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Tausk F. Finally, successful interventions to ameliorate cutaneous infestations. J DERMATOL TREAT 2024; 35:2326655. [PMID: 38465790 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2024.2326655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tausk
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Sifontes-Rodríguez S, Mollineda-Diogo N, Monzote-Fidalgo L, Escalona-Montaño AR, Escario García-Trevijano JA, Aguirre-García MM, Meneses-Marcel A. In Vitro and In Vivo Antileishmanial Activity of Thioridazine. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:324-331. [PMID: 38070122 PMCID: PMC11001698 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease with high prevalence and incidence in tropical and subtropical areas. Existing drugs are limited due to cost, toxicity, declining efficacy and unavailability in endemic places. Drug repurposing has established as an efficient way for the discovery of drugs for a variety of diseases. PURPOSE The objective of the present work was testing the antileishmanial activity of thioridazine, an antipsychotic agent with demonstrated effect against other intracellular pathogens. METHODS The cytotoxicity for mouse peritoneal macrophages as well as the activity against Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania major promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, as well as in a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis, were assessed. RESULTS Thioridazine inhibited the in vitro proliferation of promastigotes (50% inhibitory concentration-IC50-values in the range of 0.73 µM to 3.8 µM against L. amazonensis, L. mexicana and L. major) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 values of 1.27 µM to 4.4 µM for the same species). In contrast, in mouse peritoneal macrophages, the 50% cytotoxic concentration was 24.0 ± 1.89 µM. Thioridazine inhibited the growth of cutaneous lesions and reduced the number of parasites in the infected tissue of mice. The dose of thioridazine that inhibited lesion development by 50% compared to controls was 23.3 ± 3.1 mg/kg and in terms of parasite load, it was 11.1 ± 0.97 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS Thioridazine was effective against the promastigote and intracellular amastigote stages of three Leishmania species and in a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis, supporting the potential repurposing of this drug as an antileishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sifontes-Rodríguez
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Niurka Mollineda-Diogo
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Universidad Central "Martha Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | | | - Alma Reyna Escalona-Montaño
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - María Magdalena Aguirre-García
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Meneses-Marcel
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Universidad Central "Martha Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba
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Kumar V, Kumari S, Ranjan R, Kumar A, Alti D. In vitro antileishmanial activity of thioridazine on amphotericin B unresponsive/ sensitive Leishmania donovani promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Exp Parasitol 2024; 257:108688. [PMID: 38142765 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in the drug (liposomal amphotericin-B) unresponsive cases becomes hostile for the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination target. The quest for new antileishmanial drugs is on the way and may demand more time. Meanwhile, drug repurposing is a quite promising option to explore further. We made such an attempt with thioridazine (TRZ), a first-line antipsychotic drug, which was reported for antimicrobial activity. In this study, we evaluated the drug activity of TRZ against amphotericin-B (Amp-B) sensitive and unresponsive Leishmania donovani promastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes (drug sensitive). We observed a potent antileishmanial activity of TRZ with significantly low half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) on both the variants of promastigotes (0.61 ± 0.15 μM). These concentrations are comparable to the previously reported IC50 concentration of the current antileishmanial drug (Amp-B) against L. donovani. Light microscopy reveals the perturbations in promastigote morphology upon TRZ treatment. The in vitro studies on human macrophage cell lines determine the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) of TRZ on host cells as 20.046 μM and a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) as 0.91 μM during L. donovani infection, in turn selectivity index (SI) was calculated as 22.03 μM. Altogether, the results demonstrate that TRZ has the potential for drug repurposing and further studies on animal models could provide better insights for VL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Shobha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Dayakar Alti
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.
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Vo N, Sidner BS, Yu Y, Piepenbrink KH. Type IV Pilus-Mediated Inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation by Phenothiazine Compounds. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0102323. [PMID: 37341603 PMCID: PMC10433872 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01023-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by pathogenic Acinetobacter species represent a significant burden on the health care system, despite their relative rarity, due to the difficulty of treating infections through oral antibiotics. Multidrug resistance is commonly observed in clinical Acinetobacter infections and multiple molecular mechanisms have been identified for this resistance, including multidrug efflux pumps, carbapenemase enzymes, and the formation of bacterial biofilm in persistent infections. Phenothiazine compounds have been identified as a potential inhibitor of type IV pilus production in multiple Gram-negative bacterial species. Here, we report the ability of two phenothiazines to inhibit type IV pilus-dependent surface (twitching) motility and biofilm formation in multiple Acinetobacter species. Biofilm formation was inhibited in both static and continuous flow models at micromolar concentrations without significant cytotoxicity, suggesting that type IV pilus biogenesis was the primary molecular target for these compounds. These results suggest that phenothiazines may be useful lead compounds for the development of biofilm dispersal agents against Gram-negative bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter infections are a growing burden on health care systems worldwide due to increasing antimicrobial resistance through multiple mechanisms. Biofilm formation is an established mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, and its inhibition has the potential to potentiate the use of existing drugs against pathogenic Acinetobacter. Additionally, as discussed in the manuscript, anti-biofilm activity by phenothiazines has the potential to help to explain their known activity against other bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Sidner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yafan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kurt H. Piepenbrink
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Deng X, Lin X, Zhou H, Liu J, Tang H. Equipment of Vertically-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Film on Electrochemically Pretreated Three-Dimensional Graphene Electrodes for Sensitive Detection of Methidazine in Urine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020239. [PMID: 36677991 PMCID: PMC9861598 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of drugs in complex biological samples is essential for drug abuse control and health risk assessment. In this work, an electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on equipment of vertically-ordered mesoporous silica film (VMSF) on an electrochemically pre-treated three-dimensional graphene electrode (p-3DG), which can achieve direct and sensitive determination of methylthiopyridazine (TR) in urine. Three-dimensional graphene (3DG) with a continuous and interpenetrating graphene network was used as the supporting electrode and simple electrochemical polarization was employed to pre-treat 3DG to improve surface hydrophilicity and electrocatalytic performance. VMSF was easily grown using an electrochemical assisted self-assembly method within 10 s and was stably bound to the p-3DG surface. The nanochannel array on the as-prepared VMSF/p-3DG sensor enriched positively charged TR, leading to significantly improved electrochemical signal. Combined with the high electric activity of p-3DG and the enrichment of nanochannels, VMSF/p-3DG realized sensitive determination of TR ranging from 50 nM to 10 μM with a low detection limit (DL, 30 nM). Owing to the anti-fouling and anti-interference performance of VMSF, the common electroactive molecules including ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) did not interfere with the detection. In addition, the detection of TR in buffer and urine exhibited similar sensitivity. Accurate detection of TR in urine was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xueting Lin
- The First Clinical Faculty of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Huaxu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongliang Tang
- Affiliated Fangchenggang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Fangchenggang 538001, China
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Unraveling antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium abscessus: the potential role of efflux pumps. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 31:345-352. [PMID: 36347496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterium abscessus is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen in patients with underlying lung disease. It is infamously known for its low treatment success rates because of its resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Further insight into M. abscessus resistance mechanisms is needed to improve treatment options. In this in vitro study, the role of efflux pumps in reaction to antibiotic stress is explored, as well as the ability of the putative efflux inhibitors, thioridazine and verapamil, to potentiate the activity of guideline-recommended antibiotics. METHODS To evaluate the effects of antibiotic stress on mycobacterial efflux pumps, M. abscessus subspecies abscessus was exposed to amikacin, cefoxitin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, and tigecycline for 24 hours. Transcriptomic responses were measured by RNA sequencing to gain insight into upregulation of efflux pump encoding genes. Subsequently, in time-kill kinetics assays, the above-mentioned antibiotics were combined with thioridazine and verapamil to evaluate their potentiating capacity. RESULTS All five antibiotics led to a fold change of ≥2 Log2 in expression of one or more genes encoding transporter systems. This effect was most pronounced for the ribosome-targeting antibiotics amikacin, clarithromycin, and tigecycline. Time-kill kinetics assays demonstrated synergy between amikacin, tigecycline, clofazimine, cefoxitin, and both thioridazine and verapamil. CONCLUSION Antibiotic stressors induce expression of efflux pump encoding genes in M. abscessus, especially antibiotics that target the ribosome. Putative efflux inhibitors thioridazine and verapamil show synergy with various guideline-recommended antibiotics, making them interesting candidates for the improvement of M. abscessus treatment.
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Non-Antibiotic Drug Repositioning as an Alternative Antimicrobial Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060816. [PMID: 35740222 PMCID: PMC9220406 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide scenario of antibiotic resistance and the falling number of funds for the development of novel antibiotics have led research efforts toward the study of specific cost-effective strategies aimed at discovering drugs against microbial infections. Among the potential options, drug repositioning, which has already exhibited satisfactory results in other medical fields, came out as the most promising. It consists of finding new uses for previously approved medicines and, over the years, many “repurposed drugs” displayed some encouraging in vitro and in vivo results beyond their initial application. The principal theoretical justification for reusing already existing drugs is that they have known mechanisms of action and manageable side effects. Reuse of old drugs is now considered an interesting approach to overcome the drawbacks of conventional antibiotics. The purpose of this review is to offer the reader a panoramic view of the updated studies concerning the repositioning process of different classes of non-antibiotic drugs in the antimicrobial field. Several research works reported the ability of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, antipsychotics, and statins to counteract the growth of harmful microorganisms, demonstrating an interesting winning mode to fight infectious diseases caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
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Hua Y, Dai X, Xu Y, Xing G, Liu H, Lu T, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Drug repositioning: Progress and challenges in drug discovery for various diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114239. [PMID: 35290843 PMCID: PMC8883737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional de novo drug discovery, drug repurposing has become an attractive drug discovery strategy due to its low-cost and high efficiency. Through a comprehensive analysis of the candidates that have been identified with drug repositioning potentials, it is found that although some drugs do not show obvious advantages in the original indications, they may exert more obvious effects in other diseases. In addition, some drugs have a synergistic effect to exert better clinical efficacy if used in combination. Particularly, it has been confirmed that drug repositioning has benefits and values on the current public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which proved the great potential of drug repositioning. In this review, we systematically reviewed a series of representative drugs that have been repositioned for different diseases and illustrated successful cases in each disease. Especially, the mechanism of action for the representative drugs in new indications were explicitly explored for each disease, we hope this review can provide important insights for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaowen Dai
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guomeng Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haichun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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The Atypical Antipsychotic Quetiapine Promotes Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0010222. [PMID: 35416690 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00102-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic (AAP) medication is a critical tool for treating symptoms of psychiatric disorders. While AAPs primarily target dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5HT2A and 5HT1A) receptors, they also exhibit intrinsic antimicrobial activity as an off-target effect. Because AAPs are often prescribed to patients for many years, a potential risk associated with long-term AAP use is the unintended emergence of bacteria with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here, we show that exposure to the AAP quetiapine at estimated gut concentrations promotes AMR in Escherichia coli after 6 weeks. Quetiapine-exposed isolates exhibited an increase in MICs for ampicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin. By whole-genome sequencing analysis, we identified mutations in genes that confer AMR, including the repressor for the multiple antibiotic resistance mar operon (marR), and real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed increased levels of marA, acrA, and tolC mRNAs and reduced levels of ompF mRNA in the isolates carrying marR mutations. To determine the contribution of each marR mutation to AMR, we constructed isogenic strains carrying individual mutant marR alleles in the parent background and reevaluated their resistance phenotypes using MIC and RT-qPCR assays. While marR mutations induced robust activity of the mar operon, they resulted in only modest increases in MICs. Interestingly, although these marR mutations did not fully recapitulate the AMR phenotype of the quetiapine-exposed isolates, we show that marR mutations promote growth fitness in the presence of quetiapine. Our findings revealed an important link between the use of AAPs and AMR development in E. coli. IMPORTANCE AAP medication is a cornerstone in the treatment of serious psychiatric disease. The AAPs are known to exhibit antimicrobial activity; therefore, a potential unintended risk of long-term AAP use may be the emergence of AMR, although such risk has received little attention. In this study, we describe the development of multidrug antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli after 6 weeks of exposure to the AAP quetiapine. Investigation of mutations in the marR gene, which encodes a repressor for the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon, reveals a potential mechanism that increases the fitness of E. coli in the presence of quetiapine. Our findings establish a link between the use of AAPs and AMR development in bacteria.
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Simon Á, Tozar T, Smarandache A, Boni M, Stoicu A, Dowson A, van Loon JJWA, Pascu ML. Stability Studies of UV Laser Irradiated Promethazine and Thioridazine after Exposure to Hypergravity Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:1728. [PMID: 35268828 PMCID: PMC8911845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals carried into space are subjected to different gravitational conditions. Hypergravity is encountered in the first stage, during spacecraft launching. The stability of medicines represents a critical element of space missions, especially long-duration ones. Therefore, stability studies should be envisaged before the implementation of drugs for future deep space travel, where the available pharmaceuticals would be limited and restocking from Earth would be impossible. Multipurpose drugs should be proposed for this reason, such as phenothiazine derivatives that can be transformed by optical methods into antimicrobial agents. Within this preliminary study, promethazine and thioridazine aqueous solutions were exposed to UV laser radiation that modified their structures and generated a mixture of photoproducts efficient against particular bacteria. Subsequently, they were subjected to 20 g in the European Space Agency's Large Diameter Centrifuge. The aim was to evaluate the impact of hypergravity on the physico-chemical and spectral properties of unirradiated and laser-irradiated medicine solutions through pH assay, UV-Vis/FTIR absorption spectroscopy, and thin-layer chromatography. The results revealed no substantial alterations in centrifuged samples when compared to uncentrifuged ones. Due to their stability after high-g episodes, laser-exposed phenothiazines could be considered for future space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Simon
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomiștilor 409, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania; (T.T.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomiștilor 405, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Tatiana Tozar
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomiștilor 409, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania; (T.T.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Adriana Smarandache
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomiștilor 409, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania; (T.T.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Mihai Boni
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomiștilor 409, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania; (T.T.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexandru Stoicu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomiștilor 409, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania; (T.T.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alan Dowson
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), TEC-MMG, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands; (A.D.); (J.J.W.A.v.L.)
| | - Jack J. W. A. van Loon
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), TEC-MMG, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands; (A.D.); (J.J.W.A.v.L.)
- Dutch Experiment Support Center (DESC), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam Bone Center (ABC), Amsterdam UMC Location VU University Medical Center (VUmc) & Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mihail Lucian Pascu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Laser Department, Atomiștilor 409, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania; (T.T.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomiștilor 405, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
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Identification of hub genes associated with COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by integrated bioinformatics analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262737. [PMID: 35045126 PMCID: PMC8769324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in late 2019, was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and COVID-19 are reported to be common. This study aimed to determine the potential role of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common in IPF and COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on GEO database, we obtained DEGs from one SARS-CoV-2 dataset and five IPF datasets. A series of enrichment analysis were performed to identify the function of upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively. Two plugins in Cytoscape, Cytohubba and MCODE, were utilized to identify hub genes after a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Finally, candidate drugs were predicted to target the upregulated DEGs. RESULTS A total of 188 DEGs were found between COVID-19 and IPF, out of which 117 were upregulated and 71 were downregulated. The upregulated DEGs were involved in cytokine function, while downregulated DEGs were associated with extracellular matrix disassembly. Twenty-two hub genes were upregulated in COVID-19 and IPF, for which 155 candidate drugs were predicted (adj.P.value < 0.01). CONCLUSION Identifying the hub genes aberrantly regulated in both COVID-19 and IPF may enable development of molecules, encoded by those genes, as therapeutic targets for preventing IPF progression and SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Tozar T, Boni M, Andrei IR, Pascu ML, Staicu A. High performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry method based on picosecond laser-induced fluorescence for the analysis of thioridazine and its photoproducts. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462488. [PMID: 34474191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A densitometry method based on steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence assessments for thioridazine and its photoproducts applied on HPTLC plates has been developed. The excitation source was a picosecond diode laser emitting at 375 nm. This method was used for the analysis of the photoproducts resulted from thioridazine irradiation with 266 nm nanosecond-pulsed laser. The validation of the developed method was performed for thioridazine in terms of linearity, precision, limits of detection and quantification. Furthermore, analysis of the photoproducts of irradiated thioridazine was performed by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. The fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetime of each photoproduct were obtained and the horizontal chromatograms of fluorescence maxima were generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tozar
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, Lasers Department, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Mihai Boni
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, Lasers Department, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Ionut R Andrei
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, Lasers Department, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Mihail L Pascu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, Lasers Department, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Angela Staicu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, Lasers Department, 409 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania.
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Sousa SA, Feliciano JR, Pita T, Soeiro CF, Mendes BL, Alves LG, Leitão JH. Bacterial Nosocomial Infections: Multidrug Resistance as a Trigger for the Development of Novel Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080942. [PMID: 34438992 PMCID: PMC8389044 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial bacterial infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality, posing a huge burden to healthcare systems worldwide. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, with the raised hospitalization of patients and the increased use of antimicrobial agents, boosted the emergence of difficult-to-treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in hospital settings. Therefore, current available antibiotic treatments often have limited or no efficacy against nosocomial bacterial infections, and novel therapeutic approaches need to be considered. In this review, we analyze current antibacterial alternatives under investigation, focusing on metal-based complexes, antimicrobial peptides, and antisense antimicrobial therapeutics. The association of new compounds with older, commercially available antibiotics and the repurposing of existing drugs are also revised in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia A. Sousa
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.R.F.); (T.P.); (C.F.S.); (B.L.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +351-218417688 (J.H.L.)
| | - Joana R. Feliciano
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.R.F.); (T.P.); (C.F.S.); (B.L.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pita
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.R.F.); (T.P.); (C.F.S.); (B.L.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina F. Soeiro
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.R.F.); (T.P.); (C.F.S.); (B.L.M.)
| | - Beatriz L. Mendes
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.R.F.); (T.P.); (C.F.S.); (B.L.M.)
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis G. Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Associação do Instituto Superior Técnico para a Investigação e Desenvolvimento, 1049-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Jorge H. Leitão
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.R.F.); (T.P.); (C.F.S.); (B.L.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +351-218417688 (J.H.L.)
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Vinothkumar V, Kesavan G, Chen SM. Highly selective voltammetric detection of antipsychotic drug thioridazine hydrochloride based on NiO@Gd2O3 modified screen printed carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Masadeh MM, Alzoubi KH, Masadeh MM, Aburashed ZO. Metformin as a Potential Adjuvant Antimicrobial Agent Against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria. Clin Pharmacol 2021; 13:83-90. [PMID: 34007223 PMCID: PMC8123943 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s297903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The continuous increase in the incidence of bacterial resistance to existing antibiotics represents a worldwide health burden. A surrogate strategy to combat such crisis is to find compounds that restore the antimicrobial activity of the already existing antibiotics against multidrug resistant bacteria. Metformin is a commonly used antidiabetic medication. It has proven benefits in other diseases including cancer, aging-related and infectious diseases. In this study, the potential effect of metformin as an adjuvant therapy to antibiotics was investigated. Methods Two multidrug resistant bacterial strains were used; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; ATCC 33,591) and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC BAA-2114). To assess its efficacy, metformin was combined with several antibiotics: levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, ampicillin, and doxycycline. The antibacterial effect of metformin was tested using the micro broth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also measured. Cytotoxicity studies were also performed on mammalian cells to assess its safety. Results Metformin exhibited an antibacterial effect when combined with the antibiotics on the two tested strains. It also showed low toxicity on the mammalian cells. Moreover, synergetic studies showed that metformin enhanced the effect of the combined antibiotics, as these combinations provide either a synergistic or additive effect with significant reduction in the MIC. Conclusion Metformin exerts an adjuvant antibacterial effect; thus, it could be a possible candidate as an adjuvant therapy to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed M Masadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Majd M Masadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Zainah O Aburashed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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16
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Anti-staphylococcal activity and mode of action of thioridazine photoproducts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18043. [PMID: 33093568 PMCID: PMC7582912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance became an increasing risk for population health threatening our ability to fight infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of laser irradiated thioridazine (TZ) against clinically-relevant bacteria in view to fight antibiotic resistance. TZ in ultrapure water solutions was irradiated (1–240 min) with 266 nm pulsed laser radiation. Irradiated solutions were characterized by UV–Vis and FTIR absorption spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, laser-induced fluorescence, and dynamic surface tension measurements. Molecular docking studies were made to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of photoproducts action against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. More general, solutions were evaluated for their antimicrobial and efflux inhibitory activity against a panel of bacteria of clinical relevance. We observed an enhanced antimicrobial activity of TZ photoproducts against Gram-positive bacteria. This was higher than ciprofloxacin effects for methicillin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular docking showed the Penicillin-binding proteins PBP3 and PBP2a inhibition by sulforidazine as a possible mechanism of action against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA strains, respectively. Irradiated TZ reveals possible advantages in the treatment of infectious diseases produced by antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. TZ repurposing and its photoproducts, obtained by laser irradiation, show accelerated and low-costs of development if compared to chemical synthesis.
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17
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Thioridazine Is an Efflux Pump Inhibitor in Mycobacterium avium Complex but of Limited Clinical Relevance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00181-20. [PMID: 32312774 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00181-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) is challenging partly due to high efflux pump expression. Thioridazine might block these efflux pumps. We explore the efficacy of thioridazine against M. avium isolates using MICs, time-kill combination assays, ex vivo macrophage infection assays, and efflux assays. Thioridazine is bactericidal against M. avium, inhibits intracellular growth at 2× MIC, and blocks ethidium bromide efflux. However, its toxicity and low plasma concentrations make it unlikely to add efficacy to MAC-PD therapy.
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Salie S, Labuschagné A, Walters A, Geyer S, Jardine A, Jacobs M, Hsu NJ. In vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation of non-neuroleptic phenothiazines, antitubercular drug candidates. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104508. [PMID: 31672509 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The phenothiazine-derived antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine, are bactericidal against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but produce undesirable side effects at clinically relevant doses. We have previously modified four novel phenothiazines and maintained their antimycobacterial activity. This study evaluated the pharmacological and toxicity profiles of these novel non-neuroleptic phenothiazines, PTZ3, PTZ4, PTZ31 and PTZ32, for their metabolic stability, kinetic solubility and potential cytotoxic effects in vitro. To further support the safet use of these drug candidates, the in vivo pharmacological and toxicity profiles were assessed in C57BL/6 mice via single or repeated oral gavage. In acute toxicity studies, all four modified phenothiazines showed favourable safety in mice. When treated daily with 100 mg/kg of PTZ3 and PTZ4 for 2 weeks, mice displayed no signs of toxicity. Alternatively, treatment with PTZ31 resulted in 20% mortality with no toxicity evident in biochemical or histological analysis, while exposure to PTZ32 resulted in a 45% survival with increased serum concentrations of uric acid and alkaline phosphatase. The combined non-neuroleptic and antimycobacterial effects of the novel phenothiazines PTZ3, PTZ4, PTZ31 and PTZ32 demonstrated favourable pharmacological and toxicity profiles in this study, highlight the potential of these compounds as suitable anti-tuberculosis drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayah Salie
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Labuschagné
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sohair Geyer
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anwar Jardine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Nai-Jen Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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Mendonça AAS, Coelho CM, Veloso MP, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, Novaes RD. Relevance of Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors on Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and In Silico Integrated Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8676578. [PMID: 30473742 PMCID: PMC6220389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8676578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rudimentary antioxidant defenses in Trypanosoma cruzi, disruptors of redox balance are promising candidates for new antitrypanosomal drugs. We developed an integrated model based on systematic review, meta-analyses, and molecular modeling to evaluate the effect of trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitors in T. cruzi infections. Our findings indicated that the TR inhibitors analyzed were effective in reducing parasitemia and mortality due to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in animal models. The most investigated drugs (clomipramine and thioridazine) showed no beneficial effects on the occurrence of infection-related electrocardiographic abnormalities or the affinity and density of cardiac β-adrenergic receptors. The affinity between the tested ligands and the active site of TR was confirmed by molecular docking. However, the molecular affinity score was unable to explain TR inhibition and T. cruzi death in vitro or the antiparasitic potential of these drugs when tested in preclinical models of T. cruzi infection. The divergence of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings indicated that the anti-T. cruzi effects of the analyzed drugs were not restricted to TR inhibition. As in vivo studies on TR inhibitors are still scarce and exhibit methodological limitations, mechanistic and highly controlled studies are required to improve the quality of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Aparecida Santos Mendonça
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Morais Coelho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcia Paranho Veloso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
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20
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Chan MM, Chen R, Fong D. Targeting cancer stem cells with dietary phytochemical - Repositioned drug combinations. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:53-64. [PMID: 29960048 PMCID: PMC7117025 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is complex with the cancer stem cell (CSC) as a member within its community. This population possesses the capacity to self-renew and to cause cellular heterogeneity of the tumor. CSCs are resistant to conventional anti-proliferative drugs. In order to be curative, it is imperative that CSCs must be eliminated by cancer therapy. A variety of dietary phytochemicals and repositioned drugs can act synergistically with conventional anti-cancer agents. In this review, we advocate the development of a novel approach, namely combination therapy by incorporating both phytochemicals and repositioned drugs to target CSCs. We cover select dietary phytochemicals (curcumin, resveratrol, EGCG, genistein) and repurposed drugs (metformin, niclosamide, thioridazine, chloroquine). Five of the eight (curcumin, resveratrol, EGCG, genistein, metformin) are listed in "The Halifax Project", that explores "the concept of a low-toxicity 'broad-spectrum' therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms" [1]. For these compounds, we discuss their mechanisms of action, in which models their anti-CSC activities were identified, as well as advantages, challenges and potentials of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Rensa Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Dunne Fong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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21
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Wassmann CS, Lund LC, Thorsing M, Lauritzen SP, Kolmos HJ, Kallipolitis BH, Klitgaard JK. Molecular mechanisms of thioridazine resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201767. [PMID: 30089175 PMCID: PMC6082566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance towards the most commonly used anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new treatment opportunities. A new approach relies on the use of helper compounds, which are able to potentiate the effect of antibiotics. A well-studied helper compound is thioridazine, which potentiates the effect of the β-lactam antibiotic dicloxacillin against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In order to identify thioridazine's mechanism of action and how it potentiates the effect of dicloxacillin, we generated thioridazine resistant strains of MRSA USA300 by serial passage experiments. Selected strains were whole-genome sequenced to find mutations causing thioridazine resistance. Genes observed to be mutated were attempted deleted in MRSA USA300. The cls gene encoding a cardiolipin synthase important for synthesis of the membrane lipid cardiolipin was found to be mutated in thioridazine resistant strains. Deletion of this gene resulted in a two-fold increased Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value for thioridazine compared to the wild type and decreased susceptibility similar to the thioridazine resistant strains. Since cardiolipin likely plays a role in resistance towards thioridazine, it might also be important for the mechanism of action behind the potentiating effect of thioridazine. TDZ is known to intercalate into the membrane and we show here that TDZ can depolarize the plasma membrane. However, our results indicate that the membrane potential reducing effect of TDZ is independent of the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Christian Lund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Thorsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Prehn Lauritzen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Institute of Clinical Research, Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Janne Kudsk Klitgaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wilde ML, Menz J, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Combination of experimental and in silico methods for the assessment of the phototransformation products of the antipsychotic drug/metabolite Mesoridazine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:697-711. [PMID: 29055596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lack of studies on the fate and effects of drug metabolites in the environment is of concern. As their parent compounds, metabolites enter the aquatic environment and are subject to biotic and abiotic process. In this regard, photolysis plays an important role. This study combined experimental and in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods to assess the fate and effects of Mesoridazine (MESO), a pharmacologically active human drug and metabolite of the antipsychotic agent Thioridazine, and its transformation products (TPs) formed through a Xenon lamp irradiation. After 256min, the photodegradation of MESO⋅besylate (50mgL-1) achieved 90.4% and 6.9% of primary elimination and mineralization, respectively. The photon flux emitted by the lamp (200-600nm) was 169.55Jcm-2. Sixteen TPs were detected by means of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and the structures were proposed based on MSn fragmentation patterns. The main transformation reactions were sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and sulfoxide elimination. A back-transformation of MESO to Thioridazine was evidenced. Aerobic biodegradation tests (OECD 301 D and 301F) were applied to MESO and the mixture of TPs present after 256min of photolysis. Most of TPs were not biodegraded, demonstrating their tendency to persist in aquatic environments. The ecotoxicity towards Vibrio fischeri showed a decrease in toxicity during the photolysis process. The in silico QSAR tools QSARINS and US-EPA PBT profiler were applied for the screening of TPs with character of persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). They have revealed the carbazole derivatives TP 355 and TP 337 as PBT/vPvB (very persistent and very bioaccumulative) compounds. In silico QSAR predictions for mutagenicity and genotoxicity provided by CASE Ultra and Leadscope® indicated positive alerts for mutagenicity on TP 355 and TP 337. Further studies regarding the carbazole derivative TPs should be considered to confirm their hazardous character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Formerly: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Huang J, Zhao D, Liu Z, Liu F. Repurposing psychiatric drugs as anti-cancer agents. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:257-265. [PMID: 29414306 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem and one of the leading contributors to the global disease burden. The high cost of development of new drugs and the increasingly severe burden of cancer globally have led to increased interest in the search and development of novel, affordable anti-neoplastic medications. Antipsychotic drugs have a long history of clinical use and tolerable safety; they have been used as good targets for drug repurposing. Being used for various psychiatric diseases for decades, antipsychotic drugs are now reported to have potent anti-cancer properties against a wide variety of malignancies in addition to their antipsychotic effects. In this review, an overview of repurposing various psychiatric drugs for cancer treatment is presented, and the putative mechanisms for the anti-neoplastic actions of these antipsychotic drugs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China; Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Danwei Zhao
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.
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Nehme H, Saulnier P, Ramadan AA, Cassisa V, Guillet C, Eveillard M, Umerska A. Antibacterial activity of antipsychotic agents, their association with lipid nanocapsules and its impact on the properties of the nanocarriers and on antibacterial activity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189950. [PMID: 29298353 PMCID: PMC5752010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is an emerging public health problem worldwide; therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Many studies have described antipsychotic compounds that present antibacterial activity. Hence, the aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of antipsychotics belonging to different chemical families, to assess the influence of their association with lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) on their antimicrobial activity as well as drug release and to study the uptake of LNCs by bacterial cells. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, and the capability of killing tested microorganisms was evaluated by time kill assay. LNCs were prepared by phase inversion method, and the antipsychotic agents were incorporated using pre-loading and post-loading strategies. Only phenothiazines and thioxanthenes showed antibacterial activity, which was independent of antibiotic-resistance patterns. Loading the nanocarriers with the drugs affected the properties of the former, particularly their zeta potential. The release rate depended on the drug and its concentration-a maximum of released drug of less than 40% over 24 hours was observed for promazine. The influence of the drug associations on the antibacterial properties was concentration-dependent since, at low concentrations (high nanocarrier/drug ratio), the activity was lost, probably due to the high affinity of the drug to nanocarriers and slow release rate, whereas at higher concentrations, the activity was well maintained for the majority of the drugs. Chlorpromazine and thioridazine increased the uptake of the LNCs by bacteria compared with blank LNCs, even below the minimum inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nehme
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Alyaa A. Ramadan
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Catherine Guillet
- Service Commun de Cytometrie et d’analyse Nucleotidique (SCCAN), IFR 132, IBS–CHU, Angers, France
| | - Matthieu Eveillard
- Equipe ATIP AVENIR, CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anita Umerska
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, EA, Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Owens DC. Meet the relatives: a reintroduction to the clinical pharmacology of ‘typical’ antipsychotics (Part 1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.109.006908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA number of pragmatic trials have cast doubt on the concept of ‘atypicality’ in relation to antipsychotic drugs, and some commentators have argued that the dichotomy between ‘typical’ (‘first-generation’) and ‘atypical’ ('second-generation’) compounds is artificial and should be abandoned, leaving the entire class of antipsychotics available for consideration in more individualised treatment planning. However, younger psychiatrists now gain little or no experience in the use of older antipsychotics. This is the first of two articles addressing practical issues for consideration in prescribing the older antipsychotics available in the UK. It covers background, including the fundamental clinical action of antipsychotics, the nature of drug licensing and identification of pharmacological parameters that may be of value in prescribing decisions, and discusses the phenothiazines: chlorpromazine, promazine, levomepromazine, pericyazine, perphenazine, trifluoperazine and prochlorperazine.
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26
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Cavanaugh JS, Jou R, Wu MH, Dalton T, Kurbatova E, Ershova J, Cegielski JP. Susceptibilities of MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to unconventional drugs compared with their reported pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1678-1687. [PMID: 28333192 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The second-line drugs recommended to treat drug-resistant TB are toxic, expensive and difficult to procure. Given increasing resistance, the need for additional anti-TB drugs has become more urgent. But new drugs take time to develop and are expensive. Some commercially available drugs have reported anti-mycobacterial activity but are not routinely used because supporting laboratory and clinical evidence is sparse. Methods We analysed 217 MDR M. tuberculosis isolates including 153 initial isolates from unique patients and 64 isolates from follow-up specimens during the course of treatment. The resazurin microdilution assay was performed to determine MICs of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, mefloquine, thioridazine, clofazimine, amoxicillin/clavulanate, meropenem/clavulanate, nitazoxanide, linezolid and oxyphenbutazone. Isoniazid was used for validation. We calculated the MIC 50 and MIC 90 as the MICs at which growth of 50% and 90% of isolates was inhibited, respectively. Results The MIC 50 s, in mg/L, for initial isolates were as follows: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 0.2/4; mefloquine, 8; thioridazine, 4; clofazimine, 0.25; amoxicillin/clavulanate, 16/8; meropenem/clavulanate, 1/2.5; nitazoxanide, 16; linezolid, 0.25; and oxyphenbutazone, 40. The MIC 90 s, in mg/L, for initial isolates were as follows: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 0.4/8; mefloquine, 8; thioridazine, 8; clofazimine, 0.5; amoxicillin/clavulanate, 32/16; meropenem/clavulanate, 8/2.5; nitazoxanide, 16; linezolid, 0.25; and oxyphenbutazone, 60. By comparison, the MIC 90 of isoniazid was >4 mg/L, as expected. There was no evidence that previous treatment affected susceptibility to any drug. Conclusions Most drugs demonstrated efficacy against M. tuberculosis . When these MICs are compared with the published pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of the respective drugs in humans, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, meropenem/clavulanate, linezolid, clofazimine and nitazoxanide appear promising and warrant further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Cavanaugh
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruwen Jou
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Hua Wu
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tracy Dalton
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Julia Ershova
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Peter Cegielski
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Paik H, Chen B, Sirota M, Hadley D, Butte AJ. Integrating Clinical Phenotype and Gene Expression Data to Prioritize Novel Drug Uses. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 5:599-607. [PMID: 27860440 PMCID: PMC5192994 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning has been based largely on genomic signatures of drugs and diseases. One challenge in these efforts lies in connecting the molecular signatures of drugs into clinical responses, including therapeutic and side effects, to the repurpose of drugs. We addressed this challenge by evaluating drug‐drug relationships using a phenotypic and molecular‐based approach that integrates therapeutic indications, side effects, and gene expression profiles induced by each drug. Using cosine similarity, relationships between 445 drugs were evaluated based on high‐dimensional spaces consisting of phenotypic terms of drugs and genomic signatures, respectively. One hundred fifty‐one of 445 drugs comprising 450 drug pairs displayed significant similarities in both phenotypic and genomic signatures (P value < 0.05). We also found that similar gene expressions of drugs do indeed yield similar clinical phenotypes. We generated similarity matrixes of drugs using the expression profiles they induce in a cell line and phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Paik
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - B Chen
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - M Sirota
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - D Hadley
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - A J Butte
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Co-release of dicloxacillin and thioridazine from catheter material containing an interpenetrating polymer network for inhibiting device-associated Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Control Release 2016; 241:125-134. [PMID: 27663229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of all nosocomial bloodstream infections are caused by bacterial colonization of vascular catheters. Attempts have been made to improve devices using anti-adhesive or antimicrobial coatings; however, it is often difficult to bind coatings stably to catheter materials, and the low amounts of drug in thin-film coatings limit effective long-term release. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are polymer hybrid materials with unique drug release properties. While IPNs have been extensively investigated for use in tablet- or capsule-based drug delivery systems, the potential for use of IPNs in drug release medical devices remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the use of silicone-hydrogel IPNs as a catheter material to provide slow anti-bacterial drug-release functionality. IPN catheters were produced by the sequential method, using supercritical CO2 as a solvent to polymerize and crosslink poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) in silicone elastomer. The design was tested against Staphylococcus aureus colonization after loading with dicloxacillin (DCX) alone or in combination with thioridazine (TDZ), the latter of which is known to synergistically potentiate the antibacterial effect of DCX against both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The hydrophilic PHEMA component allowed for drug loading in the catheters by passive diffusion and provided controlled release properties. The drug-loaded IPN material inhibited bacterial growth on agar plates for up to two weeks and in blood cultures for up to five days, and it withstood 24h of seeding with resilient biofilm aggregates. The combined loading of DCX+TDZ enhanced the antibacterial efficiency in static in vitro experiments, although release analyses revealed that this effect was due to an enhanced loading capacity of DCX when co-loaded with TDZ. Lastly, the IPN catheters were tested in a novel porcine model of central venous catheter-related infection, in which drug-loaded IPN catheters were found to significantly decrease the frequency of infection.
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Wilde ML, Menz J, Trautwein C, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Environmental fate and effect assessment of thioridazine and its transformation products formed by photodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:658-670. [PMID: 27020046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An experimental and in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach was applied to assess the environmental fate and effects of the antipsychotic drug Thioridazine (THI). The sunlight-driven attenuation of THI was simulated using a Xenon arc lamp. The photodegradation reached the complete primary elimination, whereas 97% of primary elimination and 11% of mineralization was achieved after 256 min of irradiation for the initial concentrations of 500 μg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1), respectively. A non-target approach for the identification and monitoring of transformation products (TPs) was adopted. The structure of the TPs was further elucidated using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The proposed photodegradation pathway included sulfoxidation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, and S- and N-dealkylation, taking into account direct and indirect photolysis through a self-sensitizing process in the higher concentration studied. The biodegradability of THI and photolytic samples of THI was tested according to OECD 301D and 301F, showing that THI and the mixture of TPs were not readily biodegradable. Furthermore, THI was shown to be highly toxic to environmental bacteria using a modified luminescent bacteria test with Vibrio fischeri. This bacteriotoxic activity of THI was significantly reduced by phototransformation and individual concentration-response analysis confirmed a lowered bacterial toxicity for the sulfoxidation products Thioridazine-2-sulfoxide and Thioridazine-5-sulfoxide. Additionally, the applied QSAR models predicted statistical and rule-based positive alerts of mutagenic activities for carbazole derivative TPs (TP 355 and TP 339) formed through sulfoxide elimination, which would require further confirmatory in vitro validation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Wilde
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Trautwein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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de Keijzer J, Mulder A, de Haas PEW, de Ru AH, Heerkens EM, Amaral L, van Soolingen D, van Veelen PA. Thioridazine Alters the Cell-Envelope Permeability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1776-86. [PMID: 27068340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis exerts a major burden on treatment of this infectious disease. Thioridazine, previously used as a neuroleptic, is active against extensively drug resistant tuberculosis when added to other second- and third-line antibiotics. By quantitatively studying the proteome of thioridazine-treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we discovered the differential abundance of several proteins that are involved in the maintenance of the cell-envelope permeability barrier. By assessing the accumulation of fluorescent dyes in mycobacterial cells over time, we demonstrate that long-term drug exposure of M. tuberculosis indeed increased the cell-envelope permeability. The results of the current study demonstrate that thioridazine induced an increase in cell-envelope permeability and thereby the enhanced uptake of compounds. These results serve as a novel explanation to the previously reported synergistic effects between thioridazine and other antituberculosis drugs. This new insight in the working mechanism of this antituberculosis compound could open novel perspectives of future drug-administration regimens in combinational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Keijzer
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) , Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) , Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
| | | | - Leonard Amaral
- Travel Medicine of the CMDT, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisboa, 1349-008 Portugal
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- Departments of Pulmonary Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen, 6500 HB The Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) , Leiden, 2300 RC The Netherlands
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Thioridazine inhibits gene expression control of the cell wall signaling pathway (CWI) in the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:1347-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Te Brake LHM, Russel FGM, van den Heuvel JJMW, de Knegt GJ, de Steenwinkel JE, Burger DM, Aarnoutse RE, Koenderink JB. Inhibitory potential of tuberculosis drugs on ATP-binding cassette drug transporters. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 96:150-7. [PMID: 26682943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple-drug therapy for tuberculosis (TB) and TB-associated co-morbidity increase the likelihood of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Inhibition of membrane transporters is an important mechanism underlying DDIs. In this study, we assessed the in vitro inhibitory potential of currently used first and second-line TB drugs and of proposed mycobacterial efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) on the major ABC transporters relevant to drug transport, namely P-gp, BCRP, BSEP and MRP1-5. METHODS Membrane vesicles isolated from transporter-overexpressing HEK293 cells were used to study the inhibitory action of TB drugs and EPIs on the transport of model substrates [(3)H]-NMQ (P-gp); [(3)H]-E1S (BCRP); [(3)H]-TCA (BSEP); [(3)H]-E217βG (MRP1, 3 and 4) and [(3)H]-MTX (MRP2 and 5). RESULTS A strong inhibition (IC50 value <15 μM) was observed for clofazimine (P-gp, BCRP and MRP1), thioridazine (BCRP), timcodar (P-gp, BSEP and MRP1) and SQ109 (P-gp and BCRP). Rifampicin inhibited all transporters, but less potently. CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of clofazimine, thioridazine, timcodar, SQ109 and possibly rifampicin with drugs that are substrates for the inhibited transporters may lead to DDIs. The mycobacterial EPIs potently inhibited a wider range of human ABC transporters than previously reported. These vesicular transport data are especially valuable considering the current emphasis on development of TB drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey H M Te Brake
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA, Internal Postal Code 149, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Internal Postal Code 864, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA, Internal Postal Code 149, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M W van den Heuvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA, Internal Postal Code 149, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerjo J de Knegt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jurriaan E de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - David M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Internal Postal Code 864, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob E Aarnoutse
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Internal Postal Code 864, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan B Koenderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA, Internal Postal Code 149, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Keshipeddy S, Reeve SM, Anderson AC, Wright DL. Nonracemic Antifolates Stereoselectively Recruit Alternate Cofactors and Overcome Resistance in S. aureus. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8983-90. [PMID: 26098608 PMCID: PMC4733634 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While antifolates such as Bactrim (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; TMP-SMX) continue to play an important role in treating community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), resistance-conferring mutations, specifically F98Y of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), have arisen and compromise continued use. In an attempt to extend the lifetime of this important class, we have developed a class of propargyl-linked antifolates (PLAs) that exhibit potent inhibition of the enzyme and bacterial strains. Probing the role of the configuration at the single propargylic stereocenter in these inhibitors required us to develop a new approach to nonracemic 3-aryl-1-butyne building blocks by the pairwise use of asymmetric conjugate addition and aldehyde dehydration protocols. Using this new route, a series of nonracemic PLA inhibitors was prepared and shown to possess potent enzyme inhibition (IC50 values <50 nM), antibacterial effects (several with MIC values <1 μg/mL) and to form stable ternary complexes with both wild-type and resistant mutants. Unexpectedly, crystal structures of a pair of individual enantiomers in the wild-type DHFR revealed that the single change in configuration of the stereocenter drove the selection of an alternative NADPH cofactor, with the minor α-anomer appearing with R-27. Remarkably, this cofactor switching becomes much more prevalent when the F98Y mutation is present. The observation of cofactor site plasticity leads to a postulate for the structural basis of TMP resistance in DHFR and also suggests design strategies that can be used to target these resistant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy C. Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Dennis L. Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269
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MacPherson R. The curious stories of drugs with two lives: a new paradigm in drug development. J R Soc Med 2015; 108:255-8. [PMID: 25827907 PMCID: PMC4530410 DOI: 10.1177/0141076815578653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ross MacPherson
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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Trypanothione reductase inhibitors: Overview of the action of thioridazine in different stages of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2015; 145:79-87. [PMID: 25733492 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thioridazine (TDZ) is a phenothiazine that has been shown to be one of the most potent phenothiazines to inhibit trypanothione reductase irreversibly. Trypanothione reductase is an essential enzyme for the survival of Trypanosoma cruzi in the host. Here, we reviewed the use of this drug for the treatment of T. cruzi experimental infection. In our laboratory, we have studied the effect of TDZ for the treatment of mice infected with different strains of T. cruzi and treated in the acute or in the chronic phases of the experimental infection, using two different schedules: TDZ at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day, for 3 days starting 1h after infection (acute phase), or TDZ 80 mg/kg/day for 12 days starting 180 days post infection (d.p.i.) (chronic phase). In our experience, the treatment of infected mice, in the acute or in the chronic phases of the infection, with TDZ led to a large reduction in the mortality rates and in the cardiac histological and electrocardiographical abnormalities, and modified the natural evolution of the experimental infection. These analyses reinforce the importance of treatment in the chronic phase to decrease, retard or stop the evolution to chagasic myocardiopathy. Other evidence leading to the use of this drug as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for Chagas disease treatment is also revised.
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Abnormal immune system development and function in schizophrenia helps reconcile diverse findings and suggests new treatment and prevention strategies. Brain Res 2015; 1617:93-112. [PMID: 25736181 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research implicates disturbed immune function and development in the etiology and pathology of schizophrenia. In addition to reviewing evidence for immunological factors in schizophrenia, this paper discusses how an emerging model of atypical immune function and development helps explain a wide variety of well-established - but puzzling - findings about schizophrenia. A number of theorists have presented hypotheses that early immune system programming, disrupted by pre- and perinatal adversity, often combines with abnormal brain development to produce schizophrenia. The present paper focuses on the hypothesis that disruption of early immune system development produces a latent immune vulnerability that manifests more fully after puberty, when changes in immune function and the thymus leave individuals more susceptible to infections and immune dysfunctions that contribute to schizophrenia. Complementing neurodevelopmental models, this hypothesis integrates findings on many contributing factors to schizophrenia, including prenatal adversity, genes, climate, migration, infections, and stress, among others. It helps explain, for example, why (a) schizophrenia onset is typically delayed until years after prenatal adversity, (b) individual risk factors alone often do not lead to schizophrenia, and (c) schizophrenia prevalence rates actually tend to be higher in economically advantaged countries. Here we discuss how the hypothesis explains 10 key findings, and suggests new, potentially highly cost-effective, strategies for treatment and prevention of schizophrenia. Moreover, while most human research linking immune factors to schizophrenia has been correlational, these strategies provide ethical ways to experimentally test in humans theories about immune function and schizophrenia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroimmunology in Health And Disease.
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Chemotherapeutic efficacy of thioridazine as an adjunct drug in a murine model of latent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:695-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Kopec W, Khandelia H. Reinforcing the membrane-mediated mechanism of action of the anti-tuberculosis candidate drug thioridazine with molecular simulations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:123-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Viveiros M, Martins M, Couto I, Rodrigues L, Machado D, Portugal I, Amaral L. Molecular tools for rapid identification and novel effective therapy against MDRTB/XDRTB infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:465-80. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Kigondu EM, Njoroge M, Singh K, Njuguna N, Warner DF, Chibale K. Synthesis and synergistic antimycobacterial screening of chlorpromazine and its metabolites. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00387f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) metabolites naturally generated in vivo were synthesized via a non-classical Polonovski reaction. CPZ and the synthesized metabolites exhibited clear synergy when tested in combination with a number of antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kawaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Njuguna
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Digby F. Warner
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine
- University of Cape Town
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Musuka S, Srivastava S, Siyambalapitiyage Dona CW, Meek C, Leff R, Pasipanodya J, Gumbo T. Thioridazine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters "Wobble" during treatment of tuberculosis: a theoretical basis for shorter-duration curative monotherapy with congeners. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5870-7. [PMID: 24041886 PMCID: PMC3837896 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00829-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenothiazines are being repurposed for treatment of tuberculosis. We examined time-kill curves of thioridazine and first-line drugs against log-growth-phase and semidormant bacilli under acidic conditions and nonreplicating persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While both the potency and the efficacy of first-line drugs declined dramatically as M. tuberculosis replication rates decreased, those of thioridazine improved. The mutation prevalence to 3 times the thioridazine MIC was <1 × 10(-11), better than for ≥2 first-line drugs combined. Hollow fiber system studies revealed that the relationship between sterilizing effect and pharmacodynamic indices (PDI) was characterized by an r(2) of 0.88 for peak/MIC, an r(2) of 0.47 for the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to MIC, and an r(2) of 0.14 for the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (%TMIC) at the end of the first week. However, the PDI linked to effect "wobbled" as the duration of therapy increased, so that by the fourth week the r(2) was 0.88 for AUC/MIC, 0.78 for %TMIC, and 0.72 for peak/MIC. This "wobble" has implications on general pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic theory, whereby efficacy is linked to only one of the three PDIs in deterministic models. The potency changed 8.9-fold from the first to the fourth weeks. The non-protein-bound AUC/MIC associated with maximal kill at the end of therapy was 50.53 (protein binding = 99.5%). This thioridazine exposure was calculated to extinguish all three M. tuberculosis metabolic populations in human lungs in only 42.9 days of monotherapy. However, this concentration exceeds the 2- to 8-mg/liter thioridazine concentration in serum known to be lethal to humans. Therefore, the way forward for phenothiazine monotherapy that also reduces therapy duration is via synthesis of less toxic congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandirai Musuka
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shashikant Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Office of Global Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Claudia Meek
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Leff
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jotam Pasipanodya
- Office of Global Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tawanda Gumbo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Office of Global Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Poljarević JM, Krstić MP, Grgurić-Šipka S, Sovilj SP, Mišić DR, Sabo TJ. Platinum(IV) complexes with N-alkylphenothiazines: synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity. J COORD CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2013.851788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena P. Krstić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Dušan R. Mišić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tibor J. Sabo
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Thioridazine induces major changes in global gene expression and cell wall composition in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64518. [PMID: 23691239 PMCID: PMC3656896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Subinhibitory concentrations of the neuroleptic drug thioridazine (TDZ) are well-known to enhance the killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by β-lactam antibiotics, however, the mechanism underlying the synergy between TDZ and β-lactams is not fully understood. In the present study, we have examined the effect of a subinhibitory concentration of TDZ on antimicrobial resistance, the global transcriptome, and the cell wall composition of MRSA USA300. We show that TDZ is able to sensitize the bacteria to several classes of antimicrobials targeting the late stages of peptidoglycan (PGN) synthesis. Furthermore, our microarray analysis demonstrates that TDZ modulates the expression of genes encoding membrane and surface proteins, transporters, and enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis. Interestingly, resemblance between the transcriptional profile of TDZ treatment and the transcriptomic response of S. aureus to known inhibitors of cell wall synthesis suggests that TDZ disturbs PGN biosynthesis at a stage that precedes transpeptidation by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). In support of this notion, dramatic changes in the muropeptide profile of USA300 were observed following growth in the presence of TDZ, indicating that TDZ can interfere with the formation of the pentaglycine branches. Strikingly, the addition of glycine to the growth medium relieved the effect of TDZ on the muropeptide profile. Furthermore, exogenous glycine offered a modest protective effect against TDZ-induced β-lactam sensitivity. We propose that TDZ exposure leads to a shortage of intracellular amino acids, including glycine, which is required for the production of normal PGN precursors with pentaglycine branches, the correct substrate of S. aureus PBPs. Collectively, this work demonstrates that TDZ has a major impact on the cell wall biosynthesis pathway in S. aureus and provides new insights into how MRSA may be sensitized towards β-lactam antibiotics.
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Kopeć W, Telenius J, Khandelia H. Molecular dynamics simulations of the interactions of medicinal plant extracts and drugs with lipid bilayer membranes. FEBS J 2013; 280:2785-805. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kopeć
- MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
| | - Jelena Telenius
- MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
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Simons SO, Kristiansen JE, Hajos G, van der Laan T, Molnár J, Boeree MJ, van Ingen J, Christensen JB, Viveiros M, Riedl Z, Amaral L, van Soolingen D. Activity of the efflux pump inhibitor SILA 421 against drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41:488-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Warman AJ, Rito TS, Fisher NE, Moss DM, Berry NG, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA. Antitubercular pharmacodynamics of phenothiazines. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:869-80. [PMID: 23228936 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phenothiazines have been shown to exhibit in vitro and in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and multidrug-resistant Mtb. They are predicted to target the genetically validated respiratory chain component type II NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Ndh). Using a set of compounds containing the phenothiazine pharmacophore, we have (i) investigated whether chemical validation data support the molecular target and (ii) evaluated pharmacophore tractability for further drug development. METHODS Recombinant Mtb Ndh was generated and its functionality confirmed by steady-state kinetics. Pharmacodynamic profiling of the phenothiazines, including antitubercular efficacy in aerobic and O2-limited conditions, time-kill assays and isobole analyses against first-line antituberculars, was performed. Potential mitochondrial toxicity was assessed in a modified HepG2 cell-line assay and against bovine cytochrome bc1. RESULTS Steady-state kinetic analyses revealed a substrate preference for coenzyme Q2 and an inability to utilize NADPH. A positive correlation between recombinant Ndh inhibition and kill of aerobically cultured Mtb was observed, whilst enhanced potency was demonstrated in a hypoxic model. Time-kill studies revealed the phenothiazines to be bactericidal whilst isobolograms exposed antagonism with isoniazid, indicative of intracellular NADH/NAD(+) couple perturbation. At therapeutic levels, phenothiazine-mediated toxicity was appreciable; however, specific mitochondrial targeting was excluded. CONCLUSIONS Data generated support the hypothesis that Ndh is the molecular target of phenothiazines. The favourable pharmacodynamic properties of the phenothiazines are consistent with a target product profile that includes activity against dormant/persistent bacilli, rapid bactericidal activity and activity against drug-resistant Mtb by a previously unexploited mode of action. These properties warrant further medicinal chemistry to improve potency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Warman
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Charlebois A, Jalbert LA, Harel J, Masson L, Archambault M. Characterization of genes encoding for acquired bacitracin resistance in Clostridium perfringens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44449. [PMID: 22970221 PMCID: PMC3435297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic bacitracin resistance has been reported in Clostridium perfringens. However, the genes responsible for the resistance have not yet been characterized. Ninety-nine C. perfringens isolates recovered from broilers and turkeys were tested for phenotypic bacitracin resistance. Bacitracin MIC(90) (>256 µg/ml) was identical for both turkey and chicken isolates; whereas MIC(50) was higher in turkey isolates (6 µg/ml) than in chicken isolates (3 µg/ml). Twenty-four of the 99 isolates showed high-level bacitracin resistance (MIC breakpoint >256 µg/ml) and the genes encoding for this resistance were characterized in C. perfringens c1261_A strain using primer walking. Sequence analysis and percentages of amino acid identity revealed putative genes encoding for both an ABC transporter and an overproduced undecaprenol kinase in C. perfringens c1261_A strain. These two mechanisms were shown to be both encoded by the putative bcrABD operon under the control of a regulatory gene, bcrR. Efflux pump inhibitor thioridazine was shown to increase significantly the susceptibility of strain c1261_A to bacitracin. Upstream and downstream from the bcr cluster was an IS1216-like element, which may play a role in the dissemination of this resistance determinant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with prior double digestion with I-CeuI/MluI enzymes followed by hybridization analyses revealed that the bacitracin resistance genes bcrABDR were located on the chromosome. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that this gene cluster is expressed under bacitracin stress. Microarray analysis revealed the presence of these genes in all bacitracin resistant strains. This study reports the discovery of genes encoding for a putative ABC transporter and an overproduced undecaprenol kinase associated with high-level bacitracin resistance in C. perfringens isolates from turkeys and broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Charlebois
- Department of pathology and microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Montreal, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine (CRIP), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis-Alexandre Jalbert
- Department of pathology and microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Montreal, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine (CRIP), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Josée Harel
- Department of pathology and microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Montreal, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine (CRIP), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Luke Masson
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Archambault
- Department of pathology and microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Montreal, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine (CRIP), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Sharma S, Singh A. Phenothiazines as anti-tubercular agents: mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1665-76. [PMID: 22014039 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.628657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy has been rendered ineffective by the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR) and totally drug resistant strains reinforcing the need for the development of new drugs as a global health priority. Reconsidering phenothiazines for the improvement of TB chemotherapy seems to be a rational option especially in view of their role as inhibitors of type II NADH dehydrogenase, a key component of respiratory chain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, thus raising the speculation that they can be effective against latent TB as well. AREAS COVERED This article offers a detailed description of the chemotherapeutic efficacy of phenothiazine compounds against susceptible, drug resistant and latent TB. Furthermore, their clinical implications and molecular mechanisms of action have been reviewed extensively. EXPERT OPINION Phenothiazines are currently being evaluated for the treatment of TB and have been shown to be effective against M. tuberculosis through a number of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies. In addition, recent clinical studies have implicated their role in the treatment of MDR/XDR TB also. Therefore, phenothiazines, particularly thioridazine, hold great potential to be considered as safe and effective antimycobacterial agents in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhna Sharma
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Department of Biochemistry, Chandigarh-160012, India.
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Chigaev A, Wu Y, Williams DB, Smagley Y, Sklar LA. Discovery of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4, alpha4beta1 integrin) allosteric antagonists. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:5455-63. [PMID: 21131351 PMCID: PMC3037658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are cell adhesion receptors that mediate cell-to-cell, or cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion. They represent an attractive target for treatment of multiple diseases. Two classes of small molecule integrin inhibitors have been developed. Competitive antagonists bind directly to the integrin ligand binding pocket and thus disrupt the ligand-receptor interaction. Allosteric antagonists have been developed primarily for α(L)β(2)- integrin (LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1). Here we present the results of screening the Prestwick Chemical Library using a recently developed assay for the detection of α(4)β(1)-integrin allosteric antagonists. Secondary assays confirmed that the compounds identified: 1) do not behave like competitive (direct) antagonists; 2) decrease ligand binding affinity for VLA-4 ∼2 orders of magnitude; 3) exhibit antagonistic properties at low temperature. In a cell based adhesion assay in vitro, the compounds rapidly disrupted cellular aggregates. In accord with reports that VLA-4 antagonists in vivo induce mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors into the peripheral blood, we found that administration of one of the compounds significantly increased the number of colony-forming units in mice. This effect was comparable to AMD3100, a well known progenitor mobilizing agent. Because all the identified compounds are structurally related, previously used, or currently marketed drugs, this result opens a range of therapeutic possibilities for VLA-4-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chigaev
- From the Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Yang Wu
- From the Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - D. Bart Williams
- From the Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Yelena Smagley
- From the Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- From the Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Kinney DK, Hintz K, Shearer EM, Barch DH, Riffin C, Whitley K, Butler R. A unifying hypothesis of schizophrenia: abnormal immune system development may help explain roles of prenatal hazards, post-pubertal onset, stress, genes, climate, infections, and brain dysfunction. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:555-63. [PMID: 19836903 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We propose a unifying hypothesis of schizophrenia to help reconcile findings from many different disciplines. This hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia often involves pre- or perinatal exposure to adverse factors that produce a latent immune vulnerability. When this vulnerability is manifested, beginning around puberty with changes in immune function and involution of the thymus, individuals become more susceptible to infections and immune dysfunctions that contribute to schizophrenia. Our hypothesis suggests theoretical bridges between different lines of evidence on schizophrenia and offers explanations for many puzzling findings about schizophrenia. For example, the hypothesis helps account for why schizophrenia patients tend to have had increased exposure to neurotropic infections, but most individuals with such exposure do not develop schizophrenia, and why prenatal hardships increase risk for schizophrenia, but the onset of symptoms typically does not occur until after puberty. The hypothesis also explains another paradox: lower socioeconomic status and poor prenatal care increase risk for schizophrenia at the same geographic site, but international comparisons indicate that countries with higher per capita incomes and better prenatal care actually tend to have higher schizophrenia prevalences. As the hypothesis predicts, (1) prenatal adversity, which increases risk for schizophrenia, also impairs post-pubertal immune competence, (2) schizophrenia patients experience elevated morbidity from infectious and auto-immune diseases, (3) genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia increase vulnerability to these diseases, (4) factors that exacerbate schizophrenic symptoms also tend to impair immune function, (5) many anti-psychotic medications combat infection, (6) effects of early infections may not appear until after puberty, when they can produce neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, and (7) immune dysfunctions, such as imbalances of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, may contribute to the onset of psychotic symptoms and the progressive loss of brain tissue in schizophrenia. The disruptive effects of prenatal adversity on the development of the immune system may often combine with adverse effects on prenatal brain development to produce schizophrenia. This paper focuses on the adverse immune system effects, because effects on the brain have been extensively discussed in neurodevelopmental theories of schizophrenia. We propose new tests of scientific predictions. We also point out potential clinical implications of the hypothesis; for example, individuals with schizophrenia may often have underlying infections or immune dysfunctions, such as imbalances in inflammatory cytokines, that contribute to the illness. This possibility could be tested experimentally--e.g., by clinical trials in which patients' exposure to infection is reduced or immune function is normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Kinney
- Genetics Laboratory, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
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