, we examine the pedigrees containing a bipolar member (BP+) separately from those that do not (BP-), using a Predivided-Sample Test (PST). Linkage evidence for common genes for PD + BP was obtained on chromosomes 2 (lodscore = 4.6) and chromosome 12 (lodscore = 3.6). These locations had already been implicated using a PD-only diagnosis, although at both locations this was larger when a joint PD + BP diagnosis was used. Examining the BP+ families and BP- families separately indicates that both BP+ and BP- pedigrees are contributing to the peaks on chromosomes 2 and 12. However, the PST indicates different evidence of linkage is obtained from BP+ and BP- pedigrees on chromosome 13. Our findings are consistent with risk loci for the combined PD + BP phenotype on chromosomes 2 and 12. We also obtained evidence of heterogeneity on chromosome 13. The regions on chromosomes 12 and 13 identified here have previously been implicated as regions of interest for multiple psychiatric disorders, including BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Logue
- Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Durner
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Susan E. Hodge
- Division of Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Steven P. Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Abby J. Fyer
- Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York,Correspondence to: Myrna M. Weissman, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, NYS Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive Unit 24, New York, NY 10032.
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Habl G, Zink M, Petroianu G, Bauer M, Schneider-Axmann T, von Wilmsdorff M, Falkai P, Henn FA, Schmitt A. Increased D-amino acid oxidase expression in the bilateral hippocampal CA4 of schizophrenic patients: a post-mortem study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1657-65. [PMID: 19823762 PMCID: PMC2776935 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An important risk gene in schizophrenia is d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). To establish if expression of DAAO is altered in cortical, hippocampal or thalamic regions of schizophrenia patients, we measured gene expression of DAAO in a post-mortem study of elderly patients with schizophrenia and non-affected controls in both hemispheres differentiating between gray and white matter. We compared cerebral post-mortem samples (granular frontal cortex BA9, middle frontal cortex BA46, superior temporal cortex BA22, entorhinal cortex BA28, sensoric cortex BA1–3, hippocampus (CA4), mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus) from 10 schizophrenia patients to 13 normal subjects investigating gene expression of DAAO in the gray and white matter of both hemispheres of the above-mentioned brain regions by in situ-hybridization. We found increased expression of DAAO-mRNA in the hippocampal CA4 of schizophrenic patients. Compared to the control group, both hemispheres of the hippocampus of schizophrenic patients showed an increased expression of 46% (right, P = 0.013) and 54% (left, P = 0.019), respectively. None of the other regions examined showed statistically significant differences in DAAO expression. This post-mortem study demonstrated increased gene expression of DAAO in the left and right hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. This increased expression could be responsible for a decrease in local d-serine levels leading to a NMDA-receptor hypofunction that is hypothesized to play a major role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, our study group was small and results should be verified using larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Habl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Zink
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, GL 495E, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Manfred Bauer
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider-Axmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martina von Wilmsdorff
- Department of Psychiatry Rheinische Kliniken, University of Duesseldorf, Bergische Landstr. 2, 40629 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fritz A. Henn
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Present Address: Life Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 490, Upton, NY 11973-5000 USA
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Grover D, Verma R, Goes FS, Mahon PLB, Gershon ES, McMahon FJ, Potash JB, Gershon ES, McMahon FJ, Potash JB. Family-based association of YWHAH in psychotic bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:977-83. [PMID: 19160447 PMCID: PMC3918450 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
YWHAH is a positional and functional candidate gene for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BP). This gene has been previously shown to be associated with both disorders, and the chromosome location (22q12.3) has been repeatedly implicated in linkage studies for these disorders. It codes for the eta subtype of the 14-3-3 protein family, is expressed mainly in brain, and is involved in HPA axis regulation. We investigated the association of YWHAH with BP in a large sample, consisting of 1211 subjects from 318 nuclear families including 554 affected offspring. We tested for association with the standard BP phenotype as well as subtypes defined by psychotic and mood-incongruent features. We genotyped five tag SNPs and the (GCCTGCA)(n) polymorphic locus present in this gene. Using a family-based association test, we found that rs2246704 was associated with BP (OR 1.31, P = 0.03) and psychotic BP (OR = 1.66, P = 0.002). The polymorphic repeat and two other SNPs were also modestly associated with psychotic BP. We have provided additional evidence for association of variants in YWHAH with major mental illness. Additional association analyses of larger sample sets will be required to clarify the role of YWHAH in schizophrenia and BP. The use of clinical sub-phenotypes such as psychotic features or other potential schizophrenia/BP overlap variables including cognitive abnormalities and poor functioning might shed further light on the potential subtypes of illness most closely associated with genetic variation in YWHAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Yosifova A, Mushiroda T, Stoianov D, Vazharova R, Dimova I, Karachanak S, Zaharieva I, Milanova V, Madjirova N, Gerdjikov I, Tolev T, Velkova S, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Toncheva D, Nakamura Y. Case-control association study of 65 candidate genes revealed a possible association of a SNP of HTR5A to be a factor susceptible to bipolar disease in Bulgarian population. J Affect Disord 2009; 117:87-97. [PMID: 19328558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a psychiatric illness characterized by episodes of mania and depression. Although the etiology is not clear, epidemiological studies suggest it is a result of an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Despite of enormous efforts and abundant studies conducted, none has yet been identified definitively a gene susceptible to bipolar disorder. METHODS Ninety-four Bulgarian patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and 184 Bulgarian healthy individuals, were used for genotyping of 191 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by TaqMan and/or Invader assays. Seventeen SNPs that revealed P value less than 0.05 in the first screening were genotyped using an additional independent set of samples, consisting of 78 BAD cases and 372 controls. RESULTS After applying the Bonferonni correction on genotyping results of 172 cases and 556 controls, only one SNP, rs1800883, in the HTR5A gene revealed a significant level of P value (P=0.000097; odds ratio=1.80 (95%CI, 1.27-2.54); corrected P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HTR5A gene could play an important role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder in our population. However these findings should be viewed with caution and replication studies in other populations are necessary in support of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Yosifova
- Laboratory for International Alliance, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Since the 1950s, lithium salts have been the main line of treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), both as a prophylactic and as an episodic treatment agent. Like many psychiatric conditions, BD is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, but evidence suggests that individuals who respond well to lithium treatment have more homogeneous clinical and molecular profiles. Response to lithium seems to cluster in families and can be used as a predictor for recurrence of BD symptoms. While molecular studies have provided important information about possible genes involved in BD predisposition or in lithium response, neither the mechanism of action of this drug nor the genetic profile of bipolar disorder is, as yet, completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cruceanu
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
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Genome-wide association and meta-analysis of bipolar disorder in individuals of European ancestry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:7501-6. [PMID: 19416921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813386106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a disabling and often life-threatening disorder that affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. To identify genetic variants that increase the risk of BP, we genotyped on the Illumina HumanHap550 Beadchip 2,076 bipolar cases and 1,676 controls of European ancestry from the National Institute of Mental Health Human Genetics Initiative Repository, and the Prechter Repository and samples collected in London, Toronto, and Dundee. We imputed SNP genotypes and tested for SNP-BP association in each sample and then performed meta-analysis across samples. The strongest association P value for this 2-study meta-analysis was 2.4 x 10(-6). We next imputed SNP genotypes and tested for SNP-BP association based on the publicly available Affymetrix 500K genotype data from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium for 1,868 BP cases and a reference set of 12,831 individuals. A 3-study meta-analysis of 3,683 nonoverlapping cases and 14,507 extended controls on >2.3 M genotyped and imputed SNPs resulted in 3 chromosomal regions with association P approximately 10(-7): 1p31.1 (no known genes), 3p21 (>25 known genes), and 5q15 (MCTP1). The most strongly associated nonsynonymous SNP rs1042779 (OR = 1.19, P = 1.8 x 10(-7)) is in the ITIH1 gene on chromosome 3, with other strongly associated nonsynonymous SNPs in GNL3, NEK4, and ITIH3. Thus, these chromosomal regions harbor genes implicated in cell cycle, neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and neurosignaling. In addition, we replicated the reported ANK3 association results for SNP rs10994336 in the nonoverlapping GSK sample (OR = 1.37, P = 0.042). Although these results are promising, analysis of additional samples will be required to confirm that variant(s) in these regions influence BP risk.
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, is a common and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that is seen in children and adults. Although heritability is estimated at around 76%, it has been hard to find genes underlying the disorder. ADHD is a multifactorial disorder, in which many genes, all with a small effect, are thought to cause the disorder in the presence of unfavorable environmental conditions. Whole genome linkage analyses have not yet lead to the identification of genes for ADHD, and results of candidate gene-based association studies have been able to explain only a tiny part of the genetic contribution to disease, either. A novel way of performing hypothesis-free analysis of the genome suitable for the identification of disease risk genes of considerably smaller effect is the genome-wide association study (GWAS). So far, five GWAS have been performed on the diagnosis of ADHD and related phenotypes. Four of these are based on a sample set of 958 parent-child trio's collected as part of the International Multicentre ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study and genotyped with funds from the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN). The other is a pooled GWAS including adult patients with ADHD and controls. None of the papers reports any associations that are formally genome-wide significant after correction for multiple testing. There is also very limited overlap between studies, apart from an association with CDH13, which is reported in three of the studies. Little evidence supports an important role for the 'classic' ADHD genes, with possible exceptions for SLC9A9, NOS1 and CNR1. There is extensive overlap with findings from other psychiatric disorders. Though not genome-wide significant, findings from the individual studies converge to paint an interesting picture: whereas little evidence-as yet-points to a direct involvement of neurotransmitters (at least the classic dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways) or regulators of neurotransmission, some suggestions are found for involvement of 'new' neurotransmission and cell-cell communication systems. A potential involvement of potassium channel subunits and regulators warrants further investigation. More basic processes also seem involved in ADHD, like cell division, adhesion (especially via cadherin and integrin systems), neuronal migration, and neuronal plasticity, as well as related transcription, cell polarity and extracellular matrix regulation, and cytoskeletal remodeling processes. In conclusion, the GWAS performed so far in ADHD, though far from conclusive, provide a first glimpse at genes for the disorder. Many more (much larger studies) will be needed. For this, collaboration between researchers as well as standardized protocols for phenotyping and DNA-collection will become increasingly important.
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Zhou X, Tang W, Greenwood TA, Guo S, He L, Geyer MA, Kelsoe JR. Transcription factor SP4 is a susceptibility gene for bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5196. [PMID: 19401786 PMCID: PMC2674320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sp4 transcription factor plays a critical role for both development and function of mouse hippocampus. Reduced expression of the mouse Sp4 gene results in a variety of behavioral abnormalities relevant to human psychiatric disorders. The human SP4 gene is therefore examined for its association with both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in European Caucasian and Chinese populations respectively. Out of ten SNPs selected from human SP4 genomic locus, four displayed significant association with bipolar disorder in European Caucasian families (rs12668354, p = 0.022; rs12673091, p = 0.0005; rs3735440, p = 0.019; rs11974306, p = 0.018). To replicate the genetic association, the same set of SNPs was examined in a Chinese bipolar case control sample. Four SNPs displayed significant association (rs40245, p = 0.009; rs12673091, p = 0.002; rs1018954, p = 0.001; rs3735440, p = 0.029), and two of them (rs12673091, rs3735440) were shared with positive SNPs from European Caucasian families. Considering the genetic overlap between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, we extended our studies in Chinese trios families for schizophrenia. The SNP7 (rs12673091, p = 0.012) also displayed a significant association. The SNP7 (rs12673091) was therefore significantly associated in all three samples, and shared the same susceptibility allele (A) across all three samples. On the other hand, we found a gene dosage effect for mouse Sp4 gene in the modulation of sensorimotor gating, a putative endophenotype for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The deficient sensorimotor gating in Sp4 hypomorphic mice was partially reversed by the administration of dopamine D2 antagonist or mood stabilizers. Both human genetic and mouse pharmacogenetic studies support Sp4 gene as a susceptibility gene for bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. The studies on the role of Sp4 gene in hippocampal development may provide novel insights for the contribution of hippocampal abnormalities in these psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Tang
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shengzhen Guo
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LH); (JRK)
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LH); (JRK)
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Maziade M, Chagnon YC, Roy MA, Bureau A, Fournier A, Mérette C. Chromosome 13q13-q14 locus overlaps mood and psychotic disorders: the relevance for redefining phenotype. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1034-42. [PMID: 19172987 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nosology of major psychoses is challenged by the findings that schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) share several neurobiological, neuropsychological and clinical phenotypic characteristics. Moreover, several vulnerability loci or genes may be common to the two DSM disorders. We previously reported, in a sample of 21 kindreds (sample 1), a genome-wide suggestive linkage in 13q13-q14 with a common locus (CL) phenotype that crossed the diagnostic boundaries by combining SZ, BP and schizoaffective disorders. Our objectives were to test phenotype specificity in a separate sample (sample 2) of 27 kindreds from Eastern Quebec and to also analyze the combined sample of 48 kindreds (1274 family members). We performed nonparametric and parametric analyses and tested as phenotypes: SZ alone, BP alone, and a CL phenotype. We replicated in sample 2 our initial finding with CL with a maximum NPL(pair) score of 3.36 at D13S1272 (44 Mb), only 2.1 Mb telomeric to our previous maximum result. In the combined sample, the peak with CL was at marker D13S1297 (42.1 Mb) with a NPL(pair) score reaching 5.21, exceeding that obtained in each sample and indicating consistency across the two samples. Our data suggest a susceptibility locus in 13q13-q14 that is shared by schizophrenia and mood disorder. That locus would be additional to another well documented and more distal 13q locus where the G72/G30 gene is mapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Maziade
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Kripke DF, Nievergelt CM, Joo EJ, Shekhtman T, Kelsoe JR. Circadian polymorphisms associated with affective disorders. J Circadian Rhythms 2009; 7:2. [PMID: 19166596 PMCID: PMC2661876 DOI: 10.1186/1740-3391-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical symptoms of affective disorders, their response to light treatment, and sensitivity to other circadian interventions indicate that the circadian system has a role in mood disorders. Possibly the mechanisms involve circadian seasonal and photoperiodic mechanisms. Since genetic susceptibilities contribute a strong component to affective disorders, we explored whether circadian gene polymorphisms were associated with affective disorders in four complementary studies. METHODS Four groups of subjects were recruited from several sources: 1) bipolar proband-parent trios or sib-pair-parent nuclear families, 2) unrelated bipolar participants who had completed the BALM morningness-eveningness questionnaire, 3) sib pairs from the GenRed Project having at least one sib with early-onset recurrent unipolar depression, and 4) a sleep clinic patient group who frequently suffered from depression. Working mainly with the SNPlex assay system, from 2 to 198 polymorphisms in genes related to circadian function were genotyped in the participant groups. Associations with affective disorders were examined with TDT statistics for within-family comparisons. Quantitative trait associations were examined within the unrelated samples. RESULTS In NR1D1, rs2314339 was associated with bipolar disorder (P = 0.0005). Among the unrelated bipolar participants, 3 SNPs in PER3 and CSNK1E were associated with the BALM score. A PPARGC1B coding SNP, rs7732671, was associated with affective disorder with nominal significance in bipolar family groups and independently in unipolar sib pairs. In TEF, rs738499 was associated with unipolar depression; in a replication study, rs738499 was also associated with the QIDS-SR depression scale in the sleep clinic patient sample. CONCLUSION Along with anti-manic effects of lithium and the antidepressant effects of bright light, these findings suggest that perturbations of the circadian gene network at several levels may influence mood disorders, perhaps ultimately through regulation of MAOA and its modulation of dopamine transmission. Twenty-three associations of circadian polymorphisms with affective symptoms met nominal significance criteria (P < 0.05), whereas 15 would be expected by chance, indicating that many represented false discoveries (Type II errors). Some evidence of replication has been gathered, but more studies are needed to ascertain if circadian gene polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Kripke
- Department of Psychiatry 0939, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0939, USA
- Scripps Clinic Sleep Center W207, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry 0939, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0939, USA
| | - EJ Joo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Nowongu Hagedong 280-1, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tatyana Shekhtman
- Department of Psychiatry 0939, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0939, USA
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry 0939, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0939, USA
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O’Donovan M, Norton N, Williams H, Peirce T, Moskvina V, Nikolov I, Hamshere M, Carroll L, Georgieva L, Dwyer S, Holmans P, Marchini JL, Spencer C, Howie B, Leung HT, Giegling I, Hartmann A, Möller HJ, Morris D, Shi Y, Feng G, Hoffmann P, Propping P, Vasilescu C, Maier W, Rietschel M, Zammit S, Schumacher J, Quinn E, Schulze T, Iwata N, Ikeda M, Darvasi A, Shifman S, He L, Duan J, Sanders A, Levinson D, Adolfsson R, Ösby U, Terenius L, Jönsson EG, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Gill M, Corvin A, Rujescu D, Gejman P, Kirov G, Craddock N, Williams N, Owen M. Analysis of 10 independent samples provides evidence for association between schizophrenia and a SNP flanking fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:30-6. [PMID: 18813210 PMCID: PMC3016613 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We and others have previously reported linkage to schizophrenia on chromosome 10q25-q26 but, to date, a susceptibility gene in the region has not been identified. We examined data from 3606 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping to 10q25-q26 that had been typed in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of schizophrenia (479 UK cases/2937 controls). SNPs with P<0.01 (n=40) were genotyped in an additional 163 UK cases and those markers that remained nominally significant at P<0.01 (n=22) were genotyped in replication samples from Ireland, Germany and Bulgaria consisting of a total of 1664 cases with schizophrenia and 3541 controls. Only one SNP, rs17101921, was nominally significant after meta-analyses across the replication samples and this was genotyped in an additional six samples from the United States/Australia, Germany, China, Japan, Israel and Sweden (n=5142 cases/6561 controls). Across all replication samples, the allele at rs17101921 that was associated in the GWAS showed evidence for association independent of the original data (OR 1.17 (95% CI 1.06-1.29), P=0.0009). The SNP maps 85 kb from the nearest gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) making this a potential susceptibility gene for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.C. O’Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - N. Norton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - H. Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - T. Peirce
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - V. Moskvina
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - I. Nikolov
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - M. Hamshere
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - L. Carroll
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - L. Georgieva
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - S Dwyer
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P. Holmans
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - J. L. Marchini
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - C.C.A. Spencer
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - B. Howie
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - H-T. Leung
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - I. Giegling
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - A.M. Hartmann
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - H.-J. Möller
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - D.W. Morris
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Y. Shi
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R.China
| | - G. Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - P. Hoffmann
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - P. Propping
- Institute of Human Genetics University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - C. Vasilescu
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - W. Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Rietschel
- Central Institute for Mental Health, Division Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - S. Zammit
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - J. Schumacher
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda MD 20892-3719, USA
| | - E.M. Quinn
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - T.G. Schulze
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda MD 20892-3719, USA
| | - N. Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
,CREST Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - M. Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
,CREST Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - A. Darvasi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - S. Shifman
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - L. He
- Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R.China
,Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - J. Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (ENH) The Northwestern University, Evanston, Il 60201, USA
,Feinberg School of Medicine, The Northwestern University, Evanston, Il 60201, USA
| | - A.R. Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (ENH) The Northwestern University, Evanston, Il 60201, USA
,Feinberg School of Medicine, The Northwestern University, Evanston, Il 60201, USA
| | - D.F. Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Adolfsson
- Clinical Sciences and Psychiatry, SE-901 87 Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - U. Ösby
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - S. Cichon
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
,Institute of Human Genetics University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. M. Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
,Institute of Human Genetics University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - A.P. Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - D. Rujescu
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - P.V. Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (ENH) The Northwestern University, Evanston, Il 60201, USA
,Feinberg School of Medicine, The Northwestern University, Evanston, Il 60201, USA
| | - G. Kirov
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - N. Craddock
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - N.M. Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - M.J. Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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The Relevance of Epigenetics to Major Psychosis. Epigenomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9187-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder, especially the most severe type (type I), has a strong genetic component. Family studies suggest that a small number of genes of modest effect are involved in this disorder. Family-based studies have identified a number of chromosomal regions linked to bipolar disorder, and progress is currently being made in identifying positional candidate genes within those regions, À number of candidate genes have also shown evidence of association with bipolar disorder, and genome-wide association studies are now under way, using dense genetic maps. Replication studies in larger or combined datasets are needed to definitively assign a role for specific genes in this disorder. This review covers our current knowledge of the genetics of bipolar disorder, and provides a commentary on current approaches used to identify the genes involved in this complex behavioral disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Escamilla
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Medical Genetics Research Center, 1214 Schunior St, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA.
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Shi J, Badner JA, Hattori E, Potash JB, Willour VL, McMahon FJ, Gershon ES, Liu C. Neurotransmission and bipolar disorder: a systematic family-based association study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1270-7. [PMID: 18444252 PMCID: PMC2574701 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmission pathways/systems have been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder for over 40 years. In order to test the hypothesis that common variants of genes in one or more of five neurotransmission systems confer risk for bipolar disorder, we analyzed 1,005 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in 90 genes from dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems in 101 trios and 203 quads from Caucasian bipolar families. Our sample has 80% power to detect ORs >or= 1.82 and >or=1.57 for minor allele frequencies of 0.1 and 0.5, respectively. Nominally significant allelic and haplotypic associations were found for genes from each neurotransmission system, with several reaching gene-wide significance (allelic: GRIA1, GRIN2D, and QDPR; haplotypic: GRIN2C, QDPR, and SLC6A3). However, none of these associations survived correction for multiple testing in an individual system, or in all systems considered together. Significant single nucleotide polymorphism associations were not found with sub-phenotypes (alcoholism, psychosis, substance abuse, and suicide attempts) or significant gene-gene interactions. These results suggest that, within the detectable odds ratios of this study, common variants of the selected genes in the five neurotransmission systems do not play major roles in influencing the risk for bipolar disorder or comorbid sub-phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Abstract
Analyses of frequency profiles of markers on disease or drug-response related genes in diverse populations are important for the dissection of common diseases. We report the results of analyses of data on 405 SNPs from 75 such genes and a 5.2 Mb chromosome, 22 genomic region in 1871 individuals from diverse 55 endogamous Indian populations. These include 32 large (>10 million individuals) and 23 isolated populations, representing a large fraction of the people of India. We observe high levels of genetic divergence between groups of populations that cluster largely on the basis of ethnicity and language. Indian populations not only overlap with the diversity of HapMap populations, but also contain population groups that are genetically distinct. These data and results are useful for addressing stratification and study design issues in complex traits especially for heterogeneous populations.
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Opgen-Rhein C, Lencz T, Burdick KE, Neuhaus AH, DeRosse P, Goldberg TE, Malhotra AK. Genetic variation in the DAOA gene complex: impact on susceptibility for schizophrenia and on cognitive performance. Schizophr Res 2008; 103:169-77. [PMID: 18541412 PMCID: PMC2605318 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic region coding for d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) is considered an intriguing susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. However, association studies have often resulted in conflicting findings, and the risk-conferring variants and their biological impact remain elusive. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between DAOA variation and schizophrenia, and the influence of DAOA on cognitive performance. METHODS We analyzed block structure and association patterns of an approximately 173 kb region on chromosome 13q33, applying genotype data of 55 SNPs derived from Caucasian North American sample (178 cases, 144 healthy controls). Haplotypes were assigned using the program PHASE and frequencies compared between cases and controls. We applied MANOVA to investigate the relationship between the identified risk haplotype on cognitive performance. RESULTS We identified multiple haplotypes within the region containing the DAOA gene. Of these, one was significantly associated with schizophrenia, being over-represented in schizophrenia versus healthy controls. This haplotype was also associated with one aspect of cognitive performance, semantic fluency. Carriers of the risk haplotype showed better semantic fluency than non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS We report a significant effect of DAOA variation on risk for schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified a relationship between DAOA genetic variation and specific aspects of neurocognitive function. As the identified DAOA risk haplotype was associated with better performance on a semantic fluency measure, further work is required to identify the mechanism of DAOA action on CNS function, including the possibility of a role for balanced selection at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Opgen-Rhein
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité -University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Center for Translational Psychiatry, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Katherine E. Burdick
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Center for Translational Psychiatry, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Andres H Neuhaus
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité -University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States
| | - Terry E. Goldberg
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Center for Translational Psychiatry, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Zhou X, Barrett TB, Kelsoe JR. Promoter variant in the GRK3 gene associated with bipolar disorder alters gene expression. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:104-10. [PMID: 18359007 PMCID: PMC6528791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported a single nucleotide polymorphism (P-5, G-384A) in the proximal promoter of the gene for G protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) that was associated with bipolar disorder in two independent samples. In this study, we examined whether the G-384A variant has a functional effect on GRK3 transcription. METHODS Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were conducted using nuclear extracts from both Hela cells and adult mouse cortex. Transcriptional function was also examined using a dual luciferase reporter system transfected into in vitro human neuroblastoma cells and cultured mouse cortical neurons. RESULTS The G-384A variant abolished or reduced the formation of DNA-protein complexes using nuclear extract from both HeLa cells and adult mouse cortical neuron cells. However, gene expression was significantly enhanced by G-384A in both in vitro human neuroblastoma cells and cultured mouse cortical neurons. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the G-384A SNP in the promoter of human GRK3 gene represents an important functional variant. The G-384A variant may alter binding of Sp1/Sp4 transcription factors resulting in an increase in gene transcription and an increase in vulnerability to bipolar disorder.
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Stuart SW, King CH, Pai GS. Autism spectrum disorder, Klinefelter syndrome, and chromosome 3p21.31 duplication: a case report. MEDGENMED : MEDSCAPE GENERAL MEDICINE 2007; 9:60. [PMID: 18311409 PMCID: PMC2234326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are heterogeneous in nature with idiopathic and genetic origins. We present a 7-year-old boy with a long history of multiple behavioral concerns, poor school performance, repetitive/compulsive tendencies, poor social skills, and language delays. A multidisciplinary evaluation concluded that the patient met full criteria for autism. A genetic evaluation demonstrated Klinefelter syndrome 47, XXY karyotype with concurrent duplication of 3p21.31 by microarray analysis. Maternal genetic analysis demonstrated the same 3p21.31 duplication. The potential implication with regard to autism spectrum disorders has not been previously discussed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Stuart
- Developmental Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina, Children's Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Abou Jamra R, Fuerst R, Kaneva R, Orozco Diaz G, Rivas F, Mayoral F, Gay E, Sans S, Gonzalez MJ, Gil S, Cabaleiro F, Del Rio F, Perez F, Haro J, Auburger G, Milanova V, Kostov C, Chorbov V, Stoyanova V, Nikolova-Hill A, Onchev G, Kremensky I, Jablensky A, Schulze TG, Propping P, Rietschel M, Nothen MM, Cichon S, Wienker TF, Schumacher J. The first genomewide interaction and locus-heterogeneity linkage scan in bipolar affective disorder: strong evidence of epistatic effects between loci on chromosomes 2q and 6q. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:974-86. [PMID: 17924339 DOI: 10.1086/521690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first genomewide interaction and locus-heterogeneity linkage scan in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), using a large linkage data set (52 families of European descent; 448 participants and 259 affected individuals). Our results provide the strongest interaction evidence between BPAD genes on chromosomes 2q22-q24 and 6q23-q24, which was observed symmetrically in both directions (nonparametric LOD [NPL] scores of 7.55 on 2q and 7.63 on 6q; P<.0001 and P=.0001, respectively, after a genomewide permutation procedure). The second-best BPAD interaction evidence was observed between chromosomes 2q22-q24 and 15q26. Here, we also observed a symmetrical interaction (NPL scores of 6.26 on 2q and 4.59 on 15q; P=.0057 and .0022, respectively). We covered the implicated regions by genotyping additional marker sets and performed a detailed interaction linkage analysis, which narrowed the susceptibility intervals. Although the heterogeneity analysis produced less impressive results (highest NPL score of 3.32) and a less consistent picture, we achieved evidence of locus heterogeneity at chromosomes 2q, 6p, 11p, 13q, and 22q, which was supported by adjacent markers within each region and by previously reported BPAD linkage findings. Our results provide systematic insights in the framework of BPAD epistasis and locus heterogeneity, which should facilitate gene identification by the use of more-comprehensive cloning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Bremer T, Diamond C, McKinney R, Shehktman T, Barrett TB, Herold C, Kelsoe JR. The pharmacogenetics of lithium response depends upon clinical co-morbidity. Mol Diagn Ther 2007; 11:161-70. [PMID: 17570738 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on results from randomized, controlled clinical trials, lithium monotherapy or lithium with the addition of an antipsychotic remains a first-line treatment option for both acute and long-term mood stabilization in bipolar mania. However, response to lithium is poor in bipolar patients who exhibit clinical characteristics such as rapid cycling and mixed manic states, suggesting that they may have a biologically and genetically distinct form of bipolar disorder. A test that could predict response to lithium based upon genetic factors would have significant clinical value. METHODS Eight clinical characteristics were assessed in 92 lithium responders and 92 nonresponders; all probands were from families recruited for linkage studies. Lithium response was rated retrospectively from a standardized interviews and medical records. Eight candidate genes were selected from those reported to be associated with susceptibility to illness, lithium response, or lithium mechanism of action. Sixty-seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in these subjects and analyzed for association with the defined clinical characteristics. RESULTS Using q-value analysis for multiplicity correction, we found significant interactions between lithium response and SNPs (rs1387923 and rs1565445) in the gene encoding neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (NTRK2) and suicidal ideation, and between SNP rs2064721 in the gene encoding inositol polyphosphate-1-phosphatase (INPP1) and post-traumatic stress disorder. CONCLUSION These data support the idea that response to lithium has a multi-genetic etiology dependent upon manifestations of other clinical co-diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Bremer
- Prediction Sciences, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder (BD) II is characterized by recurrent hypomanic and depressive episodes and has been somewhat of a controversial diagnosis since its description in the 1970s. Clinical opinions notwithstanding, the biological validity of BD II was supported in a genetic study of 58 multiplex bipolar families wherein the statistical evidence for linkage derived from BD II sibling-pairs sharing marker alleles on chromosome 18q. The BD II phenotype alone has never been studied in a genome-wide scan analysis in the current or other bipolar family samples. We have performed genome-wide non-parametric analysis on 74 bipolar pedigrees using only the BD II phenotype as affection model. METHODS This sample consists of the 65 pedigrees previously reported and 9 additional novel pedigrees that had BD II exclusively, as the affected phenotype. In the entire sample, there were 146 all possible relative-pairs. Analysis was performed using the non-parametric method in GENEHUNTER, with the 'ALL' option that computes linkage scores in all individuals in a pedigree simultaneously. RESULTS The current analyses supported the previous finding on chromosome 18q21. In addition a peak with a non-parametric LOD (NPL) of 2.07 occurred between D9S915 and D9S2157, located on 9q34. Analysis of the nine BD II families alone identified peaks on 9p13 and 9q33, with NPL scores of 3.20 and 2.09, respectively. There was no evidence at 18q21 in these nine families. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that there may be substantial differences in the etiology of BD in families that have BD II exclusively as the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaristus A Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Schosser A, Fuchs K, Scharl T, Leisch F, Bailer U, Kasper S, Sieghart W, Hornik K, Aschauer HN. Additional support for linkage of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to chromosome 3q29. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 17:501-5. [PMID: 17344034 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After publishing a genome scan and follow-up fine mapping, suggesting schizophrenia and bipolar disorder linkage to chromosome 3q29, we now genotyped 11 additional SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), in order to narrow down a potential candidate region. Linkage was performed using the GENEHUNTER program version 2.1r3. A NPL score Z(all) of 3.891 (p=0.000156) was observed with SNP rs225. In short, we found significant linkage scores most telomeric on chromosome 3q29, spanning 3.46 Mbp (7 SNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schosser
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital for Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
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Carter CJ. Multiple genes and factors associated with bipolar disorder converge on growth factor and stress activated kinase pathways controlling translation initiation: implications for oligodendrocyte viability. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:461-90. [PMID: 17239488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Famine and viral infection, as well as interferon therapy have been reported to increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder. In addition, almost 100 polymorphic genes have been associated with this disease. Several form most of the components of a phosphatidyl-inositol signalling/AKT1 survival pathway (PIK3C3, PIP5K2A, PLCG1, SYNJ1, IMPA2, AKT1, GSK3B, TCF4) which is activated by growth factors (BDNF, NRG1) and also by NMDA receptors (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B). Various other protein products of genes associated with bipolar disorder either bind to or are affected by phosphatidyl-inositol phosphate products of this pathway (ADBRK2, HIP1R, KCNQ2, RGS4, WFS1), are associated with its constituent elements (BCR, DUSP6, FAT, GNAZ) or are downstream targets of this signalling cascade (DPYSL2, DRD3, GAD1, G6PD, GCH1, KCNQ2, NOS3, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, SST, TH, TIMELESS). A further pathway relates to endoplasmic reticulum-stress (HSPA5, XBP1), caused by problems in protein glycosylation (ALG9), growth factor receptor sorting (PIK3C3, HIP1R, SYBL1), or aberrant calcium homoeostasis (WFS1). Key processes relating to these pathways appear to be under circadian control (ARNTL, CLOCK, PER3, TIMELESS). DISC1 can also be linked to many of these pathways. The growth factor pathway promotes protein synthesis, while the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, and other stress pathways activated by viruses and cytokines (IL1B, TNF, Interferons), oxidative stress or starvation, all factors associated with bipolar disorder risk, shuts down protein synthesis via control of the EIF2 alpha and beta translation initiation complex. For unknown reasons, oligodendrocytes appear to be particularly prone to defects in the translation initiation complex (EIF2B) and the convergence of these environmental and genomic signalling pathways on this area might well explain their vulnerability in bipolar disorder.
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