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Christoudia N, Bekas N, Kanata E, Chatziefsthathiou A, Pettas S, Karagianni K, Da Silva Correia SM, Schmitz M, Zerr I, Tsamesidis I, Xanthopoulos K, Dafou D, Sklaviadis T. Αnti-prion effects of anthocyanins. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103133. [PMID: 38565068 PMCID: PMC10990977 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, also known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), are protein-based neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) affecting humans and animals. They are characterized by the conformational conversion of the normal cellular prion protein, PrPC, into the pathogenic isoform, PrPSc. Prion diseases are invariably fatal and despite ongoing research, no effective prophylactic or therapeutic avenues are currently available. Anthocyanins (ACNs) are unique flavonoid compounds and interest in their use as potential neuroprotective and/or therapeutic agents against NDs, has increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, we investigated the potential anti-oxidant and anti-prion effects of Oenin and Myrtillin, two of the most common anthocyanins, using the most accepted in the field overexpressing PrPScin vitro model and a cell free protein aggregation model. Our results, indicate both anthocyanins as strong anti-oxidant compounds, upregulating the expression of genes involved in the anti-oxidant response, and reducing the levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), produced due to pathogenic prion infection, through the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Importantly, they showcased remarkable anti-prion potential, as they not only caused the clearance of pathogenic PrPSc aggregates, but also completely inhibited the formation of PrPSc fibrils in the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Therefore, Oenin and Myrtillin possess pleiotropic effects, suggesting their potential use as promising preventive and/or therapeutic agents in prion diseases and possibly in the spectrum of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Christoudia
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Bekas
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eirini Kanata
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Chatziefsthathiou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Spyros Pettas
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Korina Karagianni
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Susana Margarida Da Silva Correia
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University Medicine Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University Medicine Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University Medicine Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Ioannis Tsamesidis
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Dafou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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do Amaral MJ, Mohapatra S, Passos AR, Lopes da Silva TS, Carvalho RS, da Silva Almeida M, Pinheiro AS, Wegmann S, Cordeiro Y. Copper drives prion protein phase separation and modulates aggregation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7347. [PMID: 37922348 PMCID: PMC10624353 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by prion protein (PrP) transmissible aggregation and neurodegeneration, which has been linked to oxidative stress. The physiological function of PrP seems related to sequestering of redox-active Cu2+, and Cu2+ dyshomeostasis is observed in prion disease brain. It is unclear whether Cu2+ contributes to PrP aggregation, recently shown to be mediated by PrP condensation. This study indicates that Cu2+ promotes PrP condensation in live cells at the cell surface and in vitro through copartitioning. Molecularly, Cu2+ inhibited PrP β-structure and hydrophobic residues exposure. Oxidation, induced by H2O2, triggered liquid-to-solid transition of PrP:Cu2+ condensates and promoted amyloid-like PrP aggregation. In cells, overexpression of PrPC initially protected against Cu2+ cytotoxicity but led to PrPC aggregation upon extended copper exposure. Our data suggest that PrP condensates function as a buffer for copper that prevents copper toxicity but can transition into PrP aggregation at prolonged oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Juliani do Amaral
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Aline Ribeiro Passos
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- Plataforma Avançada de Biomoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá Pinheiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zayed M, Kook SH, Jeong BH. Potential Therapeutic Use of Stem Cells for Prion Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2413. [PMID: 37830627 PMCID: PMC10571911 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders that are progressive, incurable, and deadly. The prion consists of PrPSc, the misfolded pathogenic isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). PrPC is involved in a variety of physiological functions, including cellular proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, and neural development. Prion protein is expressed on the membrane surface of a variety of stem cells (SCs), where it plays an important role in the pluripotency and self-renewal matrix, as well as in SC differentiation. SCs have been found to multiply the pathogenic form of the prion protein, implying their potential as an in vitro model for prion diseases. Furthermore, due to their capability to self-renew, differentiate, immunomodulate, and regenerate tissue, SCs are prospective cell treatments in many neurodegenerative conditions, including prion diseases. Regenerative medicine has become a new revolution in disease treatment in recent years, particularly with the introduction of SC therapy. Here, we review the data demonstrating prion diseases' biology and molecular mechanism. SC biology, therapeutic potential, and its role in understanding prion disease mechanisms are highlighted. Moreover, we summarize preclinical studies that use SCs in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zayed
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Sung-Ho Kook
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Yang D, Li J, Li Z, Zhao M, Wang D, Sun Z, Wen P, Gou F, Dai Y, Ji Y, Li W, Zhao D, Yang L. Cardiolipin externalization mediates prion protein (PrP) peptide 106-126-associated mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1163981. [PMID: 37333615 PMCID: PMC10272765 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper mitochondrial performance is imperative for the maintenance of normal neuronal function to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Persistent accumulation of damaged mitochondria plays a role in prion disease pathogenesis, which involves a chain of events that culminate in the generation of reactive oxygen species and neuronal death. Our previous studies have demonstrated that PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy induced by PrP106-126 is defective and leads to an accumulation of damaged mitochondria after PrP106-126 treatment. Externalized cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, has been reported to play a role in mitophagy by directly interacting with LC3II at the outer mitochondrial membrane. The involvement of CL externalization in PrP106-126-induced mitophagy and its significance in other physiological processes of N2a cells treated with PrP106-126 remain unknown. We demonstrate that the PrP106-126 peptide caused a temporal course of mitophagy in N2a cells, which gradually increased and subsequently decreased. A similar trend in CL externalization to the mitochondrial surface was seen, resulting in a gradual decrease in CL content at the cellular level. Inhibition of CL externalization by knockdown of CL synthase, responsible for de novo synthesis of CL, or phospholipid scramblase-3 and NDPK-D, responsible for CL translocation to the mitochondrial surface, significantly decreased PrP106-126-induced mitophagy in N2a cells. Meanwhile, the inhibition of CL redistribution significantly decreased PINK1 and DRP1 recruitment in PrP106-126 treatment but had no significant decrease in Parkin recruitment. Furthermore, the inhibition of CL externalization resulted in impaired oxidative phosphorylation and severe oxidative stress, which led to mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results indicate that CL externalization induced by PrP106-126 on N2a cells plays a positive role in the initiation of mitophagy, leading to the stabilization of mitochondrial function.
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Tuğrul B, Balcan E, Öztel Z, Çöllü F, Gürcü B. Prion protein-dependent regulation of p53-MDM2 crosstalk during endoplasmic reticulum stress and doxorubicin treatments might be essential for cell fate in human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Exp Cell Res 2023:113656. [PMID: 37245583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of doxorubicin and tunicamycin treatment alone or in combination on MDM-, Cul9-and prion protein (PrP)-mediated subcellular regulation of p53 in the context of apoptosis and autophagy. MTT analysis was performed to determine the cytotoxic effect of the agents. Apoptosis was monitorized by ELISA, flow cytometry and JC-1 assay. Monodansylcadaverine assay was performed for autophagy. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to determine p53, MDM2, CUL9 and PrP levels. Doxorubicin increased p53, MDM2 and CUL9 levels in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of p53 and MDM2 was higher at the 0.25 μM concentration of tunicamycin compared to the control, but it decreased at 0.5 μM and 1 μM concentrations. CUL9 expression was significantly decreased only after treatment of tunicamycin at 0.25 μM. According to its glycosylation status, the upper band of PrP increased only in combination treatment. In combination treatment, p53 expression was higher than control, whereas MDM2 and CUL9 expressions were decreased. Combination treatments may make MCF-7 cells more susceptible to apoptosis rather than autophagy. In conclusion, PrP may be important in determining the fate of cell death through crosstalk between proteins such as p53 and MDM2 under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Further studies are needed to obtain in-depth information on these potential molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Tuğrul
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Balcan
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Zübeyde Öztel
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Çöllü
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Beyhan Gürcü
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
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Spiers JG, Cortina Chen HJ, Barry TL, Bourgognon JM, Steinert JR. Redox stress and metal dys-homeostasis appear as hallmarks of early prion disease pathogenesis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 192:182-190. [PMID: 36170956 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with a multitude of dysfunctional cellular pathways. One major contributory factor is a redox stress challenge during the development of several protein misfolding conditions including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and less common conditions such as Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD). CJD is caused by misfolding of the neuronal prion protein and is characterised by a neurotoxic unfolded protein response involving chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced protein translation and spongiosis leading subsequently to synaptic and neuronal loss. Here we have characterised prion disease in mice to assess redox stress components including nitrergic and oxidative markers associated with neuroinflammatory activation. Aberrant regulation of the homeostasis of several redox metals contributes to the overall cellular redox stress and we have identified altered levels of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in the hippocampus of prion diseased mice. Our data show that early in disease, there is evidence for oxidative stress in conjunction with reduced antioxidant superoxide dismutase mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, expression of divalent metal transporter proteins was reduced for Atp7b, Atox1, Slc11a2, Slc39a14 at 6-7 weeks but increased for Slc39a14 and Mt1 at 10 weeks of disease. Our data present evidence for a strong pro-oxidant environment and altered redox metal homeostasis in early disease pathology which both may be contributory factors to aggravating this protein misfolding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jereme G Spiers
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Hsiao-Jou Cortina Chen
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tiffany L Barry
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Julie-Myrtille Bourgognon
- School of Infection and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Joern R Steinert
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2NR, UK.
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Wu X, Liu M, Yan T, Wang Z, Yu W, Du Q, Hu W, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Wang K, Dong X. Plasma PRPC Levels Correlate With Severity and Prognosis of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2022; 13:913926. [PMID: 35899267 PMCID: PMC9309369 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.913926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCellular prion protein (PRPC) exerts brain-protective effects. We determined the relationship between plasma PRPC levels and disease severity plus clinical outcome after acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).MethodsA total of 138 ICH patients and 138 healthy controls were included in this prospective, observational study. Hematoma volume and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score were used to assess disease severity. Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) scores of 1–3 and 4–5 at 90 days after stroke were defined as a poor outcome and good outcome, respectively. Using multivariate analysis, we discerned the relation of plasma PRPC levels to disease severity and poor outcome. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was built to evaluate the prognostic predictive capability.ResultsPlasma PRPC levels in ICH patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (median, 4.20 vs. 2.02 ng/ml; P < 0.001), and were independently correlated with GCS score (r = −0.645, P < 0.001) and hematoma volume (r = 0.627, P < 0.001). Plasma PRPC levels were highly correlated with GOS score (r = −0.762, P < 0.001), and were substantially higher in patients with poor outcomes than in those with the good outcomes. Using maximum Youden index, plasma PRPC levels >3.893 ng/ml distinguished the risk of poor outcome at 90 days, with a sensitivity of 86.4% and a specificity of 65.8% (area under the curve, 0.809; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.737–0.881, P < 0.001). Plasma PRPC levels >3.893 ng/ml were independently associated with a poor 90-day outcome with an odds ratio of 12.278 (95% CI, 5.101–29.554).ConclusionElevated plasma PRPC levels are significantly associated with disease severity and poor 90-day outcome in ICH patients, indicating that plasma PRPC may be used as a potential prognostic biomarker after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Yan
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zefan Wang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongke Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keyi Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Keyi Wang
| | - Xiaoqiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Xiaoqiao Dong
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Im H, Lim J. Antioxidant Responses are Crucial for Defense against Misfolded Human
Z-Type α1-Antitrypsin. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:384-391. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220321151913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds:
The Z-type variant of human α1-antitrypsin is involved in liver cirrhosis
and pulmonary emphysema. Due to its slow folding characteristics, this variant accumulates folding
intermediates and forms protein aggregates within hepatocytes. Misfolded proteins may induce
oxidative stress and subsequent cell death.
Objective:
The potential application of antioxidant response signaling pathway and antioxidants to
cope with Z-type α1-antitrypsin-induced oxidative stress was evaluated.
Methods:
Overexpression of Z-type α1-antitrypsin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provoked oxidative
stress and increased susceptibility to oxidative challenges such as hydrogen peroxide treatment.
Deletion of antioxidant-response genes, including yap1, skn7, sod2, tsa1, and pst2, exacerbated the
slow growth phenotype of Z-type α1-antitrypsin-expressing cells. Antioxidant treatment alleviated
oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by Z-type α1-antitrypsin.
Results:
Our results show that cellular antioxidant capacity is crucial to protection against
misfolded Z-type α1-antitrypsin.
Conclusion:
The information obtained here may be used to prevent oxidative stress caused by
misfolded proteins, which are associated with several degenerative diseases, including amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Im
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Lim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yao H, Lv C, Luo F, He C. Plasma cellular prion protein concentrations correlate with severity and prognosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:114-119. [PMID: 34537219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is greatly expressed in injured brain tissues. We investigates correlation of plasma PrPc concentrations with severity, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) plus prognosis following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS Plasma PrPc concentrations were measured in 110 aSAH patients and 110 healthy controls. The World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale (WFNS) score, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, Hunt-Hess score and modified Fisher score were utilized to assess hemorrhagic severity. Relations of plasma PrPc concentrations to DCI and 90-day poor outcome (Glasgow outcome scale score of 1-3) were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Prognostic predictive capabilities were determined under receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS Plasma PrPc concentrations were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Plasma PrPc concentrations were tightly correlated with WFNS score, GCS score, Hunt-Hess score and modified Fisher score. Plasma PrPc emerged as an independent predictor for 90-day poor outcome, but not for DCI. Plasma PrPc concentrations exhibited similar prognostic predictive abilities, as compared to WFNS score, GCS score, Hunt-Hess score and modified Fisher score. CONCLUSIONS Plasma PrPc concentrations are highly associated with severity and poor outcome after hemorrhagic stroke, indicating that plasma PrPc may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker for aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Yao
- Medical Laboratory, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Caiping Lv
- Medical Laboratory, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Fangjun Luo
- Medical Laboratory, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China.
| | - Chao He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China
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Calcineurin Activation by Prion Protein Induces Neurotoxicity via Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5572129. [PMID: 34394828 PMCID: PMC8363446 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5572129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are caused by PrPsc accumulation in the brain, which triggers dysfunctional mitochondrial injury and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in neurons. Recent studies on prion diseases suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by misfolding proteins such as misfolded prion protein results in activation of calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium-related protein phosphatase of type 2B that exists in copious quantities in the brain and acts as a critical nodal component in the control of cellular functions. To investigate the relationship between calcineurin and intracellular ROS, we assessed the alteration of CaN and ROS induced by prion peptide (PrP) 106-126. Human prion peptide increased mitochondrial ROS by activating calcineurin, and the inhibition of calcineurin activity protected mitochondrial function and neuronal apoptosis in neuronal cells. These results suggest that calcineurin plays a pivotal role in neuronal apoptosis by mediating mitochondrial injury and ROS in prion diseases.
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Wang M, Gui X, Wu L, Tian S, Wang H, Xie L, Wu W. Amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress are associated with post-stroke depression: a metabonomics study. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:250. [PMID: 32563250 PMCID: PMC7305607 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a mood disorder characterized by depression and anhedonia caused by stroke. Metabolomics identified metabolites associated with PSD, but previous studies are based on gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS). This study aimed to perform a liquid chromatography (LC)-MS-based metabolomics study of the plasma metabolite profiles between patients with PSD and controls. Methods This was a prospective study of patients with stroke enrolled between July and December 2017 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Patients were grouped as Hamilton Depression Rating Scale > 7 (PSD) or < 7 (controls). Metabonomics profiling of plasma sampled was conducted by LC-MS. By combining multivariable and univariable statistical analyses, significant differential metabolites between the two groups were screened. The threshold for significant differences was VIP ≥1 and P < 0.05. Log2FC is the logarithm of the mean ratio between the two groups. Results There were no significant difference with respect to age, NIHSS score, and MMSE between the two groups (all P > 0.05). There were six differential metabolites between the PSD and stroke groups, of which three metabolites were increased and three were decreased. Compared with the control group, p-chlorophenylalanine (Log2FC = 1.37, P = 0.03), phenylacetyl glutamine (Log2FC = 0.21, P = 0.048), and DHA (Log2FC = 0.77, P = 0.01) levels were higher in the PSD group, while betaine (trimethylglycine) (Log2FC = − 0.79, P = 0.04), palmitic acid (Log2FC = − 0.51, P = 0.001), and MHPG-SO4 (Log2FC = − 2.37, P = 0.045) were decreased. Conclusion Plasma metabolomics showed that amino acid metabolism (phenylacetyl glutamine, p-chlorophenylalanine, trimethylglycine), lipid metabolism (DHA, palmitic acid, trimethylglycine), and oxidative stress (DHA, palmitic acid, trimethylglycine) were associated with PSD. These results could help to reveal the pathophysiological mechanism of PSD and eventually identify treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianwei Gui
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lanxiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sheng Tian
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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12
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Tahir W, Abdulrahman B, Abdelaziz DH, Thapa S, Walia R, Schätzl HM. An astrocyte cell line that differentially propagates murine prions. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11572-11583. [PMID: 32561641 PMCID: PMC7450132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders in human and animals caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathological isoform PrPSc. Elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying prion propagation may help to develop disease interventions. Cell culture systems for prion propagation have greatly advanced molecular insights into prion biology, but translation of in vitro to in vivo findings is often disappointing. A wider range of cell culture systems might help overcome these shortcomings. Here, we describe an immortalized mouse neuronal astrocyte cell line (C8D1A) that can be infected with murine prions. Both PrPC protein and mRNA levels in astrocytes were comparable with those in neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines permitting persistent prion infection. We challenged astrocytes with three mouse-adapted prion strains (22L, RML, and ME7) and cultured them for six passages. Immunoblotting results revealed that the astrocytes propagated 22L prions well over all six passages, whereas ME7 prions did not replicate, and RML prions replicated only very weakly after five passages. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated similar results for PrPSc. Interestingly, when we used prion conversion activity as a readout in real-time quaking-induced conversion assays with RML-infected cell lysates, we observed a strong signal over all six passages, comparable with that for 22L-infected cells. These data indicate that the C8D1A cell line is permissive to prion infection. Moreover, the propagated prions differed in conversion and proteinase K–resistance levels in these astrocytes. We propose that the C8D1A cell line could be used to decipher prion strain biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Tahir
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Basant Abdulrahman
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia H Abdelaziz
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Simrika Thapa
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Walia
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hermann M Schätzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Zou Y, Schreiber SL. Progress in Understanding Ferroptosis and Challenges in Its Targeting for Therapeutic Benefit. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:463-471. [PMID: 32302583 PMCID: PMC7346472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell-death modality driven by oxidative phospholipid damage. In contrast to apoptosis, which enables organisms to eliminate targeted cells purposefully at specific times, ferroptosis appears to be a vulnerability of cells that otherwise use high levels of polyunsaturated lipids to their advantage. Cells in this high polyunsaturated lipid state generally have safeguards that mitigate ferroptotic risk. Since its recognition, ferroptosis has been implicated in degenerative diseases in tissues including kidney and brain, and is a targetable vulnerability in multiple cancers-each likely characterized by the high polyunsaturated lipid state with insufficient or overwhelmed ferroptotic safeguards. In this Perspective, we present progress toward defining the essential roles and key mediators of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in disease contexts. Moreover, we discuss gaps in our understanding of ferroptosis and list key challenges that have thus far limited the full potential of targeting ferroptosis for improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zou
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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14
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Development and structural determination of an anti-PrP C aptamer that blocks pathological conformational conversion of prion protein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4934. [PMID: 32188933 PMCID: PMC7080826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases comprise a fatal neuropathy caused by the conversion of prion protein from a cellular (PrPC) to a pathological (PrPSc) isoform. Previously, we obtained an RNA aptamer, r(GGAGGAGGAGGA) (R12), that folds into a unique G-quadruplex. The R12 homodimer binds to a PrPC molecule, inhibiting PrPC-to-PrPSc conversion. Here, we developed a new RNA aptamer, r(GGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGA) (R24), where two R12s are tandemly connected. The 50% inhibitory concentration for the formation of PrPSc (IC50) of R24 in scrapie-infected cell lines was ca. 100 nM, i.e., much lower than that of R12 by two orders. Except for some antibodies, R24 exhibited the lowest recorded IC50 and the highest anti-prion activity. We also developed a related aptamer, r(GGAGGAGGAGGA-A-GGAGGAGGAGGA) (R12-A-R12), IC50 being ca. 500 nM. The structure of a single R12-A-R12 molecule determined by NMR resembled that of the R12 homodimer. The quadruplex structure of either R24 or R12-A-R12 is unimolecular, and therefore the structure could be stably formed when they are administered to a prion-infected cell culture. This may be the reason they can exert high anti-prion activity.
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15
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Yamashita S, Honda R, Fukuoka M, Kimura T, Hosokawa-Muto J, Kuwata K. Discovery of a multipotent chaperone, 1-(2,6-Difluorobenzylamino)-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-9-yl)-propan-2-ol with the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of prion, cancer as well as influenza virus. Prion 2020; 14:42-46. [PMID: 31971853 PMCID: PMC6984644 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1714372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered three carbazole derivatives, GJP14 (1-piperidinylmethyl-2-(1-oxo-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-9-yl)-ethan-1-ol) with anti-prion activity, GJC29 (benzylamino-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-9-yl)-propan-2-ol) with anti-cancer activity, and THC19 (1-piperidinylmethyl-2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarnazol-9-yl)-ethan-1-ol) with anti-influenza virus activity. During optimization of GJP14 for the anti-prion activity, we discovered a compound, 1-(2,6-difluorobenzylamino)-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-9-yl)-propan-2-ol, termed 5Y, had the most strong anti-prion activity among a series of newly synthesized derivatives. Intriguingly, we noticed that 5Y had also the most strong anti-colon cancer as well as the anti-influenza virus activities among derivatives. No significant toxicity of 5Y was observed. These results demonstrate that 5Y is a multipotent lead compound with unusually wide spectrum, and may be applicable to therapeutics targeting multiple diseases.Abbreviations: MoPrP: mouse prion protein of amino acid residues of 23-231; PrPC: cellular form of prion protein; PrPSc: scrapie form of prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Honda
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mayuko Fukuoka
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Hosokawa-Muto
- First Department of Forsenic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Gene and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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16
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Yamaguchi K, Kamatari YO, Ono F, Shibata H, Fuse T, Elhelaly AE, Fukuoka M, Kimura T, Hosokawa-Muto J, Ishikawa T, Tobiume M, Takeuchi Y, Matsuyama Y, Ishibashi D, Nishida N, Kuwata K. A designer molecular chaperone against transmissible spongiform encephalopathy slows disease progression in mice and macaques. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:206-219. [PMID: 30948810 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that lack therapeutic solutions. Here, we show that the molecular chaperone (N,N'-([cyclohexylmethylene]di-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-[1-pyrrolidinyl]acetamide)), designed via docking simulations, molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemical calculations, slows down the progress of TSEs. In vitro, the designer molecular chaperone stabilizes the normal cellular prion protein, eradicates prions in infected cells, prevents the formation of drug-resistant strains and directly inhibits the interaction between prions and abnormal aggregates, as shown via real-time quaking-induced conversion and in vitro conversion NMR. Weekly intraperitoneal injection of the chaperone in prion-infected mice prolonged their survival, and weekly intravenous administration of the compound in macaques infected with bovine TSE slowed down the development of neurological and psychological symptoms and reduced the concentration of disease-associated biomarkers in the animals' cerebrospinal fluid. The de novo rational design of chaperone compounds could lead to therapeutics that can bind to different prion protein strains to ameliorate the pathology of TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ono
- Faculty of Animal Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shibata
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fuse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismalia, Egypt
| | - Mayuko Fukuoka
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kimura
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Hosokawa-Muto
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,First Department of Forsenic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takeuchi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuyama
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan. .,Department of Gene and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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17
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Collins SJ, Tumpach C, Groveman BR, Drew SC, Haigh CL. Prion protein cleavage fragments regulate adult neural stem cell quiescence through redox modulation of mitochondrial fission and SOD2 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3231-3249. [PMID: 29574582 PMCID: PMC6063333 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues in the post-developmental brain throughout life. The ability to stimulate the production of new neurones requires both quiescent and actively proliferating pools of neural stem cells (NSCs). Actively proliferating NSCs ensure that neurogenic demand can be met, whilst the quiescent pool makes certain NSC reserves do not become depleted. The processes preserving the NSC quiescent pool are only just beginning to be defined. Herein, we identify a switch between NSC proliferation and quiescence through changing intracellular redox signalling. We show that N-terminal post-translational cleavage products of the prion protein (PrP) induce a quiescent state, halting NSC cellular growth, migration, and neurite outgrowth. Quiescence is initiated by the PrP cleavage products through reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. First, inhibition of redox signalling results in increased mitochondrial fission, which rapidly signals quiescence. Thereafter, quiescence is maintained through downstream increases in the expression and activity of superoxide dismutase-2 that reduces mitochondrial superoxide. We further observe that PrP is predominantly cleaved in quiescent NSCs indicating a homeostatic role for this cascade. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation of NSC quiescence, which potentially could influence brain health throughout adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Collins
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, 59840, USA
| | - Simon C Drew
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, 59840, USA.
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18
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Honda R, Yamaguchi KI, Elhelaly AE, Fuji M, Kuwata K. Poly-L-histidine inhibits prion propagation in a prion-infected cell line. Prion 2018; 12:226-233. [PMID: 30074430 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2018.1505395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of lethal neurodegenerative diseases involving the structural conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathogenic isoform (PrPSc) for which no effective treatment is currently available. Previous studies have implicated that a polymeric molecule with a repeating unit, such as pentosane polysulfate and polyamidoamide dendrimers, exhibits a potent anti-prion activity, suggesting that poly-(amino acid)s could be a candidate molecule for inhibiting prion propagation. Here, by screening a series of poly-(amino acid)s in a prion-infected neuroblastoma cell line (GTFK), we identified poly-L-His as a novel anti-prion compound with an IC50 value of 1.8 µg/mL (0.18 µM). This potent anti-prion activity was specific to a high-molecular-weight poly-L-His and absent in monomeric histidine or low-molecular-weight poly-L-His. Solution NMR data indicated that poly-L-His directly binds to the loop region connecting Helix 2 and Helix 3 of PrPC and sterically blocks the structural conversion toward PrPSc. Poly-L-His, however, did not inhibit prion propagation in a prion-infected mouse when administered intraperitoneally, suggesting that the penetration of blood-brain barrier and/or the chemical stability of this polypeptide must be addressed before its application in vivo. Taken together, this study revealed the potential use of poly-L-His as a novel treatment against TSEs. (203 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Honda
- a United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | | | - Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly
- a United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Fuji
- a United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- a United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan.,c Department of Gene and Development , Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
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19
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Chen X, Li LY, Jiang JL, Li K, Su ZB, Zhang FQ, Zhang WJ, Zhao GQ. Propofol elicits autophagy via endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium exchange in C2C12 myoblast cell line. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197934. [PMID: 29795639 PMCID: PMC5967754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between propofol and autophagy and examined whether this relationship depends on ER stress, production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), and disruption of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. To this end, we measured C2C12 cell apoptosis in vitro, along with Ca2+ levels; ROS production; and expression of proteins and genes associated with autophagy, Ca2+ homeostasis, and ER stress, including LC3 (microtubule-associate protein 1 light chain 3), p62, AMPK (adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase), phosphorylated AMPK, mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin), phosphorylated mTOR, CHOP (C/BEP homologous protein), and Grp78/Bip (78 kDa glucose-regulated protein). We found that propofol treatment induced autophagy, ER stress, and Ca2+ release. The ratio of phosphorylated AMPK to AMPK increased, whereas the ratio of phosphorylated mTOR to mTOR decreased. Collectively, the data suggested that propofol induced autophagy in vitro through ER stress, resulting in elevated ROS and Ca2+. Additionally, co-administration of an ER stress inhibitor blunted the effect of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Long-Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Lan Jiang
- Department of Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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T. Islam AM, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Lewis V, Biggi S, Biasini E, Collins SJ. Acute Neurotoxicity Models of Prion Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:431-445. [PMID: 29393619 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are phenotypically diverse, transmissible, neurodegenerative disorders affecting both animals and humans. Misfolding of the normal prion protein (PrPC) into disease-associated conformers (PrPSc) is considered the critical etiological event underpinning prion diseases, with such misfolded isoforms linked to both disease transmission and neurotoxicity. Although important advances in our understanding of prion biology and pathogenesis have occurred over the last 3-4 decades, many fundamental questions remain to be resolved, including consensus regarding the principal pathways subserving neuronal dysfunction, as well as detailed biophysical characterization of PrPSc species transmitting disease and/or directly associated with neurotoxicity. In vivo and in vitro models have been, and remain, critical to furthering our understanding across many aspects of prion disease patho-biology. Prion animal models are arguably the most authentic in vivo models of neurodegeneration that exist and have provided valuable and multifarious insights into pathogenesis; however, they are expensive and time-consuming, and it can be problematic to clearly discern evidence of direct PrPSc neurotoxicity in the overall context of pathogenesis. In vitro models, in contrast, generally offer greater tractability and appear more suited to assessments of direct acute neurotoxicity but have until recently been relatively simplistic, and overall there remains a relative paucity of validated, biologically relevant models with heightened reliability as far as translational insights, contributing to difficulties in redressing our knowledge gaps in prion disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the spectrum and methodological diversity of in vivo and in vitro models of prion acute toxicity, as well as the pathogenic insights gained from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S. Biggi
- CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - E. Biasini
- CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
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21
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Mitochondrial Respiration Is Impaired during Late-Stage Hamster Prion Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00524-17. [PMID: 28659480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00524-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial to proper neuronal function and overall brain health. Mitochondrial dysfunction within the brain has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases, including prion disease. Several markers of decreased mitochondrial activity during prion infection have been reported, yet the bioenergetic respiratory status of mitochondria from prion-infected animals is unknown. Here we show that clinically ill transgenic mice overexpressing hamster prion protein (Tg7) infected with the hamster prion strain 263K suffer from a severe deficit in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in response to the respiratory complex II substrate succinate. Characterization of the mitochondrial proteome of purified brain mitochondria from infected and uninfected Tg7 mice showed significant differences in the relative abundance of key mitochondrial electron transport proteins in 263K-infected animals relative to that in controls. Our results suggest that at clinical stages of prion infection, dysregulation of respiratory chain proteins may lead to impairment of mitochondrial respiration in the brain.IMPORTANCE Mitochondrial dysfunction is present in most major neurodegenerative diseases, and some studies have suggested that mitochondrial processes may be altered during prion disease. Here we show that hamster prion-infected transgenic mice overexpressing the hamster prion protein (Tg7 mice) suffer from mitochondrial respiratory deficits. Tg7 mice infected with the 263K hamster prion strain have little or no signs of mitochondrial dysfunction at the disease midpoint but suffer from a severe deficit in mitochondrial respiration at the clinical phase of disease. A proteomic analysis of the isolated brain mitochondria from clinically affected animals showed that several proteins involved in electron transport, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial protein synthesis were dysregulated. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction, possibly exacerbated by prion protein overexpression, occurs at late stages during 263K prion disease and that this dysfunction may be the result of dysregulation of mitochondrial proteins.
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22
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Linsenmeier L, Altmeppen HC, Wetzel S, Mohammadi B, Saftig P, Glatzel M. Diverse functions of the prion protein - Does proteolytic processing hold the key? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2128-2137. [PMID: 28693923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of the cellular and disease-associated form of the prion protein leads to generation of bioactive soluble prion protein fragments and modifies the structure and function of its cell-bound form. The nature of proteases responsible for shedding, α-, β-, and γ-cleavage of the prion protein are only partially identified and their regulation is largely unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the increasingly multifaceted picture of prion protein proteolysis and shed light on physiological and pathological roles associated with these cleavages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Kim SH, Kim KY, Yu SN, Seo YK, Chun SS, Yu HS, Ahn SC. Silibinin induces mitochondrial NOX4-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress response and its subsequent apoptosis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:452. [PMID: 27405931 PMCID: PMC4942927 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silibinin, a biologically active compound of milk thistle, has chemopreventive effects on cancer cell lines. Recently it was reported that silibinin inhibited tumor growth through activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway. Although various evidences showed multiple signaling pathways of silibinin in apoptosis, there were no reports to address the clear mechanism of ROS-mediated pathway in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Several studies suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in various signaling cascades, but the primary source of ROS was currently unclear. Methods The effect of silibinin was investigated on cell growth of prostate cell lines by MTT assay. We examined whether silibinin induced apoptosis through production of ROS using flow cytometry. Expression of apoptosis-, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related protein and gene were determined by western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Results Results showed that silibinin triggered mitochondrial ROS production through NOX4 expression and finally led to induce apoptosis. In addition, mitochondrial ROS caused ER stress through disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis. Co-treatment of ROS inhibitor reduced the silibinin-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of NOX4 expression, resulting in reduction of both Ca2+ level and ER stress response. Conclusions Taken together, silibinin induced mitochondrial ROS-dependent apoptosis through NOX4, which is associated with disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and ER stress response. Therefore, the regulation of NOX4, mitochondrial ROS producer, could be a potential target for the treatment of prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2516-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Kim
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Nyoung Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Republic of Korea.,Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyo Seo
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Chun
- Department of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Sun Yu
- Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626-870, Republic of Korea.,Department of Parasitology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Republic of Korea. .,Immunoregulatory Therapeutics Group in Brain Busan 21 Project, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626-870, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Nakagawa Y, Chiba K. Involvement of Neuroinflammation during Brain Development in Social Cognitive Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:504-15. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Ding X, Liu R, Li W, Ni H, Liu Y, Wu D, Yang S, Liu J, Xiao B, Liu S. A metabonomic investigation on the biochemical perturbation in post-stroke patients with depressive disorder (PSD). Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:279-87. [PMID: 26537495 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A metabonomics study based on GC/MS and multivariate statistical analysis was performed involving 28 post stroke depressed (PSD) patients, 27 post-stroke non-depressed (PSND) patients and 33 healthy subjects to investigate the biochemical perturbation in their plasma samples. The outcome of this study showed that there was distinctive metabolic profile for PSD patients. Seven sentinel metabolites showed marked perturbations in PSD patients' blood. The introduction of metabonomics approach may provide a novel metabonomic insight about PSD and the sentinel metabolites for classifying PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics and Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Ruoxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics and Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
- Departmment of Cell Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenkai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Hengjia Ni
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics and Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics and Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics and Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics and Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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26
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Logical design of anti-prion agents using NAGARA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:930-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Rational approach to an antiprion compound with a multiple mechanism of action. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2113-20. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The main pathogenic event of prion disorders has been identified in the deposition of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc), which is accompanied by metal dyshomeostasis. Results: The multitarget-directed ligand 1, designed by combining a heteroaromatic prion recognition motif to an 8-hydroxyquinoline metal chelator, has been developed as a potential antiprion disease-modifying agent. Importantly, 1 was found to effectively clear PrPSc from scrapie-infected cells, and, at the same time, inhibit metal-induced prion aggregation and reactive oxygen species generation. 1 was also characterized in terms of pharmacokinetic properties in a preliminary in vitro investigation. Conclusion: Compound 1 has emerged as a suitable lead candidate against prion diseases and as a good starting point for a further optimization process.
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28
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Cingaram PKR, Nyeste A, Dondapati DT, Fodor E, Welker E. Prion Protein Does Not Confer Resistance to Hippocampus-Derived Zpl Cells against the Toxic Effects of Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Co2+ Not Supporting a General Protective Role for PrP in Transition Metal Induced Toxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139219. [PMID: 26426582 PMCID: PMC4591282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of transition metals with the prion protein (PrP) are well-documented and characterized, however, there is no consensus on their role in either the physiology of PrP or PrP-related neurodegenerative disorders. PrP has been reported to protect cells from the toxic stimuli of metals. By employing a cell viability assay, we examined the effects of various concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ on Zpl (Prnp-/-) and ZW (Prnp+/+) hippocampus-derived mouse neuronal cells. Prnp-/- Zpl cells were more sensitive to all four metals than PrP-expressing Zw cells. However, when we introduced PrP or only the empty vector into Zpl cells, we could not discern any protective effect associated with the presence of PrP. This observation was further corroborated when assessing the toxic effect of metals by propidium-iodide staining and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. Thus, our results on this mouse cell culture model do not seem to support a strong protective role for PrP against transition metal toxicity and also emphasize the necessity of extreme care when comparing cells derived from PrP knock-out and wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antal Nyeste
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Divya Teja Dondapati
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elfrieda Fodor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ervin Welker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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29
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Chen LN, Shi Q, Zhang BY, Zhang XM, Wang J, Xiao K, Lv Y, Sun J, Yang XD, Chen C, Zhou W, Han J, Dong XP. Proteomic Analyses for the Global S-Nitrosylated Proteins in the Brain Tissues of Different Human Prion Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5079-96. [PMID: 26392294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal damage in brain. Protein S-nitrosylation, the covalent adduction of a NO to cysteine, plays a role in human brain biology, and brain dysfunction is a prominent feature of prion disease, yet the direct brain targets of S-nitrosylation are largely unknown. We described the first proteomic analysis of global S-nitrosylation in brain tissues of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and genetic CJD with a substitution of valine for glycine at codon 114 of the prion protein gene (G114V gCJD) accompanying with normal control with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with a nano-HPLC/Q-Exactive mass spectrometry platform. In parallel, we used several approaches to provide quality control for the experimentally defined S-nitrosylated proteins. A total of 1509 S-nitrosylated proteins (SNO-proteins) were identified, and data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002813. The cerebellum tissues appeared to contain more commonly differentially expressed SNO-proteins (DESPs) than cortex of sCJD, FFI, and gCJD. Three selected SNO-proteins were verified by Western blots, consistent with proteomics assays. Gene ontology analysis showed that more up-regulated DESPs were involved in metabolism, cell cytoskeleton/structure, and immune system both in the cortex and cerebellum, while more down-regulated ones in both regions were involved in cell cytoskeleton/structure, cell-cell communication, and miscellaneous function protein. Pathway analysis suggested that systemic lupus erythematosus, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction were the most commonly affected pathways, which were identified from at least two different diseases. Using STRING database, the network of immune system and cell cytoskeleton and structure were commonly identified in the context of the up-regulated and down-regulated DESPs, respectively, both in the cortex and cerebellum. Our study thus have implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms of human prion diseases related to abnormal protein S-nitrosylation and pave the way for future studies focused on potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and therapy of human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China. .,Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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30
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The effects of the cellular and infectious prion protein on the neuronal adaptor protein X11α. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2213-21. [PMID: 26297964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal adaptor protein X11α is a multidomain protein with a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, two PDZ (PSD_95, Drosophila disks-large, ZO-1) domains, a Munc Interacting (MI) domain and a CASK interacting region. Amongst its functions is a role in the regulation of the abnormal processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). It also regulates the activity of Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) through binding with its chaperone the copper chaperone for SOD1. How X11α production is controlled has remained unclear. METHODS Using the neuroblastoma cell line, N2a, and knockdown studies, the effect of the cellular and infectious prion protein, PrP(C) and PrP(Sc), on X11α is examined. RESULTS We show that X11α expression is directly proportional to the expression of PrP(C), whereas its levels are reduced by PrP(Sc). We also show PrP(Sc) to affect X11α at a functional level. One of the effects of prion infection is lowered cellular SOD1 levels, here by knockdown of X11α we identify that the effect of PrP(Sc) on SOD1 can be reversed indicating that X11α is involved in prion disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS A role for the cellular and infectious prion protein, PrP(C) and PrP(Sc), respectively, in regulating X11α is identified in this work. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Due to the multiple interacting partners of X11α, dysfunction or alteration in X11α will have a significant cellular effect. This work highlights the role of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) in the regulation of X11α, and provides a new target pathway to control X11α and its related functions.
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31
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Lin Z, Zhao D, Wang Y, Zhao W, Yin X, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Yang L. Downregulation of β-Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein: Proteomics-Based Identification in Early-Stage Prion Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:193-201. [PMID: 26022183 DOI: 10.1159/000371553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are known as neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system with a long incubation period. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion diseases share the hallmark of severe neuronal loss, although their pathogenic mechanisms are similarly incomplete. It appears that these two neurodegenerative diseases share a complex deterioration of function involved in the onset of neuronal loss. To investigate presymptomatic biochemical changes indicative of the initial stage of prion diseases and decipher the pathophysiological mechanisms of these two neurodegenerative diseases, we performed a differential proteomic analysis on brain tissues of 263K-infected hamsters during the presymptomatic period and transgenic APPSWE, PSEN1dE9 mice (a mouse model of AD). We identified 7 differentially expressed proteins including the β-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (β-SNAP) by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The β-SNAP expression patterns in the brains of cases and controls were further quantified by Western blotting. β-SNAP showed an early decrease followed by a progressive depletion. The expression of β-SNAP was also significantly downregulated in the mouse model of AD. β-SNAP is brain-specific and known to bind to the SNAP receptors and is therefore involved in the control of neurotransmitter release as well as in constitutive vesicular transport. Our results suggest that presynaptic failure and abnormalities in neurotransmission may be early events in the development of neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Lin
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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32
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Soutyrine A, Yogasingam N, Huang H, Mitchell G. Effects of heme-PrP complex on cell-free conversion and peroxidase-linked immunodetection of prions in blood-based assays. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:168-74. [PMID: 26022071 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) binding to natural and synthetic porphyrins has been previously demonstrated but the effects of endogenous heme interactions with PrP remain uncertain. This study investigated implications of this interaction in blood-based peroxidase-linked prion immunodetection and seeded conversion of cellular prion (PrP(C)) into disease associated form (PrP(Sc)). Heme binding to recombinant PrP(C) enhanced intrinsic peroxidase activity (POD) by 2.5-fold and POD inherent to denatured blood accounted for over 84% of luminol-based substrate oxidation in a prion immunodetection assay. An immuno-capture assay showed that 75-98% of blood POD was attributable to binding of PrP(C) with endogenous heme. Additionally, 10 μM heme inhibited (P<0.05) the seeded conversion of PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) through the protein misfolding cycling amplification assay. We conclude that the observed effects can interfere with cell-free conversion and peroxidase-linked immunodetection of prions in blood-based assays. These results indicate that heme-PrP interactions could modulate intrinsic POD and protect PrP(C) from conversion into PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Soutyrine
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nishandan Yogasingam
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongsheng Huang
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Pham N, Sawyer TW, Wang Y, Jazii FR, Vair C, Taghibiglou C. Primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats leads to increased prion protein in plasma: a potential biomarker for blast-induced traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:58-65. [PMID: 25058115 PMCID: PMC4273182 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is deemed the "signature injury" of recent military conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, largely because of increased blast exposure. Injuries to the brain can often be misdiagnosed, leading to further complications in the future. Therefore, the use of protein biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of TBI is urgently needed. In the present study, we have investigated the plasma levels of soluble cellular prion protein (PrPC) as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of primary blast-induced TBI (bTBI). We hypothesize that the primary blast wave can disrupt the brain and dislodge extracellular localized PrPC, leading to a rise in concentration within the systemic circulation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to single pulse shockwave overpressures of varying intensities (15-30 psi or 103.4-206.8 kPa] using an advanced blast simulator. Blood plasma was collected 24 h after insult, and PrPC concentration was determined with a modified commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for PrPC. We provide the first report that mean PrPC concentration in primary blast exposed rats (3.97 ng/mL ± 0.13 SE) is significantly increased compared with controls (2.46 ng/mL ± 0.14 SE; two tailed test p < 0.0001). Furthermore, we report a mild positive rank correlation between PrPC concentration and increasing blast intensity (psi) reflecting a plateaued response at higher pressure magnitudes, which may have implications for all military service members exposed to blast events. In conclusion, it appears that plasma levels of PrPC may be a novel biomarker for the detection of primary bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Thomas W. Sawyer
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yushan Wang
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ferdous Rastgar Jazii
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cory Vair
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Changiz Taghibiglou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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34
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Feng B, Wang Z, Liu T, Jin R, Wang S, Wang W, Xiao G, Zhou Z. Methionine oxidation accelerates the aggregation and enhances the neurotoxicity of the D178N variant of the human prion protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2345-56. [PMID: 25281825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The D178N mutation of the prion protein (PrP) results in the hereditary prion disease fatal familial insomnia (FFI). Little is known regarding the effects of methionine oxidation on the pathogenesis of D178N-associated FFI. In the present study, we found that the D178N variant was more susceptible to oxidation than wild-type PrP, as indicated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay studies demonstrated that methionine oxidation decreased the structural stability of the D178N variant, and the oxidized D178N variant exhibited a greater propensity to form β-sheet-rich oligomers and aggregates. Moreover, these aggregates of oxidized D178N PrP were more resistant to proteinase K (PK) digestion. Additionally, using fluorescence confocal microscopy, we detected a high degree of aggregation in D178N-transfected Neuro-2a (N2a) cells after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Furthermore, the oxidation and consequent aggregation of the D178N variant induced greater apoptosis of N2a cells, as monitored using flow cytometry. Collectively, these observations suggest that methionine oxidation accelerates the aggregation and enhances the neurotoxicity of the D178N variant, possibly providing direct evidence to link the pathogenesis of D178N-associated FFI with methionine oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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Cichon AC, Brown DR. Nrf-2 regulation of prion protein expression is independent of oxidative stress. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 63:31-7. [PMID: 25242137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular expression of host prion protein (PrP) is essential to infection with prion disease. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate prion protein expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels is therefore an important goal. The cellular prion protein has been associated with resistance to oxidative, and its expression is also increased by oxidative stress. The transcription factor Nrf-2 is associated with cellular responses to oxidative stress and is known to induce upregulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. We have identified an Nrf-2 binding site in the prion protein promoter (Prnp) and shown that Nrf-2 downregulated PrP expression. However, this effect is independent of oxidative stress as oxidative stress can up-regulate PrP expression regardless of the level of Nrf-2 expression. Furthermore, Nrf-2 has no impact on PrP expression when cells are infected with scrapie. These findings highlight that Nrf-2 can regulate PrP expression, but that this regulation becomes uncoupled during cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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Zhu T, Hayat Khan S, Zhao D, Yang L. Regulation of proteasomes in prion disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:531-9. [PMID: 24829398 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of prion disease is the accumulation of misfolded protein PrP(Sc), which is toxic to neuronal cells. The proteasome system is responsible for the rapid, precise, and timely degradation of proteins and plays an important role in cellular protein quality control. Increasing evidence indicates impaired activity of proteasomes in prion diseases. Accumulated PrP(Sc) can directly or indirectly affect proteasome activity. Misfolded protein may influence the assembly and activity of 19S regulatory particle, or post-translational modification of 20S proteasome, which may adversely affect the protein degradation activity of proteasomes. In this review, we summarized the recent findings concerning the possible regulation of proteasomes in prion and other neurodegenerative diseases. The proteasome system may enhance its degradation activity by changing its structure, and this activity can also be increased by related chaperones when neuronal cells are subject to stress. When the proteasome system is inhibited, degradation of protein aggregates via autophagy may increase as a compensatory system. It is possible that a balance exists between the proteasome and autophagy in vivo; when one is impaired, the activity of the other may increase to maintain homeostasis. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between the proteasome system and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sher Hayat Khan
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Multitarget ligands and theranostics: sharpening the medicinal chemistry sword against prion diseases. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1017-29. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases (PrDs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders, for which no effective therapeutic and diagnostic tools exist. The main pathogenic event has been identified as the misfolding of a disease-associated prion protein. Nevertheless, pathogenesis seems to involve an intricate array of concomitant processes. Thus, it may be unlikely that drugs acting on single targets can effectively control PrDs. In addition, diagnosis occurs late in the disease process, by which point it is difficult to determine a successful therapeutic intervention. In this context, multitarget ligands (MTLs) and theranostic ligands (TLs) emerge for their potential to effectively cure and diagnose PrDs. In this review, we discuss the medicinal chemistry challenges of identifying novel MTLs and TLs against PrDs, and envision their impact on prion drug discovery.
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Mediano DR, Sanz-Rubio D, Ranera B, Bolea R, Martín-Burriel I. The potential of mesenchymal stem cell in prion research. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:165-78. [PMID: 24854140 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the accumulation of a misfolded protein (PrP(res)), the pathological form of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). For the last decades, prion research has greatly progressed, but many questions need to be solved about prion replication mechanisms, cell toxicity, differences in genetic susceptibility, species barrier or the nature of prion strains. These studies can be developed in murine models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, although development of cell models for prion replication and sample titration could reduce economic and timing costs and also serve for basic research and treatment testing. Some murine cell lines can replicate scrapie strains previously adapted in mice and very few show the toxic effects of prion accumulation. Brain cell primary cultures can be more accurate models but are difficult to develop in naturally susceptible species like humans or domestic ruminants. Stem cells can be differentiated into neuron-like cells and be infected by prions. However, the use of embryo stem cells causes ethical problems in humans. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from many adult tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue or even peripheral blood. These cells differentiate into neuronal cells, express PrP(C) and can be infected by prions in vitro. In addition, in the last years, these cells are being used to develop therapies for many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. We review here the use of cell models in prion research with a special interest in the potential use of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mediano
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Relaño-Ginès A, Gabelle A, Hamela C, Belondrade M, Casanova D, Mourton-Gilles C, Lehmann S, Crozet C. Prion replication occurs in endogenous adult neural stem cells and alters their neuronal fate: involvement of endogenous neural stem cells in prion diseases. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003485. [PMID: 23935493 PMCID: PMC3731238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are irreversible progressive neurodegenerative diseases, leading to severe incapacity and death. They are characterized in the brain by prion amyloid deposits, vacuolisation, astrocytosis, neuronal degeneration, and by cognitive, behavioural and physical impairments. There is no treatment for these disorders and stem cell therapy therefore represents an interesting new approach. Gains could not only result from the cell transplantation, but also from the stimulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSC) or by the combination of both approaches. However, the development of such strategies requires a detailed knowledge of the pathology, particularly concerning the status of the adult neurogenesis and endogenous NSC during the development of the disease. During the past decade, several studies have consistently shown that NSC reside in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and that adult neurogenesis occurs throughout the adulthood in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle or the Dentate Gyrus of the hippocampus. Adult NSC are believed to constitute a reservoir for neuronal replacement during normal cell turnover or after brain injury. However, the activation of this system does not fully compensate the neuronal loss that occurs during neurodegenerative diseases and could even contribute to the disease progression. We investigated here the status of these cells during the development of prion disorders. We were able to show that NSC accumulate and replicate prions. Importantly, this resulted in the alteration of their neuronal fate which then represents a new pathologic event that might underlie the rapid progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives - INSERM-UM1 U1040, CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Hamela
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives - INSERM-UM1 U1040, CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (SL); (CC)
| | - Carole Crozet
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives - INSERM-UM1 U1040, CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (SL); (CC)
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Kimura T, Sako T, Siqin, Hosokawa-Muto J, Cui YL, Wada Y, Kataoka Y, Doi H, Sakaguchi S, Suzuki M, Watanabe Y, Kuwata K. Synthesis of an (11) C-labeled antiprion GN8 derivative and evaluation of its brain uptake by positron emission tomography. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1035-9. [PMID: 23712919 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A radiolabeled PET! A (11) C-labeled derivative of N,N'-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bis[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide] (GN8), an antiprion agent currently under development, was synthesized by palladium-catalyzed rapid methylation of aryltributylstannane and assessed for brain penetration and organ distribution in rats by positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kimura
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, United Graduate School of Drug Discovery & Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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41
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Uppington KM, Brown DR. Modelling neurodegeneration in prion disease - applications for drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:777-88. [PMID: 23488996 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.6.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that affect mammals, including humans and ruminants such as sheep. They are believed to be caused by the conversion of the prion protein (PrP), a host expressed protein, into a toxic form (PrP(sc)). PrP(sc) accumulates in the brain, resulting in neuronal loss and the typical spongiform appearance of the brain. So far, there are no effective therapies available for prion diseases. This review discusses possible therapies for prion diseases and the models available for advancing research into the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay M Uppington
- University of Bath, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, UK +44 1255 383133 ; +44 1225 386779 ;
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Abstract
There is controversy about depression being a physical illness, in part because a reproducible, sensitive, and specific biologic marker is not available. However, there is evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may be associated with abnormal brain function and mood disorders, such as depression. This paper reviews selected human and animal studies providing evidence that intracellular mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction in specific brain regions is associated with major depressive disorder. This supports the hypothesis that chronic mitochondrial dysfunction in specific tissues may be associated with depression. Evaluation of mitochondrial dysfunction in specific tissues may broaden the perspective of depression beyond theories about neurotransmitters or receptor sites, and may explain the persistent signs and symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Tobe
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Kamatari YO, Hayano Y, Yamaguchi KI, Hosokawa-Muto J, Kuwata K. Characterizing antiprion compounds based on their binding properties to prion proteins: implications as medical chaperones. Protein Sci 2012; 22:22-34. [PMID: 23081827 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A variety of antiprion compounds have been reported that are effective in ex vivo and in vivo treatment experiments. However, the molecular mechanisms for most of these compounds remain unknown. Here we classified antiprion mechanisms into four categories: I, specific conformational stabilization; II, nonspecific stabilization; III, aggregation; and IV, interaction with molecules other than PrP(C). To characterize antiprion compounds based on this classification, we determined their binding affinities to PrP(C) using surface plasmon resonance and their binding sites on PrP(C) using NMR spectroscopy. GN8 and GJP49 bound specifically to the hot spot in PrP(C), and acted as "medical chaperones" to stabilize the native conformation. Thus, mechanisms I was predominant. In contrast, quinacrine and epigallocathechin bound to PrP(C) rather nonspecifically; these may stabilize the PrP(C) conformation nonspecifically including the interference with the intermolecular interaction following mechanism II. Congo red and pentosan polysulfate bound to PrP(C) and caused aggregation and precipitation of PrP(C), thus reducing the effective concentration of prion protein. Thus, mechanism III was appropriate. Finally, CP-60, an edarabone derivative, did not bind to PrP(C). Thus these were classified into mechanism IV. However, their antiprion activities were not confirmed in the GT + FK system, whose details remain to be elucidated. This proposed antiprion mechanisms of diverse antiprion compounds could help to elucidate their antiprion activities and facilitate effective antiprion drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji O Kamatari
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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44
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Arena G, La Mendola D, Pappalardo G, Sóvágó I, Rizzarelli E. Interactions of Cu2+ with prion family peptide fragments: Considerations on affinity, speciation and coordination. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Cronier S, Carimalo J, Schaeffer B, Jaumain E, Béringue V, Miquel MC, Laude H, Peyrin JM. Endogenous prion protein conversion is required for prion-induced neuritic alterations and neuronal death. FASEB J 2012; 26:3854-61. [PMID: 22661006 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prions cause fatal neurodegenerative conditions and result from the conversion of host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into abnormally folded scrapie PrP (PrP(Sc)). Prions can propagate both in neurons and astrocytes, yet neurotoxicity mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, PrP(C) was proposed to mediate neurotoxic signaling of β-sheet-rich PrP and non-PrP conformers independently of conversion. To investigate the role of astrocytes and neuronal PrP(C) in prion-induced neurodegeneration, we set up neuron and astrocyte primary cocultures derived from PrP transgenic mice. In this system, prion-infected astrocytes delivered ovine PrP(Sc) to neurons lacking PrP(C) (prion-resistant), or expressing a PrP(C) convertible (sheep) or not (mouse, human). We show that interaction between neuronal PrP(C) and exogenous PrP(Sc) was not sufficient to induce neuronal death but that efficient PrP(C) conversion was required for prion-associated neurotoxicity. Prion-infected astrocytes markedly accelerated neurodegeneration in homologous cocultures compared to infected single neuronal cultures, despite no detectable neurotoxin release. Finally, PrP(Sc) accumulation in neurons led to neuritic damages and cell death, both potentiated by glutamate and reactive oxygen species. Thus, conversion of neuronal PrP(C) rather than PrP(C)-mediated neurotoxic signaling appears as the main culprit in prion-induced neurodegeneration. We suggest that active prion replication in neurons sensitizes them to environmental stress regulated by neighboring cells, including astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cronier
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Younan ND, Nadal RC, Davies P, Brown DR, Viles JH. Methionine oxidation perturbs the structural core of the prion protein and suggests a generic misfolding pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28263-75. [PMID: 22654104 PMCID: PMC3436581 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.354779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and misfolding of the prion protein (PrPC) are fundamental to prion diseases. We have therefore probed the effect of oxidation on the structure and stability of PrPC. Urea unfolding studies indicate that H2O2 oxidation reduces the thermodynamic stability of PrPC by as much as 9 kJ/mol. 1H-15N NMR studies indicate methionine oxidation perturbs key hydrophobic residues on one face of helix-C as follows: Met-205, Val-209, and Met-212 together with residues Val-160 and Tyr-156. These hydrophobic residues pack together and form the structured core of the protein, stabilizing its ternary structure. Copper-catalyzed oxidation of PrPC causes a more significant alteration of the structure, generating a monomeric molten globule species that retains its native helical content. Further copper-catalyzed oxidation promotes extended β-strand structures that lack a cooperative fold. This transition from the helical molten globule to β-conformation has striking similarities to a misfolding intermediate generated at low pH. PrP may therefore share a generic misfolding pathway to amyloid fibers, irrespective of the conditions promoting misfolding. Our observations support the hypothesis that oxidation of PrP destabilizes the native fold of PrPC, facilitating the transition to PrPSc. This study gives a structural and thermodynamic explanation for the high levels of oxidized methionine in scrapie isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine D Younan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Altmeppen HC, Puig B, Dohler F, Thurm DK, Falker C, Krasemann S, Glatzel M. Proteolytic processing of the prion protein in health and disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2012; 1:15-31. [PMID: 23383379 PMCID: PMC3560451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A variety of physiological functions, not only restricted to the nervous system, are discussed for the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). A prominent, non-physiological property of PrPC is the conversion into its pathogenic isoform (PrP(Sc)) during fatal, transmissible, and neurodegenerative prion diseases. The prion protein is subject to posttranslational proteolytic processing and these cleavage events have been shown i) to regulate its physiological functions, ii) to produce biologically active fragments, and iii) to potentially influence the course of prion disease. Here, we give an overview on the proteolytic processing under physiological and pathological conditions and critically review what is currently known about the three main cleavage events of the prion protein, namely α-cleavage, β-cleavage, and ectodomain shedding. The biological relevance of resulting fragments as well as controversies regarding candidate proteases, with special emphasis on members of the A-disintegrin-and-metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, will be discussed. In addition, we make suggestions aimed at facilitating clarity and progress in this important research field. The better understanding of this issue will not only answer basic questions in prion biology but will likely impact research on other neurodegenerative diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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Hosokawa-Muto J, Kimura T, Kuwata K. Respiratory and cardiovascular toxicity studies of a novel antiprion compound, GN8, in rats and dogs. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 35:264-71. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.598533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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49
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Synthesis of 9-substituted 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole derivatives and evaluation of their anti-prion activity in TSE-infected cells. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5675-9. [PMID: 21906853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-(1-piperidinyl)propyl]-6-methyl-1H-carbazol-1-one (GJP14) is a novel anti-prion compound that we previously discovered by in silico screening and cellular assay. In this study, a variety of GJP14 derivatives were prepared using pyrrole derivatives, (haloalkyl)oxiranes, and amines, and their anti-prion activity was evaluated in TSE-infected cells. It was found that the tricyclic aromatic ring, a hydroxy group at the 2-position and an amino group at the 3-position of the N-propyl group were the basic requirements for anti-prion activity. The derivatives bearing an N-ortho-halobenzyl group exhibited an improved activity, and the most potent derivative was 8 times as effective as the original lead compound, GJP14.
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Martin DP, Anantharam V, Jin H, Witte T, Houk R, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Infectious prion protein alters manganese transport and neurotoxicity in a cell culture model of prion disease. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:554-62. [PMID: 21871919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation are considered key features of many neurodegenerative diseases, but biochemical mechanisms underlying protein misfolding and the propagation of protein aggregates are not well understood. Prion disease is a classical neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the misfolding of endogenously expressed normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). Although the exact function of PrP(C) has not been fully elucidated, studies have suggested that it can function as a metal binding protein. Interestingly, increased brain manganese (Mn) levels have been reported in various prion diseases indicating divalent metals also may play a role in the disease process. Recently, we reported that PrP(C) protects against Mn-induced cytotoxicity in a neural cell culture model. To further understand the role of Mn in prion diseases, we examined Mn neurotoxicity in an infectious cell culture model of prion disease. Our results show CAD5 scrapie-infected cells were more resistant to Mn neurotoxicity as compared to uninfected cells (EC(50)=428.8 μM for CAD5 infected cells vs. 211.6 μM for uninfected cells). Additionally, treatment with 300 μM Mn in persistently infected CAD5 cells showed a reduction in mitochondrial impairment, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation when compared to uninfected cells. Scrapie-infected cells also showed significantly reduced Mn uptake as measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and altered expression of metal transporting proteins DMT1 and transferrin. Together, our data indicate that conversion of PrP to the pathogenic isoform enhances its ability to regulate Mn homeostasis, and suggest that understanding the interaction of metals with disease-specific proteins may provide further insight to protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin P Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicity, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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