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Ortiz AJ, Martín V, Romero D, Guillamon A, Giraldo J. Time-dependent ligand-receptor binding kinetics and functionality in a heterodimeric receptor model. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116299. [PMID: 38763260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
GPCRs heteromerize both in CNS and non-CNS regions. The cell uses receptor heteromerization to modulate receptor functionality and to provide fine tuning of receptor signaling. In order for pharmacologists to explore these mechanisms for therapeutic purposes, quantitative receptor models are needed. We have developed a time-dependent model of the binding kinetics and functionality of a preformed heterodimeric receptor involving two drugs. Two cases were considered: both or only one of the drugs are in excess with respect to the total concentration of the receptor. The latter case can be applied to those situations in which a drug causes unwanted side effects that need to be reduced by decreasing its concentration. The required efficacy can be maintained by the allosteric effects mutually exerted by the two drugs in the two-drug combination system. We discuss this concept assuming that the drug causing unwanted side effects is an opioid and that analgesia is the therapeutic effect. As additional points, allosteric modulation by endogenous compounds and synthetic bivalent ligands was included in the study. Receptor heteromerization offers a mechanistic understanding and quantification of the pharmacological effects elicited by combinations of two drugs at different doses and with different efficacies and cooperativity effects, thus providing a conceptual framework for drug combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Ortiz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Víctor Martín
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Matemàtiques, EPSEB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Romero
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Antoni Guillamon
- Departament de Matemàtiques, EPSEB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; IMTech, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Kockelkoren G, Lauritsen L, Shuttle CG, Kazepidou E, Vonkova I, Zhang Y, Breuer A, Kennard C, Brunetti RM, D'Este E, Weiner OD, Uline M, Stamou D. Molecular mechanism of GPCR spatial organization at the plasma membrane. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:142-150. [PMID: 37460675 PMCID: PMC10792125 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate many critical physiological processes. Their spatial organization in plasma membrane (PM) domains is believed to encode signaling specificity and efficiency. However, the existence of domains and, crucially, the mechanism of formation of such putative domains remain elusive. Here, live-cell imaging (corrected for topography-induced imaging artifacts) conclusively established the existence of PM domains for GPCRs. Paradoxically, energetic coupling to extremely shallow PM curvature (<1 µm-1) emerged as the dominant, necessary and sufficient molecular mechanism of GPCR spatiotemporal organization. Experiments with different GPCRs, H-Ras, Piezo1 and epidermal growth factor receptor, suggest that the mechanism is general, yet protein specific, and can be regulated by ligands. These findings delineate a new spatiomechanical molecular mechanism that can transduce to domain-based signaling any mechanical or chemical stimulus that affects the morphology of the PM and suggest innovative therapeutic strategies targeting cellular shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Lauritsen
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher G Shuttle
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleftheria Kazepidou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Vonkova
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Artù Breuer
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Kennard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rachel M Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elisa D'Este
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Optical Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Uline
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Atomos Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Tutzauer J, Serafin DS, Schmidt T, Olde B, Caron KM, Leeb-Lundberg LMF. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)/GPR30 forms a complex with the β 1-adrenergic receptor, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) scaffold protein, and protein kinase A anchoring protein (AKAP) 5 in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109882. [PMID: 38211639 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), also named G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), and the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that are implicated in breast cancer progression. Both receptors contain PSD-95/Discs-large/ZO-1 homology (PDZ) motifs in their C-terminal tails through which they interact in the plasma membrane with membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) scaffold proteins, and in turn protein kinase A anchoring protein (AKAP) 5. GPR30 constitutively and PDZ-dependently inhibits β1AR-mediated cAMP production. We hypothesized that this inhibition is a consequence of a plasma membrane complex of these receptors. Using co-immunoprecipitation, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), we show that GPR30 and β1AR reside in close proximity in a plasma membrane complex when transiently expressed in HEK293. Deleting the GPR30 C-terminal PDZ motif (-SSAV) does not interfere with the receptor complex, indicating that the complex is not PDZ-dependent. MCF7 breast cancer cells express GPR30, β1AR, MAGUKs, and AKAP5 in the plasma membrane, and co-immunoprecipitation revealed that these proteins exist in close proximity also under native conditions. Furthermore, expression of GPR30 in MCF7 cells constitutively and PDZ-dependently inhibits β1AR-mediated cAMP production. AKAP5 also inhibits β1AR-mediated cAMP production, which is not additive with GPR30-promoted inhibition. These results argue that GPR30 and β1AR form a PDZ-independent complex in MCF7 cells through which GPR30 constitutively and PDZ-dependently inhibits β1AR signaling via receptor interaction with MAGUKs and AKAP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tutzauer
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - D Stephen Serafin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Pediatrics, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Olde
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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4
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Liu R, Friedrich M, Hemmen K, Jansen K, Adolfi MC, Schartl M, Heinze KG. Dimerization of melanocortin 4 receptor controls puberty onset and body size polymorphism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1267590. [PMID: 38027153 PMCID: PMC10667928 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xiphophorus fish exhibit a clear phenotypic polymorphism in puberty onset and reproductive strategies of males. In X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, puberty onset is genetically determined and linked to a melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) polymorphism of wild-type and mutant alleles on the sex chromosomes. We hypothesized that Mc4r mutant alleles act on wild-type alleles by a dominant negative effect through receptor dimerization, leading to differential intracellular signaling and effector gene activation. Depending on signaling strength, the onset of puberty either occurs early or is delayed. Here, we show by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) that wild-type Xiphophorus Mc4r monomers can form homodimers, but also heterodimers with mutant receptors resulting in compromised signaling which explains the reduced Mc4r signaling in large males. Thus, hetero- vs. homo- dimerization seems to be the key molecular mechanism for the polymorphism in puberty onset and body size in male fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mike Friedrich
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katherina Hemmen
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jansen
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mateus C. Adolfi
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Katrin G. Heinze
- Molecular Microscopy, Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translation Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Wuerzburg, Germany
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5
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Jin D, Chen H, Huang Y, Chen SR, Pan HL. δ-Opioid receptors in primary sensory neurons tonically restrain nociceptive input in chronic pain but do not enhance morphine analgesic tolerance. Neuropharmacology 2022; 217:109202. [PMID: 35917874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
δ-Opioid receptors (DORs, encoded by the Oprd1 gene) are expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, and DOR stimulation reduces nociception. Previous studies suggest that DORs promote the development of analgesic tolerance of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. It is uncertain whether DORs expressed in primary sensory neurons are involved in regulating chronic pain and MOR agonist-induced tolerance. In this study, we generated Oprd1 conditional knockout (Oprd1-cKO) mice by crossing Advillin-Cre mice with Oprd1-floxed mice. DOR expression in the dorsal root ganglion was diminished in Oprd1-cKO mice. Systemic or intrathecal injection of the DOR agonist SNC-80 produced analgesia in wild-type (WT), but not Oprd1-cKO, mice. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection of SNC-80 produced a similar analgesic effect in WT and Oprd1-cKO mice. However, morphine-induced analgesia, hyperalgesia, or analgesic tolerance did not differ between WT and Oprd1-cKO mice. Compared with WT mice, Oprd1-cKO mice showed increased mechanical and heat hypersensitivity after nerve injury or tissue inflammation. Furthermore, blocking DORs with naltrindole increased nociceptive sensitivity induced by nerve injury or tissue inflammation in WT, but not Oprd1-cKO, mice. In addition, naltrindole potentiated glutamatergic input from primary afferents to spinal dorsal horn neurons increased by nerve injury or CFA in WT mice; this effect was absent in Oprd1-cKO mice. Our findings indicate that DORs in primary sensory neurons are critically involved in the analgesic effect of DOR agonists but not morphine-induced analgesic tolerance. Presynaptic DORs at primary afferent central terminals constitutively inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain by restraining glutamatergic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozhong Jin
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuying Huang
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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6
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Sotolongo Bellón J, Birkholz O, Richter CP, Eull F, Kenneweg H, Wilmes S, Rothbauer U, You C, Walter MR, Kurre R, Piehler J. Four-color single-molecule imaging with engineered tags resolves the molecular architecture of signaling complexes in the plasma membrane. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100165. [PMID: 35474965 PMCID: PMC9017138 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Localization and tracking of individual receptors by single-molecule imaging opens unique possibilities to unravel the assembly and dynamics of signaling complexes in the plasma membrane. We present a comprehensive workflow for imaging and analyzing receptor diffusion and interaction in live cells at single molecule level with up to four colors. Two engineered, monomeric GFP variants, which are orthogonally recognized by anti-GFP nanobodies, are employed for efficient and selective labeling of target proteins in the plasma membrane with photostable fluorescence dyes. This labeling technique enables us to quantitatively resolve the stoichiometry and dynamics of the interferon-γ (IFNγ) receptor signaling complex in the plasma membrane of living cells by multicolor single-molecule imaging. Based on versatile spatial and spatiotemporal correlation analyses, we identify ligand-induced receptor homo- and heterodimerization. Multicolor single-molecule co-tracking and quantitative single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer moreover reveals transient assembly of IFNγ receptor heterotetramers and confirms its structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junel Sotolongo Bellón
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Oliver Birkholz
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian P. Richter
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Eull
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hella Kenneweg
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, UK
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Changjiang You
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark R. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rainer Kurre
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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7
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Luo F, Qin G, Wang L, Fang X. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging Reveals GABAB Receptor Aggregation State Changes. Front Chem 2022; 9:779940. [PMID: 35127643 PMCID: PMC8807474 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.779940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAB receptor is a typical G protein–coupled receptor, and its functional impairment is related to a variety of diseases. While the premise of GABAB receptor activation is the formation of heterodimers, the receptor also forms a tetramer on the cell membrane. Thus, it is important to study the effect of the GABAB receptor aggregation state on its activation and signaling. In this study, we have applied single-molecule photobleaching step counting and single-molecule tracking methods to investigate the formation and change of GABAB dimers and tetramers. A single-molecule stoichiometry assay of the wild-type and mutant receptors revealed the key sites on the interface of ligand-binding domains of the receptor for its dimerization. Moreover, we found that the receptor showed different aggregation behaviors at different conditions. Our results offered new evidence for a better understanding of the molecular basis for GABAB receptor aggregation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - GeGe Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohong Fang,
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8
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Pulido D, Casadó-Anguera V, Gómez-Autet M, Llopart N, Moreno E, Casajuana-Martin N, Ferré S, Pardo L, Casadó V, Royo M. Heterobivalent Ligand for the Adenosine A 2A-Dopamine D 2 Receptor Heteromer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:616-632. [PMID: 34982555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A G protein-coupled receptor heteromer that fulfills the established criteria for its existence in vivo is the complex between adenosine A2A (A2AR) and dopamine D2 (D2R) receptors. Here, we have designed and synthesized heterobivalent ligands for the A2AR-D2R heteromer with various spacer lengths. The indispensable simultaneous binding of these ligands to the two different orthosteric sites of the heteromer has been evaluated by radioligand competition-binding assays in the absence and presence of specific peptides that disrupt the formation of the heteromer, label-free dynamic mass redistribution assays in living cells, and molecular dynamic simulations. This combination of techniques has permitted us to identify compound 26 [KDB1 (A2AR) = 2.1 nM, KDB1 (D2R) = 0.13 nM], with a spacer length of 43-atoms, as a true bivalent ligand that simultaneously binds to the two different orthosteric sites. Moreover, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer experiments indicate that 26 favors the stabilization of the A2AR-D2R heteromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pulido
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Gómez-Autet
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Natàlia Llopart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Royo
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Connelly SM, Sridharan R, Naider F, Dumont ME. Oligomerization of yeast α-factor receptor detected by fluorescent energy transfer between ligands. Biophys J 2021; 120:5090-5106. [PMID: 34627767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large superfamily of transmembrane receptors responsible for transducing responses to the binding of a wide variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, ions, and other small molecules. There is extensive evidence that GPCRs exist as homo-and hetero-oligomeric complexes; however, in many cases, the role of oligomerization and the extent to which it occurs at low physiological levels of receptor expression in cells remain unclear. We report here the use of flow cytometry to detect receptor-receptor interactions based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorescently labeled cell-impermeant ligands bound to yeast α-mating pheromone receptors that are members of the GPCR superfamily. A novel, to our knowledge, procedure was used to analyze energy transfer as a function of receptor occupancy by donor and acceptor ligands. Measurements of loss of donor fluorescence due to energy transfer in cells expressing high levels of receptors were used to calibrate measurements of enhanced acceptor emission due to energy transfer in cells expressing low levels of receptors. The procedure allows determination of energy transfer efficiencies over a 50-fold range of expression of full-length receptors at the surface of living cells without the need to create fluorescent or bioluminescent fusion proteins. Energy transfer efficiencies for fluorescently labeled derivatives of the receptor agonist α-factor do not depend on receptor expression level and are unaffected by C-terminal truncation of receptors. Fluorescently labeled derivatives of α-factor that act as receptor antagonists exhibit higher transfer efficiencies than those for labeled agonists. Although the approach cannot determine the number of receptors per oligomer, these results demonstrate that ligand-bound, native α-factor receptors exist as stable oligomers in the cell membranes of intact yeast cells at normal physiological expression levels and that the extent of oligomer formation is not dependent on the concentration of receptors in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Connelly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Rajashri Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York; PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Mark E Dumont
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
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10
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Arttamangkul S, Platt EJ, Carroll J, Farrens D. Functional independence of endogenous µ- and δ-opioid receptors co-expressed in cholinergic interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:69740. [PMID: 34477106 PMCID: PMC8718112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) normally function as monomers, although evidence from heterologous expression systems suggests that they may sometimes form homodimers and/or heterodimers. This study aims to evaluate possible functional interplay of endogenous µ- and δ-opioid receptors (MORs and DORs) in mouse neurons. Detecting GPCR dimers in native tissues, however, has been challenging. Previously, MORs and DORs co-expressed in transfected cells have been reported to form heterodimers, and their possible co-localization in neurons has been studied in knock-in mice expressing genetically engineered receptors fused to fluorescent proteins. Here, we find that single cholinergic neurons in the mouse striatum endogenously express both MORs and DORs. The receptors on neurons from live brain slices were fluorescently labeled with a ligand-directed labeling reagent, NAI-A594. The selective activation of MORs and DORs, with DAMGO (µ-agonist) and deltorphin (δ-agonist) inhibited spontaneous firing in all cells examined. In the continued presence of agonist, the firing rate returned to baseline as the result of receptor desensitization with the application of deltorphin but was less observed with the application of DAMGO. In addition, agonist-induced internalization of DORs but not MORs was detected. When MORs and DORs were activated simultaneously with [Met5]-enkephalin, desensitization of MORs was facilitated but internalization was not increased. Together, these results indicate that while MORs and DORs are expressed in single striatal cholinergic interneurons, the two receptors function independently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J Platt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - James Carroll
- Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - David Farrens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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11
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Oyagawa CRM, Grimsey NL. Cannabinoid receptor CB 1 and CB 2 interacting proteins: Techniques, progress and perspectives. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:83-132. [PMID: 34752341 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) are implicated in a range of physiological processes and have gained attention as promising therapeutic targets for a number of diseases. Protein-protein interactions play an integral role in modulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression, subcellular distribution and signaling, and the identification and characterization of these will not only improve our understanding of GPCR function and biology, but may provide a novel avenue for therapeutic intervention. A variety of techniques are currently being used to investigate GPCR protein-protein interactions, including Förster/fluorescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (FRET and BRET), proximity ligation assay (PLA), and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). However, the reliable application of these methodologies is dependent on the use of appropriate controls and the consideration of the physiological context. Though not as extensively characterized as some other GPCRs, the investigation of CB1 and CB2 interacting proteins is a growing area of interest, and a range of interacting partners have been identified to date. This review summarizes the current state of the literature regarding the cannabinoid receptor interactome, provides commentary on the methodologies and techniques utilized, and discusses future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R M Oyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
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12
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Single-molecule FRET imaging of GPCR dimers in living cells. Nat Methods 2021; 18:397-405. [PMID: 33686301 PMCID: PMC8232828 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to form stable homodimers or heterodimers critical for function, but the oligomeric status of class A and B receptors, which constitute >90% of all GPCRs, remains hotly debated. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful approach with the potential to reveal valuable insights into GPCR organization but has rarely been used in living cells to study protein systems. Here, we report generally applicable methods for using smFRET to detect and track transmembrane proteins diffusing within the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. We leverage this in-cell smFRET approach to show agonist-induced structural dynamics within individual metabotropic glutamate receptor dimers. We apply these methods to representative class A, B and C receptors, finding evidence for receptor monomers, density-dependent dimers and constitutive dimers, respectively.
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13
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Ferré S, Ciruela F, Casadó V, Pardo L. Oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors: Still doubted? PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 169:297-321. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Detecting G protein-coupled receptor complexes in postmortem human brain with proximity ligation assay and a Bayesian classifier. Biotechniques 2019; 68:122-129. [PMID: 31859535 PMCID: PMC7092707 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the controversy regarding the existence and physiological relevance of class A G protein-coupled receptor dimerization, there is substantial evidence for functional interactions between the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). A2AR-D2R complexes have been detected in rodent brains by proximity ligation assay; however, their existence in the human brain has not been demonstrated. In this study, we used Brightfield proximity ligation assay, combined with a systematic sampling and a parameter-free naive Bayesian classifier, and demonstrated proximity between the D2R and the A2AR in the adult human ventral striatum, consistent with their colocalization within complexes and the possible existence of D2R-A2AR heteromers. These methods are applicable to the relative quantification of proximity of two proteins, as well as the expression levels of individual proteins. Brightfield proximity ligation assay was used to assess the expression of G protein-coupled receptors and their proximity in postmortem adult human brains. A novel automated machine learning method (Bayesian optimized PLA signal sorting) was developed to automatically quantify Brightfield proximity ligation assay data.
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15
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Casadó-Anguera V, Cortés A, Casadó V, Moreno E. Targeting the receptor-based interactome of the dopamine D1 receptor: looking for heteromer-selective drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1297-1312. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1664469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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16
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Single Proteoliposome High-Content Analysis Reveals Differences in the Homo-Oligomerization of GPCRs. Biophys J 2019; 115:300-312. [PMID: 30021106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control vital cellular signaling pathways. GPCR oligomerization is proposed to increase signaling diversity. However, many reports have arrived at disparate conclusions regarding the existence, stability, and stoichiometry of GPCR oligomers, partly because of cellular complexity and ensemble averaging of intrareconstitution heterogeneities that complicate the interpretation of oligomerization data. To overcome these limitations, we exploited fluorescence-microscopy-based high-content analysis of single proteoliposomes. This allowed multidimensional quantification of intrinsic monomer-monomer interactions of three class A GPCRs (β2-adrenergic receptor, cannabinoid receptor type 1, and opsin). Using a billion-fold less protein than conventional assays, we quantified oligomer stoichiometries, association constants, and the influence of two ligands and membrane curvature on oligomerization, revealing key similarities and differences for three GPCRs with decidedly different physiological functions. The assays introduced here will assist with the quantitative experimental observation of oligomerization for transmembrane proteins in general.
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17
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Xue L, Sun Q, Zhao H, Rovira X, Gai S, He Q, Pin JP, Liu J, Rondard P. Rearrangement of the transmembrane domain interfaces associated with the activation of a GPCR hetero-oligomer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2765. [PMID: 31235691 PMCID: PMC6591306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can integrate extracellular signals via allosteric interactions within dimers and higher-order oligomers. However, the structural bases of these interactions remain unclear. Here, we use the GABAB receptor heterodimer as a model as it forms large complexes in the brain. It is subjected to genetic mutations mainly affecting transmembrane 6 (TM6) and involved in human diseases. By cross-linking, we identify the transmembrane interfaces involved in GABAB1-GABAB2, as well as GABAB1-GABAB1 interactions. Our data are consistent with an oligomer made of a row of GABAB1. We bring evidence that agonist activation induces a concerted rearrangement of the various interfaces. While the GB1-GB2 interface is proposed to involve TM5 in the inactive state, cross-linking of TM6s lead to constitutive activity. These data bring insight for our understanding of the allosteric interaction between GPCRs within oligomers. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as GABAB, can integrate extracellular signals via allosteric interactions within dimers and oligomers. Here authors use crosslinking and identify two transmembrane interfaces in GABAB which undergo a concerted rearrangement upon agonist activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xavier Rovira
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier cedex 05, France.,Molecular Photopharmacology Research Group, The Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, C. de la Laura, 13, Vic, 08500, Spain
| | - Siyu Gai
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qianwen He
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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18
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Luminescence- and Fluorescence-Based Complementation Assays to Screen for GPCR Oligomerization: Current State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122958. [PMID: 31213021 PMCID: PMC6627893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the propensity to form homo- and heterodimers. Dysfunction of these dimers has been associated with multiple diseases, e.g., pre-eclampsia, schizophrenia, and depression, among others. Over the past two decades, considerable efforts have been made towards the development of screening assays for studying these GPCR dimer complexes in living cells. As a first step, a robust in vitro assay in an overexpression system is essential to identify and characterize specific GPCR–GPCR interactions, followed by methodologies to demonstrate association at endogenous levels and eventually in vivo. This review focuses on protein complementation assays (PCAs) which have been utilized to study GPCR oligomerization. These approaches are typically fluorescence- and luminescence-based, making identification and localization of protein–protein interactions feasible. The GPCRs of interest are fused to complementary fluorescent or luminescent fragments that, upon GPCR di- or oligomerization, may reconstitute to a functional reporter, of which the activity can be measured. Various protein complementation assays have the disadvantage that the interaction between the reconstituted split fragments is irreversible, which can lead to false positive read-outs. Reversible systems offer several advantages, as they do not only allow to follow the kinetics of GPCR–GPCR interactions, but also allow evaluation of receptor complex modulation by ligands (either agonists or antagonists). Protein complementation assays may be used for high throughput screenings as well, which is highly relevant given the growing interest and effort to identify small molecule drugs that could potentially target disease-relevant dimers. In addition to providing an overview on how PCAs have allowed to gain better insights into GPCR–GPCR interactions, this review also aims at providing practical guidance on how to perform PCA-based assays.
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19
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Pin JP, Kniazeff J, Prézeau L, Liu JF, Rondard P. GPCR interaction as a possible way for allosteric control between receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 486:89-95. [PMID: 30849406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For more than twenty years now, GPCR dimers and larger oligomers have been the subject of intense debates. Evidence for a role of such complexes in receptor trafficking to and from the plasma membrane have been provided. However, one main issue is of course to determine whether or not such a phenomenon can be responsible for an allosteric and reciprocal control (allosteric control) of the subunits. Such a possibility would indeed add to the possible ways a cell integrates various signals targeting GPCRs. Among the large GPCR family, the class C receptors that include mGlu and GABAB receptors, represent excellent models to examine such a possibility as they are mandatory dimers. In the present review, we will report on the observed allosteric interaction between the subunits of class C GPCRs, both mGluRs and GABABRs, and on the structural bases of these interactions. We will then discuss these findings for other GPCR types such as the rhodopsin-like class A receptors. We will show that many of the observations made with class C receptors have also been reported with class A receptors, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in the allosteric control between subunits in GPCR dimers may not be unique to class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julie Kniazeff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Prézeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jiang-Feng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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20
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Yano Y, Matsuzaki K. Live-cell imaging of membrane proteins by a coiled-coil labeling method-Principles and applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1011-1017. [PMID: 30831076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ investigations in living cell membranes are important to elucidate the dynamic behaviors of membrane proteins in complex biomembrane environments. Protein-specific labeling is a key technique for the detection of a target protein by fluorescence imaging. The use of post-translational labeling methods using a genetically encodable tag and synthetic probes targeting the tag offer a smaller label size, labeling with synthetic fluorophores, and precise control of the labeling ratio in multicolor labeling compared with conventional genetic fusions with fluorescent proteins. This review focuses on tag-probe labeling studies for live-cell analysis of membrane proteins based on heterodimeric peptide pairs that form coiled-coil structures. The robust and simple peptide-peptide interaction enables not only labeling of membrane proteins by noncovalent interactions, but also covalent crosslinking and acyl transfer reactions guided by coiled-coil assembly. A number of studies have demonstrated that membrane protein behaviors in live cells, such as internalization of receptors and the oligomeric states of various membrane proteins (G-protein-coupled receptors, epidermal growth factor receptors, influenza A M2 channel, and glycopholin A), can be precisely analyzed using coiled-coil labeling, indicating the potential of this labeling method in membrane protein research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsumi Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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21
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Maroteaux L, Béchade C, Roumier A. Dimers of serotonin receptors: Impact on ligand affinity and signaling. Biochimie 2019; 161:23-33. [PMID: 30685449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane receptors often form complexes with other membrane proteins that directly interact with different effectors of the signal transduction machinery. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were for long time considered as single pharmacological entities. However, evidence for oligomerization appeared for various classes and subtypes of GPCRs. This review focuses on metabotropic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors, which belong to the rhodopsin-like class A of GPCRs, and will summarize the convergent evidence that homo- and hetero-dimers containing 5-HT receptors exist in transfected cells and in-vivo. We will show that complexes involving 5-HT receptors may acquire new signal transduction pathways and new physiological roles. In some cases, these complexes participate in disease-specific deregulations, that can be differentially affected by various drugs. Hence, selecting receptor complex-specific responses of these heterodimers may constitute an emerging strategy likely to improve beneficial therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Catherine Béchade
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- INSERM UMR-S839, S1270, Paris, 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
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22
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Kaczor AA, Bartuzi D, Stępniewski TM, Matosiuk D, Selent J. Protein-Protein Docking in Drug Design and Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1762:285-305. [PMID: 29594778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7756-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are responsible for a number of key physiological processes in the living cells and underlie the pathomechanism of many diseases. Nowadays, along with the concept of so-called "hot spots" in protein-protein interactions, which are well-defined interface regions responsible for most of the binding energy, these interfaces can be targeted with modulators. In order to apply structure-based design techniques to design PPIs modulators, a three-dimensional structure of protein complex has to be available. In this context in silico approaches, in particular protein-protein docking, are a valuable complement to experimental methods for elucidating 3D structure of protein complexes. Protein-protein docking is easy to use and does not require significant computer resources and time (in contrast to molecular dynamics) and it results in 3D structure of a protein complex (in contrast to sequence-based methods of predicting binding interfaces). However, protein-protein docking cannot address all the aspects of protein dynamics, in particular the global conformational changes during protein complex formation. In spite of this fact, protein-protein docking is widely used to model complexes of water-soluble proteins and less commonly to predict structures of transmembrane protein assemblies, including dimers and oligomers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this chapter we review the principles of protein-protein docking, available algorithms and software and discuss the recent examples, benefits, and drawbacks of protein-protein docking application to water-soluble proteins, membrane anchoring and transmembrane proteins, including GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland. .,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Damian Bartuzi
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stępniewski
- GPCR Drug Discovery Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jana Selent
- GPCR Drug Discovery Group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
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Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Felce JH, MacRae A, Davis SJ. Constraints on GPCR Heterodimerization Revealed by the Type-4 Induced-Association BRET Assay. Biophys J 2019; 116:31-41. [PMID: 30558888 PMCID: PMC6341220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest and most pharmacologically important family of cell-surface receptors encoded by the human genome. In many instances, the distinct signaling behavior of certain GPCRs has been explained in terms of the formation of heteromers with, for example, distinct signaling properties and allosteric cross-regulation. Confirmation of this has, however, been limited by the paucity of reliable methods for probing heteromeric GPCR interactions in situ. The most widely used assays for GPCR stoichiometry, based on resonance energy transfer, are unsuited to reporting heteromeric interactions. Here, we describe a targeted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay, called type-4 BRET, which detects both homo- and heteromeric interactions using induced multimerization of protomers within such complexes, at constant expression. Using type-4 BRET assays, we investigate heterodimerization among known GPCR homodimers: the CXC chemokine receptor 4 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. We observe that CXC chemokine receptor 4 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors can form heterodimers with GPCRs from their immediate subfamilies but not with more distantly related receptors. We also show that heterodimerization appears to disrupt homodimeric interactions, suggesting the sharing of interfaces. Broadly, these observations indicate that heterodimerization results from the divergence of homodimeric receptors and will therefore likely be restricted to closely related homodimeric GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Alasdair MacRae
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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25
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Jonas KC, Hanyaloglu AC. Analysis of Spatial Assembly of GPCRs Using Photoactivatable Dyes and Localization Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1947:337-348. [PMID: 30969426 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9121-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging has provided unprecedented insight in the molecular complexities of fundamental cell biological questions. For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), its application to the study of receptor homomers and heteromers have unveiled the diversity of complexes these GPCRs can form at the plasma membrane at a structural and functional level. Here, we describe our methodological approach of photoactivated localization microscopy with photoactivatable dyes (PD-PALM) to visualize and quantify the spatial assembly of GPCR heteromers at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C Jonas
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, London, UK.
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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26
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-Receptor Interactions as a Widespread Phenomenon: Novel Targets for Drug Development? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 30833931 PMCID: PMC6387912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor-receptor interactions (RRI) has expanded our understanding of the role that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in intercellular communication. The finding that GPCRs can operate as receptor complexes, and not only as monomers, suggests that several different incoming signals could already be integrated at the plasma membrane level via direct allosteric interactions between the protomers that form the complex. Most research in this field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of a large number of RRI. However, RRI have been seen to occur not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and, outside the central nervous system, in cells of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems and in cancer cells. Furthermore, RRI involving the formation of macromolecular complexes are not limited to GPCRs, being also observed in other families of receptors. Thus, RRI appear as a widespread phenomenon and oligomerization as a common mechanism for receptor function and regulation. The discovery of these macromolecular assemblies may well have a major impact on pharmacology. Indeed, the formation of receptor complexes significantly broadens the spectrum of mechanisms available to receptors for recognition and signaling, which may be implemented through modulation of the binding sites of the adjacent protomers and of their signal transduction features. In this context, the possible appearance of novel allosteric sites in the receptor complex structure may be of particular relevance. Thus, the existence of RRI offers the possibility of new therapeutic approaches, and novel pharmacological strategies for disease treatment have already been proposed. Several challenges, however, remain. These include the accurate characterization of the role that the receptor complexes identified so far play in pathological conditions and the development of ligands specific to given receptor complexes, in order to efficiently exploit the pharmacological properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Diego Guidolin
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Measuring Recruitment of β-Arrestin to G Protein-Coupled Heterodimers Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:83-91. [PMID: 30919348 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Initially identified as monomers, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can also form functional dimers that act as distinct signalling hubs for the integration of cellular signalling. We previously found that the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) and the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) receptor (FP), both important in the control of smooth muscle contractility, form such a functional heterodimeric complex in HEK 293 and vascular smooth muscle cells (Goupil et al., J Biol Chem 290:3137-3148, 2015; Sleno et al., J Biol Chem 292:12139-12152, 2017). In addition to canonical G protein coupling, GPCRs recruit and engage β-arrestin-dependent pathways. Using BRET-based biosensors, we demonstrate how to assess recruitment of β-arrestin-1 and -2 to AT1R and the AT1R/FP dimer in response to Ang II. Surprisingly, β-arrestin-1 and -2 were recruited to the dimer, in response to PGF2α as well, even though FP alone cannot recruit either β-arrestin-1 and -2.
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28
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Cullity ER, Madsen HB, Perry CJ, Kim JH. Postnatal developmental trajectory of dopamine receptor 1 and 2 expression in cortical and striatal brain regions. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:1039-1055. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R. Cullity
- Mental Health Theme Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Heather B. Madsen
- Mental Health Theme Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Christina J. Perry
- Mental Health Theme Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Mental Health Theme Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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29
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Abstract
Initially G protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs, were thought to act as monomers, but recently strong evidence has been gathered indicating that they are capable of forming homo- and heterodimers or higher order oligomeric complexes, and that the dimerization phenomenon can modulate the pharmacological response and function of these receptors. In this chapter we point to the great potential of alternative therapeutic approach targeted at GPCR dimers, which is especially important in the field of neuropsychopharmacology. We also included a brief description of methods used for studying the phenomenon of GPCR oligomerization, with particular attention paid to the proximity ligation assay, PLA, the procedure which allows the study of interactions between receptors not only in vitro but also in vivo, with good anatomical resolution, what is especially important in the studies of various GPCRs involved in central neurotransmission.
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30
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Oligomerization of a G protein-coupled receptor in neurons controlled by its structural dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10414. [PMID: 29991736 PMCID: PMC6039492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play essential roles in intercellular communication. Although reported two decades ago, the assembly of GPCRs into dimer and larger oligomers in their native environment is still a matter of intense debate. Here, using number and brightness analysis of fluorescently labeled receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons, we confirm that the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2 (mGlu2) is a homodimer at expression levels in the physiological range, while heterodimeric GABAB receptors form larger complexes. Surprisingly, we observed the formation of larger mGlu2 oligomers upon both activation and inhibition of the receptor. Stabilizing the receptor in its inactive conformation using biochemical constraints also led to the observation of oligomers. Following our recent observation that mGlu receptors are in constant and rapid equilibrium between several states under basal conditions, we propose that this structural heterogeneity limits receptor oligomerization. Such assemblies are expected to stabilize either the active or the inactive state of the receptor.
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31
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Porzionato A, Stocco E, Guidolin D, Agnati L, Macchi V, De Caro R. Receptor-Receptor Interactions of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Carotid Body: A Working Hypothesis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:697. [PMID: 29930516 PMCID: PMC6000251 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the carotid body (CB), a wide series of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have been identified. They are mainly produced and released by type I cells and act on many different ionotropic and metabotropic receptors located in afferent nerve fibers, type I and II cells. Most metabotropic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In other transfected or native cells, GPCRs have been demonstrated to establish physical receptor–receptor interactions (RRIs) with formation of homo/hetero-complexes (dimers or receptor mosaics) in a dynamic monomer/oligomer equilibrium. RRIs modulate ligand binding, signaling, and internalization of GPCR protomers and they are considered of relevance for physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system. We hypothesize that RRI may also occur in the different structural elements of the CB (type I cells, type II cells, and afferent fibers), with potential implications in chemoreception, neuromodulation, and tissue plasticity. This ‘working hypothesis’ is supported by literature data reporting the contemporary expression, in type I cells, type II cells, or afferent terminals, of GPCRs which are able to physically interact with each other to form homo/hetero-complexes. Functional data about cross-talks in the CB between different neurotransmitters/neuromodulators also support the hypothesis. On the basis of the above findings, the most significant homo/hetero-complexes which could be postulated in the CB include receptors for dopamine, adenosine, ATP, opioids, histamine, serotonin, endothelin, galanin, GABA, cannabinoids, angiotensin, neurotensin, and melatonin. From a methodological point of view, future studies should demonstrate the colocalization in close proximity (less than 10 nm) of the above receptors, through biophysical (i.e., bioluminescence/fluorescence resonance energy transfer, protein-fragment complementation assay, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photoactivated localization microscopy, X-ray crystallography) or biochemical (co-immunoprecipitation, in situ proximity ligation assay) methods. Moreover, functional approaches will be able to show if ligand binding to one receptor produces changes in the biochemical characteristics (ligand recognition, decoding, and trafficking processes) of the other(s). Plasticity aspects would be also of interest, as development and environmental stimuli (chronic continuous or intermittent hypoxia) produce changes in the expression of certain receptors which could potentially invest the dynamic monomer/oligomer equilibrium of homo/hetero-complexes and the correlated functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Stocco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Agnati
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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32
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. GPCRs and Signal Transducers: Interaction Stoichiometry. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:672-684. [PMID: 29739625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Until the late 1990s, class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were believed to function as monomers. Indirect evidence that they might internalize or even signal as dimers has emerged, along with proof that class C GPCRs are obligatory dimers. Crystal structures of GPCRs and their much larger binding partners were consistent with the idea that two receptors might engage a single G protein, GRK, or arrestin. However, recent biophysical, biochemical, and structural evidence invariably suggests that a single GPCR binds G proteins, GRKs, and arrestins. Here we review existing evidence of the stoichiometry of GPCR interactions with signal transducers and discuss potential biological roles of class A GPCR oligomers, including proposed homo- and heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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33
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Wang W, Qiao Y, Li Z. New Insights into Modes of GPCR Activation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:367-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. G protein-coupled receptor-receptor interactions give integrative dynamics to intercellular communication. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:703-726. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The proposal of receptor-receptor interactions (RRIs) in the early 1980s broadened the view on the role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in the dynamics of the intercellular communication. RRIs, indeed, allow GPCR to operate not only as monomers but also as receptor complexes, in which the integration of the incoming signals depends on the number, spatial arrangement, and order of activation of the protomers forming the complex. The main biochemical mechanisms controlling the functional interplay of GPCR in the receptor complexes are direct allosteric interactions between protomer domains. The formation of these macromolecular assemblies has several physiologic implications in terms of the modulation of the signaling pathways and interaction with other membrane proteins. It also impacts on the emerging field of connectomics, as it contributes to set and tune the synaptic strength. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that the transfer of GPCR and GPCR complexes between cells via the exosome pathway could enable the target cells to recognize/decode transmitters and/or modulators for which they did not express the pertinent receptors. Thus, this process may also open the possibility of a new type of redeployment of neural circuits. The fundamental aspects of GPCR complex formation and function are the focus of the present review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova, via Gabelli 65 , I-35121 Padova , Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research , University of Genova , I-16126 Genova , Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova, via Gabelli 65 , I-35121 Padova , Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research , University of Genova , I-16126 Genova , Italy
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , I-41121 Modena , Italy
- Department of Neuroscience , Karolinska Institutet , S-17177 Stockholm , Sweden
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35
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Szlachta M, Kuśmider M, Pabian P, Solich J, Kolasa M, Żurawek D, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Faron-Górecka A. Repeated Clozapine Increases the Level of Serotonin 5-HT 1AR Heterodimerization with 5-HT 2A or Dopamine D 2 Receptors in the Mouse Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:40. [PMID: 29497362 PMCID: PMC5818438 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimers are new targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. Dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors play an important role in neurotransmission and have been implicated in many human psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether antipsychotic drugs (clozapine (CLZ) and haloperidol (HAL)) affected the formation of heterodimers of D2–5-HT1A receptors as well as 5-HT1A–5-HT2A receptors. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) was used to accurately visualize, for the first time, GPCR heterodimers both at in vitro and ex vivo levels. In line with our previous behavioral studies, we used ketamine to induce cognitive deficits in mice. Our study confirmed the co-localization of D2/5-HT1A and 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptors in the mouse cortex. Low-dose CLZ (0.3 mg/kg) administered repeatedly, but not CLZ at 1 mg/kg, increased the level of D2–5-HT1A and 5-HT1A–5-HT2A heterodimers in the mouse prefrontal and frontal cortex. On the other hand, HAL decreased the level of GPCR heterodimers. Ketamine affected the formation of 5-HT1A–5-HT2A, but not D2–5-HT1A, heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szlachta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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36
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Felce JH, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. Single-Molecule Analysis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Stoichiometry: Approaches and Limitations. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:96-108. [PMID: 29122289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
How G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are organized at the cell surface remains highly contentious. Single-molecule (SM) imaging is starting to inform this debate as receptor behavior can now be visualized directly, without the need for interpreting ensemble data. The limited number of SM studies of GPCRs undertaken to date have strongly suggested that dimerization is at most transient, and that most receptors are monomeric at any given time. However, even SM data has its caveats and needs to be interpreted carefully. Here, we discuss the types of SM imaging strategies used to examine GPCR stoichiometry and consider some of these caveats. We also emphasize that attempts to resolve the debate ought to rely on orthogonal approaches to measuring receptor stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Felce
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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37
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Felce JH, Latty SL, Knox RG, Mattick SR, Lui Y, Lee SF, Klenerman D, Davis SJ. Receptor Quaternary Organization Explains G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family Structure. Cell Rep 2017; 20:2654-2665. [PMID: 28903045 PMCID: PMC5608970 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of Rhodopsin-family G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell surface is controversial. Support both for and against the existence of dimers has been obtained in studies of mostly individual receptors. Here, we use a large-scale comparative study to examine the stoichiometric signatures of 60 receptors expressed by a single human cell line. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer- and single-molecule microscopy-based assays, we found that a relatively small fraction of Rhodopsin-family GPCRs behaved as dimers and that these receptors otherwise appear to be monomeric. Overall, the analysis predicted that fewer than 20% of ∼700 Rhodopsin-family receptors form dimers. The clustered distribution of the dimers in our sample and a striking correlation between receptor organization and GPCR family size that we also uncover each suggest that receptor stoichiometry might have profoundly influenced GPCR expansion and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Felce
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sarah L Latty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rachel G Knox
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Susan R Mattick
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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38
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Moreno-Delgado D, Dalton JA, Rovira X, Trapero A, Goudet C, Llebaria A, Giraldo J, Yuan Q, Rondard P, Huang S, Liu J, Pin JP. Allosteric control of an asymmetric transduction in a G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer. eLife 2017; 6:26985. [PMID: 28829739 PMCID: PMC5582870 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
GPCRs play critical roles in cell communication. Although GPCRs can form heteromers, their role in signaling remains elusive. Here we used rat metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors as prototypical dimers to study the functional interaction between each subunit. mGluRs can form both constitutive homo- and heterodimers. Whereas both mGlu2 and mGlu4 couple to G proteins, G protein activation is mediated by mGlu4 heptahelical domain (HD) exclusively in mGlu2-4 heterodimers. Such asymmetric transduction results from the action of both the dimeric extracellular domain, and an allosteric activation by the partially-activated non-functional mGlu2 HD. G proteins activation by mGlu2 HD occurs if either the mGlu2 HD is occupied by a positive allosteric modulator or if mGlu4 HD is inhibited by a negative modulator. These data revealed an oriented asymmetry in mGlu heterodimers that can be controlled with allosteric modulators. They provide new insight on the allosteric interaction between subunits in a GPCR dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongyong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - David Moreno-Delgado
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - James Ar Dalton
- Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Rovira
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Trapero
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Synthesis, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qilin Yuan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Siluo Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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39
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Moreno Delgado D, Møller TC, Ster J, Giraldo J, Maurel D, Rovira X, Scholler P, Zwier JM, Perroy J, Durroux T, Trinquet E, Prezeau L, Rondard P, Pin JP. Pharmacological evidence for a metabotropic glutamate receptor heterodimer in neuronal cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28661401 PMCID: PMC5540479 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are mandatory dimers playing important roles in regulating CNS function. Although assumed to form exclusive homodimers, 16 possible heterodimeric mGluRs have been proposed but their existence in native cells remains elusive. Here, we set up two assays to specifically identify the pharmacological properties of rat mGlu heterodimers composed of mGlu2 and 4 subunits. We used either a heterodimer-specific conformational LRET-based biosensor or a system that guarantees the cell surface targeting of the heterodimer only. We identified mGlu2-4 specific pharmacological fingerprints that were also observed in a neuronal cell line and in lateral perforant path terminals naturally expressing mGlu2 and mGlu4. These results bring strong evidence for the existence of mGlu2-4 heterodimers in native cells. In addition to reporting a general approach to characterize heterodimeric mGluRs, our study opens new avenues to understanding the pathophysiological roles of mGlu heterodimers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25233.001
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno Delgado
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thor C Møller
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeanne Ster
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damien Maurel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Rovira
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Scholler
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julie Perroy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laurent Prezeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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40
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Sleno R, Devost D, Pétrin D, Zhang A, Bourque K, Shinjo Y, Aoki J, Inoue A, Hébert TE. Conformational biosensors reveal allosteric interactions between heterodimeric AT1 angiotensin and prostaglandin F2α receptors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12139-12152. [PMID: 28584054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are conformationally dynamic proteins transmitting ligand-encoded signals in multiple ways. This transmission is highly complex and achieved through induction of distinct GPCR conformations, which preferentially drive specific receptor-mediated signaling events. This conformational capacity can be further enlarged via allosteric effects between dimers, warranting further study of these effects. Using GPCR conformation-sensitive biosensors, we investigated allosterically induced conformational changes in the recently reported F prostanoid (FP)/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) heterodimer. Ligand occupancy of the AT1R induced distinct conformational changes in FP compared with those driven by PGF2α in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based FP biosensors engineered with Renilla luciferase (RLuc) as an energy donor in the C-tail and fluorescein arsenical hairpin binder (FlAsH)-labeled acceptors at different positions in the intracellular loops. We also found that this allosteric communication is mediated through Gαq and may also involve proximal (phospholipase C) but not distal (protein kinase C) signaling partners. Interestingly, β-arrestin-biased AT1R agonists could also transmit a Gαq-dependent signal to FP without activation of downstream Gαq signaling. This transmission of information was specific to the AT1R/FP complex, as activation of Gαq by the oxytocin receptor did not recapitulate the same phenomenon. Finally, information flow was asymmetric in the sense that FP activation had negligible effects on AT1R-based conformational biosensors. The identification of partner-induced GPCR conformations may help identify novel allosteric effects when investigating multiprotein receptor signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Sleno
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dominic Devost
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Darlaine Pétrin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Alice Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kyla Bourque
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yuji Shinjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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41
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Abstract
The neuropsychological effects of naturally occurring psychoactive chemicals have been recognized for millennia. Hallucinogens, which include naturally occurring chemicals such as mescaline and psilocybin, as well as synthetic compounds, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), induce profound alterations of human consciousness, emotion, and cognition. The discovery of the hallucinogenic effects of LSD and the observations that LSD and the endogenous ligand serotonin share chemical and pharmacological profiles led to the suggestion that biogenic amines like serotonin were involved in the psychosis of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Although they bind other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, studies indicate that several effects of hallucinogens involve agonist activity at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. In this chapter, we review recent advances in understanding hallucinogen drug action through characterization of structure, neuroanatomical location, and function of the 5-HT2A receptor.
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42
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Capra V, Mauri M, Guzzi F, Busnelli M, Accomazzo MR, Gaussem P, Nisar SP, Mundell SJ, Parenti M, Rovati GE. Impaired thromboxane receptor dimerization reduces signaling efficiency: A potential mechanism for reduced platelet function in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 124:43-56. [PMID: 27845050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thromboxane A2 is a potent mediator of inflammation and platelet aggregation exerting its effects through the activation of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), termed TP. Although the existence of dimers/oligomers in Class A GPCRs is widely accepted, their functional significance still remains controversial. Recently, we have shown that TPα and TPβ homo-/hetero-dimers interact through an interface of residues in transmembrane domain 1 (TM1) whose disruption impairs dimer formation. Here, biochemical and pharmacological characterization of this dimer deficient mutant (DDM) in living cells indicates a significant impairment in its response to agonists. Interestingly, two single loss-of-function TPα variants, namely W29C and N42S recently identified in two heterozygous patients affected by bleeding disorders, match some of the residues mutated in our DDM. These two naturally occurring variants display a reduced potency to TP agonists and are characterized by impaired dimer formation in transfected HEK-293T cells. These findings provide proofs that lack of homo-dimer formation is a crucial process for reduced TPα function in vivo, and might represent one molecular mechanism through which platelet TPα receptor dysfunction affects the patient(s) carrying these mutations.
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Key Words
- (Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,4S)-3-[[2-(phenylcarbamoyl)hydrazinyl]methyl]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl]hept-5-enoic acid
- (Z)-7-[(1S,2S,3R,4R)-3-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]-5-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl]hept-5-enoic acid
- (Z)-7-[(1S,2S,3S,4R)-3-[(E,3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-iodophenoxy)but-1-enyl]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl]hept-5-enoic acid
- (Z)-7-[(1S,3R,4R,5S)-3-[(E,3R)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]-6,6-dimethyl-4-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl]hept-5-enoic acid
- 3-[(3R)-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-9-yl]propanoic acid
- Eicosanoids
- G protein coupled receptors
- I-BOP (PubChem CID: 51015454)
- Pinane Thromboxane A2 (PTA2) (PubChem CID: 25834471)
- Platelets
- Ramatroban (PubChem CID: 123879)
- Receptor dimer
- SQ29,548 (PubChem CID: 6437074)
- Signal transduction
- Thromboxane A(2)
- U46619 (PubChem CID: 5311493)
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Mauri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Francesca Guzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Marta Busnelli
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosa Accomazzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Faculte' de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris and AP-HP, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France.
| | - Shaista P Nisar
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Stuart J Mundell
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Marco Parenti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
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Gaitonde SA, González-Maeso J. Contribution of heteromerization to G protein-coupled receptor function. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 32:23-31. [PMID: 27835800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a remarkably multifaceted family of transmembrane proteins that exert a variety of physiological effects. Although family A GPCRs are able to operate as monomers, there is increasing evidence that heteromerization represents a fundamental aspect of receptor function, trafficking and pharmacology. Most recently, it has been suggested that GPCR heteromers may play a crucial role as new molecular targets of heteromer-selective and bivalent ligands. The current review summarizes key recent developments in these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya A Gaitonde
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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44
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Mechanism of Assembly and Cooperativity of Homomeric and Heteromeric Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Neuron 2016; 92:143-159. [PMID: 27641494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate cellular responses to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. GPCR dimerization may expand signaling diversity and tune functionality, but little is known about the mechanisms of subunit assembly and interaction or the signaling properties of heteromers. Using single-molecule subunit counting on class C metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), we map dimerization determinants and define a heterodimerization profile. Intersubunit fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements reveal that interactions between ligand-binding domains control the conformational rearrangements underlying receptor activation. Selective liganding with photoswitchable tethered agonists conjugated to one or both subunits of covalently linked mGluR2 homodimers reveals that receptor activation is highly cooperative. Strikingly, this cooperativity is asymmetric in mGluR2/mGluR3 heterodimers. Our results lead to a model of cooperative activation of mGluRs that provides a framework for understanding how class C GPCRs couple extracellular binding to dimer reorganization and G protein activation.
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45
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Quaternary structures of opsin in live cells revealed by FRET spectrometry. Biochem J 2016; 473:3819-3836. [PMID: 27623775 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhodopsin is a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that initiates phototransduction in the retina. The receptor consists of the apoprotein opsin covalently linked to the inverse agonist 11-cis retinal. Rhodopsin and opsin have been shown to form oligomers within the outer segment disc membranes of rod photoreceptor cells. However, the physiological relevance of the observed oligomers has been questioned since observations were made on samples prepared from the retina at low temperatures. To investigate the oligomeric status of opsin in live cells at body temperatures, we utilized a novel approach called Förster resonance energy transfer spectrometry, which previously has allowed the determination of the stoichiometry and geometry (i.e. quaternary structure) of various GPCRs. In the current study, we have extended the method to additionally determine whether or not a mixture of oligomeric forms of opsin exists and in what proportion. The application of this improved method revealed that opsin expressed in live Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at 37°C exists as oligomers of various sizes. At lower concentrations, opsin existed in an equilibrium of dimers and tetramers. The tetramers were in the shape of a near-rhombus. At higher concentrations of the receptor, higher-order oligomers began to form. Thus, a mixture of different oligomeric forms of opsin is present in the membrane of live CHO cells and oligomerization occurs in a concentration-dependent manner. The general principles underlying the concentration-dependent oligomerization of opsin may be universal and apply to other GPCRs as well.
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46
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Leggio GM, Bucolo C, Platania CBM, Salomone S, Drago F. Current drug treatments targeting dopamine D3 receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:164-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Protease signaling in cells elicits multiple physiologically important responses via protease-activated receptors (PARs). There are 4 members of this family of G-protein-coupled receptors (PAR1-4). PARs are activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to reveal a tethered ligand. The rate-limiting step of PAR signaling is determined by the efficiency of proteolysis of the N terminus, which is regulated by allosteric binding sites, cofactors, membrane localization, and receptor dimerization. This ultimately controls the initiation of PAR signaling. In addition, these factors also control the cellular response by directing signaling toward G-protein or β-arrestin pathways. PAR1 signaling on endothelial cells is controlled by the activating protease and heterodimerization with PAR2 or PAR3. As a consequence, the genetic and epigenetic control of PARs and their cofactors in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions have the potential to influence cellular behavior. Recent studies have uncovered polymorphisms that result in PAR4 sequence variants with altered reactivity that interact to influence platelet response. This further demonstrates how interactions within the plasma membrane can control the physiological output. Understanding the structural rearrangement following PAR activation and how PARs are allosterically controlled within the plasma membrane will determine how best to target this family of receptors therapeutically. The purpose of this article is to review how signaling from PARs is influenced by alternative cleavage sites and the physical interactions within the membrane. Going forward, it will be important to relate the altered signaling to the molecular arrangement of PARs in the cell membrane and to determine how these may be influenced genetically.
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48
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49
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain a major domain of pharmaceutical discovery. The identification of GPCR lead compounds and their optimization are now structure-based, thanks to advances in X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, protein engineering and biophysical techniques. In silico screening provides useful hit molecules. New pharmacological approaches to tuning the pleotropic action of GPCRs include: allosteric modulators, biased ligands, GPCR heterodimer-targeted compounds, manipulation of polypharmacology, receptor antibodies and tailoring of drug molecules to fit GPCR pharmacogenomics. Measurements of kinetics and drug efficacy are factors influencing clinical success. With the exception of inhibitors of GPCR kinases, targeting of intracellular GPCR signaling or receptor cycling for therapeutic purposes remains a futuristic concept. New assay approaches are more efficient and multidimensional: cell-based, label-free, fluorescence-based assays, and biosensors. Tailoring GPCR drugs to a patient's genetic background is now being considered. Chemoinformatic tools can predict ADME-tox properties. New imaging technology visualizes drug action in vivo. Thus, there is reason to be optimistic that new technology for GPCR ligand discovery will help reverse the current narrowing of the pharmaceutical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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50
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Scarselli M, Annibale P, McCormick PJ, Kolachalam S, Aringhieri S, Radenovic A, Corsini GU, Maggio R. Revealing G-protein-coupled receptor oligomerization at the single-molecule level through a nanoscopic lens: methods, dynamics and biological function. FEBS J 2015; 283:1197-217. [PMID: 26509747 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has allowed the visualization of single proteins in their biological environment. Recently, these techniques have been applied to determine the organization of class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and to determine whether they exist as monomers, dimers and/or higher-order oligomers. On this subject, this review highlights recent evidence from photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), which allows the visualization of single molecules in dense samples, and single-molecule tracking (SMT), which determines how GPCRs move and interact in living cells in the presence of different ligands. PALM has demonstrated that GPCR oligomerization depends on the receptor subtype, the cell type, the actin cytoskeleton, and other proteins. Conversely, SMT has revealed the transient dynamics of dimer formation, whereby receptors show a monomer-dimer equilibrium characterized by rapid association and dissociation. At steady state, depending on the subtype, approximately 30-50% of receptors are part of dimeric complexes. Notably, the existence of many GPCR dimers/oligomers is also supported by well-known techniques, such as resonance energy transfer methodologies, and by approaches that exploit fluorescence fluctuations, such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Future research using single-molecule methods will deepen our knowledge related to the function and druggability of homo-oligomers and hetero-oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Annibale
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni U Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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