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Wu M, Liu C, Sun D. Glucocorticoid-Induced Myopathy: Typology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:341-349. [PMID: 38224966 DOI: 10.1055/a-2246-2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy is a non-inflammatory toxic myopathy typified by proximal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, fatigue, and easy fatigability. These vague symptoms coupled with underlying disorders may mask the signs of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, leading to an underestimation of the disease's impact. This review briefly summarizes the classification, pathogenesis, and treatment options for glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting. Additionally, we discuss current diagnostic measures in clinical research and routine care used for diagnosing and monitoring glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, which includes gait speed tests, muscle strength tests, hematologic tests, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electromyography, quantitative muscle ultrasound, histological examination, and genetic analysis. Continuous monitoring of patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy plays an important role in enabling early detection of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, allowing physicians to modify treatment plans before significant clinical weakness arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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2
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Zhang S, Yan H, Ding J, Wang R, Feng Y, Zhang X, Kong X, Gong H, Lu X, Ma A, Hua Y, Liu H, Guo J, Gao H, Zhou Z, Wang R, Chen P, Liu T, Kong X. Skeletal muscle-specific DJ-1 ablation-induced atrogenes expression and mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to muscular atrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2126-2142. [PMID: 37469245 PMCID: PMC10570112 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 is a causative gene for Parkinson's disease. DJ-1-deficient mice develop gait-associated progressive behavioural abnormalities and hypoactive forearm grip strength. However, underlying activity mechanisms are not fully explored. METHODS Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction approaches were adopted to analyse DJ-1 expression in skeletal muscle from aged humans or mice and compared with young subjects. Skeletal muscle-specific-DJ-1 knockout (MDKO) mice were generated, followed by an assessment of the physical activity phenotypes (grip strength, maximal load capacity, and hanging, rotarod, and exercise capacity tests) of the MDKO and control mice on the chow diet. Muscular atrophy phenotypes (cross-sectional area and fibre types) were determined by imaging and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle morphology were evaluated by oxygen consumption rate and electron microscopy, respectively. Tail suspension was applied to address disuse atrophy. RNA-seq analysis was performed to indicate molecular changes in muscles with DJ-1 ablation. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were employed to identify the promoter region of Trim63 and Fbxo32 genes, which were indirectly regulated by DJ-1 via the FoxO1 pathway. Cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of DJ-1-deleted muscle cells were analysed by western blotting. Compound 23 was administered into the gastrocnemius muscle to mimic the of DJ-1 deletion effects. RESULTS DJ-1 expression decreased in atrophied muscles of aged human (young men, n = 2; old with aged men, n = 2; young women, n = 2; old with aged women, n = 2) and immobilization mice (n = 6, P < 0.01). MDKO mice exhibited no body weight difference compared with control mice on the chow diet (Flox, n = 8; MDKO, n = 9). DJ-1-deficient muscles were slightly dystrophic (Flox, n = 7; MDKO, n = 8; P < 0.05), with impaired physical activities and oxidative capacity (n = 8, P < 0.01). In disuse-atrophic conditions, MDKO mice showed smaller cross-sectional area (n = 5, P < 0.01) and more central nuclei than control mice (Flox, n = 7; MDKO, n = 6; P < 0.05), without alteration in muscle fibre types (Flox, n = 6; MDKO, n = 7). Biochemical analysis indicated that reduced mitochondrial function and upregulated of atrogenes induced these changes. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed enhanced activity of the FoxO1 signalling pathway in DJ-1-ablated muscles, which was responsible for the induction of atrogenes. Finally, compound 23 (an inhibitor of DJ-1) could mimic the effects of DJ-1 ablation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results illuminate the crucial of skeletal muscle DJ-1 in the regulation of catabolic signals from mechanical stimulation, providing a therapeutic target for muscle wasting diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruwen Wang
- School of KinesiologyShanghai University of SportShanghaiChina
| | - Yonghao Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Human Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xingyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongyu Gong
- School of Life SciencesInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Precisional Medical Center, Jilin Province General HospitalChangchunChina
| | - Alice Ma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Yinghui Hua
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jiani Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huanqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Ru Wang
- School of KinesiologyShanghai University of SportShanghaiChina
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of KinesiologyShanghai University of SportShanghaiChina
| | - Tiemin Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Engelen MPKJ, Kirschner SK, Coyle KS, Argyelan D, Neal G, Dasarathy S, Deutz NEP. Sex related differences in muscle health and metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1737-1746. [PMID: 37542951 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sex differences in muscle function and mass, dyspnea, and clinical outcomes have been observed in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) despite a similar level of airflow obstruction. Protein and amino acid metabolism is altered in COPD, however, it remains unclear whether a difference in metabolic signature exists between males and females with COPD that may explain the observed differences in muscle health and clinical outcomes. METHODS In 234 moderate to severe COPD patients (males/females: 113/121) and 182 healthy controls (males/females: 77/105), we assessed, besides presence of comorbidities and clinical features, muscle function by handgrip and leg dynamometry, and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. In the postabsorptive state, a mixture of 18 stable isotopes of amino acids was administered by pulse and arterialized blood was sampled for 2 h. Amino acid concentrations and enrichments were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to calculate whole body (net) protein breakdown (WBnetPB) and whole body production (WBP) rates (μmol/hour) of the amino acids playing a known role in muscle health. Statistics was done by ANCOVA to examine the effects of sex, COPD, and sex-by-COPD interaction with as covariates age and lean mass. Significance was set as p < 0.05. RESULTS Lung function was comparable between males and females with COPD. Being a female and presence of COPD were independently associated with lower appendicular lean mass, muscle strength, and WBnetPB (p < 0.05). Being a male was associated with higher visceral adipose tissue, C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.05), and higher prevalence of heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. Sex-by-COPD interactions were found indicating lower fat mass (p = 0.0005) and WBPs of phenylalanine (measure of whole body protein turnover) and essential amino acids (p < 0.05), particularly in COPD females. Higher visceral adipose tissue (p = 0.025), CRP (p < 0.0001), and WBP of tau-methylhistidine (p = 0.010) (reflecting enhanced myofibrillar protein breakdown) were observed in COPD males. CONCLUSIONS Presence of sex specific changes in protein and amino acid metabolism and cardiometabolic health in COPD need to be considered when designing treatment regimens to restore muscle health in males and females with COPD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY www. CLINICALTRIALS gov, NCT01787682, NCT01624792, NCT02157844, NCT02065141, NCT02770092, NCT02780219, NCT03327181, NCT03796455, NCT01173354, NCT01154400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Primary Care & Rural Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Sarah K Kirschner
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly S Coyle
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David Argyelan
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Neal
- Primary Care & Rural Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Primary Care & Rural Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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4
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Imbesi C, Ettari R, Irrera N, Zappalà M, Pallio G, Bitto A, Mannino F. Blunting Neuroinflammation by Targeting the Immunoproteasome with Novel Amide Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10732. [PMID: 37445907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response of the nervous tissue mediated by the production of cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have shown that an upregulation of immunoproteasome is highly associated with various diseases and its inhibition attenuates neuroinflammation. In this context, the development of non-covalent immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors could represent a promising strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Novel amide derivatives, KJ3 and KJ9, inhibit the β5 subunit of immunoproteasome and were used to evaluate their possible anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro model of TNF-α induced neuroinflammation. Differentiated SH-SY5Y and microglial cells were challenged with 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h and treated with KJ3 (1 µM) and KJ9 (1 µM) for 24 h. The amide derivatives showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress and the inflammatory cascade triggered by TNF-α reducing p-ERK expression in treated cells. Moreover, the key action of these compounds on the immunoproteasome was further confirmed by halting the IkB-α phosphorylation and the consequent inhibition of NF-kB. As downstream targets, IL-1β and IL-6 expression resulted also blunted by either KJ3 and KJ9. These preliminary results suggest that the effects of these two compounds during neuroinflammatory response relies on the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Imbesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Jun L, Robinson M, Geetha T, Broderick TL, Babu JR. Prevalence and Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Metabolic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032973. [PMID: 36769296 PMCID: PMC9917738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is prevalent in a myriad of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, denervation, long-term immobility, malnutrition, sarcopenia, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and cachexia. This is a critically important topic that has significance in the health of the current society, particularly older adults. The most damaging effect of muscle atrophy is the decreased quality of life from functional disability, increased risk of fractures, decreased basal metabolic rate, and reduced bone mineral density. Most skeletal muscle in humans contains slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic muscle fiber types. Depending on the pathological condition, either oxidative or glycolytic muscle type may be affected to a greater extent. This review article discusses the prevalence of skeletal muscle atrophy and several mechanisms, with an emphasis on high-fat, high-sugar diet patterns, obesity, and diabetes, but including other conditions such as sarcopenia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer cachexia, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tom L. Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-223-844-3840
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6
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Cardiac Complications: The Understudied Aspect of Cancer Cachexia. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:254-267. [PMID: 35171467 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of cancer cachexia is increasing along with drastic increase in cancer patients. Cancer itself leads to cachexia, and cachexia development is associated with events like altered hemodynamics, and reduced functional capacity of the heart among others which lead to failure of the heart and are called cardiovascular complications associated with cancer cachexia. In some patients, the anti-cancer therapy also leads to this cardiovascular complications. So, in this review, an attempt is made to understand the mechanisms, pathophysiology of cardiovascular events in cachectic patients. Important processes which cause cardiovascular complications include alterations in the structure of the heart, loss of cardiac mass and functioning, cardiac fibrosis and cardiac remodeling, apoptosis, cardiac muscle atrophy, and mitochondrial alterations. Previously, the available treatment options were limited to nutraceuticals and physical exercise. Recently, studies with some prospective agents that can improve cardiac health have been reported, but whether their action is effective in cardiovascular complications associated with cancer cachexia is not known or are under trial.
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7
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McMillin SL, Minchew EC, Lowe DA, Spangenburg EE. Skeletal muscle wasting: the estrogen side of sexual dimorphism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C24-C37. [PMID: 34788147 PMCID: PMC8721895 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00333.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of defining sex differences across various biological and physiological mechanisms is more pervasive now than it has been over the past 15-20 years. As the muscle biology field pushes to identify small molecules and interventions to prevent, attenuate, or even reverse muscle wasting, we must consider the effect of sex as a biological variable. It should not be assumed that a therapeutic will affect males and females with equal efficacy or equivalent target affinities under conditions where muscle wasting is observed. With that said, it is not surprising to find that we have an unclear or even a poor understanding of the effects of sex or sex hormones on muscle wasting conditions. Although recent investigations are beginning to establish experimental approaches that will allow investigators to assess the impact of sex-specific hormones on muscle wasting, the field still needs rigorous scientific tools that will allow the community to address critical hypotheses centered around sex hormones. The focus of this review is on female sex hormones, specifically estrogens, and the roles that these hormones and their receptors play in skeletal muscle wasting conditions. With the overall review goal of assembling the current knowledge in the area of sexual dimorphism driven by estrogens with an effort to provide insights to interested physiologists on necessary considerations when trying to assess models for potential sex differences in cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L. McMillin
- 1Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota,2Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Everett C. Minchew
- 3Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Dawn A. Lowe
- 1Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota,2Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Espen E. Spangenburg
- 3Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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AlSudais H, Wiper-Bergeron N. From quiescence to repair: C/EBPβ as a regulator of muscle stem cell function in health and disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:6518-6530. [PMID: 34854237 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) is a transcriptional regulator involved in numerous physiological processes. Herein, we describe a role for C/EBPβ as a regulator of skeletal muscle stem cell function. In particular, C/EBPβ is expressed in muscle stem cells in healthy muscle where it inhibits myogenic differentiation. Downregulation of C/EBPβ expression at the protein and transcriptional level allows for differentiation. Persistence of C/EBPβ promotes stem cell self-renewal and C/EBPβ expression is required for mitotic quiescence in this cell population. As a critical regulator of skeletal muscle homeostasis, C/EBPβ expression is stimulated in pathological conditions such as cancer cachexia, which perturbs muscle regeneration and promotes myofiber atrophy in the context of systemic inflammation. C/EBPβ is also an important regulator of cytokine expression and immune response genes, a mechanism by which it can influence muscle stem cell function. In this viewpoint, we describe a role for C/EBPβ in muscle stem cells and propose a functional intersection between C/EBPβ and NF-kB action in the regulation of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamood AlSudais
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadine Wiper-Bergeron
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Haberecht-Müller S, Krüger E, Fielitz J. Out of Control: The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Skeletal Muscle during Inflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091327. [PMID: 34572540 PMCID: PMC8468834 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe sepsis develop ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) characterized by loss of muscle mass, reduction in myofiber size and decreased muscle strength leading to persisting physical impairment. This phenotype results from a dysregulated protein homeostasis with increased protein degradation and decreased protein synthesis, eventually causing a decrease in muscle structural proteins. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the predominant protein-degrading system in muscle that is activated during diverse muscle atrophy conditions, e.g., inflammation. The specificity of UPS-mediated protein degradation is assured by E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as atrogin-1 and MuRF1, which target structural and contractile proteins, proteins involved in energy metabolism and transcription factors for UPS-dependent degradation. Although the regulation of activity and function of E3 ubiquitin ligases in inflammation-induced muscle atrophy is well perceived, the contribution of the proteasome to muscle atrophy during inflammation is still elusive. During inflammation, a shift from standard- to immunoproteasome was described; however, to which extent this contributes to muscle wasting and whether this changes targeting of specific muscular proteins is not well described. This review summarizes the function of the main proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase response proteins and their signaling pathways in inflammation-induced muscle atrophy with a focus on UPS-mediated protein degradation in muscle during sepsis. The regulation and target-specificity of the main E3 ubiquitin ligases in muscle atrophy and their mode of action on myofibrillar proteins will be reported. The function of the standard- and immunoproteasome in inflammation-induced muscle atrophy will be described and the effects of proteasome-inhibitors as treatment strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Haberecht-Müller
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.F.)
| | - Jens Fielitz
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.F.)
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10
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Blears E, Ross E, Ogunbileje JO, Porter C, Murton AJ. The impact of catecholamines on skeletal muscle following massive burns: Friend or foe? Burns 2021; 47:756-764. [PMID: 33568281 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Profound skeletal muscle wasting in the setting of total body hypermetabolism is a defining characteristic of massive burns, compromising the patient's recovery and necessitating a protracted period of rehabilitation. In recent years, the prolonged use of the non-selective beta-blocker, propranolol, has gained prominence as an effective tool to assist with suppressing epinephrine-dependent burn-induced hypermetabolism and by extension, blunting muscle catabolism. However, synthetic β-adrenergic agonists, such as clenbuterol, are widely associated with the promotion of muscle growth in both animals and humans. Moreover, experimental adrenodemedullation is known to result in muscle catabolism. Therefore, the blunting of muscle β-adrenergic signaling via the use of propranolol would be expected to negatively impair muscle protein homeostasis. This review explores these paradoxical observations and identifies the manner by which propranolol is thought to exert its anti-catabolic effects in burn patients. Moreover, we identify potential avenues by which the use of beta-blocker therapy in the treatment of massive burns could potentially be further refined to promote the recovery of muscle mass in these critically ill patients while continuing to ameliorate total body hypermetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Blears
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Evan Ross
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John O Ogunbileje
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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11
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Under construction: The dynamic assembly, maintenance, and degradation of the cardiac sarcomere. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 148:89-102. [PMID: 32920010 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle and is a highly ordered protein complex with the actin and myosin filaments at its core. Assembling the sarcomere constituents into this organized structure in development, and with muscle growth as new sarcomeres are built, is a complex process coordinated by numerous factors. Once assembled, the sarcomere requires constant maintenance as its continuous contraction is accompanied by elevated mechanical, thermal, and oxidative stress, which predispose proteins to misfolding and toxic aggregation. To prevent protein misfolding and maintain sarcomere integrity, the sarcomere is monitored by an assortment of protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms. The need for effective PQC is heightened in cardiomyocytes which are terminally differentiated and must survive for many years while preserving optimal mechanical output. To prevent toxic protein aggregation, molecular chaperones stabilize denatured sarcomere proteins and promote their refolding. However, when old and misfolded proteins cannot be salvaged by chaperones, they must be recycled via degradation pathways: the calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems, which operate under basal conditions, and the stress-responsive autophagy-lysosome pathway. Mutations to and deficiency of the molecular chaperones and associated factors charged with sarcomere maintenance commonly lead to sarcomere structural disarray and the progression of heart disease, highlighting the necessity of effective sarcomere PQC for maintaining cardiac function. This review focuses on the dynamic regulation of assembly and turnover at the sarcomere with an emphasis on the chaperones involved in these processes and describes the alterations to chaperones - through mutations and deficient expression - implicated in disease progression to heart failure.
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12
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Dalise S, Tropea P, Galli L, Sbrana A, Chisari C. Muscle function impairment in cancer patients in pre-cachexia stage. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:8931. [PMID: 32782760 PMCID: PMC7385693 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia has been reported to be directly responsible for at least 20% of cancer deaths. Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia appears to be of pivotal importance for survival of patients. In this regard, it would be interesting to identify before its patent appearance eventual functional markers of muscle damage, to plan specific exercise protocols to counteract cachexia. The muscle function of 13 oncologic patients and 15 controls was analyzed through: i) analysis of the oxidative metabolism, indirectly evaluated trough dosage of blood lactate levels before and after a submaximal incremental exercise on a treadmill; ii) analysis of strength and, iii) endurance, in both lower and upper limbs muscles, employing an isokinetic dynamometer. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the muscle activities between groups. Analysis of oxidative metabolism during the incremental exercise on a treadmill showed that patients performed a shorter exercise than controls. Lactate levels were significantly higher in patients both at baseline and after the task. Muscle strength analysis in patients group showed a reduction of Maximum Voluntary Contraction during the isometric contraction and, a tendency to fatigue during endurance task. Data emerging from this study highlight an impairment of muscle oxidative metabolism in subjects affected by a pre-cachexia stage of cancer. A trend of precocious fatigability and an impairment of muscle strength production were also observed. This evidence underlines the relevance of assessing muscle function in order to develop novel rehabilitative approaches able to counteract motor impairment and eventually to prevent cachexia in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dalise
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Peppino Tropea
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Galli
- Unit of Oncology 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Sbrana
- Unit of Oncology 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Dalise S, Tropea P, Galli L, Sbrana A, Chisari C. Muscle function impairment in cancer patients in pre-cachexia stage. Eur J Transl Myol 2020. [DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2020.8931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia has been reported to be directly responsible for at least 20% of cancer deaths. Management of muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia appears to be of pivotal importance for survival of patients. In this regard, it would be interesting to identify before its patent appearance eventual functional markers of muscle damage, to plan specific exercise protocols to counteract cachexia. The muscle function of 13 oncologic patients and 15 controls was analyzed through: i) analysis of the oxidative metabolism, indirectly evaluated trough dosage of blood lactate levels before and after a submaximal incremental exercise on a treadmill; ii) analysis of strength and, iii) endurance, in both lower and upper limbs muscles, employing an isokinetic dynamometer. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the muscle activities between groups. Analysis of oxidative metabolism during the incremental exercise on a treadmill showed that patients performed a shorter exercise than controls. Lactate levels were significantly higher in patients both at baseline and after the task. Muscle strength analysis in patients group showed a reduction of Maximum Voluntary Contraction during the isometric contraction and, a tendency to fatigue during endurance task. Data emerging from this study highlight an impairment of muscle oxidative metabolism in subjects affected by a pre-cachexia stage of cancer. A trend of precocious fatigability and an impairment of muscle strength production were also observed. This evidence underlines the relevance of assessing muscle function in order to develop novel rehabilitative approaches able to counteract motor impairment and eventually to prevent cachexia in these patients.
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14
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Sharma B, Dabur R. Role of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: A Systematic Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2161-2188. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181129095309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Metabolic pathways perturbations lead to skeletal muscular atrophy in the
cachexia and sarcopenia due to increased catabolism. Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the catabolic
pathways that impair the muscle integrity and function. Hence, this review primarily concentrates
on the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism.
Objective:
This review will discuss the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscles during
muscle wasting conditions. Moreover, the coordination among the pro-inflammatory cytokines
and their regulated molecular signaling pathways which increase the protein degradation will be
discussed.
Results:
During normal conditions, pro-inflammatory cytokines are required to balance anabolism
and catabolism and to maintain normal myogenesis process. However, during muscle wasting their
enhanced expression leads to marked destructive metabolism in the skeletal muscles. Proinflammatory
cytokines primarily exert their effects by increasing the expression of calpains and E3
ligases as well as of Nf-κB, required for protein breakdown and local inflammation. Proinflammatory
cytokines also locally suppress the IGF-1and insulin functions, hence increase the
FoxO activation and decrease the Akt function, the central point of carbohydrates lipid and protein
metabolism.
Conclusion:
Current advancements have revealed that the muscle mass loss during skeletal muscular
atrophy is multifactorial. Despite great efforts, not even a single FDA approved drug is available
in the market. It indicates the well-organized coordination among the pro-inflammatory cytokines
that need to be further understood and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
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15
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Pötsch MS, Ishida J, Palus S, Tschirner A, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Anker SD, Springer J. MT-102 prevents tissue wasting and improves survival in a rat model of severe cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:594-605. [PMID: 32067370 PMCID: PMC7113539 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia, a common manifestation of malignant cancer, is associated with wasting of skeletal muscle and fat tissue. In this study, we investigated the effects of a new first in class anabolic catabolic transforming agent on skeletal muscle in a rat model of cancer cachexia. METHODS Young male Wistar Han rats were intraperitoneally inoculated with 108 Yoshida hepatoma AH-130 cells and once daily treated with 0.3 mg kg-1 , 3 mg kg-1 MT-102, or placebo by gavage. RESULTS Three mg kg-1 d-1 MT-102 not only prevented progressive loss of fat mass (-6 ± 2 g vs -12 ± 1 g; P < 0.001); lean mass (+1 ± 10 g vs. -37 ± 2 g; P < 0.001) and body weight (+1 ± 13 g vs. -60 ± 2 g; P < 0.001) were remained. Quality of life was also improved as indicated by a higher food intake 12.9 ± 3.1 g and 4.3 ± 0.5 g, 3 mg kg-1 d-1 MT-102 vs. placebo, respectively, P < 0.001) and a higher spontaneous activity (52 369 ± 6521 counts/24 h and 29 509 ± 1775 counts/24 h, 3 mg·kg-1 d-1 MT-102 vs. placebo, respectively, P < 0.01) on Day 11. Most importantly, survival was improved (HR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16-0.51, P < 0.001). The molecular mechanisms behind these effects involve reduction of overall protein degradation and activation of protein synthesis, assessed by measurement of proteasome and caspase-6 activity or Western blot analysis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that 3 mg kg-1 MT-102 reduces catabolism, while inducing anabolism in skeletal muscle leading to an improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike S Pötsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Junichi Ishida
- Charite Medical School, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Palus
- Charite Medical School, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Tschirner
- Charite Medical School, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Goettingen (UMG), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Charite Medical School, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Charite Medical School, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Charite Medical School, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
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16
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Engelen MPKJ, Jonker R, Thaden JJ, Ten Have GAM, Jeon MS, Dasarathy S, Deutz NEP. Comprehensive metabolic flux analysis to explain skeletal muscle weakness in COPD. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3056-3065. [PMID: 32035752 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic characterization of a well-defined group of patients could be a powerful tool in revealing metabolic signatures to explain limb muscle weakness in chronic diseases. Studies are currently limited in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) to the identification of differential amino acid concentrations but lack comprehensive analysis of the flux through relevant muscle function related metabolic pathways. METHODS In 23 stable patients with moderate to very severe COPD and 19 healthy controls, a comprehensive metabolic flux analysis was conducted by administering an intravenous pulse and primed constant infusion of multiple stable tracers of amino acids known to play a role in muscle health. Blood samples were obtained to calculate production (WBP) and interconversion rates, and plasma concentrations of these amino acids. Lower and upper limb muscle strength, muscle mass, lung function, physical activity level, and disease history and characteristics were assessed. RESULTS The COPD group was characterized by lower and upper limb muscle weakness (P < 0.01) despite preserved muscle mass. Higher values were found in COPD for plasma glutamine, WBP of leucine (P < 0.001), 3-methylhistidine (P < 0.01) (marker of enhanced myofibrillar protein breakdown), citrulline (P < 0.05), and arginine to citrulline conversion (P < 0.05) (reflecting enhanced nitric oxide synthesis). Plasma concentration of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB with anticatabolic, anabolic and contractile properties), WBP of glycine (precursor of creatine and glutathione), and transcutaneous O2 saturation explained up to 79% and 65% of the variation in strength of the lower and upper limb muscles, respectively, in COPD. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive metabolic flux analysis revealed a homogenous metabolic signature in stable patients with COPD and a specific metabolic profile in those with skeletal muscle weakness. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No. NCT01787682; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Renate Jonker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John J Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Moon Sun Jeon
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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17
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The role of omega 3 fatty acids in suppressing muscle protein catabolism: A possible therapeutic strategy to reverse cancer cachexia? J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Pring ET, Malietzis G, Kennedy RH, Athanasiou T, Jenkins JT. Cancer cachexia and myopenia – Update on management strategies and the direction of future research for optimizing body composition in cancer – A narrative review. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 70:245-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Shum AMY, Poljak A, Bentley NL, Turner N, Tan TC, Polly P. Proteomic profiling of skeletal and cardiac muscle in cancer cachexia: alterations in sarcomeric and mitochondrial protein expression. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22001-22022. [PMID: 29774118 PMCID: PMC5955146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cachexia is observed in more than 50% of advanced cancer patients, and impairs quality of life and prognosis. A variety of pathways are likely to be dysregulated. Hence, a broad-spectrum understanding of the disease process is best achieved by a discovery based approach such as proteomics. Results More than 300 proteins were identified with > 95% confidence in correct sequence identification, of which 5–10% were significantly differentially expressed in cachectic tissues (p-value of 0.05; 27 proteins from gastrocnemius, 34 proteins from soleus and 24 proteins from heart). The two most pronounced functional groups being sarcomeric proteins (mostly upregulated across all three muscle types) and energy/metabolism proteins (mostly downregulated across all muscle types). Electron microscopy revealed disintegration of the sarcomere and morphological aberrations of mitochondria in the cardiac muscle of colon 26 (C26) carcinoma mice. Materials and Methods The colon 26 (C26) carcinoma mouse model of cachexia was used to analyse soleus, gastrocnemius and cardiac muscles using two 8-plex iTRAQ proteomic experiments and tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS). Differentially expressed proteomic lists for protein clustering and enrichment of biological processes, molecular pathways, and disease related pathways were analysed using bioinformatics. Cardiac muscle ultrastructure was explored by electron microscopy. Conclusions Morphological and proteomic analyses suggested molecular events associated with disintegrated sarcomeric structure with increased dissolution of Z-disc and M-line proteins. Altered mitochondrial morphology, in combination with the reduced expression of proteins regulating substrate and energy metabolism, suggest that muscle cells are likely to be undergoing a state of energy crisis which ultimately results in cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Y Shum
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Bentley
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Clinical School and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patsie Polly
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Smuder AJ, Sollanek KJ, Nelson WB, Min K, Talbert EE, Kavazis AN, Hudson MB, Sandri M, Szeto HH, Powers SK. Crosstalk between autophagy and oxidative stress regulates proteolysis in the diaphragm during mechanical ventilation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:179-190. [PMID: 29197632 PMCID: PMC5767544 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) results in the rapid development of ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). While the mechanisms responsible for VIDD are not fully understood, recent data reveal that prolonged MV activates autophagy in the diaphragm, which may occur as a result of increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that (1) accelerated autophagy is a key contributor to VIDD; and that (2) oxidative stress is required to increase the expression of autophagy genes in the diaphragm. Our findings reveal that targeted inhibition of autophagy in the rat diaphragm prevented MV-induced muscle atrophy and contractile dysfunction. Attenuation of VIDD in these animals occurred as a result of increased diaphragm concentration of the antioxidant catalase and reduced mitochondrial ROS emission, which corresponded to reductions in the activity of calpain and caspase-3. To determine if increased ROS production is required for the upregulation of autophagy biomarkers in the diaphragm, rats that were administered the mitochondrial-targeted peptide SS-31 during MV. Results from this study demonstrated that mitochondrial ROS production in the diaphragm during MV is required for the increased expression of key autophagy genes (i.e. LC3, Atg7, Atg12, Beclin1 and p62), as well as for increased activity of cathepsin L. Together, these data reveal that autophagy is required for VIDD, and that autophagy inhibition reduces MV-induced diaphragm ROS production and prevents a positive feedback loop whereby increased autophagy is stimulated by oxidative stress, resulting in further increases in ROS and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Room 227, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
| | - Kurt J Sollanek
- Department of Kinesiology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States
| | - W Bradley Nelson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, OH 43219, United States
| | - Kisuk Min
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Erin E Talbert
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Matthew B Hudson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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21
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Deutz NEP, Thaden JJ, Ten Have GAM, Walker DK, Engelen MPKJ. Metabolic phenotyping using kinetic measurements in young and older healthy adults. Metabolism 2018; 78:167-178. [PMID: 28986165 PMCID: PMC5732887 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging process is often associated with the presence of sarcopenia. Although changes in the plasma concentration of several amino acids have been observed in older adults, it remains unclear whether these changes are related to disturbances in whole body production and/or interconversions. METHODS We studied 10 healthy young (~22.7y) and 17 older adults (~64.8y) by administering a mixture of stable amino acid tracers in a pulse and in a primed constant infusion. We calculated whole body production (WBP) and metabolite to metabolite interconversions. In addition, we measured body composition, muscle function, and provided questionnaires to assess daily dietary intake, physical activity, mood (anxiety, depression) and markers of cognitive function. Plasma enrichments and metabolite concentrations were measured by GC- and LC-MS/MS and statistics were performed by student t-test. RESULTS Older adults had a 11% higher body mass index (p=0.04) and 27% reduced peak leg extension force (p=0.02) than the younger group, but comparable values for muscle mass, mood and cognitive function. Although small differences in several plasma amino acid concentrations were observed, we found older adults had about 40% higher values of WBP for glutamine (221±27 vs. 305±21μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.03) and tau-methylhistidine (0.15±0.01 vs. 0.21±0.02μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.04), 26% lower WBP value for arginine (59±4 vs. 44±4μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.02) and a reduction in WBP (50%; 1.23±0.15 vs. 0.69±0.06μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.001) and concentration (25%; 3.5±0.3μmol/l vs. 2.6±0.2μmol/l, p=0.01) for β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate. No differences were observed in protein catabolism. Clearance of arginine was decreased (27%, p=0.03) and clearance of glutamine (58%, p=0.01), leucine (67%, p=0.001) and KIC (76%, p=0.004) were increased in older adults. CONCLUSIONS Specific differences exist between young and older adults in amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - John J Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dillon K Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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22
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Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Chávez-Blanco A, Domínguez-Gómez G, Dueñas-González A. Understanding tumor anabolism and patient catabolism in cancer-associated cachexia. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1107-1135. [PMID: 28560061 PMCID: PMC5446478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial paraneoplastic syndrome commonly associated with advanced stages of cancer. Cachexia is responsible for poor responses to antitumoral treatment and death in close to one-third of affected patients. There is still an incomplete understanding of the metabolic dysregulation induced by a tumor that leads to the appearance and persistence of cachexia. Furthermore, cachexia is irreversible, and there are currently no guidelines for its diagnosis or treatments for it. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge about cancer-associated cachexia, starting with generalities about cancer as the generator of this syndrome, then analyzing the characteristics of cachexia at the biochemical and metabolic levels in both the tumor and the patient, and finally discussing current therapeutic approaches to treating cancer-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UNAM/Instituto Nacional de CancerologíaMexico
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23
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Abstract
Cachexia represents progressive wasting of muscle and adipose tissue and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although anorexia usually accompanies cachexia, cachexia rarely responds to increased food intake alone. Our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms responsible for cachexia remains incomplete. However, most states of cachexia are associated with underlying inflammatory processes and/or cancer. These processes activate protein degradation and lipolytic pathways, resulting in tissue loss. In this article, we briefly review the pathophysiology of cachexia and discuss the role of specific nutrient supplements for the treatment of cachexia. The branched chain amino acid leucine, the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, glutamine, omega-3 long chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, and polyphenols have demonstrated some efficacy in animal and/or human studies. Optimal treatment for cachexia is likely aimed at maximizing muscle and adipose synthesis while minimizing degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Siddiqui
- Methodist Research Institute, 1812 N Capitol Ave, Wile Hall, Room 120, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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24
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Patel HJ, Patel BM. TNF-α and cancer cachexia: Molecular insights and clinical implications. Life Sci 2016; 170:56-63. [PMID: 27919820 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia characterized by a chronic wasting syndrome, involves skeletal muscle loss and adipose tissue loss and resistance to conventional nutritional support. Cachexia is responsible for the reduction in quality and length of life of cancer patients. It also decreases the muscle strength of the patients. The pro-inflammatory and pro-cachectic factors produced by the tumor cells have important role in genesis of cachexia. A number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) may have important role in the pathological mechanisms of cachexia in cancer. Particularly, TNF-α has a direct catabolic effect on skeletal muscle and causes wasting of muscle by the induction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In cancer cachexia condition, there is alteration in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. TNF-α is responsible for the increase in gluconeogenesis, loss of adipose tissue and proteolysis, while causing decrease in protein, lipid and glycogen synthesis. It has been associated with the formation of IL-1 and increases the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle in cachectic state. The main aim of the present review is to evaluate and discuss the role of TNF-α in different metabolic alterations and muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.
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25
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Jawhar A, Hermanns S, Ponelies N, Obertacke U, Roehl H. Tourniquet-induced ischaemia during total knee arthroplasty results in higher proteolytic activities within vastus medialis cells: a randomized clinical trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:3313-3321. [PMID: 26572633 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent data suggest diminished post-operative quadriceps muscle strength after tourniquet application during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The metabolic effects of the commonly utilized intraoperative tourniquet with consecutive ischaemia on the skeletal muscle cells were unknown. Ubiquitin proteasome system represents one of the main pathways involved in muscle protein breakdown contributing to muscle atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to quantify the acute effects of the tourniquet application during TKA on the (1) concentrations of free/conjugated ubiquitin, (2) total ubiquitin-protein ligase activity, (3) proteasome-dependent and (4) proteasome-independent peptidase activities in the cells of vastus medialis. METHODS The randomized, controlled, monocentric trial included 34 patients scheduled to undergo primary TKA. Each patient was randomly assigned to the tourniquet (n = 17) or non-tourniquet group (n = 17) after receiving a written consent. Muscle biopsies of (5 × 5 × 5 mm) 125 mm3 were obtained from vastus medialis immediately after performing the surgical approach and exactly 60 min later. After preparation of the muscle tissue specimen, the concentrations of the free/conjugated ubiquitin (Ub) were measured by western blot analyses. The ubiquitination was determined as biotinylated Ub incorporated into the sum of the cytosolic proteins and expressed as total ubiquitin-protein ligase activity (tUbPL). The quantification of the proteasome-dependent and proteasome-independent peptidase activities was performed with peptidase assays. RESULTS Tourniquet application did not influence the concentration of the free/conjugated Ub. There were no differences in tUbPL activities between groups and time points. Tourniquet-induced ischaemia resulted in statistically significant higher proteasome-dependent (caspase-like p = 0.0034; chymotryptic-like p = 0.0013; tryptic-like p = 0.0036) and proteasome-independent (caspase-like p = 0.03; chymotryptic-like p = 0.0001; tryptic-like p = 0.0062) peptidase activities. CONCLUSION Tourniquet application did not affect the free/conjugated Ub as well as tUbPL significantly, emphasizing the sophisticated regulation of ubiquitination. The proteasome-dependent peptidase activities were significantly upregulated during tourniquet application, suggesting an increase in protein degradation, which in turn might explain the skeletal muscle atrophy occurring after TKA. These findings add further knowledge and should raise the awareness of surgeons about the effects of tourniquet-induced ischaemia at the molecular level. Additional high-quality research may be warranted to examine the short- and long-term clinical significance of the present data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Jawhar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Hermanns
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Ponelies
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Udo Obertacke
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henning Roehl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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Wang H, Gu L, Jia R, Zeng J, Liu X, Zhang D, Wu Y, Luo G, Zhang X. Retrospective evaluation of ultrasound-indeterminate renal multilocular cystic masses by using neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and computed tomography. Urol Oncol 2016; 35:35.e7-35.e14. [PMID: 27671994 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical usefulness of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in differentiating the ultrasound-indeterminate renal multilocular cystic masses (RMCM) in comparison with computed tomography (CT) and whether NLR has additional benefits to CT on sensitivity of detecting the malignant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 93 patients who underwent normal ultrasound with a conclusion of indeterminate RMCM were examined by NLR and CT within 30 days before surgery or follow-up from March to September 2014 at PLA General Hospital and enrolled in this retrospective study. Logistic regression model was performed to find independent predictors for differentiating true nature of RMCM; differences in the validity parameters and diagnostic power of CT, NLR, and their combination were compared using McNemar tests and AUC model, respectively. RESULTS The final diagnoses of the 93 patients consisted of 36 patients with benign complex cysts, 16 with multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma, 9 with multilocular cystic nephroma, and 32 with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Higher NLR were strongly associated with malignant masses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that NLR could be an independent predictor for differentiating true nature of these masses (OR = 3.617; 95% CI: 1.219-10.727; P = 0.020). For detecting the malignant masses, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 71.9%, 80.6%, and 75.3% for CT and 57.9%, 88.9%, and 69.9% for NLR under cutoff value of 2.31, respectively, whereas those of CT+NLR were 89.5%, 69.4%, and 81.7%. No significant difference was found between CT and NLR in sensitivity (P = 0.185), specificity (P = 0.549), and accuracy (P = 0.428). But the sensitivity of CT+NLR was significantly higher than those of CT (P = 0.002) and NLR (P<0.001), respectively; AUC model analysis indicated that CT+NLR got the largest area of 0.795 (P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.693-0.896) in comparison with those of CT (area = 0.795, P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.661-0.864) and NLR (area = 0.734, P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.631-0.836). CONCLUSIONS Given that NLR, under cutoff value of 2.31, had no diagnostic difference with CT in evaluating the ultrasound-indeterminate RMCM. However, combination of CT and NLR could increase the sensitivity of detecting malignant masses and acquire the best diagnostic power. Prospectively larger cohort and multicenter studies are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Wang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyou Gu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Ultrasonics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA 264 Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guangda Luo
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.
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Toledo M, Penna F, Oliva F, Luque M, Betancourt A, Marmonti E, López‐Soriano FJ, Argilés JM, Busquets S. A multifactorial anti-cachectic approach for cancer cachexia in a rat model undergoing chemotherapy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:48-59. [PMID: 27066318 PMCID: PMC4799852 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of drugs aimed at counteracting cancer cachexia is generally tested in pre-clinical rodent models, where only the tumour-induced alterations are taken into account, excluding the co-presence of anti-tumour molecules that could worsen the scenario and/or interfere with the treatment. METHODS The aim of the present investigation has been to assess the efficacy of a multifactorial treatment, including formoterol and megestrol acetate, in cachectic tumour-bearing rats (Yoshida AH-130, a highly cachectic tumour) undergoing chemotherapy (sorafenib). RESULTS Treatment of cachectic tumour-bearing rats with sorafenib (90 mg/kg) causes an important decrease in tumour cell content due to both reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. As a consequence, animal survival significantly improves, while cachexia occurrence persists. Multi-factorial treatment using both formoterol and megestrol acetate is highly effective in preventing muscle wasting and has more powerful effects than the single formoterol administration. In addition, both physical activity and grip strength are significantly improved as compared with the untreated tumour-bearing animals. The effects of the multi-factorial treatment include increased food intake (likely due to megestrol acetate) and decreased protein degradation, as shown by the reduced expression of genes associated with both proteasome and calpain proteolytic systems. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the two drugs proved to be a promising strategy for treating cancer cachexia in a pre-clinical setting that better resembles the human condition, thus providing a strong rationale for the use of such combination in clinical trials involving cachectic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Toledo
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Fabio Penna
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Francesc Oliva
- Departament d'Estadística, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Melania Luque
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Angelica Betancourt
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Enrica Marmonti
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Francisco J. López‐Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Josep M. Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Litwiniuk A, Pijet B, Pijet-Kucicka M, Gajewska M, Pająk B, Orzechowski A. FOXO1 and GSK-3β Are Main Targets of Insulin-Mediated Myogenesis in C2C12 Muscle Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146726. [PMID: 26785133 PMCID: PMC4718532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis and muscle hypertrophy account for muscle growth and adaptation to work overload, respectively. In adults, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulate muscle growth, although their links with cellular energy homeostasis are not fully explained. Insulin plays critical role in the control of mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle cells, and mitochondria are essential for insulin action. The aim of this study was to elucidate molecular mechanism(s) involved in mitochondrial control of insulin-dependent myogenesis. The effects of several metabolic inhibitors (LY294002, PD98059, SB216763, LiCl, rotenone, oligomycin) on the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts in culture were examined in the short-term (hours) and long-term (days) experiments. Muscle cell viability and mitogenicity were monitored and confronted with the activities of selected genes and proteins expression. These indices focus on the roles of insulin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) on myogenesis using a combination of treatments and inhibitors. Long-term insulin (10 nM) treatment in “normoglycemic” conditions led to increased myogenin expression and accelerated myogenesis in C2C12 cells. Insulin-dependent myogenesis was accompanied by the rise of mtTFA, MtSSB, Mfn2, and mitochondrially encoded Cox-1 gene expressions and elevated levels of proteins which control functions of mitochondria (kinase—PKB/AKT, mitofusin 2 protein—Mfn-2). Insulin, via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/AKT-dependent pathway reduced transcription factor FOXO1 activity and altered GSK-3β phosphorylation status. Once FOXO1 and GSK-3β activities were inhibited the rise in Cox-1 gene action and nuclear encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) expressions were observed, even though some mRNA and protein results varied. In contrast to SB216763, LiCl markedly elevated Mfn2 and COX IV protein expression levels when given together with insulin. Thus, inhibition of GSK-3β activity by insulin alone or together with LiCl raised the expression of genes and some proteins central to the metabolic activity of mitochondria resulting in higher ATP synthesis and accelerated myogenesis. The results of this study indicate that there are at least two main targets in insulin-mediated myogenesis: notably FOXO1 and GSK-3β both playing apparent negative role in muscle fiber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Litwiniuk
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pijet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maja Pijet-Kucicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Pająk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.,Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Orzechowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.,Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Chen PY, Liu CS, Lin LY, Lin YC, Sun HL, Li CC, Chen HW, Wang TS, Wang J, Liu KL. Borage oil supplementation decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and skeletal muscle wasting in mice. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic outline of the proposed mechanism by which borage oil supplementation prevented LPS-induced inflammation and skeletal muscle wasting in mice.
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30
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Toledo M, Penna F, Busquets S, López-Soriano FJ, Argilés JM. Distinct behaviour of sorafenib in experimental cachexia-inducing tumours: the role of STAT3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113931. [PMID: 25436606 PMCID: PMC4250056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a tumour is very often associated with wasting in the host, affecting both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In the present study we used sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor with anti-tumour activity, in order to investigate the effects of chemotherapy on wasting. Three different experimental mouse tumour models were included: C26 colon carcinoma, B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). The results obtained clearly show that sorafenib was effective in reducing tumour growth in LLC and B16 models, while it had no effect on C26. Interestingly, sorafenib treatment reduced the signs of muscle wasting and improved the physical activity in the LLC model and also in the C26, despite the absence of antineoplastic action in the latter. Our results discard a role for IL-6 in the action of sorafenib since the drug did not affect the levels of this cytokine. Conversely, sorafenib seems to act by influencing both STAT3 and ERK activity at muscle level, leading to reduced accumulation of Pax7 and atrogin-1. Sorafenib may interfere with muscle wasting by decreasing the activation of these signal transduction pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cachexia/complications
- Cachexia/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/complications
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/complications
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/complications
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Niacinamide/pharmacology
- Niacinamide/therapeutic use
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Phenylurea Compounds/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sorafenib
- Wasting Syndrome/complications
- Wasting Syndrome/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Toledo
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabio Penna
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rajakumar D, Senguttuvan S, Alexander M, Oommen A. Involvement of oxidative stress, Nuclear Factor kappa B and the Ubiquitin proteasomal pathway in dysferlinopathy. Life Sci 2014; 108:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Maltais F, Decramer M, Casaburi R, Barreiro E, Burelle Y, Debigaré R, Dekhuijzen PNR, Franssen F, Gayan-Ramirez G, Gea J, Gosker HR, Gosselink R, Hayot M, Hussain SNA, Janssens W, Polkey MI, Roca J, Saey D, Schols AMWJ, Spruit MA, Steiner M, Taivassalo T, Troosters T, Vogiatzis I, Wagner PD. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:e15-62. [PMID: 24787074 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0373st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb muscle dysfunction is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and it has important clinical implications, such as reduced exercise tolerance, quality of life, and even survival. Since the previous American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) statement on limb muscle dysfunction, important progress has been made on the characterization of this problem and on our understanding of its pathophysiology and clinical implications. PURPOSE The purpose of this document is to update the 1999 ATS/ERS statement on limb muscle dysfunction in COPD. METHODS An interdisciplinary committee of experts from the ATS and ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Clinical Problems assemblies determined that the scope of this document should be limited to limb muscles. Committee members conducted focused reviews of the literature on several topics. A librarian also performed a literature search. An ATS methodologist provided advice to the committee, ensuring that the methodological approach was consistent with ATS standards. RESULTS We identified important advances in our understanding of the extent and nature of the structural alterations in limb muscles in patients with COPD. Since the last update, landmark studies were published on the mechanisms of development of limb muscle dysfunction in COPD and on the treatment of this condition. We now have a better understanding of the clinical implications of limb muscle dysfunction. Although exercise training is the most potent intervention to address this condition, other therapies, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation, are emerging. Assessment of limb muscle function can identify patients who are at increased risk of poor clinical outcomes, such as exercise intolerance and premature mortality. CONCLUSIONS Limb muscle dysfunction is a key systemic consequence of COPD. However, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about the mechanisms of development of this problem. Strategies for early detection and specific treatments for this condition are also needed.
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Martins T, Vitorino R, Moreira-Gonçalves D, Amado F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R. Recent insights on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for cardiac cachexia. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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TNF- α and IFN-s-dependent muscle decay is linked to NF-κB- and STAT-1α-stimulated Atrogin1 and MuRF1 genes in C2C12 myotubes. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:171437. [PMID: 24453411 PMCID: PMC3877628 DOI: 10.1155/2013/171437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α was shown to stimulate mitogenicity in C2C12 myoblasts. Selected cytokines TNF-α, IFNα, or IFNγ reduced the expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC IIa) when given together. Molecular mechanisms of cytokine activities were controlled by NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, as metabolic inhibitors, curcumin and AG490, inhibited some of TNF-α and IFNα/IFNγ effects. Insulin was hardly antagonistic to TNF-α- and IFNα/IFNγ-dependent decrease in MyHC IIa protein expression. Cytokines used individually or together also repressed myogenesis of C2C12 cells. Moreover, TNF-α- and IFNα/IFNγ-dependent effects on C2C12 myotubes were associated with increased activity of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 genes, which code ubiquitin ligases. MyHC IIa gene activity was unaltered by cytokines. Inhibition of NF-κB or JAK/STAT with specific metabolic inhibitors decreased activity of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 but not MyHC IIa gene. Overall, these results suggest cooperation between cytokines in the reduction of MyHC IIa protein expression level via NF-κB/JAK/STAT signaling pathways and activation of Atrogin1 and MuRF1 genes as their molecular targets. Insulin cotreatment or pretreatment does not protect against muscle decay induced by examined proinflammatory cytokines.
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Liantonio A, Gramegna G, Carbonara G, Sblendorio VT, Pierno S, Fraysse B, Giannuzzi V, Rizzi L, Torsello A, Camerino DC. Growth hormone secretagogues exert differential effects on skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis in male rats depending on the peptidyl/nonpeptidyl structure. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3764-75. [PMID: 23836033 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The orexigenic and anabolic effects induced by ghrelin and the synthetic GH secretagogues (GHSs) are thought to positively contribute to therapeutic approaches and the adjunct treatment of a number of diseases associated with muscle wasting such as cachexia and sarcopenia. However, many questions about the potential utility and safety of GHSs in both therapy and skeletal muscle function remain unanswered. By using fura-2 cytofluorimetric technique, we determined the acute effects of ghrelin, as well as of peptidyl and nonpeptidyl synthetic GHSs on calcium homeostasis, a critical biomarker of muscle function, in isolated tendon-to-tendon male rat skeletal muscle fibers. The synthetic nonpeptidyl GHSs, but not peptidyl ghrelin and hexarelin, were able to significantly increase resting cytosolic calcium [Ca²⁺]i. The nonpeptidyl GHS-induced [Ca²⁺]i increase was independent of GHS-receptor 1a but was antagonized by both thapsigargin/caffeine and cyclosporine A, indicating the involvement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Evaluation of the effects of a pseudopeptidyl GHS and a nonpeptidyl antagonist of the GHS-receptor 1a together with a drug-modeling study suggest the conclusion that the lipophilic nonpeptidyl structure of the tested compounds is the key chemical feature crucial for the GHS-induced calcium alterations in the skeletal muscle. Thus, synthetic GHSs can have different effects on skeletal muscle fibers depending on their molecular structures. The calcium homeostasis dysregulation specifically induced by the nonpeptidyl GHSs used in this study could potentially counteract the beneficial effects associated with these drugs in the treatment of muscle wasting of cachexia- or other age-related disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Appetite Stimulants/adverse effects
- Appetite Stimulants/pharmacology
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytosol/drug effects
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Ghrelin/analogs & derivatives
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Growth Hormone/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/adverse effects
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Piperidines/adverse effects
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Ghrelin/agonists
- Receptors, Ghrelin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism
- Sarcolemma/drug effects
- Sarcolemma/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Spiro Compounds/adverse effects
- Spiro Compounds/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Liantonio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, Campus, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy is the most common type of drug-induced myopathy. Nearly 60% of patients with Cushing's syndrome have muscle weakness. Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy affects mainly fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fibers (type IIb fibers). This brief review will discuss the pathophysiology behind glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, along with diagnostic features and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Gupta
- Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashdeep Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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Nutritional strategies to counteract muscle atrophy caused by disuse and to improve recovery. Nutr Res Rev 2013; 26:149-65. [PMID: 23930668 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422413000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periods of immobilisation are often associated with pathologies and/or ageing. These periods of muscle disuse induce muscle atrophy which could worsen the pathology or elderly frailty. If muscle mass loss has positive effects in the short term, a sustained/uncontrolled muscle mass loss is deleterious for health. Muscle mass recovery following immobilisation-induced atrophy could be critical, particularly when it is uncompleted as observed during ageing. Exercise, the best way to recover muscle mass, is not always applicable. So, other approaches such as nutritional strategies are needed to limit muscle wasting and to improve muscle mass recovery in such situations. The present review discusses mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy following disuse and during recovery and emphasises the effect of age in these mechanisms. In addition, the efficiency of nutritional strategies proposed to limit muscle mass loss during disuse and to improve protein gain during recovery (leucine supplementation, whey proteins, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, energy intake) is also discussed.
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Tzika AA, Fontes-Oliveira CC, Shestov AA, Constantinou C, Psychogios N, Righi V, Mintzopoulos D, Busquets S, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Milot S, Lepine F, Mindrinos MN, Rahme LG, Argiles JM. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling in a murine cancer cachexia model. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:886-94. [PMID: 23817738 PMCID: PMC6903904 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of all cancer patients present with cachexia, a condition in which disease-associated metabolic changes lead to a severe loss of skeletal muscle mass. Working toward an integrated and mechanistic view of cancer cachexia, we investigated the hypothesis that cancer promotes mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle. We subjected mice to in vivo phosphorous-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy and subjected murine skeletal muscle samples to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mice used in both experiments were Lewis lung carcinoma models of cancer cachexia. A novel ‘fragmented mass isotopomer’ approach was used in our dynamic analysis of 13C mass isotopomer data. Our 31P NMR and GC/MS results indicated that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rate and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux were reduced by 49% and 22%, respectively, in the cancer-bearing mice (p<0.008; t-test vs. controls). The ratio of ATP synthesis rate to the TCA cycle flux (an index of mitochondrial coupling) was reduced by 32% in the cancer-bearing mice (p=0.036; t-test vs. controls). Genomic analysis revealed aberrant expression levels for key regulatory genes and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the muscle fiber, consistent with the presence of abnormal, giant mitochondria. Taken together, these data suggest that mitochondrial uncoupling occurs in cancer cachexia and thus point to the mitochondria as a potential pharmaceutical target for the treatment of cachexia. These findings may prove relevant to elucidating the mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle wasting observed in other chronic diseases, as well as in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aria Tzika
- NMR Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Burn Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2163-72. [PMID: 23806868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many pathological states characterized by muscle atrophy (e.g., sepsis, cachexia, starvation, metabolic acidosis and severe insulinopenia) are associated with an increase in circulating glucocorticoids (GC) levels, suggesting that GC could trigger the muscle atrophy observed in these conditions. GC-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch, glycolytic muscles atrophy illustrated by decreased fiber cross-sectional area and reduced myofibrillar protein content. GC-induced muscle atrophy results from increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis. Increased muscle proteolysis, in particular through the activation of the ubiquitin proteasome and the lysosomal systems, is considered to play a major role in the catabolic action of GC. The stimulation by GC of these two proteolytic systems is mediated through the increased expression of several Atrogenes ("genes involved in atrophy"), such as FOXO, Atrogin-1, and MuRF-1. The inhibitory effect of GC on muscle protein synthesis is thought to result mainly from the inhibition of the mTOR/S6 kinase 1 pathway. These changes in muscle protein turnover could be explained by changes in the muscle production of two growth factors, namely Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, a muscle anabolic growth factor and Myostatin, a muscle catabolic growth factor. This review will discuss the recent progress made in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in GC-induced muscle atrophy and consider the implications of these advancements in the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating GC-induced myopathy. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
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Gould DW, Lahart I, Carmichael AR, Koutedakis Y, Metsios GS. Cancer cachexia prevention via physical exercise: molecular mechanisms. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:111-24. [PMID: 23239116 PMCID: PMC3684702 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating consequence of disease progression, characterised by the significant weight loss through the catabolism of both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, leading to a reduced mobility and muscle function, fatigue, impaired quality of life and ultimately death occurring with 25-30 % total body weight loss. Degradation of proteins and decreased protein synthesis contributes to catabolism of skeletal muscle, while the loss of adipose tissue results mainly from enhanced lipolysis. These mechanisms appear to be at least, in part, mediated by systemic inflammation. Exercise, by virtue of its anti-inflammatory effect, is shown to be effective at counteracting the muscle catabolism by increasing protein synthesis and reducing protein degradation, thus successfully improving muscle strength, physical function and quality of life in patients with non-cancer-related cachexia. Therefore, by implementing appropriate exercise interventions upon diagnosis and at various stages of treatment, it may be possible to reverse protein degradation, while increasing protein synthesis and lean body mass, thus counteracting the wasting seen in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Gould
- School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, Department of Physical Activity, Exercise and Health, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Midlands, UK,
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Ahn B, Empinado HM, Al-Rajhi M, Judge AR, Ferreira LF. Diaphragm atrophy and contractile dysfunction in a murine model of pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62702. [PMID: 23614054 PMCID: PMC3632558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) causes loss of body weight and inspiratory (diaphragm) muscle dysfunction. A model of PH induced by drug (monocrotaline, MCT) has been extensively used in mice to examine the etiology of PH. However, it is unclear if PH induced by MCT in mice reproduces the loss of body weight and diaphragm muscle dysfunction seen in patients. This is a pre-requisite for widespread use of mice to examine mechanisms of cachexia and diaphragm abnormalities in PH. Thus, we measured body and soleus muscle weight, food intake, and diaphragm contractile properties in mice after 6-8 weeks of saline (control) or MCT (600 mg/kg) injections. Body weight progressively decreased in PH mice, while food intake was similar in both groups. PH decreased (P<0.05) diaphragm maximal isometric specific force, maximal shortening velocity, and peak power. Protein carbonyls in whole-diaphragm lysates and the abundance of select myofibrillar proteins were unchanged by PH. Our findings show diaphragm isometric and isotonic contractile abnormalities in a murine model of PH induced by MCT. Overall, the murine model of PH elicited by MCT mimics loss of body weight and diaphragm muscle weakness reported in PH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsoo Ahn
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hyacinth M. Empinado
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Monsour Al-Rajhi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leonardo F. Ferreira
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Mangner N, Matsuo Y, Schuler G, Adams V. Cachexia in chronic heart failure: endocrine determinants and treatment perspectives. Endocrine 2013; 43:253-65. [PMID: 22903414 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented in the current literature that chronic heart failure is often associated with cachexia, defined as involuntary weight loss of 5 % in 12 month or less. Clinical studies unraveled that the presence of cachexia decreases significantly mean survival of the patient. At the molecular level mainly myofibrillar proteins are degraded, although a reduced protein synthesis may also contribute to the loss of muscle mass. Endocrine factors clearly regulate muscle mass and function by influencing the normally precisely controlled balance between protein breakdown and protein synthesis The aim of the present article is to review the knowledge in the field with respect to the role of endocrine factors for the regulation of cachexia in patients with CHF and deduce treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Mangner
- Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Strümpellstrasse 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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An extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. inhibits ubiquitin-proteasome activity and preserves skeletal muscle mass in a murine model of diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57112. [PMID: 23437325 PMCID: PMC3577785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired insulin signaling is a key feature of type 2 diabetes and is associated with increased ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent protein degradation in skeletal muscle. An extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. (termed PMI5011) improves insulin action by increasing insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. We sought to determine if the effect of PMI5011 on insulin signaling extends to regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. C2C12 myotubes and the KK-Ay murine model of type 2 diabetes were used to evaluate the effect of PMI5011 on steady-state levels of ubiquitylation, proteasome activity and expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases that are upregulated with impaired insulin signaling. Our results show that PMI5011 inhibits proteasome activity and steady-state ubiquitylation levels in vitro and in vivo. The effect of PMI5011 is mediated by PI3K/Akt signaling and correlates with decreased expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Under in vitro conditions of hormonal or fatty acid-induced insulin resistance, PMI5011 improves insulin signaling and reduces Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 protein levels. In the KK-Ay murine model of type 2 diabetes, skeletal muscle ubiquitylation and proteasome activity is inhibited and Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression is decreased by PMI5011. PMI5011-mediated changes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system in vivo correlate with increased phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO3a and increased myofiber size. The changes in Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression, ubiquitin-proteasome activity and myofiber size modulated by PMI5011 in the presence of insulin resistance indicate the botanical extract PMI5011 may have therapeutic potential in the preservation of muscle mass in type 2 diabetes.
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Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been the subject of intensive research over the past 20 years to define its role in normal physiology and in pathophysiology. Many of these studies have focused in on the cardiovascular system and have determined that the UPS becomes dysfunctional in several pathologies such as familial and idiopathic cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischemia. This review presents a synopsis of the literature as it relates to the role of the UPS in myocardial ischemia. Studies have shown that the UPS is dysfunctional during myocardial ischemia, and recent studies have shed some light on possible mechanisms. Other studies have defined a role for the UPS in ischemic preconditioning which is best associated with myocardial ischemia and is thus presented here. Very recent studies have started to define roles for specific proteasome subunits and components of the ubiquitination machinery in various aspects of myocardial ischemia. Lastly, despite the evidence linking myocardial ischemia and proteasome dysfunction, there are continuing suggestions that proteasome inhibitors may be useful to mitigate ischemic injury. This review presents the rationale behind this and discusses both supportive and nonsupportive studies and presents possible future directions that may help in clarifying this controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Calise
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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Park S, Nozaki K, Guyton MK, Smith JA, Ray SK, Banik NL. Calpain inhibition attenuated morphological and molecular changes in skeletal muscle of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2134-45. [PMID: 22715087 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle weakness and atrophy are important manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of skeletal muscle change in MS, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis male rats and examined morphological and molecular changes in skeletal muscle. We also treated EAE rats with calpepetin, a calpain inhibitor, to examine its beneficial effects on skeletal muscle damage. Morphological changes in muscle tissue of EAE rats included smaller and irregularly shaped muscle fibers and fibrosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased calpain:calpastatin ratio, inflammation-related transcription factors (nuclear factor-κB:inhibitor of κB α ratio), and proinflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2). TUNEL-positive myonuclei in skeletal muscle cells of EAE rats indicated cell death. In addition, markers of apoptotic cell death (Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-12 protein levels) were elevated. Expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases (muscle atrophy F-box and muscle ring finger protein 1), was upregulated in muscle tissue of EAE-vehicle animals. Both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with calpeptin partially attenuated muscle changes noted in EAE animals. These results indicate that morphological and molecular changes including apoptotic cell death and protein breakdown develop in skeletal muscle of EAE animals and that these changes can be reversed by calpain inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Park
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Cosper PF, Leinwand LA. Myosin heavy chain is not selectively decreased in murine cancer cachexia. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:2722-7. [PMID: 21796617 PMCID: PMC3267878 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cachexia is a severe muscle-wasting syndrome associated with several chronic diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Muscle mass loss significantly decreases prognosis and survival. The mechanisms of muscle atrophy and the specific proteins targeted for degradation have been intensely studied and are potential therapeutic targets. Published reports that myosin heavy chain (MyHC), the most abundant protein by mass in skeletal muscle, is selectively targeted for degradation in cancer cachexia remain controversial. Here we show that the results of previous studies showing a selective decrease in MyHC are likely an artifact resulting from muscle lysis methods which do not solubilize myosin out of myofibrils. We show that MyHC decreases in parallel with other myofibrillar proteins in cachectic skeletal muscle, which has mechanistic and therapeutic implications. These findings should lead to mechanistic insight into the stoichiometry of sarcomeric disassembly and degradation during cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pippa F Cosper
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Busquets S, Toledo M, Orpí M, Massa D, Porta M, Capdevila E, Padilla N, Frailis V, López-Soriano FJ, Han HQ, Argilés JM. Myostatin blockage using actRIIB antagonism in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma results in the improvement of muscle wasting and physical performance. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:37-43. [PMID: 22450815 PMCID: PMC3302990 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-011-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a multiorganic syndrome associated with cancer, characterized by body weight loss, muscle and adipose tissue wasting and inflammation. METHODS The aim of this investigation was to examine the effect of the soluble receptor antagonist of myostatin (sActRIIB) in cachectic tumor-bearing animals analyzing changes in muscle proteolysis and in quality of life. RESULTS Administration of sActRIIB resulted in an improvement in body and muscle weights. Administration of the soluble receptor antagonist of myostatin also resulted in an improvement in the muscle force. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blocking myostatin pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) Barcelona
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona
| | - Míriam Toledo
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
| | - Marcel Orpí
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
| | - David Massa
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
| | - Maria Porta
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
| | - Eva Capdevila
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
| | - Núria Padilla
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
| | - Valentina Frailis
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
| | - Francisco J. López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) Barcelona
| | - H. Q. Han
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders and Protein Science Amgen Research 91320 Thousand Oaks CA
| | - Josep M. Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) Barcelona
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The dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on protein metabolism in two types of rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:385-95. [PMID: 22311459 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin administration is frequently used as a model of systemic inflammatory response which is considered the important pathogenetic factor in muscle wasting development in severe illness, such as sepsis, cancer, injury, AIDS and others. The main purpose of this study was determining the effect of various doses of endotoxin on protein and amino acid metabolism in two types of rat skeletal muscle. Sepsis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of endotoxin in a dose of 1, 3 and 5 mg/kg body weight (bw); control animals received a corresponding volume of the saline solution. After 24 h, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles were isolated and used for determination of total and myofibrillar proteolysis, protein synthesis, activity of cathepsins B and L, chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome and amino acid release. The endotoxemia induced the body weight loss, the rise of total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentration and the protein catabolic state in skeletal muscle, which was caused by a higher increase in protein breakdown (due to activation of the proteasome system) than protein synthesis. The more significant effect of endotoxin was seen in EDL than SOL. The dose of 5 mg of endotoxin/kg bw induced the most significant changes in parameters of the protein and amino acid metabolism measured and could be therefore considered appropriate for studies of protein catabolism in young rat skeletal muscle at 24 h after endotoxin treatment.
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Abstract
Although direct neoplastic involvement of muscle tis-sue is surprisingly rare, considering the large amount of body mass that is represented by muscle tissue, the most important and unresolved muscle effect is muscle cachexia.Other associations, such as inflammatory, paraneo-plastic, toxic, and several extremely rare associations,have been described. Drug-induced toxicity and radiation recall syndrome need to be taken into consideration when muscle symptoms appear in patients with cancer.
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