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Han Z, Schneiter R. Dual functionality of pathogenesis-related proteins: defensive role in plants versus immunosuppressive role in pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1368467. [PMID: 39157512 PMCID: PMC11327054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1368467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen exposure by activating the expression of a group of defense-related proteins known as Pathogenesis-Related (PR) proteins, initially discovered in the 1970s. These PR proteins are categorized into 17 distinct families, denoted as PR1-PR17. Predominantly secreted, most of these proteins execute their defensive roles within the apoplastic space. Several PR proteins possess well-defined enzymatic functions, such as β-glucanase (PR2), chitinases (PR3, 4, 8, 11), proteinase (PR7), or RNase (PR10). Enhanced resistance against pathogens is observed upon PR protein overexpression, while their downregulation renders plants more susceptible to pathogen infections. Many of these proteins exhibit antimicrobial activity in vitro, and due to their compact size, some are classified as antimicrobial peptides. Recent research has unveiled that phytopathogens, including nematodes, fungi, and phytophthora, employ analogous proteins to bolster their virulence and suppress plant immunity. This raises a fundamental question: how can these conserved proteins act as antimicrobial agents when produced by the host plant but simultaneously suppress plant immunity when generated by the pathogen? In this hypothesis, we investigate PR proteins produced by pathogens, which we term "PR-like proteins," and explore potential mechanisms by which this class of virulence factors operate. Preliminary data suggests that these proteins may form complexes with the host's own PR proteins, thereby interfering with their defense-related functions. This analysis sheds light on the intriguing interplay between plant and pathogen-derived PR-like proteins, providing fresh insights into the intricate mechanisms governing plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Gomes GDS, Espósito PC, Baracat-Pereira MC. Carboxypeptidase inhibitors from Solanaceae as a new subclass of pathogenesis related peptide aiming biotechnological targets for plant defense. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1259026. [PMID: 38033385 PMCID: PMC10687636 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1259026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Plant protease inhibitors play a crucial role in inhibiting proteases produced by phytopathogens and exhibiting inhibitory effects on nematodes, fungi, and insects, making them promising candidates for crop protection. Specifically, carboxypeptidase inhibitors, a subset of proteinase inhibitors, have been extensively studied in potato and tomato of Solanaceae plant family. However, further research is needed to fully understand the functions and biotechnological potential of those inhibitors in plants. This work aimed to in silico characterize carboxypeptidase inhibitors from Solanaceae as potential antimicrobial and defense agents focused on biotechnological targets. Methods: The methodology employed involved search in UniProt, PDB, KNOTTIN, NCBI, and MEROPS databases for solanaceous carboxypeptidase inhibitors, phylogenetic relationships and conservation patterns analyzes using MEGA-X software and Clustal Omega/MView tools, physicochemical properties and antimicrobial potential prediction using ProtParam, ToxinPred, iAMPred, and APD3 tools, and structural features prediction using PSIPRED. Results and discussion: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies on Solanaceae carboxypeptidase inhibitors and their activities against pathogens. The selected studies were reviewed and the main findings compiled. The characterization of Solanaceae carboxypeptidase inhibitors proposed for the first time the global sequence consensus motif CXXXCXXXXDCXXXXXCXXC, shedding light on carboxypeptidase inhibitors distribution, sequence variability, and conservation patterns. Phylogenetic analysis showed evolutionary relationships within the Solanaceae family, particularly in Capsicum, Nicotiana, and Solanum genera. Physicochemical characteristics of those peptides indicated their similarity to antimicrobial peptides. Predicted secondary structures exhibited variations, suggesting a broad spectrum of action, and studies had been demonstrated their activities against various pathogens. Conclusion: Carboxypeptidase inhibitors are being proposed here as a new subclass of PR-6 pathogenesis-related proteins, which will aid in a focused understanding of their functional roles in plant defense mechanisms. These findings confirm the Solanaceae carboxypeptidase inhibitors potential as defense agents and highlight opportunities for their biotechnological applications in pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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3
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Tang R, Tan H, Dai Y, Li L, Huang Y, Yao H, Cai Y, Yu G. Application of antimicrobial peptides in plant protection: making use of the overlooked merits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139539. [PMID: 37538059 PMCID: PMC10394246 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection is one of the major causes of yield loss in the crop field. The rapid increase of antimicrobial resistance in plant pathogens has urged researchers to develop both new pesticides and management strategies for plant protection. The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) showed potential on eliminating plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Here, we first summarize several overlooked advantages and merits of AMPs, which includes the steep dose-response relations, fast killing ability, broad synergism, slow resistance selection. We then discuss the possible application of AMPs for plant protection with above merits, and highlight how AMPs can be incorporated into a more efficient integrated management system that both increases the crop yield and reduce resistance evolution of pathogens.
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Chen H, Liang X, Gong X, Reinfelder JR, Chen H, Sun C, Liu X, Zhang S, Li F, Liu C, Zhao J, Yi J. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses illuminate common mechanisms by which silicon alleviates cadmium and arsenic toxicity in rice seedlings. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:88-101. [PMID: 34607677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inessential heavy metal/loids cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), which often co-occur in polluted paddy soils, are toxic to rice. Silicon (Si) treatment is known to reduce Cd and As toxicity in rice plants. To better understand the shared mechanisms by which Si alleviates Cd and As stress, rice seedlings were hydroponically exposed to Cd or As, then treated with Si. The addition of Si significantly ameliorated the inhibitory effects of Cd and As on rice seedling growth. Si supplementation decreased Cd and As translocation from roots to shoots, and significantly reduced Cd- and As-induced reactive oxygen species generation in rice seedlings. Transcriptomics analyses were conducted to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the Si-mediated response to Cd or As stress in rice. The expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes in Cd- or As-stressed rice roots with and without Si application were compared. The transcriptomes of the Cd- and As-stressed rice roots were similarly and profoundly reshaped by Si application, suggesting that Si may play a fundamental, active role in plant defense against heavy metal/loid stresses by modulating whole genome expression. We also identified two novel genes, Os01g0524500 and Os06g0514800, encoding a myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor and a thionin, respectively, which may be candidate targets for Si to alleviate Cd and As stress in rice, as well as for the generation of Cd- and/or As-resistant plants. This study provides valuable resources for further clarification of the shared molecular mechanisms underlying the Si-mediated alleviation of Cd and As toxicity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaomei Gong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - John R Reinfelder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Huamei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chongjun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiulian Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuchang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chuanping Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Junliang Zhao
- Rice Research Institute & Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jicai Yi
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Luo X, Wu W, Feng L, Treves H, Ren M. Short Peptides Make a Big Difference: The Role of Botany-Derived AMPs in Disease Control and Protection of Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11363. [PMID: 34768793 PMCID: PMC8583512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botany-derived antimicrobial peptides (BAMPs), a class of small, cysteine-rich peptides produced in plants, are an important component of the plant immune system. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated their powerful antimicrobial activity. Besides in plants, BAMPs have cross-kingdom applications in human health, with toxic and/or inhibitory effects against a variety of tumor cells and viruses. With their diverse molecular structures, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, multiple mechanisms of action, and low cytotoxicity, BAMPs provide ideal backbones for drug design, and are potential candidates for plant protection and disease treatment. Lots of original research has elucidated the properties and antimicrobial mechanisms of BAMPs, and characterized their surface receptors and in vivo targets in pathogens. In this paper, we review and introduce five kinds of representative BAMPs belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family, dissect their antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer mechanisms, and forecast their prospects in agriculture and global human health. Through the deeper understanding of BAMPs, we provide novel insights for their applications in broad-spectrum and durable plant disease prevention and control, and an outlook on the use of BAMPs in anticancer and antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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6
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Höng K, Austerlitz T, Bohlmann T, Bohlmann H. The thionin family of antimicrobial peptides. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254549. [PMID: 34260649 PMCID: PMC8279376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thionins are antimicrobial peptides found only in plants. They are first produced as preproproteins and then processed to yield the usually 5 kDa, basic thionin peptide with three or four disulfide bridges. So far, thionins had only been found in some plant families of angiosperms. The One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative (1KP project) has sequenced the transcriptomes of more than 1000 plant species. We have used these data to search for new thionin sequences which gave 225 hits. After removing doublets these resulted in 133 new thionins. No sequences were found in algae and mosses. The phylogenetically earliest hits were from Selaginella species and from conifers. Many hits were from angiosperm plant families which were previously not known to contain thionins. A large gene family for thionins was found in Papaver. We isolated a genomic clone from Papaver somniferum which confirmed the general genomic structure with two small introns within the acidic domain. We also expressed the thionin encoded by the genomic clone and found that it had antimicrobial activity in vitro, especially against fungi. Previously, we had grouped thionins into four classes. The new data reported here led us to revise this classification. We now recognize only class 1 thionins with eight cysteine residues and class 2 thionins with six cysteine residues. The different variants that we found (and also previously known variants) can all be traced back to one of these two classes. Some of the variants had an uneven number of cysteine residues and it is not clear at the moment what that means for their threedimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Höng
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo Bohlmann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Antunes JC, Domingues JM, Miranda CS, Silva AFG, Homem NC, Amorim MTP, Felgueiras HP. Bioactivity of Chitosan-Based Particles Loaded with Plant-Derived Extracts for Biomedical Applications: Emphasis on Antimicrobial Fiber-Based Systems. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070359. [PMID: 34201803 PMCID: PMC8303307 DOI: 10.3390/md19070359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived chitosan (CS) is a cationic polysaccharide widely studied for its bioactivity, which is mostly attached to its primary amine groups. CS is able to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the microenvironments in which it is integrated, consequently reducing cell-induced oxidative stress. It also acts as a bacterial peripheral layer hindering nutrient intake and interacting with negatively charged outer cellular components, which lead to an increase in the cell permeability or to its lysis. Its biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of processability (particularly in mild conditions), and chemical versatility has fueled CS study as a valuable matrix component of bioactive small-scaled organic drug-delivery systems, with current research also showcasing CS’s potential within tridimensional sponges, hydrogels and sutures, blended films, nanofiber sheets and fabric coatings. On the other hand, renewable plant-derived extracts are here emphasized, given their potential as eco-friendly radical scavengers, microbicidal agents, or alternatives to antibiotics, considering that most of the latter have induced bacterial resistance because of excessive and/or inappropriate use. Loading them into small-scaled particles potentiates a strong and sustained bioactivity, and a controlled release, using lower doses of bioactive compounds. A pH-triggered release, dependent on CS’s protonation/deprotonation of its amine groups, has been the most explored stimulus for that control. However, the use of CS derivatives, crosslinking agents, and/or additional stabilization processes is enabling slower release rates, following extract diffusion from the particle matrix, which can find major applicability in fiber-based systems within ROS-enriched microenvironments and/or spiked with microbes. Research on this is still in its infancy. Yet, the few published studies have already revealed that the composition, along with an adequate drug release rate, has an important role in controlling an existing infection, forming new tissue, and successfully closing a wound. A bioactive finishing of textiles has also been promoting high particle infiltration, superior washing durability, and biological response.
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Geisslitz S, Shewry P, Brouns F, America AHP, Caio GPI, Daly M, D'Amico S, De Giorgio R, Gilissen L, Grausgruber H, Huang X, Jonkers D, Keszthelyi D, Larré C, Masci S, Mills C, Møller MS, Sorrells ME, Svensson B, Zevallos VF, Weegels PL. Wheat ATIs: Characteristics and Role in Human Disease. Front Nutr 2021; 8:667370. [PMID: 34124122 PMCID: PMC8192694 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.667370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (ATIs) comprise about 2-4% of the total wheat grain proteins and may contribute to natural defense against pests and pathogens. However, they are currently among the most widely studied wheat components because of their proposed role in adverse reactions to wheat consumption in humans. ATIs have long been known to contribute to IgE-mediated allergy (notably Bakers' asthma), but interest has increased since 2012 when they were shown to be able to trigger the innate immune system, with attention focused on their role in coeliac disease which affects about 1% of the population and, more recently, in non-coeliac wheat sensitivity which may affect up to 10% of the population. This has led to studies of their structure, inhibitory properties, genetics, control of expression, behavior during processing, effects on human adverse reactions to wheat and, most recently, strategies to modify their expression in the plant using gene editing. We therefore present an integrated account of this range of research, identifying inconsistencies, and gaps in our knowledge and identifying future research needs. Note This paper is the outcome of an invited international ATI expert meeting held in Amsterdam, February 3-5 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Geisslitz
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Fred Brouns
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. P. America
- BU Bioscience, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giacomo Pietro Ismaele Caio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matthew Daly
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano D'Amico
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luud Gilissen
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Colette Larré
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, Impasse Thérèse Bertrand-Fontaine, Nantes, France
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark E. Sorrells
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Victor F. Zevallos
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Department of Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Louis Weegels
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Savadogo EH, Shiomi Y, Yasuda J, Akino T, Yamaguchi M, Yoshida H, Umegawachi T, Tanaka R, Suong DNA, Miura K, Yazaki K, Kitajima S. Gene expression of PLAT and ATS3 proteins increases plant resistance to insects. PLANTA 2021; 253:37. [PMID: 33464406 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genes of the PLAT protein family, including PLAT and ATS3 subfamilies of higher plants and homologs of liverwort, are involved in plant defense against insects. Laticifer cells in plants contain large amounts of anti-microbe or anti-insect proteins and are involved in plant defense against biotic stresses. We previously found that PLAT proteins accumulate in laticifers of fig tree (Ficus carica) at comparable levels to those of chitinases, and the transcript level of ATS3, another PLAT domain-containing protein, is highest in the transcriptome of laticifers of Euphorbia tirucalli. In this study, we investigated whether the PLAT domain-containing proteins are involved in defense against insects. Larvae of the lepidopteran Spodoptera litura showed retarded growth when fed with Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing F. carica PLAT or E. tirucalli ATS3 genes, introduced by agroinfiltration using expression vector pBYR2HS. Transcriptome analysis of these leaves indicated that ethylene and jasmonate signaling were activated, leading to increased expression of genes for PR-1, β-1,3-glucanase, PR5 and trypsin inhibitors, suggesting an indirect mechanism of PLAT- and ATS3-induced resistance in the host plant. Direct cytotoxicity of PLAT and ATS3 to insects was also possible because heterologous expression of the corresponding genes in Drosophila melanogaster caused apoptosis-mediated cell death in this insect. Larval growth retardation of S. litura occurred when they were fed radish sprouts, a good host for agroinfiltration, expressing any of nine homologous genes of dicotyledon Arabidopsis thaliana, monocotyledon Brachypodium distachyon, conifer Picea sitchensis and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Of these nine genes, the heterologous expression of A. thaliana AT5G62200 and AT5G62210 caused significant increases in larval death. These results indicated that the PLAT protein family has largely conserved anti-insect activity in the plant kingdom (249 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hyrmeya Savadogo
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yui Shiomi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Junko Yasuda
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Akino
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takanari Umegawachi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Dang Ngoc Anh Suong
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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Souza PFN. The forgotten 2S albumin proteins: Importance, structure, and biotechnological application in agriculture and human health. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4638-4649. [PMID: 32937155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
2S albumin proteins are a group of important seed storage proteins (SSPs) essential to seeds at early and late developmental stages, by providing amino acids and other nutrients during germination and for seed defense. 2S albumins possess a well-conserved cysteine supporting the stability of temperature, pH, and proteolysis. The 3D structure rich in alpha-helices and positively charged is particularly suited for antibacterial and antifungal activity, which is presented by many 2S albumins. However, the hypervariable region present in 2S albumins induces allergenic reactions. Because of that, 2S albumins have never been recognized for their biotechnological potential. However, the development of servers used for the rational design of antimicrobial molecules has now brought a new application to 2S albumins, acting as a model to design antimicrobial molecules without the toxic or allergenic effects of 2S albumins. Therefore, this review is focused on discussing the importance of 2S albumins to seed development and defense and the biochemical, structural and functional properties of these proteins thought to play a role in their antimicrobial activity. Additionally, the application of 2S albumins to design synthetic antimicrobial peptides is discussed, potentially bringing new functions to these forgotten proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará CEP 60.440-554, Brazil.
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11
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Srivastava S, Dashora K, Ameta KL, Singh NP, El-Enshasy HA, Pagano MC, Hesham AEL, Sharma GD, Sharma M, Bhargava A. Cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from plants: The future of antimicrobial therapy. Phytother Res 2020; 35:256-277. [PMID: 32940412 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There has been a spurt in the spread of microbial resistance to antibiotics due to indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents in human medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry. It has been realized that conventional antibiotic therapy would be less effective in the coming decades and more emphasis should be given for the development of novel antiinfective therapies. Cysteine rich peptides (CRPs) are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that modulate the innate immune system of different life forms such as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, plants, insects, and animals. These are also expressed in several plant tissues in response to invasion by pathogens, and play a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth and development. The present work explores the importance of CRPs as potent antimicrobial agents, which can supplement and/or replace the conventional antibiotics. Different plant parts of diverse plant species showed the presence of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which had significant structural and functional diversity. The plant-derived AMPs exhibited potent activity toward a range of plant and animal pathogens, protozoans, insects, and even against cancer cells. The cysteine-rich AMPs have opened new avenues for the use of plants as biofactories for the production of antimicrobials and can be considered as promising antimicrobial drugs in biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Kavya Dashora
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Keshav Lalit Ameta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Hesham Ali El-Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.,City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Abd El-Latif Hesham
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India
| | - Atul Bhargava
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
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Farvardin A, González-Hernández AI, Llorens E, GarcÃa-AgustÃn P, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E604. [PMID: 32664231 PMCID: PMC7402137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and plant responses to various stress conditions. In the apoplast, like in the intracellular cell compartments, a specific set of antioxidants can be found that can detoxify the different types of ROS produced in it. These scavenging ROS components confer stress tolerance and avoid cellular damage. Moreover, the production and accumulation of proteins and peptides in the apoplast take place in response to various stresses. Hormones are also present in the apoplast where they perform important functions. In addition, the apoplast is also the space where microbe-associated molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are secreted by pathogens. In summary, the diversity of molecules found in the apoplast highlights its importance in the survival of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Grupo de BioquÃmica y BiotecnologÃa, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de BioquÃmica y BiotecnologÃa, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de BioquÃmica y BiotecnologÃa, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pilar GarcÃa-AgustÃn
- Grupo de BioquÃmica y BiotecnologÃa, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de BioquÃmica y BiotecnologÃa, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de BioquÃmica y BiotecnologÃa, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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Ecotopic Expression of the Antimicrobial Peptide DmAMP1W Improves Resistance of Transgenic Wheat to Two Diseases: Sharp Eyespot and Common Root Rot. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020647. [PMID: 31963767 PMCID: PMC7014311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop. Sharp eyespot and common root rot are destructive diseases of wheat. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, we synthesized the DmAMP1W gene, encoding Dahlia merckii DmAMP1, and investigated the antifungal role of DmAMP1W in vitro and in transgenic wheat. Protein electrophoresis analysis and in vitro inhibition results demonstrated that the synthesized DmAMP1W correctly translated to the expected peptide DmAMP1W, and the purified peptide inhibited growths of the fungi Rhizoctonia cerealis and Bipolaris sorokiniana, the pathogenic causes of wheat sharp eyespot and common root rot. DmAMP1W was introduced into a wheat variety Zhoumai18 via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The molecular characteristics indicated that DmAMP1W could be heritable and expressed in five transgenic wheat lines in T1–T2 generations. Average sharp eyespot infection types of these five DmAMP1W transgenic wheat lines in T1–T2 generations decreased 0.69–1.54 and 0.40–0.82 compared with non-transformed Zhoumai18, respectively. Average common root rot infection types of these transgenic lines and non-transformed Zhoumai18 were 1.23–1.48 and 2.27, respectively. These results indicated that DmAMP1W-expressing transgenic wheat lines displayed enhanced-resistance to both sharp eyespot and common root rot. This study provides new broad-spectrum antifungal resources for wheat breeding.
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Sher Khan R, Iqbal A, Malak R, Shehryar K, Attia S, Ahmed T, Ali Khan M, Arif M, Mii M. Plant defensins: types, mechanism of action and prospects of genetic engineering for enhanced disease resistance in plants. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:192. [PMID: 31065492 PMCID: PMC6488698 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides have been shown as one of the important tools to combat certain pathogens and play important role as a part of innate immune system in plants and, also adaptive immunity in animals. Defensin is one of the antimicrobial peptides with a diverse nature of mechanism against different pathogens like viruses, bacteria and fungi. They have a broad function in humans, vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, and plants. Plant defensins primarily interact with membrane lipids for their biological activity. Several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been overexpressed in plants for enhanced disease protection. The plants defensin peptides have been efficiently employed as an effective strategy for control of diseases in plants. They can be successfully integrated in plants genome along with some other peptide genes in order to produce transgenic crops for enhanced disease resistance. This review summarizes plant defensins, their expression in plants and enhanced disease resistance potential against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raham Sher Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Radia Malak
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Kashmala Shehryar
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Attia
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Talaat Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Masahiro Mii
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University Japan, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Villard C, Larbat R, Munakata R, Hehn A. Defence mechanisms of Ficus: pyramiding strategies to cope with pests and pathogens. PLANTA 2019; 249:617-633. [PMID: 30689053 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ficus species have adapted to diverse environments and pests by developing physical or chemical protection strategies. Physical defences are based on the accumulation of minerals such as calcium oxalate crystals, amorphous calcium carbonates and silica that lead to tougher plants. Additional cellular structures such as non-glandular trichomes or laticifer cells make the leaves rougher or sticky upon injury. Ficus have also established structures that are able to produce specialized metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics) or proteins (proteases, protease inhibitors, oxidases, and chitinases) that are toxic to predators. All these defence mechanisms are distributed throughout the plant and can differ depending on the genotype, the stage of development or the environment. In this review, we present an overview of these strategies and discuss how these complementary mechanisms enable effective and flexible adaptation to numerous hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Villard
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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16
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Kitajima S, Aoki W, Shibata D, Nakajima D, Sakurai N, Yazaki K, Munakata R, Taira T, Kobayashi M, Aburaya S, Savadogo EH, Hibino S, Yano H. Comparative multi-omics analysis reveals diverse latex-based defense strategies against pests among latex-producing organs of the fig tree (Ficus carica). PLANTA 2018. [PMID: 29536219 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Latexes in immature fruit, young petioles and lignified trunks of fig trees protect the plant using toxic proteins and metabolites in various organ-dependent ways. Latexes from plants contain high amounts of toxic proteins and metabolites, which attack microbes and herbivores after exudation at pest-induced wound sites. The protein and metabolite constituents of latexes are highly variable, depending on the plant species and organ. To determine the diversity of latex-based defense strategies in fig tree (Ficus carica) organs, we conducted comparative proteomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on latexes isolated from immature fruit, young petioles and lignified trunks of F. carica after constructing a unigene sequence library using RNA-seq data. Trypsin inhibitors were the most abundant proteins in petiole latex, while cysteine proteases ("ficins") were the most abundant in immature fruit and trunk latexes. Galloylglycerol, a possible defense-related metabolite, appeared to be highly accumulated in all three latexes. The expression levels of pathogenesis-related proteins were highest in the latex of trunk, suggesting that this latex had adapted a defensive role against microbe attacks. Although young petioles and immature fruit are both unlignified soft organs, and potential food for herbivorous insects, unigenes for the sesquiterpenoid pathway, which likely produces defense-associated volatiles, and the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces toxic furanocoumarins, were expressed less in immature fruit latex. This difference may indicate that while petioles and fruit protect the plant from attack by herbivores, the fruit must also attract insect pollinators at younger stages and animals after ripening. We also suggest possible candidate transcription factors and signal transduction proteins that are involved in the differential expression of the unigenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Kyoto Integrated Science and Technology Bio-Analysis Center (KIST-BIC), Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8813, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Nozomu Sakurai
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR1121, LAE, 54 000, Nancy, France
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Aburaya
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eric Hyrmeya Savadogo
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Susumu Hibino
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Haruna Yano
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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Ali S, Ganai BA, Kamili AN, Bhat AA, Mir ZA, Bhat JA, Tyagi A, Islam ST, Mushtaq M, Yadav P, Rawat S, Grover A. Pathogenesis-related proteins and peptides as promising tools for engineering plants with multiple stress tolerance. Microbiol Res 2018; 212-213:29-37. [PMID: 29853166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of diverse molecules that are induced by phytopathogens as well as defense related signaling molecules. They are the key components of plant innate immune system especially systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and are widely used as diagnostic molecular markers of defense signaling pathways. Although, PR proteins and peptides have been isolated much before but their biological function remains largely enigmatic despite the availability of new scientific tools. The earlier studies have demonstrated that PR genes provide enhanced resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses, which make them one of the most promising candidates for developing multiple stress tolerant crop varieties. In this regard, plant genetic engineering technology is widely accepted as one of the most fascinating approach to develop the disease resistant transgenic crops using different antimicrobial genes like PR genes. Overexpression of PR genes (chitinase, glucanase, thaumatin, defensin and thionin) individually or in combination have greatly uplifted the level of defense response in plants against a wide range of pathogens. However, the detailed knowledge of signaling pathways that regulates the expression of these versatile proteins is critical for improving crop plants to multiple stresses, which is the future theme of plant stress biology. Hence, this review provides an overall overview on the PR proteins like their classification, role in multiple stresses (biotic and abiotic) as well as in various plant defense signaling cascades. We also highlight the success and snags of transgenic plants expressing PR proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India; Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Azra N Kamili
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ajaz Ali Bhat
- Govt Degree College Boys Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anshika Tyagi
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Prashant Yadav
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Rawat
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Grover
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Van Nierop SNE, Rautenbach M, Axcell BC, Cantrell IC. The Impact of Microorganisms on Barley and Malt Quality—A Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-64-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - B. C. Axcell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Patel S, Akhtar N. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): The quintessential 'offense and defense' molecules are more than antimicrobials. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1276-1283. [PMID: 28938518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are cationic amphiphilic molecules with α-helix or β-sheet linear motifs and linear or cyclic configurations. For their role in 'defense and offense', they are present in all living organisms. AMPs are named so, as they inhibit a wide array of microbes by membrane pore formation and subsequent perturbation of mitochondrial membrane ionic balance. However, their functional repertoire is expanding with validated roles in cytotoxicity, wound healing, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and chemotaxis [1]. A number of endogenous AMPs have been characterized in human body such as defensins, cathelicidins, histatins etc. They mediate critical functions, but when homeostasis is broken, they turn hostile and initiate inflammatory diseases. This review discusses the sources of therapeutic AMPs; auto-immunity risks of endogenous AMPs, and their dermatological applications; normally overlooked risks of the peptides; and scopes ahead. This holistic work is expected to be a valuable reference for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego 92182, USA.
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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20
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Siddeeqh S, Parida A, Jose M, Pai V. Estimation of Antimicrobial Properties of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Salvadora Persica ( Miswak) on Oral Microbial Pathogens - An Invitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:FC13-FC16. [PMID: 27790459 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22213.8524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Twigs of Salvadora persica (Miswak) plant are being used as a means of oral hygiene since ages for brushing teeth. Though clinical research and trials have shown promising results on effectiveness of Miswak, but some reports are conflicting. AIM To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Salvadora persica (Miswak) against the common microbial pathogens causing dental caries and periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study of one year duration was conducted in Yenopoya dental and medical college, Mangalore. The twigs of Salvadora persica were collected and alcoholic and aqueous extracts were prepared using standard techniques. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts against common oral pathogens like Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Candida albicans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Prevotella intermedia, & Peptostreptococcus were performed by agar well diffusion method and two fold broth dilution method. RESULTS No significant results was obtained when water extracts of Salvadora persica was tested except for minimum inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans, Prevotella intermedia & Peptostreptococcus and Candida albicans. Relatively significant inhibitory effect was noted with respect to alcoholic extract of Salvadora persica. CONCLUSION Although comparatively less than chlorhexidine which is a known antimicrobial agent, the alcoholic extracts of Salvadora persica showed antimicrobial effect against the common microbial pathogens causing dental caries and periodontitis indicating a potential beneficial effect of this plant. However, further research with more standardized extraction procedure and advanced techniques is required to find out the exact chemicals responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Siddeeqh
- Assistant Professor, Department Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Century Dental College , Kasargod, Kerala, India
| | - Amrita Parida
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru, Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Maji Jose
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Yenepoya Dental College , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidya Pai
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College , Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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21
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Marxer M, Vollenweider V, Schmid-Hempel P. Insect antimicrobial peptides act synergistically to inhibit a trypanosome parasite. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150302. [PMID: 27160603 PMCID: PMC4874398 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides protection from infection by producing essential effector molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that possess broad-spectrum activity. This is also the case for bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, when infected by the trypanosome, Crithidia bombi Furthermore, the expressed mixture of AMPs varies with host genetic background and infecting parasite strain (genotype). Here, we used the fact that clones of C. bombi can be cultivated and kept as strains in medium to test the effect of various combinations of AMPs on the growth rate of the parasite. In particular, we used pairwise combinations and a range of physiological concentrations of three AMPs, namely Abaecin, Defensin and Hymenoptaecin, synthetized from the respective genomic sequences. We found that these AMPs indeed suppress the growth of eight different strains of C. bombi, and that combinations of AMPs were typically more effective than the use of a single AMP alone. Furthermore, the most effective combinations were rarely those consisting of maximum concentrations. In addition, the AMP combination treatments revealed parasite strain specificity, such that strains varied in their sensitivity towards the same mixtures. Hence, variable expression of AMPs could be an alternative strategy to combat highly variable infections.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marxer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vera Vollenweider
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schmid-Hempel
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Yadav SKR, Sahu T, Dixit A. Structural and functional characterization of recombinant napin-like protein of Momordica charantia expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6703-6713. [PMID: 27020281 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Napin and napin-like proteins belong to the 2S albumin seed storage family of proteins and have been shown to display a variety of biological activities. However, due to a high degree of polymorphism, purification of a single napin or napin-like protein exhibiting biological activity is extremely difficult. In the present study, we have produced the napin-like protein of Momordica charantia using the methylotrophic Pichia pastoris expression system. The recombinant napin-like protein (rMcnapin) secreted in the extracellular culture supernatant was enriched by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and purified using size exclusion chromatography at a yield of ∼290 mg/L of culture. Secondary structure analysis of the purified rMcnapin revealed it to be predominantly α-helical with minimal β strand content. CD spectroscopic and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses revealed the rMcnapin to be stable at a wide range of temperatures and pH. The rMcnapin exhibited antifungal activity against Trichoderma viride with an IC50 of ∼3.7 μg/ml and trypsin inhibitor activity with an IC50 of 4.2 μM. Thus, large amounts of homogenous preparations of the biologically active rMcnapin could be obtained at shake flask level, which is otherwise difficult from its natural source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kumar R Yadav
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Tejram Sahu
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Khan S, Ali SA, Yasmin T, Ahmed M, Khan H. Purification and characterization of 2S albumin from Nelumbo nucifera. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2109-2114. [PMID: 26967322 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1158627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2S albumins are a group of seed storage proteins that have recently attracted considerable attention in the field of allergen science due to their allergenic potential. A new 2S albumin from seeds of Nelumbo nucifera (Nn-2S alb) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by the combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The protein has a molecular mass of about 12 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE, in good agreement with 12.5 ± 0.01 kDa determined by ESI-MS. Circular dichroism data showed that protein contained about 66% α-helices as estimated by K2D3, indicating that the protein was predominantly helical. The sedimentation coefficient (s°20,w) of the predicted model was 1.72 ± 0.21 S. The predicted 3-dimensional structure of the Nn-2S alb revealed that the protein has a region of 12 amino acids which largely corresponds to the conserved immuno-dominant epitope of 2S allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaullah Khan
- a Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- b International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Yasmin
- a Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- c Department of Biotechnology , University of Science and Technology , Bannu , Pakistan
| | - Hidayatullah Khan
- d Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology , Bannu , Pakistan
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24
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Igarashi M, Hatsuyama Y, Harada T, Fukasawa-Akada T. Biotechnology and apple breeding in Japan. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:18-33. [PMID: 27069388 PMCID: PMC4780799 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Apple is a fruit crop of significant economic importance, and breeders world wide continue to develop novel cultivars with improved characteristics. The lengthy juvenile period and the large field space required to grow apple populations have imposed major limitations on breeding. Various molecular biological techniques have been employed to make apple breeding easier. Transgenic technology has facilitated the development of apples with resistance to fungal or bacterial diseases, improved fruit quality, or root stocks with better rooting or dwarfing ability. DNA markers for disease resistance (scab, powdery mildew, fire-blight, Alternaria blotch) and fruit skin color have also been developed, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been employed in breeding programs. In the last decade, genomic sequences and chromosome maps of various cultivars have become available, allowing the development of large SNP arrays, enabling efficient QTL mapping and genomic selection (GS). In recent years, new technologies for genetic improvement, such as trans-grafting, virus vectors, and genome-editing, have emerged. Using these techniques, no foreign genes are present in the final product, and some of them show considerable promise for application to apple breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Igarashi
- Hirosaki Industrial Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center,
Ogimachi 1-1-8, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8104,
Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Hatsuyama
- Apple Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center,
Fukutami 24, Botandaira, Kuroishi, Aomori 036-0332,
Japan
| | - Takeo Harada
- Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University,
Bunkyouchou 3, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8563,
Japan
| | - Tomoko Fukasawa-Akada
- Hirosaki Industrial Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center,
Ogimachi 1-1-8, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8104,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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25
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Slavokhotova AA, Shelenkov AA, Odintsova TI. Prediction of Leymus arenarius (L.) antimicrobial peptides based on de novo transcriptome assembly. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:203-14. [PMID: 26369913 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Leymus arenarius is a unique wild growing Poaceae plant exhibiting extreme tolerance to environmental conditions. In this study we for the first time performed whole-transcriptome sequencing of lymegrass seedlings using Illumina platform followed by de novo transcriptome assembly and functional annotation. Our goal was to identify transcripts encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), one of the key components of plant innate immunity. Using the custom software developed for this study that predicted AMPs and classified them into families, we revealed more than 160 putative AMPs in lymegrass seedlings. We classified them into 7 families based on their cysteine motifs and sequence similarity. The families included defensins, thionins, hevein-like peptides, snakins, cyclotide, alfa-hairpinins and LTPs. This is the first communication about the presence of almost all known AMP families in trascriptomic data of a single plant species. Additionally, cysteine-rich peptides that potentially represent novel families of AMPs were revealed. We have confirmed by RT-PCR validation the presence of 30 transcripts encoding selected AMPs in lymegrass seedlings. In summary, the presented method of pAMP prediction developed by us can be applied for relatively fast and simple screening of novel components of plant immunity system and is well suited for whole-transcriptome or genome analysis of uncharacterized plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Slavokhotova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkina Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Andrey A Shelenkov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkina Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Tatyana I Odintsova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkina Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991
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26
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Yan J, Yuan SS, Jiang LL, Ye XJ, Ng TB, Wu ZJ. Plant antifungal proteins and their applications in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4961-81. [PMID: 25971197 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are far more complex organisms than viruses or bacteria and can develop numerous diseases in plants that cause loss of a substantial portion of the crop every year. Plants have developed various mechanisms to defend themselves against these fungi which include the production of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites and proteins and peptides with antifungal activity. In this review, families of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) including defensins, lectins, and several others will be summarized. Moreover, the application of AFPs in agriculture will also be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China,
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27
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Freire JEC, Vasconcelos IM, Moreno FBMB, Batista AB, Lobo MDP, Pereira ML, Lima JPMS, Almeida RVM, Sousa AJS, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Oliveira JTA, Grangeiro TB. Mo-CBP3, an antifungal chitin-binding protein from Moringa oleifera seeds, is a member of the 2S albumin family. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119871. [PMID: 25789746 PMCID: PMC4366206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mo-CBP3 is a chitin-binding protein from M. oleifera seeds that inhibits the germination and mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi. This protein is highly thermostable and resistant to pH changes, and therefore may be useful in the development of new antifungal drugs. However, the relationship of MoCBP3 with the known families of carbohydrate-binding domains has not been established. In the present study, full-length cDNAs encoding 4 isoforms of Mo-CBP3 (Mo-CBP3-1, Mo-CBP3-2, Mo-CBP3-3 and Mo-CBP3-4) were cloned from developing seeds. The polypeptides encoded by the Mo-CBP3 cDNAs were predicted to contain 160 (Mo-CBP3-3) and 163 amino acid residues (Mo-CBP3-1, Mo-CBP3-2 and Mo-CBP3-4) with a signal peptide of 20-residues at the N-terminal region. A comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that Mo-CBP3 is a typical member of the 2S albumin family, as shown by the presence of an eight-cysteine motif, which is a characteristic feature of the prolamin superfamily. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that Mo-CBP3 is a mixture of isoforms that correspond to different mRNA products. The identification of Mo-CBP3 as a genuine member of the 2S albumin family reinforces the hypothesis that these seed storage proteins are involved in plant defense. Moreover, the chitin-binding ability of Mo-CBP3 reveals a novel functionality for a typical 2S albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. C. Freire
- Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ilka M. Vasconcelos
- Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Adelina B. Batista
- Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marina D. P. Lobo
- Núcleo de Biologia Experimental, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mirella L. Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - João P. M. S. Lima
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT-RN), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo V. M. Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT-RN), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Antônio J. S. Sousa
- Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - José T. A. Oliveira
- Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thalles B. Grangeiro
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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28
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Purification, characterisation and cloning of a 2S albumin with DNase, RNase and antifungal activities from Putranjiva roxburghii. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:471-82. [PMID: 25080380 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the characterisation of a novel ~12-kDa heterodimeric protein, designated as putrin, from the seeds of Putranjiva roxburghii. The purification of putrin to homogeneity was accomplished using DEAE-sepharose where protein was unbound, CM-sepharose and Cibacron blue 3GA where it was bound and appeared as single peak on a size-exclusion chromatography column. A 15 % sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel, under reducing condition, demonstrated that putrin is made of two polypeptide chains of approximately 4.5 and 7.5 kDa. Circular dichroism studies demonstrated the helical nature and conformational stability of protein at increasing temperatures. Putrin exhibited both RNase and DNase activities and exerted antifungal activity but possessed relatively weak translation-inhibitory activity in cell-free system. The cloning and sequence analysis revealed a 414 bp open reading frame encoding a preproprotein of 137 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of putrin showed significant homology to 2S seed storage family proteins. The results demonstrated that putrin belongs to 2S albumin family and exhibits a spectrum of biotechnologically exploitable functions.
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29
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Hussain S, Güzel Y, Pezzei C, Rainer M, Huck CW, Bonn GK. Solid-phase extraction of plant thionins employing aluminum silicate based extraction columns. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2200-7. [PMID: 24913248 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thionins belong to a family of cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight (∼5 KDa) biologically active proteins in the plant kingdom. They display a broad cellular toxicity against a wide range of organisms and eukaryotic cell lines. Thionins protect plants against different pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. A highly selective solid-phase extraction method for plant thionins is reported deploying aluminum silicate (3:2 mullite) powder as a sorbent in extraction columns. Mullite was shown to considerably improve selectivity compared to a previously described zirconium silicate embedded poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolithic polymer. Due to the presence of aluminum(III), mullite offers electrostatic interactions for the selective isolation of cysteine-rich proteins. In comparison to zirconium(IV) silicate, aluminum(III) silicate showed reduced interactions towards proteins which resulted into superior washings of unspecific compounds while still retaining cysteine-rich thionins. In the presented study, European mistletoe, wheat and barley samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction analysis for isolation of viscotoxins, purothionins and hordothionins, respectively. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy was used for determining the selectivity of the sorbent toward thionins. The selectively retained thionins were quantified by colorimetric detection using the bicinchoninic acid assay. For peptide mass-fingerprint analysis tryptic digests of eluates were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Hussain
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Tomar PPS, Nikhil K, Singh A, Selvakumar P, Roy P, Sharma AK. Characterization of anticancer, DNase and antifungal activity of pumpkin 2S albumin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Nawrot R, Barylski J, Nowicki G, Broniarczyk J, Buchwald W, Goździcka-Józefiak A. Plant antimicrobial peptides. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:181-96. [PMID: 24092498 PMCID: PMC3971460 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a component of barrier defense system of plants. They have been isolated from roots, seeds, flowers, stems, and leaves of a wide variety of species and have activities towards phytopathogens, as well as against bacteria pathogenic to humans. Thus, plant AMPs are considered as promising antibiotic compounds with important biotechnological applications. Plant AMPs are grouped into several families and share general features such as positive charge, the presence of disulfide bonds (which stabilize the structure), and the mechanism of action targeting outer membrane structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nawrot
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland,
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32
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Solid-phase extraction method for the isolation of plant thionins from European mistletoe, wheat and barley using zirconium silicate embedded in poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) hollow-monoliths. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7509-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Duan XH, Jiang R, Wen YJ, Bin JH. Some 2S albumin from peanut seeds exhibits inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 66:84-90. [PMID: 23500710 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A crude 2S albumin fraction was separated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cotyledons. Untreated 2S albumin had little inhibitory activity against trypsin, spore germination, or hyphal growth of Aspergillus flavus. However, following treatment of 2S albumin with SDS, increased inhibitory activity was demonstrated. We further purified 2S albumin using Sephadex G-100 and DEAE cellulose (DE-32) chromatography. HPLC analysis showed that the partially pure 2S albumin consisted of two polypeptides, whereas SDS-PAGE analyzes exhibited six polypeptides. One of the polypeptides, 2S-1, was found to contain the same molecular weight and enzymatic properties as the peanut protease inhibitor (PI); however, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of 2S-1 differed from that of PI. An NCBI database search revealed that the 2S-1 polypeptide is homologous to the pathogenesis-related proteins from soybean, cowpea, chickpea, and Lupinus luteus. We hypothesize that the 2S-1 polypeptide might represent a novel antifungal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hua Duan
- College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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34
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Abbas A, Plattner S, Shah KH, Bohlmann H. Comparison of periplasmic and intracellular expression of Arabidopsis thionin proproteins in E. coli. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1085-91. [PMID: 23515894 PMCID: PMC3677976 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thionins are antimicrobial plant peptides produced as preproproteins consisting of a signal peptide, the thionin domain, and a so-called acidic domain. Only thionin itself has been isolated from plants. To study the processing of the precursor, it has to be produced in a heterologous system. Since both domains contain several cysteines and, due to the known antimicrobial activity of the thionin, we tested the expression of all four Arabidopsis proproteins as fusion proteins. Periplasmic expression as fusion with maltose binding protein was not successful but cytoplasmic expression as His-tagged TRX fusion proteins with a TEV recognition sequence resulted in proteins of correct size. Use of the SHuffle strain C3030 further improved the expression. Fusion proteins inhibited growth of Escherichia coli. They could be cleaved by TEV protease, releasing authentic proproteins without any additional amino acid at the N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Abbas
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stephan Plattner
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Kausar Hussain Shah
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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35
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Sapra G, Vyas YK, Agarwal R, Aggarwal A, Chandrashekar KT, Sharma K. Effect of an herb root extract, herbal dentifrice and synthetic dentifrice on human salivary amylase. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013; 10:493-8. [PMID: 24130585 PMCID: PMC3793413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary amylase is an enzyme, which plays a vital role in formation of dental plaque. It has the ability to bind on the bacterial surfaces and to hydrolyze starch, giving rise to products that are transformed into acids leading to dental caries. Suppression of salivary amylase activity can lead to decrease in risk of dental caries and plaque associated periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an herb, Spilanthes calva (in form of a test dentifrice) on human salivary amylase activity and to compare it with other dentifrices. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 80 subjects of age 18-35 years were randomly selected and divided equally into 4 groups. Group 1 subjects were assigned to use Test Dentifrice (with S. calva root extract), while Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4 subjects were assigned to use Herbal Dentifrice (Arodent(™)), Synthetic Dentifrice (Colgate(®)), and Control Dentifrice respectively. Salivary amylase activity was determined by Bernfeld method in each group, before and after using the given dentifrices. RESULTS Maximum inhibition of salivary amylase activity was found in the group using test dentifrice as compared to others. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that, the root extract of S. calva possess significant inhibitory activity for salivary amylase. Use of S. calva root extract will provide a wider protection against different pathogenic oral microflora. Use of this extract singly or in combination is strongly recommended in the dentifrice formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sapra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Gaurav Sapra, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly - 243 006, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Yogesh Kumar Vyas
- Quality Control Department, Merck Specialties Private Limited, Ponda, Goa, India
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Aggarwal
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K T Chandrashekar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Hitakarini Dental College & Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Department of Botany, M.L.S. University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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36
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Rogozhin EA, Ryazantsev DY, Grishin EV, Egorov TA, Zavriev SK. Defense peptides from barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.) seeds. Peptides 2012; 38:33-40. [PMID: 22940285 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of defense polypeptides from latent seeds of weed cereal barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.) has been isolated and characterized using an acidic extraction and high performance liquid chromatography methods in combination with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing. Members of three antimicrobial peptide families and two protease inhibitor families were found to be localized in barnyard grass seeds. Their biological activity concerning to Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative phytopathogenic bacteria, as well as oomycete Phytophthora infestans, has been investigated. Diversity of barnyard grass defense peptides is a significant factor that provides a resistance of E. crusgalli seeds to germination and latent phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rogozhin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation.
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37
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Nioi C, Kapel R, Rondags E, Marc I. Selective extraction, structural characterisation and antifungal activity assessment of napins from an industrial rapeseed meal. Food Chem 2012; 134:2149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Gorjanović S. A Review: Biological and Technological Functions of Barley Seed Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs). JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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39
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Wanasundara JPD. Proteins ofBrassicaceaeOilseeds and their Potential as a Plant Protein Source. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:635-77. [DOI: 10.1080/10408391003749942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Do Nascimento VV, Castro HC, Abreu PA, Oliveira AEA, Fernandez JH, Araújo JDS, Machado OLT. In silico structural characteristics and α-amylase inhibitory properties of Ric c 1 and Ric c 3, allergenic 2S albumins from Ricinus communis seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4814-21. [PMID: 21425874 DOI: 10.1021/jf104638b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The major Ricinus communis allergens are the 2S albumins, Ric c 1 and Ric c 3. These proteins contain a trypsin/α-amylase inhibitor family domain, suggesting that they have a role in insect resistance. In this study, we verified that Ric c 1 and Ric c 3 inhibited the α-amylase activity of Callosobruchus maculatus, Zabrotes subfasciatus, and Tenebrio molitor (TMA) larvae as well as mammalian α-amylase. The toxicity of 2S albumin was determined through its incorporation in C. maculatus larvae as part of an artificial diet. Bioassays revealed that 2S albumin reduced larval growth by 20%. We also analyzed the tridimensional structures of Ric c 1 and Ric c 3 by (a) constructing a comparative model of Ric c 1 based on Ric c 3 NMR structure and (b) constructing the theoretical structure of the Ric c 1-TMA and Ric c 3-TMA complexes. Our biological and theoretical results revealed that Ric c 1 and Ric c 3 are a new class of α-amylase inhibitors. They could potentially be used to help design inhibitors that would be useful in diverse fields, ranging from diabetes treatment to crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Veiga Do Nascimento
- Laboratório de QuÃmica e Função de ProteÃnas e PeptÃdeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Effect of lectins from Diocleinae subtribe against oral Streptococci. Molecules 2011; 16:3530-43. [PMID: 21525793 PMCID: PMC6263318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16053530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface colonization is an essential step in biofilm development. The ability of oral pathogens to adhere to tooth surfaces is directly linked with the presence of specific molecules at the bacterial surface that can interact with enamel acquired pellicle ligands. In light of this, the aim of this study was to verify inhibitory and antibiofilm action of lectins from the Diocleinaesubtribe against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus oralis. The inhibitory action against planctonic cells was assessed using lectins from Canavaliaensi formis (ConA), Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr), Canavalia maritima (ConM), Canavalia gladiata (CGL) and Canavalia boliviana (ConBol). ConBol, ConBr and ConM showed inhibitory activity on S. mutans growth. All lectins, except ConA, stimulated significantly the growth of S. oralis. To evaluate the effect on biofilm formation, clarified saliva was added to 96-well, flat-bottomed polystyrene plates, followed by the addition of solutions containing 100 or 200 µg/mL of the selected lectins. ConBol, ConM and ConA inhibited the S. mutans biofilms. No effects were found on S. oralis biofilms. Structure/function analysis were carried out using bioinformatics tools. The aperture and deepness of the CRD (Carbohydrate Recognition Domain) permit us to distinguish the two groups of Canavalia lectins in accordance to their actions against S. mutans and S. oralis. The results found provide a basis for encouraging the use of plant lectins as biotechnological tools in ecological control and prevention of caries disease.
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Krens FA, Schaart JG, Groenwold R, Walraven AEJ, Hesselink T, Thissen JTNM. Performance and long-term stability of the barley hordothionin gene in multiple transgenic apple lines. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:1113-23. [PMID: 21243525 PMCID: PMC3174370 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of sustainable scab resistance in elite apple cultivars is of high importance for apple cultivation when aiming at reducing the use of chemical crop protectants. Genetic modification (GM) allows the rapid introduction of resistance genes directly into high quality apple cultivars. Resistance genes can be derived from apple itself but genetic modification also opens up the possibility to use other, non-host resistance genes. A prerequisite for application is the long-term performance and stability of the gene annex trait in the field. For this study, we produced and selected a series of transgenic apple lines of two cultivars, i.e. ‘Elstar’ and ‘Gala’ in which the barley hordothionin gene (hth) was introduced. After multiplication, the GM hth-lines, non-GM susceptible and resistant controls and GM non-hth controls were planted in a random block design in a field trial in 40 replicates. Scab resistance was monitored after artificial inoculation (first year) and after natural infection (subsequent years). After the trial period, the level of expression of the hth gene was checked by quantitative RT-PCR. Four of the six GM hth apple lines proved to be significantly less susceptible to apple scab and this trait was found to be stable for the entire 4-year period. Hth expression at the mRNA level was also stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans A Krens
- Wag UR Plant Breeding, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Optimisation of an in vitro antifungal protein assay for the screening of potential antifungal proteins against Leptosphaeria maculans. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 84:121-7. [PMID: 21093501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Canola is second only to soybean as the most important oilseed crop in the world. The global production of canola is forecast to continue to increase and as a result the canola industry will continue to flourish. However, it is threatened by several fungal diseases that affect canola and cost producers hundreds of millions of dollars a year in reduced yield and quality. Blackleg is the most common and devastating disease of canola and is caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans. The fungus can infect any part of the plant at all growth stages and is a serious threat to the canola industry. Novel and more efficient antifungal agents which interfere with fungal growth and development are clearly needed to control this pathogen. This paper reports the establishment of a simple functional assay system for the screening of antifungal proteins against a virulent strain of L. maculans.
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Salem A, Robinson P, López S, Gohar Y, Rojo R, Tinoco J. Sensitivity of sheep intestinal lactic acid bacteria to secondary compounds extracted from Acacia saligna leaves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Oshchepkova II, Veshkurova ON, Rogozhin EA, Musoliamov AK, Smirnov AN, Odintsova TI, Egorov TA, Grishin EV, Salikhov SI. [Isolation of the lipid-transporting protein Ns-LTP1 from seeds of the garden fennel flower (Nigella sativa)]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:344-9. [PMID: 19621049 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel lipid-transporting protein (Ns-LTP1) has been isolated from seeds of the garden fennel flower Nigella sativa. The molecular mass, N-terminal amino acid sequence, and amino acid composition of the protein have been determined. Ns-LTP1 has a molecular mass of 9602 Da and contains eight cysteine residues which form four disulfide bridges. The protein is capable of suppressing the development of some phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iu I Oshchepkova
- Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek Republic, ul Mirzo-Ulugbeka 83, Tashkent, 100125 Uzbekistan.
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Ghosh M. Purification of a lectin-like antifungal protein from the medicinal herb, Withania somnifera. Fitoterapia 2009; 80:91-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baker RL, Brown RL, Chen ZY, Cleveland TE, Fakhoury AM. A maize trypsin inhibitor (ZmTIp) with limited activity against Aspergillus flavus. J Food Prot 2009; 72:185-8. [PMID: 19205484 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infection of maize both pre- and postharvest by Aspergillus flavus is a severe agricultural problem in the southern United States. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by A. flavus and are carcinogenic to humans and animals upon ingestion. Extensive research has been conducted to identify sources of resistance to A. flavus in maize. Some maize genotypes exhibit greater resistance to A. flavus than others. Many research groups have validated the role of plant trypsin inhibitors (TIs) as a means of plant defense against fungal infection. Research consisting of the cloning, expression, and partial characterization of one previously uncharacterized TI protein has been conducted. The overexpressed protein displayed TI activity, as expected, and some ability to alter germination of conidia (8%) from several fungal pathogens and to inhibit hyphal growth (30%). This effect on fungal growth, although less than that of previously investigated TIs, marks this protein as a potential source of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Baker
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
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Sels J, Mathys J, De Coninck BMA, Cammue BPA, De Bolle MFC. Plant pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins: a focus on PR peptides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:941-50. [PMID: 18674922 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The novel classes of plant pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins identified during the last decade also include novel peptide families. This review specifically focuses on these pathogenesis-related peptides, including proteinase inhibitors (PR-6 family), plant defensins (PR-12 family), thionins (PR-13 family) and lipid transfer proteins (PR-14 family). For each family of PR peptides, the general features concerning occurrence, expression and possible functions of their members are described. Next, more specifically the occurrence of each PR peptide family in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is discussed. Single-gene studies performed on particular gene members of a PR peptide family are reported. In addition, expression data of yet undescribed gene members of that particular PR peptide family are presented by consultation of publicly available micro-array databases. Finally an update is provided on the potential role of these PR peptides in A. thaliana, with a focus on their possible involvement in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Cleveland TE, Yu J, Bhatnagar D, Chen Z, Brown RL, Chang P, Cary JW. Progress in Elucidating the Molecular Basis of the Host Plant—AspergillusFlavusInteraction, a Basis for Devising Strategies to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200027892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Optimised quantification of the antiyeast activity of different barley malts towards a lager brewing yeast strain. Food Microbiol 2008; 25:895-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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