2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI)

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Left Main Disease: Outcome After 1-year Follow-up at a Tertiary Hospital in Vietnam

Background

Left main (LM) coronary artery disease (CAD) is a severe condition that can lead to severe outcomes. Treatment options include medication, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Recent advancements in PCI techniques position it as a viable alternative to CABG for LM revascularisation.

Methods

This prospective observational study evaluated outcomes after PCI for LM CAD, encompassing in-hospital and post-discharge mortality, in a single-centre registry in Vietnam.

Results

Our research involved 59 patients who underwent PCI for LM lesions, with an average age of 66.7 ±1.5 years, who were divided into two groups based on presentation diagnosis - acute coronary syndrome or chronic coronary syndrome. After PCI, one individual was diagnosed with contrast-induced nephropathy and one with cardiac shock. There were two cases of in-hospital mortality in the acute coronary syndrome group and one in the chronic coronary syndrome group giving a rate of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) of 5.1%. After a 12-month follow-up, the MACCE rate increased to 18.6%. Triple vessel coronary artery disease and troponin I elevation exhibited significant associations with adverse in-hospital outcomes (p<0.05).

Conclusion

PCI for LM coronary artery disease is considered a safe treatment option, demonstrating relatively favourable in-hospital and mid-term outcomes. It presents a viable alternative for patients in need of revascularisation, particularly in cases where CABG is not the preferred choice. Clinical indicators, such as triple vessel coronary artery disease and elevated troponin I levels, may serve as predictors of adverse outcomes during hospitalisation.

Performance of drug-coated balloons in coronary and below-the-knee arteries: Anatomical, physiological and pathological considerations

Below-the-knee (infrapopliteal) atherosclerotic disease, which presents as chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) in nearly 50% of patients, represents a treatment challenge when it comes to the endovascular intervention arm of management. Due to reduced tissue perfusion, patients usually experience pain at rest and atrophic changes correlated to the extent of the compromised perfusion. Unfortunately, the prognosis remains unsatisfactory with 30% of patients requiring major amputation and a mortality rate of 25% within 1 year. To date, randomized multicentre trials of endovascular intervention have shown that drug-eluting stents (DES) increase patency rate and lower target lesion revascularization rate compared to plain balloon angioplasty and bare-metal stents. The majority of these trials recruited patients with focal infrapopliteal lesions, while most patients requiring endovascular intervention have complex and diffuse atherosclerotic disease. Moreover, due to the nature of the infrapopliteal arteries, the use of long DES is limited. Following recent results of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) in the treatment of femoropopliteal and coronary arteries, it was hoped that similar effective results would be achieved in the infrapopliteal arteries. In reality, multicentre trials have failed to support the proposed hypothesis and no advantage was found in using DCBs in comparison to plain balloon angioplasty. This review aims to explore anatomical, physiological and pathological differences between lesions of the infrapopliteal and coronary arteries to explain the differences in outcome when using DCBs.

Evaluation of the Patients with Recurrent Angina After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

INTRODUCTION

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the most common causes of recurrent angina after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and our treatment approaches applied in these patients.

METHODS

We included all patients who underwent CABG, with or without percutaneous coronary intervention after CABG, at our hospital from September 2013 to December 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to the time of onset of anginal pain after CABG. Forty-five patients (58.16 ± 8.78 years) had recurrent angina in the first postoperative year after CABG and were specified as group I (early recurrence). Group II (late recurrence) comprised 82 patients (58.05 ± 8.95 years) with angina after the first year of CABG.

RESULTS

The mean preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was 53.22 ± 8.87% in group I, and 54.7 ± 8.58% in group II (P=0.38). No significant difference was registered between groups I and II regarding preoperative angiographic findings (P>0.05). Failed grafts were found in 27.7% (n=28/101) of the grafts in group I as compared to 26.8% (n=51/190) in group II (P>0.05). Twenty-four (53.3%) patients were treated medically in group I, compared with 54 (65.8%) patients in group II (P=0.098). There was a need for intervention in 46.6% (n=21) of group I patients, and in 34.1% (n=28) of group II patients.

CONCLUSION

Recurrent angina is a complaint that should not be neglected because most of the patients with recurrent angina are diagnosed with either native coronary or graft pathology in coronary angiography performed.

Absolute zero-contrast percutaneous coronary interventions: An intravascular ultrasound-guided case series and literature review

PURPOSE

Contrast media (CM)-associated adverse effects including mainly acute kidney injury and hypersensitivity reactions still remain a significant treatment burden to vulnerable patients requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The complete omission of CM administration accompanied by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance may offer an appropriate revascularization treatment.

METHODS

We hereby present a case series of four patients with challenging coronary lesions and relative/absolute contraindications to CM use [(hypersensitivity reaction owning to CM, history of contrast-induced acute kidney injury, solitary kidney, or advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD)] who underwent absolute zero-contrast IVUS-guided PCI following a predetermined protocol.

RESULTS

The initial diagnostic angiography was reviewed for landmark identification, and multiple guidewires created a metallic road map providing additional landmarks and protected side branches. IVUS imaging was performed to determine lesion length, reference segments and landing zones, assess stent expansion/apposition and identify major complications. All procedures were successfully completed without any CM administration, renal function deterioration, pericardial effusion, or stent edge dissection.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated the feasibility of absolute zero-contrast IVUS-guided PCI in patients with complex coronary lesions susceptible to CM-associated adverse effects. Since the safety of this strategy is well-documented in patients with CKD and challenging lesions morphology even in acute settings, evidence-based validation of this approach is capable of changing the otherwise conservative treatment of vulnerable patients where even minimum doses of CM may have detrimental effects.

SUMMARY FOR THE ANNOTATED TABLE OF CONTENTS

Patients with vulnerable renal function as well as former hypersensitivity reaction to contrast media encounter a significant treatment burden regarding coronary artery disease. Zero-contrast IVUS-guided strategy based on a predetermined protocol provides a feasible alternative approach in patients susceptible to contrast media-associated adverse effects even in the presence of complex coronary lesions.

The novel insights of epithelial-derived exosomes in various fibrotic diseases

The characteristics of fibrosis include the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and abnormal tissue repair caused by injury, infection, and inflammation, leading to a significant increase in organ failure and mortality. Effective and precise treatments are urgently needed to halt and reverse the progression of fibrotic diseases. Exosomes are tiny vesicles derived from endosomes, spanning from 40 to 160 nanometers in diameter, which are expelled into the extracellular matrix environment by various cell types. They play a crucial role in facilitating cell-to-cell communication by transporting a variety of cargoes, including proteins, RNA, and DNA. Epithelial cells serve as the primary barrier against diverse external stimuli that precipitate fibrotic diseases. Numerous research suggests that exosomes from epithelial cells have a significant impact on several fibrotic diseases. An in-depth comprehension of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of epithelial cell-derived exosomes in fibrosis holds promise for advancing the exploration of novel diagnostic biomarkers and clinical drug targets. In this review, we expand upon the pathogenic mechanisms of epithelium-derived exosomes and highlight their role in the fibrotic process by inducing inflammation and activating fibroblasts. In addition, we are particularly interested in the bioactive molecules carried by epithelial-derived exosomes and their potential value in the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosis and delineate the clinical utility of exosomes as an emerging therapeutic modality, highlighting their potential application in addressing various medical conditions.

The heart team: the multidisciplinary approach to coronary artery disease

The recommendation to employ a heart team to guide revascularization has persisted for over a decade. Despite evidence for improved adherence to guidelines, widespread adoption of the heart team approach has been limited. This review delves into the history of the guidelines endorsing the use of a heart team and the supporting data. Additionally, it outlines some attributes of a successful heart team, and how the heart team has been run at several large academic centers. Finally, it reviews some of the barriers to a heart team and future considerations.

Association of Glutamate Infusion With Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Pooled Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials

Importance

Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and measures to prevent AKI have had limited success. Glutamate has been reported to enhance natural postischemic recovery of the heart, but not among animals and humans with diabetes.

Objective

To summarize pooled results from the GLUTAMICS (Glutamate for Metabolic Intervention in Coronary Surgery) trials regarding the effect of glutamate on postoperative AKI among patients without diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Data on a total of 791 patients without diabetes from 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter trials performed at 5 cardiac surgery centers in Sweden between October 4, 2005, and November 12, 2009, and between November 15, 2015, and September 30, 2020, were pooled. Patients had acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.30 or less, or a European System for Cardiac Risk Evaluation II score of 3.0 or more and underwent CABG with or without additional valve procedure. Statistical analysis was performed from May to November 2023.

Interventions

Intravenous infusion of 0.125-M l-glutamic acid or saline at 1.65 mL/kg/h for 2 hours during reperfusion, after which the infusion rate was halved and an additional 50 mL was given.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary end point was AKI, defined as postoperative increase of plasma creatinine of 50% or more, corresponding to the Risk stage or higher in the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria.

Results

A total of 791 patients without diabetes (391 who received glutamate [mean (SD) age, 69.3 (9.1) years; 62 women (15.9%)] and 400 controls [mean (SD) age, 69.6 (9.5) years; 73 women (18.3%)]) were randomized. Baseline data did not differ between groups. Glutamate was associated with a significantly lower risk of AKI (relative risk, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.29-0.83]). Dialysis was required for 2 patients in the glutamate group and 5 patients in the control group. In multivariable analysis, glutamate remained significantly associated with a protective effect against AKI (odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.26-0.86]). In the glutamate and control groups, the rate of postoperative mortality at 30 days or less was 0.5% (2 of 391) vs 1.0% (4 of 400), and the rate of stroke at 24 hours or less was 0.8% (3 of 391) vs 1.8% (7 of 400).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials, infusion of glutamate was associated with a markedly lower risk of AKI after CABG among patients without diabetes. The findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in prospective trials.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00489827 and NCT02592824.

Real-world long-term survival after non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention to unprotected left main coronary artery - From the Melbourne Interventional Group (MIG) registry

BACKGROUND

Current evidence suggests that percutaneous coronary intervention for unprotected left main coronary artery disease (LMPCI) in selected patients is a safe alternative to coronary artery bypass grafting. However, real-world long-term survival data is limited.

METHODS

We analyzed 24,644 patients from the MIG (Melbourne Interventional Group) registry between 2005 and 2020. We compared baseline clinical and procedural characteristics, in-hospital and 30-day outcomes, and long-term survival between unprotected LMPCI and non-LMPCI among patients without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest.

RESULTS

Unprotected LMPCI patients (n = 185) were significantly older (mean age 72.0 vs. 64.6 years, p < 0.001), had higher prevalence of impaired ejection fraction (EF <50 %; 27.3 % vs. 14.9 %, p < 0.001) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (40.9 % vs. 21.5 %, p < 0.001), and had greater use of intravascular ultrasound (21 % vs. 1 %, p < 0.001) and drug-eluting stents (p < 0.001). LMPCI was associated with longer hospital stay (4 days vs. 2 days, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in other in-hospital outcomes, 30-day mortality (0.6 % vs. 0.6 %, p = 0.90), and major adverse cardiac events (1.7 % vs. 3 %, p = 0.28). Although the unadjusted Kaplan-Meier survival to 8 years was significantly less with LMPCI compared to non-LMPCI (p < 0.01), LMPCI was not a predictor of long-term survival up to 8 years after Cox regression analysis (HR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.40-1.13, p = 0.13).

CONCLUSION

In this study, non-emergent unprotected LMPCI was uncommonly performed, and IVUS was underutilized. Despite greater co-morbidities, LMPCI patients had comparable 30-day outcomes to non-LMPCI, and LMPCI was not an independent predictor of long-term mortality.

Glutamate Infusion Reduces Myocardial Dysfunction after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting According to NT-proBNP: Summary of 2 Randomized Controlled Trials (GLUTAmate for Metabolic Intervention in Coronary Surgery [GLUTAMICS I-II])

BACKGROUND

Glutamate is reported to enhance the recovery of oxidative metabolism and contractile function of the heart after ischemia. The effect appears to be blunted in diabetic hearts. Elevated plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) reflects myocardial dysfunction. In the GLUTAmate for Metabolic Intervention in Coronary Surgery (GLUTAMICS) II trial, the proportion of patients with diabetes had nearly doubled to 47% compared with the cohort used for sample size estimation, and a significant effect on the postoperative rise in NT-proBNP was only observed in patients without diabetes.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to summarize the pooled NT-proBNP results from both GLUTAMICS trials and address the impact of diabetes.

METHODS

Data from 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter trials with similar inclusion criteria and endpoints were pooled. Patients underwent a coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) ± valve procedure and had a left-ventricular ejection fraction of ≤0.30 or a European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II) of ≥3.0 with at least 1 cardiac risk factor. Intravenous infusion of 0.125 M L-glutamic acid or saline at 1.65 mL/kg/h was started 10-20 min before reperfusion and continued for 150 min. The primary endpoint was the difference between preoperative and day 3 postoperative NT-proBNP levels.

RESULTS

A total of 451 patients, 224 receiving glutamate and 227 controls, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Glutamate was associated with a reduced primary endpoint (5344 ± 5104 ng/L and 6662 ± 5606 ng/L in glutamate and control groups, respectively; P = 0.01). Postoperative mortality at ≤30 d was 0.9% and 3.5% (P = 0.11), whereas stroke at ≤24 h was 0.4% and 2.6% in glutamate and control groups, respectively (P = 0.12). No adverse events related to glutamate were observed. A significant interaction regarding the primary endpoint was only detected between glutamate and insulin-treated diabetes groups (P = 0.04). Among patients without insulin-treated diabetes, the primary endpoint was 5047 ± 4705 ng/L and 7001 ± 5830 ng/L in the glutamate and control groups, respectively (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Infusion of glutamate reduced the postoperative rise in NT-proBNP after CABG in medium- to high-risk patients. A significantly blunted effect was observed only in insulin-treated patients with diabetes.

CLINICAL TRIAL DETAILS

This trial was registered at www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov as NCT02592824.

Evaluation of the effect of simultaneous hybrid coronary revascularization on postoperative bleeding and renal function: A comparison study with minimally invasive direct off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVES

The present study sought to compare postoperative bleeding and renal function in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing simultaneous hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) and minimally invasive direct off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCABG).

METHODS

The study retrospectively collected the data of 594 consecutive patients who underwent simultaneous HCR and 351 patients who underwent MIDCABG with planned staged HCR (MIDCABG first, then elective percutaneous coronary intervention) in Fuwai Hospital from June 2007 to December 2020. A total of 317 pairs of patients who were matched in a 1:1 ratio with propensity score matching were enrolled in this study. Bleeding and changes in renal function were compared between the 2 groups.

RESULTS

Compared with patients who underwent MIDCABG, patients who underwent simultaneous HCR had significantly greater chest tube drainage on the day of the operation (492.7 ± 282.4 mL vs 441.0 ± 261.9 mL; P = .023), but no significant difference was detected in the total amount during the postoperative period (788.8 ± 458.9 mL vs 753.3 ± 409.8 mL; P = .74). The differences in re-exploration for bleeding (0.3% vs 1.6%; P = .13), blood transfusion (18.9% vs 16.4%; P = .13), acute kidney injury (23.3% vs 18.6%; P = .53), and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and repeated revascularization) (2.5% vs 1.9%; P = .67) between the 2 groups did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with MIDCABG, simultaneous HCR (MIDCABG first, instant percutaneous coronary intervention) did not increase postoperative bleeding or the incidence of acute kidney injury.

Effects of Fractional Flow Reserve on Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Flow to Left Anterior Descending Artery

BACKGROUND

The relationships between preoperative fractional flow reserve (FFR) values of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), FFRLAD, and intraoperative transit time flow measurement (TTFM) variables in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remain unclear.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We retrospectively collected data for 74 in situ left internal thoracic artery (LITA) grafts and 27 saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) to the LAD that were shown to be patent on postoperative angiography. Spearman correlation coefficients were determined between FFRLADand TTFM parameters of the LITA graft, as follows: maximum flow (Qmax), -0.22 (P=0.077); minimum flow (Qmin), -0.40 (P=0.014); mean flow (Qm), -0.35 (P=0.039); pulsatility index (PI), 0.33 (P=0.008); diastolic filling (DF): 0.01 (P=0.83); and systolic reverse flow (SRF), 0.37 (P=0.002). Spearman correlation coefficients between FFRLADand TTFM parameters of the SVG to LAD were: Qmax, -0.65 (P=0.004); Qmin, -0.43 (P=0.044); Qm, -0.75 (P=0.001); PI, 0.53 (P=0.033); DF, 0.14 (P=0.48); and SRF, 0.61 (P=0.009).

CONCLUSIONS

Both LITA grafts and SVGs to the LAD show negative correlations for FFRLADwith Qminand Qm, but positive correlations for FFRLADwith PI and SFR. These relationships between FFRLADand TTFM variables of CABG grafts to the LAD should be recognized.

The Value of Left Internal Mammary Artery Flow Velocity in Predicting the Prognosis of Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Background

The purpose of this study was to explore the value of the left internal mammary artery flow velocity (LIMAV) measured by ultrasound before coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in predicting the prognosis of patients after left internal mammary artery (LIMA) bypass grafting.

Methods

One hundred and four patients who underwent CABG with LIMA as the bridge vessel in the cardiovascular surgery department of our hospital between May 2018 and June 2019 were selected. All patients underwent transthoracic Doppler ultrasonography to measure LIMAV preoperatively. Intraoperatively, mean graft flow (MGF) and pulsatility index (PI) of the LIMA bridge were measured using transit time flow measurement (TTFM). The primary endpoint event in this study was cardiac death within 18 months after surgery.

Results

The Cox survival analysis showed that the MGF, the LIMAV and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were risk factors for death after CABG. The cut-offs of MGF, LIMAV and LVEF for the prediction of death after CABG were ≤ 14 mL/min (area under the curve (AUC): 0.830; sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 65.6%), ≤ 60 cm/s (AUC: 0.759; sensitivity: 65.5%; specificity: 85.3%), and ≤ 44% (AUC: 0.724; sensitivity: 50%; specificity: 88.5%), respectively. Compared with the use of MGF, MGF + LIMAV, combination of the MGF + LIMAV + LVEF (AUC: 0.929; sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 81.1%) resulted in a stronger predictive value (MGF vs. MGF + LIMAV + LVEF: P = 0.02).

Conclusion

LIMAV measured by preoperative transthoracic ultrasound combined with intraoperative MGF and LVEF may have a greater value in predicting patients' risk of cardiac death after CABG.

Utility of FFRCT in Patients with Chest Pain

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The goal of this article is to review the data supporting the use of fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (FFRCT) in patients with chest pain.

REVIEW FINDINGS

Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated that the diagnostic accuracy of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can be improved with the use of FFRCT, primarily due to its superior specificity when compared to CCTA alone. This promising development may help reduce the need for invasive angiography in patients presenting with chest pain. Furthermore, some studies have indicated that incorporating FFRCT into decision-making is safe, with an FFRCT value of ≥ 0.8 being associated with favorable outcomes. While FFRCT has been shown to be feasible in patients with acute chest pain, further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm its utility. The emergence of FFRCT as a tool for the management of patients with chest pain is promising. However, potential limitations require the interpretation of FFRCT in conjunction with clinical context.

Acute mechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock in India

Cardiogenic shock continues to have high morbidity and mortality, despite advances in the field. Temporary mechanical circulatory support (TMCS) devices, if instituted in a timely fashion, can help stabilize critically ill patients with cardiogenic shock from various aetiologies and cardiac arrest, and provide time for organ recovery or till durable support or transplantation can be achieved. Currently, several options for TMCS devices exist. In this review, we discuss indications, contraindications, characteristics of the various available devices, and important issues pertaining to their management.

The association between tissue doppler-derived E/(e's') ratio and coronary atherosclerosis severity measured by the SYNTAX score in patients with non-ST elevation-acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of patients hospitalized with non-ST elevation-acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is typically determined by the existence and severity of myocardial necrosis and left ventricular (LV) remodeling.

AIM

The present study was to assess the association between the E/(e's') ratio and the coronary atherosclerosis severity, measured by the SYNTAX score, in patients with NSTE-ACS.

METHODS

Utilizing a descriptive correlational research design, this study was prospectively conducted on 252 patients with NSTE-ACS, undergoing an echocardiography to determine the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the left atrial (LA) volume, the pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler-derived transmitral early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities, and the tissue Doppler (TD)-derived mitral annular early diastolic (e') and peak systolic (s') velocities. After that, a coronary angiography (CAG) was performed, and the SYNTAX score was calculated.

RESULTS

The patients were divided into two groups, viz., those with the E/(e's') ratio < 1.63 and the cases with the ratio ≥ 1.63. The results revealed that the patients with a high ratio were older, had a higher prevalence of females, a SYNTAX score ≥ 22, and a lower glomerular filtration rate than those with a low ratio (p-value < 0.001). Besides, these patients had larger indexed LA volume and lower LVEF than others (p-value: 0.028 and 0.023, respectively). Furthermore, the multiple linear regression outcomes established a positive independent association between the E/(e's') ratio ≥ 1.63 (B = 5.609, 95% CI 2.324-8.894, p-value = 0.001) and the SYNTAX score.

CONCLUSION

The study results demonstrated that the patients hospitalized with NSTE-ACS and the E/(e's') ratio ≥ 1.63 had worse demographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory profiles and a higher prevalence of a SYNTAX score ≥ 22 than those with a lower ratio.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Is Not Superior to Optimal Medical Therapy in Chronic Coronary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

(1) Background and Aim: Conflicting evidence exists regarding the benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on survival and symptomatic relief of patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) compared with optimal medical therapy (OMT). This meta-analysis is to evaluate the short- and long-term clinical benefit of PCI over and above OMT in CCS. (2) Methods: Main endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), urgent revascularization, stroke hospitalization, and quality of life (QoL). Clinical endpoints at very short (≤3 months), short- (<12 months), and long-term (≥ 12 months) follow-up were evaluated. (3) Results: Fifteen RCTs with a total of 16,443 patients with CCS (PCI n = 8307 and OMT n = 8136) were included in the meta-analysis. At mean follow-up of 27.7 months, the PCI group had similar risk of MACE (18.2 vs. 19.2 %; p < 0.32), all-cause mortality (7.09 vs. 7.88%; p = 0.56), CV mortality (8.74 vs. 9.87%; p = 0.30), MI (7.69 vs. 8.29%; p = 0.32), revascularization (11.2 vs. 18.3%; p = 0.08), stroke (2.18 vs. 1.41%; p = 0.10), and hospitalization for anginal symptoms (13.5 vs. 13.9%; p = 0.69) compared with OMT. These results were similar at short- and long-term follow-up. At the very short-term follow-up, PCI patients had greater improvement in the QoL including physical limitation, angina frequency, stability, and treatment satisfaction (p < 0.05 for all) but such benefits disappeared at the long-term follow-up. (4) Conclusions: PCI treatment of CCS does not provide any long-term clinical benefit compared with OMT. These results should have significant clinical implications in optimizing patient's selection for PCI treatment.

The Association Between Postsystolic Index and SYNTAX Score in Hospitalized Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objective:

Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is a heterogeneous disorder including subgroups with a low or high risk for myocardial ischemia. The presence of postsystolic index (PSI) is associated with myocardial ischemia. The focus of this study was to find probable association between PSI and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a cohort of patients.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study that consisted of 83 patients with unstable angina, non-ST-segment myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI), and a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%, without visible regional wall motion abnormalities. All patients underwent echocardiography, and global longitudinal strain (GLS), PSI, and mitral annular peak systolic (s′) and early diastolic (e′) velocities were measured. Coronary angiography was then performed, and a SYNTAX score was calculated.

Results:

The patient cohort was divided into two groups based on their high and low SYNTAX scores. PSI and GLS were higher in those patients with a higher SYNTAX score than in individuals with a lower score (85.04% ± 67.02% vs 46.67 ± 39.03, P = .001 and −16.09 ± 3.70 vs −17.99 ± 2.87, P = .012, respectively). Among the different variables assessed, only PSI was an independent predictor of a high SYNTAX score ( B = 1.014, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001–1.027, P = .034).

Conclusion:

This cohort study demonstrated that a cumulative PSI may be predictive of much more complex and extensive CAD, especially in patients with UA/NSTEMI.

Reasonable Incomplete Myocardial Revascularization in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

The aim. To evaluate the results of incomplete myocardial revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction based on the residual SYNTAX Score (rSS) scale. Materials and methods. This prospective observational one-center study was conducted at the Ukrainian Children’s Cardiac Center, Clinic for Adults and included 192 patients whounderwent coronary angiography and myocardial re-vascularization using PCI. Baseline demographic and clinical parameters, including gender, age, presence of comorbid pathology were obtained from the medical history of each patient retrospectively. The results of revascularization were evaluated over a period of 2 years (from March 2020 to March 2022). To assess the completeness of revascularization, the rSS scale was used, and coronary angiography was repeated. Results and discussion. The most significant adverse events during 24 months of follow-up, associated with the severity of coronary artery damage according to the SYNTAX scale ≥23 points, were: death from any cause with odds ratio (OR) 6.9 (95% CI, p = 0.05); myocardial infarction (MI) with OR 5.5 (95% CI, p = 0.001); the combined endpoint was OR 2.4 (95% CI, p = 0.005). Over a 2-year follow-up period,results of myocardial revascularization according to the rSS scale were evaluated the effect of coronary artery stenting with minimal residual atherosclerotic narrowing (rSS ≤8) and significant arterial lesions (rSS ≥9) on indicators such as all-cause mortality, myocardial revascularization, re-hospitalization, recurrent acute MI and stroke were analyzed. Data analysis showed statistically significant difference in all indicators in favor of the group with a score of rSS ≤8 (р <0.05). Conclusions. The rSS scale in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction after PCI is a statistically significant criterion for the impact on the combined endpoint. In addition, an rSS score ≥9 was associated with a significantly higher riskof all-cause mortality, recurrent acute MI, and recurrent revascularization. A stratified rSS score ≥9 in ischemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% was more often observed in patients with existing comorbid pathology, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, peripheral artery disease.

The prognostic utility of GRACE risk score in predictive adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with NSTEMI and multivessel disease

BACKGROUND

GRACE risk score models are capable of predicting all-cause mortality of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients. However, its utility for evaluating major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in NSTEMI patients with multivessel disease (MVD) remains unclear.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study was designed as a retrospective cohort study that recruited patients with NSTEMI and multivessel disease between September 2013 and December 2018 in Daping Hospital, Chongqing, China. The primary outcome was a composite outcome that included all-cause mortality, recurrent angina, non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary re-vascularization, and non-fatal strokes. Of the 827 patients with NSTEMI, 32 did not complete follow-up and 430 were excluded because of single-vessel disease. The remaining 365 NSTEMI patients with MVD had a median follow-up of 3.0 (IQR 2.6-3.3) years, 78 patients experienced outcomes. The GRACE risk score predicted the MACE (hazard ratio 1.014, 95% CI 1.006-1.021, P < 0.001). The GRACE risk score performed well in predicting all-cause mortality (c-statistic 0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.85, P = 0.001) in MVD but was less powerful in predicting MACE (c-statistic 0.69, 95% CI 0.62-0.75, P < 0.001). When combining the GRACE risk score with the SYNTAX score, and blood urea nitrogen for predicting all-cause mortality and MACE events, the c-statistic value increased to 0.82 and 0.81 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In NSTEMI patients with MVD, the GRACE score showed an acceptable predictive value for all-cause mortality, but it was less powerful in predicting MACE. Blood urea nitrogen may be valuable in assessing long-term cardiovascular events in patients with MVD.

Oral Chinese patent medicines for acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a serious and fatal heart disease with one of the highest mortality rates in the world. In some countries, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy after AMI, but it cannot achieve safe and effective treatment of AMI after PCI remains a challenging clinical problem. The potential of oral Chinese patent medicines to treat AMI after PCI has been demonstrated, but which type of oral Chinese patent medicines may be preferred remains controversial. The aim of this network meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy and safety of multiple oral Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of AMI after PCI.

METHODS

We will conduct a literature search from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, formerly Chinese Biomedical Database (SinoMed), Wanfang Data, Chongqing VIP, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library (The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from their inception until to November 1, 2022, with language restricted to Chinese and English. Then, the study selection process will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-Analyses guideline, and the quality assessment will be conducted with Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Pairwise and network meta-analysis will be conducted using the WinBUGS V.1.4.3.37 and STATA V.13. Additionally, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, quality assessment, Small-study effects and publication bias will be performed.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This work is based on published research and therefore does not require ethical approval. This review will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42020188065.

The use of intraoperative transit time flow measurement can reduce postoperative myocardial injury

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the relationship between the use of transit time flow measurement (TTFM) and postoperative myocardial injury in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG).

METHODS

In this retrospective study, we collected basic data from patients hospitalized for OPCABG in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University. According to the academic research consortium (ARC)-2 definition of significant myocardial injury, we used cardiac troponin I >2380 ng/L as a criterion for significant postoperative myocardial injury. We use logistic regression and forest plots to assess the association of TTFM use with myocardial injury outcomes.

RESULTS

One hundred and forty-six patients were included in this study. The overall median age of these patients was 65.05 years, and 32 (21.92%) experienced a postoperative myocardial injury. TTFM was independently associated with the incidence of postoperative myocardial injury (odds ratio = 0.34 [95% confidence interval = 0.15-0.78]; p = .01), and we found similar trends in regression analyses across subgroups of sex, age, number of bridging vessels, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, BMI, and percutaneous coronary revascularization. One hundred and six patients were followed for 1-year vessel permeability, and seven patients (6.6%) were occluded.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of TTFM is independently associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative myocardial lesions during off-pump coronary bypass surgery. The TTFM procedure in OPCABG deserves to be actively promoted to reduce the incidence of postoperative myocardial injury.

Euonymine inhibits in-stent restenosis through enhancing contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells via modulating the PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction, but the postoperative in-stent re-stenosis (ISR) remains a major risk factor that affects the prognosis of PCI. Clinically, drug-eluting stents (DES) are widely applied to prevent and treat ISR. However, only a few stent coating drugs are currently available for clinical use, including paclitaxel and rapamycin (sirolimus) and their derivatives. These stent-coated drugs have led to a decrease in restenosis rates, but the major adverse outcomes, such as delayed endothelial healing and increased in-stent thrombosis, seriously reduce their therapeutic effects.

PURPOSE

Herein, we explored the potential efficacy of Euonymine (Euo), an alkaloid extracted from Tripterygium Hypoglaucum (Levl) Hutch (THH, Lei gong Teng), for the prevention against ISR after PCI.

STUDY DESIGN

Our study depicts the potential efficacy of Euo in treating ISR and explores its mechanism with in vitro and in vivo models.

METHODS

Primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the rabbit thoracic aorta were cultured, and the proliferation and migration of VSMCs were monitored. Apoptosis was measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy and TUNEL staining assay. Protein and gene levels were measured to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. In vivo models of porcine coronary implantation and rabbit carotid balloon injury are used to validate the efficacy of Euo in inhibiting ISR after PCI.

RESULTS

With an ox-LDL-injured cell model, we showed that Euo suppressed the proliferation and migration of the rabbit thoracic aorta primary VSMCs, while inducing their apoptosis. We next established a rabbit carotid balloon injury model in which the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT1 (Ser473) as well as mTOR activity were significantly elevated compared to the sham-operated control. These activities were significantly attenuated by the Euo intervention. Additionally, the balloon angioplasty significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2, while decreased the expression of Bax and caspase-3. Euo intervention significantly increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the level of caspase-3. Taken together, Euo may enhance the VSMCs contractile phenotype by modulating the PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, with two in vivo models, the porcine coronary artery implantation model, and the rabbit carotid balloon injury model, we demonstrated that Euo-eluting stents indeed inhibited ISR after PCI.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, this study delineates the potential efficacy of Euo, derived from Tripterygium Hypoglaucum (Levl) Hutch, in ameliorating ISR after PCI with two in vivo models. The phytochemical targets PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to increase the contractile phenotype of VSMCs and exerts anti-proliferative, anti-migratory as well as pro-apoptotic effects, thereby inhibiting the ISR.

Percutaneous coronary artery intervention in unprotected left main coronary artery disease: one-year outcome Egyptian registry

BACKGROUND

Left main coronary artery lesions are associated with jeopardy of an outsized area of the myocardium, causing a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Optimal treatment of coronary bifurcation anatomy remains highly debatable, whether by provisional or two-stent technique. This prospective observational study was designed to investigate the one-year clinical outcomes of unprotected left main coronary artery disease revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention in a "real-world" setting among Egyptian patients in a prospective single-center registry (at Ain Shams University Hospitals).

RESULTS

This study included 163 patients who underwent PCI to LM lesions between May 1, 2020, and the end of April in Ain Shams University hospitals. Patients were dichotomized into two groups according to their intended stenting technique, whether provisional or two-stent technique. A total of 142 underwent provisional stenting while 21 were designated for the two-stent technique, mainly DK crush (double kissing). Among the patients with intended provisional stenting, 34 patients underwent the TAP technique. Patients were followed up for the primary endpoints, at the in-hospital setting, at 30 days, and after 1 year. In-hospital death was encountered in 6.34% of cases undergoing provisional stenting, among which 5.36% were due to a cardiovascular cause. Total MACCE was found to be 2.96% in the provisional stenting group versus 4.76% in the two-stent group. Overall, MACCE at 1 year was found to be 22.31% in the provisional group and 30% in the two-stent group (p-value0.57). TVF was recognized in 10% of cases treated by provisional stenting and 30% of cases treated by the two-stent technique (p-value 0.023).

CONCLUSIONS

LM coronary artery lesions treatment by PCI is considered a safe and beneficial solution. Provisional stenting is the preferred approach bearing in mind that bail-out procedures may be sought in case the SB needs further treatment. Adjunctive assessment by IVUS or FFR may help achieve better outcomes, and efforts should be performed to facilitate their feasibility.

How real can we get in generating real world evidence? Exploring the opportunities of routinely collected administrative data for evaluation of medical devices

Real-world data are considered a potentially valuable source of evidence for assessing medical technologies in clinical practice, but their widespread use is hampered by numerous challenges. Using the case of coronary stents in Italy, we investigate the potential of administrative databases for estimating costs and health outcomes associated with the use of medical devices in real world conditions. An administrative dataset was created ad hoc by merging hospital records from patients admitted between 2013 and 2019 for stent implantations with ambulatory records, pharmaceutical use data and vital statistics. Health outcomes were multifold: all-cause and cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction, within 30 days, 1, 2, 5 years. Costs were estimated from the National Health System perspective. We used multivariable Cox models and propensity score (PS) methods (PS matching; stratification on PS; inverse probability of treatment weighting using PS; PS adjustment). 257,907 coronary stents were implanted in 113,912 patients. For all health outcomes and follow-up times, and across all methods, patients receiving drug-eluting stents (DES) presented lower risk. For all-cause mortality, the DES patient advantage over bare-metal stent (BMS) patients declined over time but remained significant even at 5 years. For myocardial infarction, results remained quite stable. The DES group presented lower cumulative total costs (ranging from 3264 to 2363 Euros less depending on methods). Our results confirm the consolidated evidence of the benefits of DES compared to BMS. The consistency of results across methods suggests internal validity of the study, while highlighting strengths and limitations of each depending on research context. Administrative data yield great potential to perform comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analysis of medical devices provided certain conditions are met.

Disparities in Drug-Eluting Stent Utilization in Patients With Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample

The superiority of drug-eluting stents (DES) compared with bare-metal stents (BMS) is well-established, but data regarding DES use in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) as a function of race is limited. Our goal was to examine stent utilization patterns and disparities based on race, sex, and insurance status in patients with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The National Inpatient Sample database was used to retrospectively compare DES vs BMS use in patients admitted with STEMI from 2009 to 2018. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the independent predictors of DES use. DES utilization increased significantly from 62.8% in 2009 to 94.0% in 2018. However, African Americans were less likely to receive a DES (odds ratio [OR] .82, 95% confidence interval [CI] .77-.87) compared with Caucasians. Women were more likely to undergo DES implantation (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.05-1.10). Patients insured by Medicaid (OR .84, 95% CI .80-.89) and those classified as Self-pay (OR .63, 95% CI .61-.66) were less likely to undergo DES implantation compared to those with private insurance (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.29-1.38). Disparities based on race and insurance status continue to persist despite a significant increase in DES utilization in STEMI patients across the identified subgroups.

Elevated Th17 cell proportion, related cytokines and mRNA expression level in patients with hypertension-mediated organ damage: a case control study

BACKGROUND

Immune abnormalities and inflammatory responses play critical roles in progression of hypertension. Basic studies have confirmed that Th17 cell and related cytokines are important in promoting hypertension-mediated organ damage, but few clinical evidences have been published. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the relationship between Th17 cell and its related cytokines and hypertension-mediated organ damage in human.

METHODS

This study enrolled 179 patients with hypertension (including 92 with hypertension-mediated organ damage and 87 without hypertension-mediated organ damage) and 63 healthy participants. The proportion of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by flow cytometry. The concentrations of interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-17, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR) γt and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3).

RESULTS

The proportion of Th17 cells, the concentration of interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 and the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-17, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 were significantly increased in hypertension-mediated organ damage group compared with those in non-hypertension-mediated organ damage group and control group (P < 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Th17 cells and their associated cytokines may be involved in hypertension-mediated organ damage formation and may be able to serve as new biomarkers of hypertension-mediated organ damage and potential therapeutic targets.

Comparison of hybrid coronary revascularization versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are widely used in the treatment of coronary heart disease, but the best revascularization method for multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) patients is still controversial. Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR), together with CABG and PCI, have been proved to be feasible methods, but the long-term effect of HCR is not as clear as CABG.

METHOD

By October 2020, we retrieved articles from PubMed, Web of science, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases. The main results are based on major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events (MACCE).

RESULT

A total of 18 articles (3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 15 observational studies) were included in this meta-analysis. The outcomes of MACCE in the HCR group at perioperative, short-term (30 days to 1 year), medium-term (1 year to 5 years) and long-term (5 years and above) follow-up period were similar to those in the CABG group. The mortality rates of patients in perioperative, short-term and medium-term follow-up were similar to those in the CABG group, but lower than that in the CABG group at long-term follow-up (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.18-0.69, p = 0.002). The revascularization rate was higher in the HCR group during the perioperative period (OR = 3.50, 95% CI 2.07-5.94, p < 0.001), short-term (OR = 3.28, 95% CI 1.62-6.64, p < 0.001) and mid-term follow-up (OR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.64-4.92, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our results reveal that HCR is a safe and therapeutically effective alternative in treatments for MVD patients. It has not only less short-term adverse effect, but also better long-term effect, especially in death.

Multivessel vs. Culprit Vessel-Only Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

The optimal revascularization strategy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicating by cardiogenic shock (CS) remains controversial. This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (MV-PCI) compared to culprit vessel-only PCI (CO-PCI) for the treatment, only in patients with STEMI with CS.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Studies assessed the efficacy outcomes of short (in-hospital or 30 days)/long-term mortality, cardiac death, myocardial reinfarction, repeat revascularization, and safety outcomes of stroke, bleeding, acute renal failure with MV-PCI vs. CO-PCI in patients with STEMI with CS were included. The publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in short- and long-term mortality in patients treated with MV-PCI compared to CO-PCI group [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92–1.48; OR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.58–1.28]. Similarly, there were no significant differences in cardiac death (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.44–1.00), myocardial reinfarction (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 0.77–2.00), repeat revascularization (OR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.40–1.42), bleeding (OR = 1.53; 95% CI, 0.53–4.43), or stroke (OR = 1.42; 95% CI, 0.90–2.23) between the two groups. There was a higher risk in acute renal failure (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04–1.69) in patients treated with MV-PCI when compared with CO-PCI.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests that there may be no significant benefit for patients with STEMI complicating CS treated with MV-PCI compared with CO-PCI, and patients are at increased risk of developing acute renal failure after MV-PCI intervention.

Non-Invasive Quantification of Fraction Flow Reserve Based on Steady-State Geometric Multiscale Models

Background: The underuse of invasive fraction flow reserve (FFR) in clinical practice has motivated research towards its non-invasive prediction. The early attempts relied on solving the incompressible three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in segmented coronary arteries. However, transient boundary condition has a high resource intensity in terms of computational time. Herein, a method for calculating FFR based on steady-state geometric multiscale (FFR_SS) is proposed.

Methods: A total of 154 moderately stenotic vessels (40–80% diameter stenosis) from 136 patients with stable angina were included in this study to validate the clinical diagnostic performance of FFR_SS. The method was based on the coronary artery model segmented from the patient’s coronary CTA image. The average pressure was used as the boundary condition for the inlet, and the microcirculation resistance calculated by the coronary flow was used as the boundary condition for the outlet to calculate the patient-specific coronary hyperemia. Then, the flow velocity and pressure distribution and the FFRss of each coronary artery branch were calculated to evaluate the degree of myocardial ischemia caused by coronary stenosis. Also, the FFR_SS and FFR_CT of all patients were calculated, and the clinically measured FFR was used as the “gold standard” to verify the diagnostic performance of FFR_SS and to compare the correlation between FFR_SS and FFR_CT.

Results: According to the FFR_SS calculation results of all patients, FFR_SS and FFR have a good correlation (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Similarly, the correlation of FFR_SS and FFR_CT demonstrated an r of 0.75 (95%CI: 0.67–0.72) (p < 0.001). On receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the optimal FFR_SS cut point for FFR≤0.80 was 0.80 (AUC:0.85 [95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 0.90]; overall accuracy:88.3%). The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for FFR_SS ≤0.80 versus FFR ≤0.80 was 68.18% (95% CI: 52.4–81.4), 93.64% (95% CI: 87.3–97.4), 82.9%, and 91.1%, respectively.

Conclusion: FFR_SS is a reliable diagnostic index for myocardial ischemia. This method was similar to the closed-loop geometric multiscale calculation of FFR accuracy but improved the calculation efficiency. It also improved the clinical applicability of the non-invasive computational FFR model, helped the clinicians diagnose myocardial ischemia, and guided percutaneous coronary intervention.

Analysis of the Risk Factors Related to the Success Rate of Distal Transradial Artery Access in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing the success rate of distal transradial access (dTRA) for coronary intervention.

Methods

A total of 246 patients who underwent either coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention in the Xuzhou Central Hospital were enrolled in this study. Access via the distal radial artery was the first choice for the procedure, and the success rate of this approach was recorded. All patients underwent color Doppler ultrasonography of the distal radial artery at the right anatomical snuff box in order to measure the artery diameter. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the success of the dTRA; 44 patients with unsuccessful punctures were assigned to the observation group and 202 patients with successful punctures acted as the control group. The basic clinical data of the two groups were recorded, and the differences between the two groups with respect to various indices were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to explore the factors influencing the success rate of dTRA.

Results

Of the 246 patients, dTRA was achieved in 202, giving a puncture success rate of 82.11%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the success rate of dTRA was positively correlated with the diameter of the distal radial artery (odds ratio [OR] = 3.381, P = 0.005) and hypertension (OR = 2.427, P = 0.016), and negatively correlated with female gender (OR = 0.429, P = 0.036) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.325, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that hypertension and distal radial artery diameter have a positive effect on the success rate of dTRA, while diabetes and female gender have a negative effect.

Diagnostic efficacy of CCTA and CT-FFR based on risk factors for myocardial ischemia

BACKGROUND

Coronary artery coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can observe the degree of coronary artery stenosis and fractional flow reserve (FFR) can diagnose hemodynamic abnormalities caused by coronary artery stenosis. However, noninvasive imaging examination that can both observe the above two methods at the same time has not yet been elucidated.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of CCTA and computed tomography-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) based on different risk factors for myocardial ischemia.

METHODS

Patients undergoing CCTA in our hospital from August 18, 2020 to April 28, 2021 were randomly selected, and the data were subjected to CT-FFR analysis. Vascular characteristics were measured, including total plaque volume, calcified plaque volume, non-calcified plaque volume, plaque length, and lumen stenosis, and the patients were categorized into a non-ischemia group (FFR > 0.8) and an ischemia group (FFR ≤ 0.8). Plaque characteristics were compared between the two groups, and logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the correlations between plaque characteristics and ischemic lesions.

RESULTS

From a total of 122 patients enrolled in the study, there were 218 vascular branches with FFR > 0.8 and 174 vascular branches with FFR ≤ 0.8. There were significant group differences in total plaque volume, calcified plaque volume, plaque length, and lumen stenosis > 50% (n). The obtained data were as follows: non-ischemic group 10.57 (4.80, 259.65), ischemic group 14.87 (3.39, 424.45), Z = 9.772, p = 0.002, non-ischemic group 10.57 (0, 168.77), ischemic group 14.87 (0, 191.00), Z = 2.503, p ≤ 0.001), non-ischemic group 8.17 (37.05, 40.53), ischemic group 8.38 (56.66, 86.47), Z = 5.923, p = 0.016, and lumen stenosis > 50%, non-ischemic group 46, ischemic group 90, x2 = 14.77, p ≤ 0.001. The regression analysis results indicated that total plaque volume, calcified plaque volume, plaque length and lumen stenosis > 50% were risk factors for myocardial ischemia, with ORs and p values of (2.311, p = 0.002), (1.021, p = 0.004), (2.159, p < 0.001), and (0.181, p < 0.001), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Total plaque volume, calcified plaque volume, plaque length and lumen stenosis > 50% are predictors for myocardial ischemia. Coronary artery CCTA combined with CT-FFR could simultaneously observe the anatomical stenosis and evaluate myocardial blood supply at the functional level. Thus, myocardial ischemia could be better diagnosed.

Physicians' perspectives and attitudes toward surgical bailout in transcatheter aortic valve replacement

OBJECTIVES

The incidence of surgical bailout during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is ∼1%, with an associated 50% in-hospital mortality. We performed an exploratory qualitative study of TAVR team perceptions regarding routine surgical bailout planning with patients.

METHODS

We developed a semistructed interview guide to explore clinician perspectives on the TAVR consent process, managing intraoperative emergencies, and involving patients in surgical contingency planning. We interviewed surgeons, cardiologists, and anesthesiologists involved with TAVR in 4 hospitals. We performed qualitative thematic analysis via independent coding of salient quotations from the transcribed texts. Codes were categorized based on shared meaning and the final themes were derived by identifying key content, and examining its relational nature.

RESULTS

Thirteen interviews were conducted, identifying 4 major themes. Participants agreed that eliciting patient preference for bailout is crucial, particularly when surgical outcome is ambiguous. In those cases, participants offered criteria for determining which patients should be engaged in a more nuanced discussion. The ethos of specialty clinicians impacted anticipation and response to procedural emergencies. Finally, physician attitudes reflected strong emotional responses to patient death/morbidity, particularly in iatrogenic injury. Participants expressed anxiety with performing TAVR without surgical backup, while also demonstrating willingness to respect patients' wishes.

CONCLUSIONS

The TAVR team supports engaging patients regarding potential surgical bailout and honoring their preferences in the event of complication. However, clinical judgment about the expected outcome of bailout would frame that discussion. Participants described the emotional weight of not pursuing bailout if indicated and the importance of good coping mechanisms.

Cardiac CT angiography in current practice: An American society for preventive cardiology clinical practice statement✰

In this clinical practice statement, we represent a summary of the current evidence and clinical applications of cardiac computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD), from an expert panel organized by the American Society for Preventive Cardiology (ASPC), and appraises the current use and indications of cardiac CT in clinical practice. Cardiac CT is emerging as a front line non-invasive diagnostic test for CAD, with evidence supporting the clinical utility of cardiac CT in diagnosis and prevention. CCTA offers several advantages beyond other testing modalities, due to its ability to identify and characterize coronary stenosis severity and pathophysiological changes in coronary atherosclerosis and stenosis, aiding in early diagnosis, prognosis and management of CAD. This document further explores the emerging applications of CCTA based on functional assessment using CT derived fractional flow reserve, peri‑coronary inflammation and artificial intelligence (AI) that can provide personalized risk assessment and guide targeted treatment. We sought to provide an expert consensus based on the latest evidence and best available clinical practice guidelines regarding the role of CCTA as an essential tool in cardiovascular prevention - applicable to risk assessment and early diagnosis and management, noting potential areas for future investigation.

Practice and long-term outcome of unprotected left main PCI: real-world data from a nationwide registry

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasingly performed in significant left main (LM) lesions. Left untreated, the prognosis is poor, but PCI and coronary bypass surgery (CABG) behold risks as well. Additional long-term outcome data might guide future treatment decisions.

METHODS

Between 2012 and 2019, all 6783 patients who underwent LM PCI were prospectively enrolled in a national registry. Patients with prior CABG or prior LM PCI, and patients presenting in cardiogenic shock or after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were excluded. From the remaining 5284 patients, baseline and procedural data as well as long-term survival were assessed.

RESULTS

The annual rate of LM PCI increased from 422 (2.2% of PCIs) in 2012 to 868 in 2018 (3.0%). By 2018, 71% of the interventional cardiologists performed at least 1 LM PCI a year, though only 5 on average. Use of transradial access (TRA) in LM PCI increased from 20.4% in 2012 to 59.5% in 2019. All-cause mortality was 6.0% at 30 days and 18.5% at a mean follow-up of 33.5 months. Independent predictors of higher long-term mortality were older age, diabetes, multivessel disease, an urgent indication, a suboptimal angiographical result, and non-exclusive use of drug-eluting stents. TRAand higher operator and centre LM PCI experience were independent predictors of a lower long-term mortality.

CONCLUSION

LM PCI is associated with high short- and long-term mortality. Use of TRA and higher expertise in LM PCI were associated with better survival.

The Impact of Lesion Complexity and the CHA2DS2-VASc Score on Spontaneous Reperfusion in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND

In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a patent infarct-related artery (IRA) on initial angiography is defined as spontaneous reperfusion (SR).

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to determine the impact of lesion complexity and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score on SR in patients with STEMI.

METHODS

A total number of 1,641 consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI were assessed for this study. Patients were divided into 2 groups, those with SR, SR(+) (n = 239), and those without SR, SR(-) (n = 1402), according to their initial angiography and SR status. CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores were calculated for all patients. The lesion complexity of coronary artery disease was assessed with the SYNTAX score.

RESULTS

The CHA₂DS₂-VASc and SYNTAX scores were significantly lower in the SR(+) group compared to the SR(-) (mean CHA₂DS₂-VASc, 1.36 ± 0.64 vs. 2.01 ± 0.80, p < 0.001; mean SYNTAX score, 15.51 ± 5.94 vs. 17.08 ± 8.29, p < 0.001). After the multivariate regression analysis, a lower CHA₂DS₂-VASc (OR = 0.288, p < 0.001), SYNTAX score (OR = 0.920, p=0.007), uric acid (OR = 0.868, p=0.005), CRP (OR = 0.939, p=0.001), BNP (OR = 0.998, p=0.004), and troponin (OR = 0.991, p=0.001) were independent predictors of SR. In-hospital mortality rates were significantly lower in the SR(+) group compared to the SR(-) (0% vs. 6.7%, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that lesion complexity and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score are independently associated with spontaneous reperfusion.

15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitor prevents contrast-induced acute kidney injury

The two primary mechanisms by which iodinated contrast media (CM) causes contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) are the hemodynamic effect causing intrarenal vasoconstriction and the tubular toxic effect causing acute tubular necrosis. Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which degrades prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), promotes tissue repair and regeneration in many organs. PGE2 causes intrarenal arterial vasodilation. In this study, we investigated whether a 15-PGDH inhibitor can act as a candidate for blocking these two major mechanisms of CIAKI. We established a CIAKI mouse model by injecting a 10 gram of iodine per body weight (gI/kg) dose of iodixanol into each mouse tail vein. A 15-PGDH inhibitor (SW033291), PGE1, or PGE2 were administered to compare the renal functional parameters, histologic injury, vasoconstriction, and renal blood flow changes. In addition, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in a CM-treated medium. SW033291, PGE1, or PGE2 were added to compare any changes in cell viability and apoptosis rate. CIAKI mice that received SW033291 had lower serum levels of creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule 1 (p < 0.001); lower histologic injury score and TUNEL positive rates (p < 0.001); and higher medullary arteriolar area (p < 0.05) and renal blood flow (p < 0.001) than CM + vehicle group. In cell culture experiments, Adding SW033291 increased the viability rate (p < 0.05) and decreased the apoptosis rate of the tubular epithelial cells (p < 0.001). This 15-PGDH inhibitor blocks the two primary mechanisms of CIAKI, intrarenal vasoconstriction and tubular cell toxicity, and thus has the potential to be a novel prophylaxis for CIAKI. Abbreviations: 15-PGDH: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; CIAKI: contrast-induced acute kidney injury; CM: contrast media; EP: prostaglandin E2 receptor; hRPTECs: human-derived renal proximal tubule epithelial cells; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PGE1: prostaglandin E1; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; RBF: renal blood flow; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; α-SMA: α-Smooth muscle actin.

Clinical outcomes in 2481 unselected real-world patients treated with a polymer-free sirolimus-eluting stent: 3 years results from the NANO multicenter Registry

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the 3-year clinical outcomes of a polymer-free sirolimus-eluting, Nano plus stent for the treatment of coronary artery disease in the NANO multicenter Registry.

BACKGROUND

The long-term clinical data evaluating the safety and efficacy of the novel polymer-free sirolimus-eluting Nano plus stent (Lepu Medical, Beijing, China) is limited.

METHODS

The NANO all-comers Registry trial was a prospective, multicenter clinical registry conducted in 26 centers in China between August 2016 and January 2017. A total of 2481 consecutive patients were exclusively treated with the Nano plus stent. The primary clinical endpoint, target lesion failure (TLF, defined as cardiac death, target vessel nonfatal myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization [CD-TLR]), was analyzed at 3 years.

RESULTS

At 3 years, 2295 patients (92.5%) were followed. The incidence of TLF was 6.8% (168/2481). The rate of cardiac death was 3.8% (94/2481), target vessel nonfatal myocardial infarction 0.7% (18/2481), and CD-TLR 2.9% (68/2481). The rate of definite/probable stent thrombosis was 0.5% (13/2481). The risk factors of diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction, age, chronic renal failure, in-stent restenosis, chronic total occlusion, and left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% were the independent predictors of 3-year TLF.

CONCLUSIONS

At three years, the rate of TLF was relatively low in patients treated with the polymer-free Nano plus stent. The polymer-free Nano plus stent showed a favorable safety and efficacy profile in real-world patients. Clinical trial registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ . Unique identifier: NCT02929030.

The Year in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia: Selected Highlights from 2021

This special article is the fourteenth in an annual series for the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The authors thank the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Kaplan, and the editorial board for the opportunity to continue this series; namely, the research highlights of the past year in the specialty of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesiology. The major themes selected for 2021 are outlined in this introduction, and each highlight is reviewed in detail in the main body of the article. The literature highlights in the specialty for 2021 begin with an update on structural heart disease, with a focus on updates in arrhythmia and aortic valve disorders. The second major theme is an update on coronary artery disease, with discussion of both medical and procedural management. The third major theme is focused on the perioperative management of patients with COVID-19, with the authors highlighting literature discussing the impact of the disease on the right ventricle and thromboembolic events. The fourth and final theme is an update in heart failure, with discussion of diverse aspects of this area. The themes selected for this fourteenth special article are only a few of the diverse advances in the specialty during 2021. These highlights will inform the reader of key updates on a variety of topics, leading to improvement of perioperative outcomes for patients with cardiothoracic and vascular disease.

Myocardial viability with chronic total occlusion assessed by hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND

The present study was performed to compare the relationship of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) transmurality with the improvement of left ventricular function in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) assessed by hybrid FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODS

Thirty-eight consecutive patients with CTO underwent FDG PET/MRI. Twenty-three patients then underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and the final study population comprised 15 patients who underwent both initial and follow-up MRI. The degree of wall motion abnormality in each of the 17 myocardial segments was evaluated based on the extent of wall thickening on cine MRI using a 5-point scale.

RESULTS

Among all 646 myocardial segments at baseline, FDG uptake significantly decreased as the transmurality of LGE is advanced. Of the 15 patients who underwent PCI, 152 segments showed wall motion abnormalities at baseline. The functional recovery of the wall motion abnormality of the PET-viable/MRI-viable segments was highest, and that of the PET-nonviable/MRI-nonviable segments was lowest. There were no differences in functional recovery between the PET-viable/MRI-nonviable and PET-nonviable/MRI-viable segments.

CONCLUSION

Simultaneous assessment of FDG and LGE using a hybrid PET/MRI system can help to predict functional recovery after PCI in patients with CTO.

The relationship between dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) score and saphenous venous grafts patency after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

BACKGROUND

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the gold standard treatment for mutivessel and left main coronary artery disease (CAD). Saphenous vein graft (SVG) patency is still a problem in CAD patients after CABG surgery. The Dual Antiplatelet Treatment (DAPT) score is a clinical prediction tool that predicts ischaemic and bleeding risk in CAD patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between DAPT score and SVG patency in CABG patients.

METHOD

This retrospective study enrolled a total of 398 patients (68 female; mean age 65.8 ± 9.1 years) with a history of CABG surgery. The study population was divided into two subgroups according to SVG patency. The DAPT score was calculated for each patients and compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Coronary angiography revealed SVG disease in 212 patients and SVG patency in 186 patients. The rates of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, red cell distribution width values, DAPT Score, time interval after CABG and number of SVGs were significantly higher while LVEF was significantly lower in patients with SVG disease. The presence of diabetes mellitus, high DAPT score, long time interval after CABG and high number of SVGs were found to be independent predictors of SVG patency. DAPT score above 2.5 predicted SVG disease with a sensitivity of 77.1% and a specificity of 87.1% (AUC: 0.873; 95%CI: 0.823-0.924; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The DAPT score may provide useful information for SVG patency in CABG patients. Patients with high DAPT score should be followed up closely for SGV occlusion. DAPT score may be useful prior to CABG in determining the duration of dual anti-platelet therapy and in encouraging the use of arterial grafts with better patency.