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Drissen MMCM, Vos JR, Collado Camps E, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JHM, Schieving JH, Hoogerbrugge N. Increased frequency of infections and autoimmune disease in adults with PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 70:104960. [PMID: 39025258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
There are indications for immune dysregulation in PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome (PHTS), however information on the clinical immune phenotype is lacking. We aimed to assess the frequency of infections and autoimmune disease in PHTS patients. A retrospective cohort study including 81 paediatric and 109 adult PHTS patients and 73 female adult controls and self-reported data from yearly surveillance visits. Differences between adult patients and controls were assessed with odds ratios (OR). Of paediatric patients, 1% reported fungal infections, 23% tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy, 36% bacterial infections requiring antibiotics, and 2% autoimmune disease. Of adult patients, up to 67% repeatedly reported fungal infections, and 73% was ever affected which was similar to controls. Compared to controls, adult patients more often reported (signs of) viral infections: tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (78%; OR = 7.4 (95%CI: 3.7-15.8)), frequent infections during childhood (43%; OR = 2.5 (95%CI: 1.3-5.2)), and flu or cold infections more often than others (49%; OR = 3.9 (95%CI: 2.0-8.0)). Autoimmune disease was also more frequent (24%, OR = 2.7 (95%CI: 1.1-7.3)) in adult patients, and antibiotics use (38%, OR = 4.7 (95%CI: 1.3-23.0)) in female adult patients. PHTS patients experience a broad clinical phenotype of immune dysregulation. At adult age, this consists of more often viral and bacterial infections and autoimmune disease, and repetitive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggie M C M Drissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janet R Vos
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Estel Collado Camps
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jolanda H Schieving
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Kasinath BS, Sharma K, Choudhury GG. High glucose-induced downregulation of PTEN-Long is sufficient for proximal tubular cell injury in diabetic kidney disease. Exp Cell Res 2024; 440:114116. [PMID: 38830568 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
During the progression of diabetic kidney disease, proximal tubular epithelial cells respond to high glucose to induce hypertrophy and matrix expansion leading to renal fibrosis. Recently, a non-canonical PTEN has been shown to be translated from an upstream initiation codon CUG (leucine) to produce a longer protein called PTEN-Long (PTEN-L). Interestingly, the extended sequence present in PTEN-L contains cell secretion/penetration signal. Role of this non-canonical PTEN-L in diabetic renal tubular injury is not known. We show that high glucose decreases expression of PTEN-L. As a mechanism of its function, we find that reduced PTEN-L activates Akt-2, which phosphorylates and inactivate tuberin and PRAS40, resulting in activation of mTORC1 in tubular cells. Antibacterial agent acriflavine and antiviral agent ATA regulate translation from CUG codon. Acriflavine and ATA, respectively, decreased and increased expression of PTEN-L to altering Akt-2 and mTORC1 activation in the absence of change in expression of canonical PTEN. Consequently, acriflavine and ATA modulated high glucose-induced tubular cell hypertrophy and lamininγ1 expression. Importantly, expression of PTEN-L inhibited high glucose-stimulated Akt/mTORC1 activity to abrogate these processes. Since PTEN-L contains secretion/penetration signals, addition of conditioned medium containing PTEN-L blocked Akt-2/mTORC1 activity. Notably, in renal cortex of diabetic mice, we found reduced PTEN-L concomitant with Akt-2/mTORC1 activation, leading to renal hypertrophy and lamininγ1 expression. These results present first evidence for involvement of PTEN-L in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Kumar Sharma
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, TX, USA
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, TX, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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3
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van Ree JH, Jeganathan KB, Fierro Velasco RO, Zhang C, Can I, Hamada M, Li H, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM. Hyperphosphorylated PTEN exerts oncogenic properties. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2983. [PMID: 37225693 PMCID: PMC10209192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a multifaceted tumor suppressor that is highly sensitive to alterations in expression or function. The PTEN C-tail domain, which is rich in phosphorylation sites, has been implicated in PTEN stability, localization, catalytic activity, and protein interactions, but its role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. To address this, we utilized several mouse strains with nonlethal C-tail mutations. Mice homozygous for a deletion that includes S370, S380, T382 and T383 contain low PTEN levels and hyperactive AKT but are not tumor prone. Analysis of mice containing nonphosphorylatable or phosphomimetic versions of S380, a residue hyperphosphorylated in human gastric cancers, reveal that PTEN stability and ability to inhibit PI3K-AKT depends on dynamic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of this residue. While phosphomimetic S380 drives neoplastic growth in prostate by promoting nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, nonphosphorylatable S380 is not tumorigenic. These data suggest that C-tail hyperphosphorylation creates oncogenic PTEN and is a potential target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine H van Ree
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karthik B Jeganathan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ismail Can
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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4
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Olayinka-Adefemi F, Hou S, Marshall AJ. Dual inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinases delta and gamma reduces chronic B cell activation and autoantibody production in a mouse model of lupus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1115244. [PMID: 37234154 PMCID: PMC10206234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) plays key roles in normal B cell activation and is chronically activated in malignant B cells. Targeting of PI3Kδ using FDA-approved drugs Idelalisib or Umbralisib has shown efficacy in treatment of multiple B cell malignancies. Duvelisib, an inhibitor targeting both PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ (PI3Kδγi) has also been used for treatment of several leukemias and lymphomas and was suggested to offer potential additional benefits in supressing T cell and inflammatory responses. Transcriptomics analyses indicated that while most B cell subsets predominantly express PI3Kδ, plasma cells upregulate PI3Kγ. We thus assessed whether PI3Kδγi treatment can impact chronic B cell activation in the context of an autoantibody-mediated disease. Using the TAPP1R218LxTAPP2R211L (TAPP KI) mouse model of lupus-like disease driven by dysregulated PI3K pathway activity, we performed 4 week PI3Kδγi treatments and found significant reduction in CD86+ B cells, germinal center B cells, follicular helper T cells and plasma cells in multiple tissues. This treatment also significantly attenuated the abnormally elevated serum levels of IgG isotypes observed in this model. The profile of autoantibodies generated was markedly altered by PI3Kδγi treatment, with significant reductions in IgM and IgG targeting nuclear antigens, matrix proteins and other autoantigens. Kidney pathology was also impacted, with reduced IgG deposition and glomerulonephritis. These results indicate that dual inhibition of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ can target autoreactive B cells and may have therapeutic benefits in autoantibody-mediated disease.
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5
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Che J, DePalma TJ, Sivakumar H, Mezache LS, Tallman MM, Venere M, Swindle-Reilly K, Veeraraghavan R, Skardal A. αCT1 peptide sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide in a glioblastoma organoid platform. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1108-1119. [PMID: 36544242 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of brain cancer. Even with aggressive treatment, tumor recurrence is almost universal and patient prognosis is poor because many GBM cell subpopulations, especially the mesenchymal and glioma stem cell populations, are resistant to temozolomide (TMZ), the most commonly used chemotherapeutic in GBM. For this reason, there is an urgent need for the development of new therapies that can more effectively treat GBM. Several recent studies have indicated that high expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) in GBM is associated with poor patient outcomes. It has been hypothesized that inhibition of the Cx43 hemichannels could prevent TMZ efflux and sensitize otherwise resistance cells to the treatment. In this study, we use a three-dimensional organoid model of GBM to demonstrate that combinatorial treatment with TMZ and αCT1, a Cx43 mimetic peptide, significantly improves treatment efficacy in certain populations of GBM. Confocal imaging was used to visualize changes in Cx43 expression in response to combinatorial treatment. These results indicate that Cx43 inhibition should be pursued further as an improved treatment for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Che
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J DePalma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Louisa S Mezache
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Miranda M Tallman
- Dorothy M. Davis Hearth and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Monica Venere
- The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katelyn Swindle-Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rengasayee Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Cancer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Zhou Y, Xia J, Xu S, She T, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wen M, Jiang T, Xiong Y, Lei J. Experimental mouse models for translational human cancer research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095388. [PMID: 36969176 PMCID: PMC10036357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and growth of tumors remains an important and ongoing threat to human life around the world. While advanced therapeutic strategies such as immune checkpoint therapy and CAR-T have achieved astonishing progress in the treatment of both solid and hematological malignancies, the malignant initiation and progression of cancer remains a controversial issue, and further research is urgently required. The experimental animal model not only has great advantages in simulating the occurrence, development, and malignant transformation mechanisms of tumors, but also can be used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a diverse array of clinical interventions, gradually becoming an indispensable method for cancer research. In this paper, we have reviewed recent research progress in relation to mouse and rat models, focusing on spontaneous, induced, transgenic, and transplantable tumor models, to help guide the future study of malignant mechanisms and tumor prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Jiang
- *Correspondence: Jie Lei, ; Yanlu Xiong, ; Tao Jiang,
| | - Yanlu Xiong
- *Correspondence: Jie Lei, ; Yanlu Xiong, ; Tao Jiang,
| | - Jie Lei
- *Correspondence: Jie Lei, ; Yanlu Xiong, ; Tao Jiang,
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7
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Fischer A, Lersch R, de Andrade Krätzig N, Strong A, Friedrich MJ, Weber J, Engleitner T, Öllinger R, Yen HY, Kohlhofer U, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Sailer D, Kogan L, Lahnalampi M, Laukkanen S, Kaltenbacher T, Klement C, Rezaei M, Ammon T, Montero JJ, Schneider G, Mayerle J, Heikenwälder M, Schmidt-Supprian M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Steiger K, Liu P, Cadiñanos J, Vassiliou GS, Saur D, Lohi O, Heinäniemi M, Conte N, Bradley A, Rad L, Rad R. In vivo interrogation of regulatory genomes reveals extensive quasi-insufficiency in cancer evolution. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100276. [PMID: 36950387 PMCID: PMC10025556 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mono- or biallelic loss of tumor-suppressor function, effects of discrete gene dysregulations, as caused by non-coding (epi)genome alterations, are poorly understood. Here, by perturbing the regulatory genome in mice, we uncover pervasive roles of subtle gene expression variation in cancer evolution. Genome-wide screens characterizing 1,450 tumors revealed that such quasi-insufficiency is extensive across entities and displays diverse context dependencies, such as distinct cell-of-origin associations in T-ALL subtypes. We compile catalogs of non-coding regions linked to quasi-insufficiency, show their enrichment with human cancer risk variants, and provide functional insights by engineering regulatory alterations in mice. As such, kilo-/megabase deletions in a Bcl11b-linked non-coding region triggered aggressive malignancies, with allele-specific tumor spectra reflecting gradual gene dysregulations through modular and cell-type-specific enhancer activities. Our study constitutes a first survey toward a systems-level understanding of quasi-insufficiency in cancer and gives multifaceted insights into tumor evolution and the tissue-specific effects of non-coding mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Lersch
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas de Andrade Krätzig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Strong
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathias J. Friedrich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Weber
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Sailer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Liz Kogan
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mari Lahnalampi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saara Laukkanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thorsten Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Klement
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Majdaddin Rezaei
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Ammon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J. Montero
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Pentao Liu
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Cadiñanos
- Instituto de Medicina Oncológica y Molecular de Asturias (IMOMA), 33193 Oviedo, Spain
| | - George S. Vassiliou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Olli Lohi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nathalie Conte
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Allan Bradley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Lena Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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8
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Langdon CG. Nuclear PTEN's Functions in Suppressing Tumorigenesis: Implications for Rare Cancers. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020259. [PMID: 36830628 PMCID: PMC9953540 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) encodes a tumor-suppressive phosphatase with both lipid and protein phosphatase activity. The tumor-suppressive functions of PTEN are lost through a variety of mechanisms across a wide spectrum of human malignancies, including several rare cancers that affect pediatric and adult populations. Originally discovered and characterized as a negative regulator of the cytoplasmic, pro-oncogenic phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, PTEN is also localized to the nucleus where it can exert tumor-suppressive functions in a PI3K pathway-independent manner. Cancers can usurp the tumor-suppressive functions of PTEN to promote oncogenesis by disrupting homeostatic subcellular PTEN localization. The objective of this review is to describe the changes seen in PTEN subcellular localization during tumorigenesis, how PTEN enters the nucleus, and the spectrum of impacts and consequences arising from disrupted PTEN nuclear localization on tumor promotion. This review will highlight the immediate need in understanding not only the cytoplasmic but also the nuclear functions of PTEN to gain more complete insights into how important PTEN is in preventing human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey G. Langdon
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; ; Tel.: +1-(843)-792-9289
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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9
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The equilibrium of tumor suppression: DUBs as active regulators of PTEN. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1814-1821. [PMID: 36385557 PMCID: PMC9723170 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is among the most commonly lost or mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. PTEN, a bona fide lipid phosphatase that antagonizes the highly oncogenic PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is considered a major dose-dependent tumor suppressor. Although PTEN function can be compromised by genetic mutations in inherited syndromes and cancers, posttranslational modifications of PTEN may also play key roles in the dynamic regulation of its function. Notably, deregulated ubiquitination and deubiquitination lead to detrimental impacts on PTEN levels and subcellular partitioning, promoting tumorigenesis. While PTEN can be targeted by HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases for nuclear import and proteasomal degradation, studies have shown that several deubiquitinating enzymes, including HAUSP/USP7, USP10, USP11, USP13, OTUD3 and Ataxin-3, can remove ubiquitin from ubiquitinated PTEN in cancer-specific contexts and thus reverse ubiquitination-mediated PTEN regulation. Researchers continue to reveal the precise molecular mechanisms by which cancer-specific deubiquitinases of PTEN regulate its roles in the pathobiology of cancer, and new methods of pharmacologically for modulating PTEN deubiquitinases are critical areas of investigation for cancer treatment and prevention. Here, we assess the mechanisms and functions of deubiquitination as a recently appreciated mode of PTEN regulation and review the link between deubiquitinases and PTEN reactivation and its implications for therapeutic strategies.
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10
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Blanco DB, Chapman NM, Raynor JL, Xu C, Su W, Kc A, Li W, Lim SA, Schattgen S, Shi H, Risch I, Sun Y, Dhungana Y, Kim Y, Wei J, Rankin S, Neale G, Thomas PG, Yang K, Chi H. PTEN directs developmental and metabolic signaling for innate-like T cell fate and tissue homeostasis. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1642-1654. [PMID: 36302969 PMCID: PMC10080469 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is frequently mutated in human cancer, but its roles in lymphopoiesis and tissue homeostasis remain poorly defined. Here we show that PTEN orchestrates a two-step developmental process linking antigen receptor and IL-23-Stat3 signalling to type-17 innate-like T cell generation. Loss of PTEN leads to pronounced accumulation of mature IL-17-producing innate-like T cells in the thymus. IL-23 is essential for their accumulation, and ablation of IL-23 or IL-17 signalling rectifies the reduced survival of female PTEN-haploinsufficient mice that model human patients with PTEN mutations. Single-cell transcriptome and network analyses revealed the dynamic regulation of PTEN, mTOR and metabolic activities that accompanied type-17 cell programming. Furthermore, deletion of mTORC1 or mTORC2 blocks PTEN loss-driven type-17 cell accumulation, and this is further shaped by the Foxo1 and Stat3 pathways. Collectively, our study establishes developmental and metabolic signalling networks underpinning type-17 cell fate decisions and their functional effects at coordinating PTEN-dependent tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bastardo Blanco
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jana L Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chengxian Xu
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anil Kc
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Seon Ah Lim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stefan Schattgen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Isabel Risch
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yunjung Kim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sherri Rankin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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11
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Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases – systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Isaac T. W. Harley,
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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12
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Johansen KH, Golec DP, Huang B, Park C, Thomsen JH, Preite S, Cannons JL, Garçon F, Schrom EC, Courrèges CJF, Veres TZ, Harrison J, Nus M, Phelan JD, Bergmeier W, Kehrl JH, Okkenhaug K, Schwartzberg PL. A CRISPR screen targeting PI3K effectors identifies RASA3 as a negative regulator of LFA-1-mediated adhesion in T cells. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabl9169. [PMID: 35857633 PMCID: PMC9637254 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl9169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) helps to coordinate the migration, adhesion, and activation of T cells through interactions with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2. LFA-1 is activated during the engagement of chemokine receptors and the T cell receptor (TCR) through inside-out signaling, a process that is partially mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its product phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). To evaluate potential roles of PI3K in LFA-1 activation, we designed a library of CRISPR/single guide RNAs targeting known and potential PIP3-binding proteins and screened for effects on the ability of primary mouse T cells to bind to ICAM-1. We identified multiple proteins that regulated the binding of LFA-1 to ICAM-1, including the Rap1 and Ras GTPase-activating protein RASA3. We found that RASA3 suppressed LFA-1 activation in T cells, that its expression was rapidly reduced upon T cell activation, and that its activity was inhibited by PI3K. Loss of RASA3 in T cells led to increased Rap1 activation, defective lymph node entry and egress, and impaired responses to T-dependent immunization in mice. Our results reveal a critical role for RASA3 in T cell migration, homeostasis, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer H Johansen
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Dominic P Golec
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bonnie Huang
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chung Park
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie H Thomsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Silvia Preite
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabien Garçon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Edward C Schrom
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tibor Z Veres
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Harrison
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Meritxell Nus
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John H Kehrl
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Papa A, Pandolfi PP. PTEN in Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:95-115. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Obayashi F, Hamada A, Yamasaki S, Kanda T, Toratani S, Okamoto T. Identification of a Cowden syndrome patient with a novel PTEN mutation and establishment of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:69-78. [PMID: 34984555 PMCID: PMC8803725 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by multiple hamartomas in various organs such as the mucosa, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Patients with CS are at high risk for breast and thyroid cancers. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene that negatively regulates the AKT pathway, and PTEN mutations are known to be the major causes of this syndrome. However, the pathogenesis of this syndrome has not been clarified. Here, we present a case of a Japanese woman with multiple oral polyps, breast cancer, and thyroid cancer who was clinically diagnosed with CS. We obtained DNA and RNA samples from the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and buccal mucosa tumor. Next-generation sequencing revealed novel germline mutations (c.1020delT and c.1026G > A) in exon 8 of PTEN. Sanger sequencing identified no PTEN transcript from the mutant allele. Furthermore, CS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (CS-iPSCs) were established from PBMCs of the patient under feeder- and serum-free culture. Compared with healthy PBMCs and iPSCs, both of the CS-derived PBMCs and CS-iPSCs exhibited significantly reduced expression of the PTEN transcript. The transcriptional variant, PTENδ, was increased in CS-iPSCs, suggesting that it may be the cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Obayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Yamasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taku Kanda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Toratani
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of East Asia, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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15
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Regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 527:41-48. [PMID: 34902523 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer (BCa) in which estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) are not expressed. Although TNBC cases account for approximately 15% of all BCa cases, TNBC patients' prognosis is poor compared with that of other BCa subtypes. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) plays an important role in cell proliferation and migration by negatively regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. PTEN is one of the most commonly inactivated tumor suppressors in BCa. PTEN inactivity is associated with larger tumor sizes, multiple lymph node metastases, and an aggressive triple-negative phenotype. This review primarily focuses on two key points: (1) PTEN and its function. (2) The regulation of tumor suppressor PTEN in TNBC. We provide a summary of genomic alterations of PTEN in BCa. We further discuss the transcriptional regulation of PTEN and how PTEN is regulated by posttranscription and posttranslational modification, as well as by protein interactions. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of the PTEN protein in TNBC.
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16
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Fedeli M, Kuka M, Finardi A, Albano F, Viganò V, Iannacone M, Furlan R, Dellabona P, Casorati G. miR-21 sustains CD28 signalling and low-affinity T-cell responses at the expense of self-tolerance. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1321. [PMID: 34584693 PMCID: PMC8454917 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective miR-21 is highly expressed in iNKT and activated T cells, but its T-cell autonomous functions are poorly defined. We sought to investigate the role of miR-21 in the development and functions of T and iNKT cells, representing adaptive and innate-like populations, respectively. Methods We studied mice with a conditional deletion of miR-21 in all mature T lymphocytes. Results Thymic and peripheral T and iNKT compartments were normal in miR-21 KO mice. Upon activation in vitro, miR-21 depletion reduced T-cell survival, TH17 polarisation and, remarkably, T- and iNKT cell ability to respond to low-affinity antigens, without altering their response to high-affinity ones. Mechanistically, miR-21 sustained CD28-dependent costimulation pathways required to lower the T-cell activation threshold, inhibiting its repressors in a positive feedback circuit, in turn increasing T-cell sensitivity to antigenic stimulation and survival. Upon immunisation with the low-affinity self-epitope MOG35-55, miR-21 KO mice were indeed less susceptible than WT animals to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas they mounted normal T-cell responses against high-affinity viral epitopes generated upon lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Conclusion The induction of T-cell responses to weak antigens (signal 1) depends on CD28 costimulation (signal 2). miR-21 sustains CD28 costimulation, decreasing the T-cell activation threshold and increasing their sensitivity to antigenic stimulation and survival, broadening the immune surveillance range. This occurs at the cost of unleashing autoimmunity, resulting from the recognition of weak self-antigens by autoreactive immune responses. Thus, miR-21 fine-tunes T-cell response and self-/non-self-discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fedeli
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit Institute of Experimental Neurology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Albano
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Valentina Viganò
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit Institute of Experimental Neurology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
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17
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Glioblastoma Therapy: Rationale for a Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Vehicle to Carry Recombinant Viruses. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:523-543. [PMID: 34319509 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of growth suppression is among the prominent hallmarks of cancer. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and p53 tumor-suppressive pathways are compromised in most human cancers, including glioblastoma (GB). Hence, these signaling pathways are an ideal point of focus for novel cancer therapeutics. Recombinant viruses can selectivity kill cancer cells and carry therapeutic genes to tumors. Specifically, oncolytic viruses (OV) have been successfully employed for gene delivery in GB animal models and showed potential to neutralize immunosuppression at the tumor site. However, the associated systemic immunogenicity, inefficient transduction of GB cells, and inadequate distribution to metastatic tumors have been the major bottlenecks in clinical studies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with tumor-tropic properties and immune privilege, can improve OVs targeting. Remarkably, combining the two approaches can address their individual issues. Herein, we summarize findings to advocate the reactivation of tumor suppressors p53 and PTEN in GB treatment and use MSCs as a "Trojan horse" to carry oncolytic viral cargo to disseminated tumor beds. The integration of MSCs and OVs can emerge as the new paradigm in cancer treatment.
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18
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Sun J, Shi J, Li J, Wu M, Li Y, Jia S, Ma C, Wang X, Li Z, Hu N, Hu Y. The Effect of Immunosuppressive Adjuvant Kynurenine on Type 1 Diabetes Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681328. [PMID: 34305913 PMCID: PMC8293994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing antigen-specific tolerance is a promising treatment for preventing or reversing Type 1 diabetes (T1D). In contrast to a vaccine that induces immune responses against pathogens, a tolerogenic vaccine can suppress immunity against antigens causing diseases by administrating a mixture of self-antigens with an adjuvant that decreases the strength of antigen-specific response. Kynurenine (Kyn) is an endogenous substance that can inhibit the natural killer cell and T cell proliferation and promote the differentiation of naïve T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Kyn as a novel suppressive adjuvant. Kyn was co-immunized with GAD65 phage vaccine to induce Treg cells and tolerogenic responses for the prevention of T1D in NOD mouse model. Mice were subcutaneously immunized two times with 1011 Pfu (100μL,1012 Pfu/ml) GAD65 phage vaccine doses mixed with 200 μg of Kyn. Serum antibodies and cytokines were detected by ELISA and electrochemiluminescence, respectively. Flow cytometry assay was used to analyze DC and Treg. MTS was used for the analysis of spleen lymphocyte proliferation. RNA sequencing was used to investigate mRNA and miRNA expression profiles in spleen lymphocytes. Compared to GAD65 phage vaccine alone, co-immunization of Kyn and GAD65 phage vaccine resulted in the prevention of hyperglycemia in 60% of mice for at least one month. Further, Kyn enhances GAD65-specific Th2-mediated immune responses; regulates the Th1/Th2 imbalance and increases the secretion of Th2 cytokines and the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells; suppresses DC maturation and GAD65-specific T lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, we integrated Kyn related miRNA and mRNA expression profiles obtained from the spleen lymphocyte RNA-sequencing which was stimulated by Kyn in vitro. These data provide an important basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying Kyn as an immunosuppressive adjuvant which regulated the immune response. These findings suggest that Kyn can serve as an effective suppressive adjuvant candidate for Type 1 diabetes vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jiandong Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Meini Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yanhan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Sengquan Jia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ningzhu Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yunzhang Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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19
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Lee JK, Koo SY, Nam HM, Lee JB, Ko J, Kim KM, Park EJ, Kim TJ, Lee H, Go H, Lee CW. Ssu72 is a T-cell receptor-responsive modifier that is indispensable for regulatory T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1395-1411. [PMID: 33850312 PMCID: PMC8166877 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic balance between effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial for adaptive immunity; however, epigenetic programs that inhibit phosphorylation to regulate Treg development, peripheral expression, and suppressive activity are elusive. Here, we found that the Ssu72 phosphatase is activated by various T-cell receptor signaling pathways, including the T-cell receptor and IL-2R pathways, and localizes at the cell membrane. Deletion of Ssu72 in T cells disrupts CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Tregs in the periphery via the production of high levels of the effector cytokines IL-2 and IFNγ, which induce CD4+ T-cell activation and differentiation into effector cell lineages. We also found a close correlation between downregulation of Ssu72 and severe defects in mucosal tolerance in patients. Interestingly, Ssu72 forms a complex with PLCγ1, which is an essential effector molecule for T-cell receptor signaling as well as Treg development and function. Ssu72 deficiency impairs PLCγ1 downstream signaling and results in failure of Foxp3 induction. Thus, our studies show that the Ssu72-mediated cytokine response coordinates the differentiation and function of Treg cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kwan Lee
- Research Institute, Curogen Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young Koo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Nam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Jee-Boong Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Ko
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Research Institute, Curogen Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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20
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Igarashi A, Kato T, Sesaki H, Iijima M. Nuclear PTEN deficiency and heterozygous PTEN loss have distinct impacts on brain and lymph node size. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:81-88. [PMID: 33813280 PMCID: PMC8085137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Defects in PTEN, a critical tumor suppressor, are associated with tumorigenesis and aberrant organ sizes. It has been shown that heterozygous PTEN loss increases brains and neuron size, while the specific loss of nuclear PTEN has the opposite effect. Here, we investigate the impact of a combination of heterozygous PTEN loss and nuclear PTEN loss on the size of various organs, including the brain, liver, thymus, spleen, and inguinal lymph node. We found that the effect of the combination varies among organs. Notably, the combination of heterozygous PTEN loss and nuclear PTEN loss restored the normal size of brains and neurons. In contrast, the liver's size was unaffected by either single PTEN defects or their combination. Strikingly, the size of the inguinal lymph node was greatly increased due to lymphoma by the combination of the two PTEN defects. These data suggest that nuclear PTEN and non-nuclear PTEN function in an antagonistic manner in the brain while acting synergistically in the inguinal lymph node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Igarashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Xiao C, Nemazee D, Gonzalez-Martin A. MicroRNA control of B cell tolerance, autoimmunity and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 64:102-107. [PMID: 32522353 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA) in 1993, thousands of miRNAs have been identified in humans and mice and many of them have been shown to control a large variety of cellular processes in different cell types including those composing the immune system. MicroRNAs regulate virtually all aspects of immune cell development, differentiation and function. Studies have shown that these molecules are involved in the maintenance of lymphocyte tolerance and, when dysregulated, promote the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in B cell tolerance and their contribution to autoimmunity, highlighting additional roles for some of these miRNAs in T cell tolerance. Finally, we will comment on miRNAs that promote both autoimmunity and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alicia Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Lau A, Avery DT, Jackson K, Lenthall H, Volpi S, Brigden H, Russell AJ, Bier J, Reed JH, Smart JM, Cole T, Choo S, Gray PE, Berglund LJ, Hsu P, Wong M, O'Sullivan M, Boztug K, Meyts I, Uzel G, Notarangelo LD, Brink R, Goodnow CC, Tangye SG, Deenick EK. Activated PI3Kδ breaches multiple B cell tolerance checkpoints and causes autoantibody production. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132760. [PMID: 31841125 PMCID: PMC7041712 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients, gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD break tolerance, causing highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM. Mouse models reveal that Pik3cd GOF subverts the response to self-antigen, preventing the induction of anergy and instead stimulating plasmablast and GC formation. Antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases are a major health burden. However, our understanding of how self-reactive B cells escape self-tolerance checkpoints to secrete pathogenic autoantibodies remains incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that patients with monogenic immune dysregulation caused by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD, encoding the p110δ catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), have highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM antibodies. In mice with the corresponding heterozygous Pik3cd activating mutation, self-reactive B cells exhibit a cell-autonomous subversion of their response to self-antigen: instead of becoming tolerized and repressed from secreting autoantibody, Pik3cd gain-of-function B cells are activated by self-antigen to form plasmablasts that secrete high titers of germline-encoded IgM autoantibody and hypermutating germinal center B cells. However, within the germinal center, peripheral tolerance was still enforced, and there was selection against B cells with high affinity for self-antigen. These data show that the strength of PI3K signaling is a key regulator of pregerminal center B cell self-tolerance and thus represents a druggable pathway to treat antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lau
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Jackson
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Centro per le malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini and Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, riabilitazione, oftalmologia, genetica e scienze materno-infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Henry Brigden
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne M Smart
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul E Gray
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Berglund
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Immunopathology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Allergy, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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23
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Fan X, Kraynak J, Knisely JPS, Formenti SC, Shen WH. PTEN as a Guardian of the Genome: Pathways and Targets. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036194. [PMID: 31932469 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic information is only possible with the structural and functional integrity of the genome. PTEN has been recognized as a guardian of the genome since the identification of its noncanonical localization and function in the nucleus. Yet, the role of PTEN in guarding the genome relies on integration of diverse mechanisms elicited by its canonical activity in antagonizing PI3K as well as emerging noncanonical functions. In the nucleus, PTEN maintains the structural integrity of chromosomes and the architecture of heterochromatin by physically interacting with chromosomal and nucleosomal components. PTEN also controls the functional integrity of key genetic transmission machineries by promoting proper assembly of the replisome and mitotic spindles. Deregulation of PTEN signaling impairs genome integrity, leading to spontaneous replication/mitotic stress and subsequent stress tolerance. Identification of novel targets of PTEN signaling and illumination of the interplay of diverse PTEN pathways in genome maintenance will help us better understand mechanisms underlying tumor evolution and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kraynak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan P S Knisely
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Wen H Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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24
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Mechanism of PRL2 phosphatase-mediated PTEN degradation and tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20538-20548. [PMID: 32788364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002964117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) levels are frequently found reduced in human cancers, but how PTEN is down-regulated is not fully understood. In addition, although a compelling connection exists between PRL (phosphatase of regenerating liver) 2 and cancer, how this phosphatase induces oncogenesis has been an enigma. Here, we discovered that PRL2 ablation inhibits PTEN heterozygosity-induced tumorigenesis. PRL2 deficiency elevates PTEN and attenuates AKT signaling, leading to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in tumors. We also found that high PRL2 expression is correlated with low PTEN level with reduced overall patient survival. Mechanistically, we identified PTEN as a putative PRL2 substrate and demonstrated that PRL2 down-regulates PTEN by dephosphorylating PTEN at Y336, thereby augmenting NEDD4-mediated PTEN ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Given the strong cancer susceptibility to subtle reductions in PTEN, the ability of PRL2 to down-regulate PTEN provides a biochemical basis for its oncogenic propensity. The results also suggest that pharmacological targeting of PRL2 could provide a novel therapeutic strategy to restore PTEN, thereby obliterating PTEN deficiency-induced malignancies.
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25
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Jaini R, Loya MG, King AT, Thacker S, Sarn NB, Yu Q, Stark GR, Eng C. Germline PTEN mutations are associated with a skewed peripheral immune repertoire in humans and mice. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:2353-2364. [PMID: 32588888 PMCID: PMC7424751 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with germline mutations in the gene encoding phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN) are diagnosed with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) and are at high risk for developing breast, thyroid and other cancers and/or autoimmunity or neurodevelopmental issues including autism spectrum disorders. Although well recognized as a tumor suppressor, involvement of PTEN mutations in mediating such a diverse range of phenotypes indicates a more central involvement for PTEN in immunity than previously recognized. To address this, sequencing of the T-cell receptor variable-region β-chain was performed on peripheral blood from PHTS patients. Based on patient findings, we performed mechanistic studies in two Pten knock-in murine models, distinct from each other in cell compartment-specific predominance of Pten. We found that PTEN mutations in humans and mice are associated with a skewed T- and B-cell gene repertoire, characterized by increased prevalence of high-frequency clones. Immunological characterization showed that Pten mutants have increased B-cell proliferation and a proclivity towards increased T-cell reactivity upon Toll-like-receptor stimulation. Furthermore, decreases in nuclear but not cytoplasmic Pten levels associated with a reduction in expression of the autoimmune regulator (Aire), a critical mediator of central immune tolerance. Mechanistically, we show that nuclear PTEN most likely regulates Aire expression via its emerging role in splicing regulation. We conclude that germline disruption of PTEN, both in human and mouse, results in compromised central immune tolerance processes that may significantly impact individual stress responses and therefore predisposition to autoimmunity and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
- Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple/blood
- Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple/genetics
- Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple/immunology
- Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple/pathology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- AIRE Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Jaini
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Matthew G Loya
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alexander T King
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stetson Thacker
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas B Sarn
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Qi Yu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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26
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Abstract
The maintenance of organismal homeostasis requires partitioning and transport of biochemical molecules between organ systems, their composite cells, and subcellular organelles. Although transcriptional programming undeniably defines the functional state of cells and tissues, underlying biochemical networks are intricately intertwined with transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation. Studies of the metabolic regulation of immunity have elegantly illustrated this phenomenon. The cells of the immune system interface with a diverse set of environmental conditions. Circulating immune cells perfuse peripheral organs in the blood and lymph, patrolling for pathogen invasion. Resident immune cells remain in tissues and play more newly appreciated roles in tissue homeostasis and immunity. Each of these cell populations interacts with unique and dynamic tissue environments, which vary greatly in biochemical composition. Furthermore, the effector response of immune cells to a diverse set of activating cues requires unique cellular adaptations to supply the requisite biochemical landscape. In this review, we examine the role of spatial partitioning of metabolic processes in immune function. We focus on studies of lymphocyte metabolism, with reference to the greater immunometabolism literature when appropriate to illustrate this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Shyer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Will Bailis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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27
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PTEN Function at the Interface between Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Response to Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155337. [PMID: 32727102 PMCID: PMC7432882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that rewiring the host immune system in favor of an antitumor microenvironment achieves remarkable clinical efficacy in the treatment of many hematological and solid cancer patients. Nevertheless, despite the promising development of many new and interesting therapeutic strategies, many of these still fail from a clinical point of view, probably due to the lack of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. In that respect, several data shed new light on the role of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in affecting the composition and function of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as resistance/sensitivity to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on PTEN functions in different TME compartments (immune and stromal cells) and how they can modulate sensitivity/resistance to different immunological manipulations and ultimately influence clinical response to cancer immunotherapy.
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28
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Katsuyama T, Li H, Comte D, Tsokos GC, Moulton VR. Splicing factor SRSF1 controls T cell hyperactivity and systemic autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5411-5423. [PMID: 31487268 DOI: 10.1172/jci127949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a devastating autoimmune disease in which hyperactive T cells play a critical role. Understanding molecular mechanisms underlying the T cell hyperactivity will lead to identification of specific therapeutic targets. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) is an essential RNA-binding protein that controls posttranscriptional gene expression. We have demonstrated that SRSF1 levels are aberrantly decreased in T cells from patients with SLE and that they correlate with severe disease, yet the role of SRSF1 in T cell physiology and autoimmune disease is largely unknown. Here we show that T cell-restricted Srsf1-deficient mice develop systemic autoimmunity and lupus-nephritis. Mice exhibit increased frequencies of activated/effector T cells producing proinflammatory cytokines, and an elevated T cell activation gene signature. Mechanistically, we noted increased activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and reduced expression of its repressor PTEN. The mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor rapamycin suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production by T cells and alleviated autoimmunity in Srsf1-deficient mice. Of direct clinical relevance, PTEN levels correlated with SRSF1 in T cells from patients with SLE, and SRSF1 overexpression rescued PTEN and suppressed mTORC1 activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Our studies reveal the role of a previously unrecognized molecule, SRSF1, in restraining T cell activation, averting the development of autoimmune disease, and acting as a potential therapeutic target for lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Katsuyama
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Denis Comte
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Divisions of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vaishali R Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Vidotto T, Melo CM, Castelli E, Koti M, Dos Reis RB, Squire JA. Emerging role of PTEN loss in evasion of the immune response to tumours. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1732-1743. [PMID: 32327707 PMCID: PMC7283470 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling network, leading to many of the characteristic phenotypic changes of cancer. However, the primary effects of this gene on oncogenesis through control of the PI3K-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway might not be the only avenue by which PTEN affects tumour progression. PTEN has been shown to regulate the antiviral interferon network and thus alter how cancer cells communicate with and are targeted by immune cells. An active, T cell-infiltrated microenvironment is critical for immunotherapy success, which is also influenced by mutations in DNA damage repair pathways and the overall mutational burden of the tumour. As PTEN has a role in the maintenance of genomic integrity, it is likely that a loss of PTEN affects the immune response at two different levels and might therefore be instrumental in mediating failed responses to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarise findings that demonstrate how the loss of PTEN function elicits specific changes in the immune response in several types of cancer. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that illustrate the potential utility of PTEN as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vidotto
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Morais Melo
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Erick Castelli
- Department of Pathology, Medicine School of Botucatu, Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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30
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Huang Y, Wang H, Hao Y, Lin H, Dong M, Ye J, Song L, Wang Y, Li Q, Shan B, Jiang Y, Li H, Shao Z, Kroemer G, Zhang H, Bai L, Jin T, Wang C, Ma Y, Cai Y, Ding C, Liu S, Pan Y, Jiang W, Zhou R. Myeloid PTEN promotes chemotherapy-induced NLRP3-inflammasome activation and antitumour immunity. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:716-727. [PMID: 32367047 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is a dual-specificity phosphatase that is frequently mutated in human cancer, and its deficiency in cancer has been associated with therapy resistance and poor survival. Although the intrinsic tumour-suppressor function of PTEN has been well established, evidence of its role in the tumour immune microenvironment is lacking. Here, we show that chemotherapy-induced antitumour immune responses and tumour suppression rely on myeloid-cell PTEN, which is essential for chemotherapy-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and antitumour immunity. PTEN directly interacts with and dephosphorylates NLRP3 to enable NLRP3-ASC interaction, inflammasome assembly and activation. Importantly, supplementation of IL-1β restores chemotherapy sensitivity in mouse myeloid cells with a PTEN deficiency. Clinically, chemotherapy-induced IL-1β production and antitumour immunity in patients with cancer is correlated with PTEN expression in myeloid cells, but not tumour cells. Our results demonstrate that myeloid PTEN can determine chemotherapy responsiveness by promoting NLRP3-dependent antitumour immunity and suggest that myeloid PTEN might be a potential biomarker to predict chemotherapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yize Hao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hualong Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Menghao Dong
- Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Song
- National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Benjie Shan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Shao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Li Bai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suling Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yueyin Pan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Chen X, Tang W, Zhou L, Chen Z, An Y, Zhang Z, Tang X, Zhao X. Phenotypic characterization of patients with activated PI3Kδ syndrome 1 presenting with features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Dis 2020; 8:907-917. [PMID: 34522717 PMCID: PMC8427252 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome 1 (APDS1) is a primary immunodeficiency disease caused by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD. Clinical features of autoimmune disease have been reported in patients with APDS1. In this study, we reported three patients with APDS1 presenting with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) phenotype. The clinical manifestations included recurrent respiratory tract infection, lymphoproliferation, Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, decreased complement fractions, positive antinuclear antibodies, renal complications related to SLE associated diseases, which met the clinical spectrum of APDS1 and the classification criteria of SLE. The immunological phenotype included an inversion in the CD4:CD8 ratio, an increase in both non-circulating Tfh CD4+ memory T and circulating Tfh populations, a low level of recent thymic emigrant T cells, overexpression of CD57 on T cells, and a decrease in B cells with fewer antibody class switch recombination. These phenotypes detected in patients with APDS1 presenting with SLE were resemble that in patients with APDS1 presenting without SLE. Meanwhile, we described the effect of glucocorticoids and rapamycin therapy on patients with APDS1. The phosphorylation of S6 at Ser235/236 was inhibited in patients with APDS1 who underwent glucocorticoids therapy, including two who presented with SLE phenotype. The phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 and phosphorylation of S6 at Ser235/236 were inhibited in other patients with APDS1 who underwent rapamycin therapy. Here, we showed the coexistence of immunodeficiency and SLE phenotype in APDS1, and the inhibition of rapamycin in activated Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Children's Hospital ofChongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Qiuyun Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Children's Hospital ofChongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Children's Hospital ofChongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Children's Hospital ofChongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Children's Hospital ofChongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Yunfei An
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), Children's Hospital ofChongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
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32
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Wang M, Chen H, Qiu J, Yang HX, Zhang CY, Fei YY, Zhao LD, Zhou JX, Wang L, Wu QJ, Zhou YZ, Zhang W, Zhang FC, Zhang X, Lipsky PE. Antagonizing miR-7 suppresses B cell hyperresponsiveness and inhibits lupus development. J Autoimmun 2020; 109:102440. [PMID: 32201226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to address the biological function of miR-7 in an animal model of systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice were administrated antagomiR-7 or a scramble control by tail vein for 5weeks. Three groups of animals' tissues were assessed for lupus manifestations by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, and serum was examined for levels of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines. Splenic B cell subsets were assessed for intracellular expression of PI3K signaling by FACS. Finally, the ability of the miR-7 antagomir to regulate the expansion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cell hyperresponsiveness was further explored. RESULTS We found that miR-7 was up-regulated in MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice and directly targeted PTEN mRNA in B cells. Up-regulated miR-7 in MRLlpr/lpr lupus B cells was negatively correlated with PTEN expression. Notably, miR-7 antagomir treatment reduced lupus manifestations in MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice. miR-7-mediated down-regulation of PTEN/AKT signaling promoted B cell differentiation into plasmablasts/plasma cells and spontaneous germinal center (GC) formation, whereas miR-7 antagomir normalized splenic B cell subtypes. Besides suppressing the activation of B cells, miR-7 antagomir intervention also down-regulated STAT3 phosphorylation and production of IL-21 and reduced Tfh expansion. CONCLUSION The above data have demonstrated the critical roles of miR-7 not only in regulating PTEN expression and also B cell and Tfh cell function in lupus-prone MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice. Furthermore, the disease manifestations in MRLlpr/lpr lupus mice are efficiently improved by miR-7 antagomir, indicating miR-7 as a potential treatment strategy in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jia Qiu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, 471003, China
| | - Hua-Xia Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yun-Yun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qing-Jun Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yang-Zhong Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Feng-Chun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Centre, Medical Epigenetics Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- RILITE Research Institute and AMPEL BioSolutions, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Gianni F, Belver L, Ferrando A. The Genetics and Mechanisms of T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a035246. [PMID: 31570389 PMCID: PMC7050584 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy derived from early T-cell progenitors. The recognition of clinical, genetic, transcriptional, and biological heterogeneity in this disease has already translated into new prognostic biomarkers, improved leukemia animal models, and emerging targeted therapies. This work reviews our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gianni
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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34
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Lee YR, Pandolfi PP. PTEN Mouse Models of Cancer Initiation and Progression. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037283. [PMID: 31570383 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the most frequently mutated, deleted, and functionally inactivated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. PTEN is found mutated both somatically and in the germline of patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). PTEN encodes a dual lipid and protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates the lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), in turn negatively regulating the oncogenic PI3K-AKT pathway, a key proto-oncogenic player in cancer development and progression. Because of importance of PTEN in tumorigenesis, a large number of sophisticated genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has been designed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which the "PTEN pathway" promotes tumorigenesis, while simultaneously providing a well-tailored system for the identification of novel therapies and offering platforms for new drug discoveries. This review summarizes the major cancer mouse models through which the PTEN pathway has been genetically deconstructed, and outlines the rapid development of GEMMs toward more detailed functional and tissue-specific analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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35
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Cetintas VB, Batada NN. Is there a causal link between PTEN deficient tumors and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment? J Transl Med 2020; 18:45. [PMID: 32000794 PMCID: PMC6993356 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor is the second most commonly inactivated gene across cancer types. While it's role in PI3K/AKT and DNA damage pathways are clear, increasing evidences suggest that PTEN may also promote anti-tumor immunity. PTEN-deficient tumors are characterized by (i) reduced levels of cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells and NK cells, (ii) elevated pro-oncogenic inflammatory cytokines like CCL2 and (iii) increased levels of immunosuppressive cells such as MDSCs and Tregs. An intriguing possibility is that link between PTEN and anti-tumor immunity is mediated by the interferon signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the evidences for the mechanistic link between PTEN deficiency and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the interferon signaling pathway. We further discuss how the link between these pathways can be exploited for development of personalized immunotherapy for patients with PTEN deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan B Cetintas
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nizar N Batada
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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36
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Taylor H, Laurence ADJ, Uhlig HH. The Role of PTEN in Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036996. [PMID: 31501268 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipid and protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) controls the differentiation and activation of multiple immune cells. PTEN acts downstream from T- and B-cell receptors, costimulatory molecules, cytokine receptors, integrins, and also growth factor receptors. Loss of PTEN activity in human and mice is associated with cellular and humoral immune dysfunction, lymphoid hyperplasia, and autoimmunity. Although most patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) have no immunological symptoms, a subclinical immune dysfunction is present in many, and clinical immunodeficiency in few. Comparison of the immune phenotype caused by PTEN haploinsufficiency in PHTS, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) gain-of-function in activated PI3K syndrome, and mice with conditional biallelic Pten deletion suggests a threshold model in which coordinated activity of several phosphatases control the PI3K signaling in a cell-type-specific manner. Emerging evidence highlights the role of PTEN in polygenic autoimmune disorders, infection, and the immunological response to cancer. Targeting the PI3K axis is an emerging therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Taylor
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Arian D J Laurence
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1E 6AG, United Kingdom
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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37
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DiStasio MM, Nagakura I, Nadler MJ, Anderson MP. T lymphocytes and cytotoxic astrocyte blebs correlate across autism brains. Ann Neurol 2019; 86:885-898. [PMID: 31591744 PMCID: PMC7210715 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 59 children, yet except for rare genetic causes, the etiology in most ASD remains unknown. In the ASD brain, inflammatory cytokine and transcript profiling shows increased expression of genes encoding mediators of the innate immune response. We evaluated postmortem brain tissue for adaptive immune cells and immune cell-mediated cytotoxic damage that could drive this innate immune response in the ASD brain. METHODS Standard neuropathology diagnostic methods including histology and immunohistochemistry were extended with automated image segmentation to quantify identified pathologic features in the postmortem brains. RESULTS We report multifocal perivascular lymphocytic cuffs contain increased numbers of lymphocytes in ~65% of ASD compared to control brains in males and females, across all ages, in most brain regions, and in white and gray matter, and leptomeninges. CD3+ T lymphocytes predominate over CD20+ B lymphocytes and CD8+ over CD4+ T lymphocytes in ASD brains. Importantly, the perivascular cuff lymphocyte numbers correlate to the quantity of astrocyte-derived round membranous blebs. Membranous blebs form as a cytotoxic reaction to lymphocyte attack. Consistent with multifocal immune cell-mediated injury at perivascular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-brain barriers, a subset of white matter vessels have increased perivascular space (with jagged contours) and collagen in ASD compared to control brains. CSF-brain barrier pathology is also evident at cerebral cortex pial and ventricular ependymal surfaces in ASD. INTERPRETATION The findings suggest dysregulated cellular immunity damages astrocytes at foci along the CSF-brain barrier in ASD. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:885-898.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello M. DiStasio
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ikue Nagakura
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monica J. Nadler
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew P. Anderson
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Beyond the Cell Surface: Targeting Intracellular Negative Regulators to Enhance T cell Anti-Tumor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235821. [PMID: 31756921 PMCID: PMC6929154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that extracellular proteins that negatively regulate T cell function, such as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), can be effectively targeted to enhance cancer immunotherapies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T cells). Intracellular proteins that inhibit T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, though less well studied, are also potentially useful therapeutic targets to enhance T cell activity against tumor. Four major classes of enzymes that attenuate TCR signaling include E3 ubiquitin kinases such as the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proteins (Cbl-b and c-Cbl), and Itchy (Itch), inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases, such as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP-1 and SHP-2), inhibitory protein kinases, such as C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), and inhibitory lipid kinases such as Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP) and Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). This review describes the mechanism of action of eighteen intracellular inhibitory regulatory proteins in T cells within these four classes, and assesses their potential value as clinical targets to enhance the anti-tumor activity of endogenous T cells and CAR-T cells.
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39
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Revising PTEN in the Era of Immunotherapy: New Perspectives for an Old Story. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101525. [PMID: 31658667 PMCID: PMC6826982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as the new therapeutic frontier of cancer treatment, showing enormous survival benefits in multiple tumor diseases. Although undeniable success has been observed in clinical trials, not all patients respond to treatment. Different concurrent conditions can attenuate or completely abrogate the usefulness of immunotherapy due to the activation of several escape mechanisms. Indeed, the tumor microenvironment has an almost full immunosuppressive profile, creating an obstacle to therapeutic treatment. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) governs a plethora of cellular processes, including maintenance of genomic stability, cell survival/apoptosis, migration, and metabolism. The repertoire of PTEN functions has recently been expanded to include regulation of the tumor microenvironment and immune system, leading to a drastic reevaluation of the canonical paradigm of PTEN action with new potential implications for immunotherapy-based approaches. Understanding the implication of PTEN in cancer immunoediting and immune evasion is crucial to develop new cancer intervention strategies. Recent evidence has shown a double context-dependent role of PTEN in anticancer immunity. Here we summarize the current knowledge of PTEN’s role at a crossroads between tumor and immune compartments, highlighting the most recent findings that are likely to change future clinical practice.
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40
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Thies KA, Lefler JE, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. PTEN in the Stroma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036111. [PMID: 31427286 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding the functions of Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in tumor cells, only recently have tumor cell-non-autonomous PTEN actions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) been appreciated. While it is accepted that the TME actively communicates with cancer cells to influence disease progression, our understanding of the genes and pathways responsible is still evolving. Given that inactivation of PTEN in the stroma is correlated with worse outcomes in human cancers, determining the unique functions and mechanisms of PTEN regulation in various TME cell compartments is essential. In this review, the evidence for PTEN function in different TME cell compartments, the mechanisms governing PTEN inactivation, and the downstream pathways regulated by PTEN that are critical for intracellular communication, are covered. The potential clinical implications of these findings as well as the future directions for the study of stromal PTEN are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Thies
- Department of Radiation Oncology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Julia E Lefler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Chen P, Wang S, Janardhan KS, Zemans RL, Deng W, Karmaus P, Shen S, Sunday M, Que LG, Fessler MB, Zhong XP. Efficient CD4Cre-Mediated Conditional KRas Expression in Alveolar Macrophages and Alveolar Epithelial Cells Causes Fatal Hyperproliferative Pneumonitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1208-1217. [PMID: 31315887 PMCID: PMC6702086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The CD4Cre transgenic model has been widely used for T cell-specific gene manipulation. We report unexpected highly efficient Cre-mediated recombination in alveolar macrophages (AMFs), bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) in this strain of mice. Different from CD4 T cells, AMFs, AECs, and BECs do not express detectable Cre protein, suggesting that Cre protein is either very transiently expressed in these cells or only expressed in their precursors. Mice carrying a conditional constitutively active KRas (caKRas) allele and the CD4Cre transgene contain not only hyperactivated T cells but also develop severe AMF accumulation, AEC and BEC hyperplasia, and adenomas in the lung, leading to early lethality correlated with caKRas expression in these cells. We propose that caKRas-CD4Cre mice represent, to our knowledge, a novel model of proliferative pneumonitis involving macrophages and epithelial cells and that the CD4Cre model may offer unique usefulness for studying gene functions simultaneously in multilineages in the lung. Our observations, additionally, suggest that caution in data interpretation is warranted when using the CD4Cre transgenic model for T cell-specific gene manipulation, particularly when lung pathophysiological status is being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kyathanahalli S Janardhan
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., and National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Peer Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Shudan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Mary Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Loretta G Que
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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42
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Hu Z, Qu G, Yu X, Jiang H, Teng XL, Ding L, Hu Q, Guo X, Zhou Y, Wang F, Li HB, Chen L, Jiang J, Su B, Liu J, Zou Q. Acylglycerol Kinase Maintains Metabolic State and Immune Responses of CD8 + T Cells. Cell Metab 2019; 30:290-302.e5. [PMID: 31204281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell expansions and functions rely on glycolysis, but the mechanisms underlying CD8+ T cell glycolytic metabolism remain elusive. Here, we show that acylglycerol kinase (AGK) is required for the establishment and maintenance of CD8+ T cell metabolic and functional fitness. AGK deficiency dampens CD8+ T cell antitumor functions in vivo and perturbs CD8+ T cell proliferation in vitro. Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which mediates elevated CD8+ T cell glycolysis, is tightly dependent on AGK kinase activity. Mechanistically, T cell antigen receptor (TCR)- and CD28-stimulated recruitment of PTEN to the plasma membrane facilitates AGK-PTEN interaction and AGK-triggered PTEN phosphorylation, thereby restricting PTEN phosphatase activity in CD8+ T cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AGK maintains CD8+ T cell metabolic and functional state by restraining PTEN activity and highlight a critical role for AGK in CD8+ T cell metabolic programming and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guojun Qu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haojie Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Teng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qianwen Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinwei Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Qiang Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Luongo F, Colonna F, Calapà F, Vitale S, Fiori ME, De Maria R. PTEN Tumor-Suppressor: The Dam of Stemness in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1076. [PMID: 31366089 PMCID: PMC6721423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in cancer. Loss or variation in PTEN gene/protein levels is commonly observed in a broad spectrum of human cancers, while germline PTEN mutations cause inherited syndromes that lead to increased risk of tumors. PTEN restrains tumorigenesis through different mechanisms ranging from phosphatase-dependent and independent activities, subcellular localization and protein interaction, modulating a broad array of cellular functions including growth, proliferation, survival, DNA repair, and cell motility. The main target of PTEN phosphatase activity is one of the most significant cell growth and pro-survival signaling pathway in cancer: PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Several shreds of evidence shed light on the critical role of PTEN in normal and cancer stem cells (CSCs) homeostasis, with its loss fostering the CSC compartment in both solid and hematologic malignancies. CSCs are responsible for tumor propagation, metastatic spread, resistance to therapy, and relapse. Thus, understanding how alterations of PTEN levels affect CSC hallmarks could be crucial for the development of successful therapeutic approaches. Here, we discuss the most significant findings on PTEN-mediated control of CSC state. We aim to unravel the role of PTEN in the regulation of key mechanisms specific for CSCs, such as self-renewal, quiescence/cell cycle, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT), with a particular focus on PTEN-based therapy resistance mechanisms and their exploitation for novel therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luongo
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colonna
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Calapà
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Vitale
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Micol E Fiori
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Scientific Vice-Direction, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli"-I.R.C.C.S., Largo Francesco Vito 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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44
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Duraikannu A, Krishnan A, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW. Beyond Trophic Factors: Exploiting the Intrinsic Regenerative Properties of Adult Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:128. [PMID: 31024258 PMCID: PMC6460947 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are common but frequently irreversible. It is often but mistakenly assumed that peripheral neuron regeneration is robust without a need to be improved or supported. However, axonal lesions, especially those involving proximal nerves rarely recover fully and injuries generally are complicated by slow and incomplete regeneration. Strategies to enhance the intrinsic growth properties of reluctant adult neurons offer an alternative approach to consider during regeneration. Since axons rarely regrow without an intimately partnered Schwann cell (SC), approaches to enhance SC plasticity carry along benefits to their axon partners. Direct targeting of molecules that inhibit growth cone plasticity can inform important regenerative strategies. A newer approach, a focus of our laboratory, exploits tumor suppressor molecules that normally dampen unconstrained growth. However several are also prominently expressed in stable adult neurons. During regeneration their ongoing expression “brakes” growth, whereas their inhibition and knockdown may enhance regrowth. Examples have included phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), a tumor suppressor that inhibits PI3K/pAkt signaling, Rb1, the protein involved in retinoblastoma development, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor that inhibits β-Catenin transcriptional signaling and its translocation to the nucleus. The identification of several new targets to manipulate the plasticity of regenerating adult peripheral neurons is exciting. How they fit with canonical regeneration strategies and their feasibility require additional work. Newer forms of nonviral siRNA delivery may be approaches for molecular manipulation to improve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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45
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Vallejo-Díaz J, Chagoyen M, Olazabal-Morán M, González-García A, Carrera AC. The Opposing Roles of PIK3R1/p85α and PIK3R2/p85β in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:233-244. [PMID: 30961830 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the PI3K/PTEN pathway is a frequent event in cancer, and PIK3CA and PTEN are the most commonly mutated genes after TP53. PIK3R1 is the predominant regulatory isoform of PI3K. PIK3R2 is an ubiquitous isoform that has been so far overlooked, but data from The Cancer Genome Atlas shows that increased expression of PIK3R2 is also frequent in cancer. In contrast to PIK3R1, which is a tumor-suppressor gene, PIK3R2 is an oncogene. We review here the opposing roles of PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 in cancer, the regulatory mechanisms that control PIK3R2 expression, and emerging therapeutic approaches targeting PIK3R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vallejo-Díaz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Monica Chagoyen
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Manuel Olazabal-Morán
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Ana González-García
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Ana Clara Carrera
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain.
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46
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Kitz A, Singer E, Hafler D. Regulatory T Cells: From Discovery to Autoimmunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029041. [PMID: 29311129 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a genetically mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Allelic variants lead to lower thresholds of T-cell activation resulting in activation of autoreactive T cells. Environmental factors, including, among others, diet, vitamin D, and smoking, in combination with genetic predispositions, play a substantial role in disease development and activation of autoreactive T cells. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have emerged as central in the control of autoreactive T cells. A consistent finding in patients with MS is defects in Treg cell function with reduced suppression of effector T cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Emerging data suggests that functional Tregs become effector-like T cells with loss of function associated with T-bet expression and interferon γ (IFN-γ) secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kitz
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Emily Singer
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - David Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Eissing M, Ripken L, Schreibelt G, Westdorp H, Ligtenberg M, Netea-Maier R, Netea MG, de Vries IJM, Hoogerbrugge N. PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome and Immune Dysregulation. Transl Oncol 2018; 12:361-367. [PMID: 30504085 PMCID: PMC6277246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carriers of a pathogenic germline mutations in the PTEN gene, a well-known tumor suppressor gene, are at increased risk of multiple benign and malignant tumors, e.g. breast, thyroid, endometrial and colon cancer. This is called PTEN Hamartomous Tumor Syndrome (PHTS). PHTS patients may also have an increased risk of immunological dysregulation, such as autoimmunity and immune deficiencies. The effects of PTEN on the immune system have been studied in murine knockout models demonstrating that loss of PTEN function leads to dysregulation of the immune response. This results in susceptibility to autoimmunity, impaired B cell class switching with subsequent hypogammaglobulinemia. Additionally, a decreased ability of dendritic cells to prime CD8+ T cells was observed, leading to impaired tumor eradication. Immune dysfunction in PHTS patients has not yet been extensively studied but might be a manageable contributing factor to the increased cancer risk in PHTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Eissing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Ripken
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Westdorp
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn Ligtenberg
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid1 0, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Nitulescu GM, Van De Venter M, Nitulescu G, Ungurianu A, Juzenas P, Peng Q, Olaru OT, Grădinaru D, Tsatsakis A, Tsoukalas D, Spandidos DA, Margina D. The Akt pathway in oncology therapy and beyond (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2319-2331. [PMID: 30334567 PMCID: PMC6203150 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (Akt), similar to many other protein kinases, is at the crossroads of cell death and survival, playing a pivotal role in multiple interconnected cell signaling mechanisms implicated in cell metabolism, growth and division, apoptosis suppression and angiogenesis. Akt protein kinase displays important metabolic effects, among which are glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells or the suppression of neuronal cell death. Disruptions in the Akt-regulated pathways are associated with cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The regulation of the Akt signaling pathway renders Akt a valuable therapeutic target. The discovery process of Akt inhibitors using various strategies has led to the identification of inhibitors with great selectivity, low side-effects and toxicity. The usefulness of Akt emerges beyond cancer therapy and extends to other major diseases, such as diabetes, heart diseases, or neurodegeneration. This review presents key features of Akt structure and functions, and presents the progress of Akt inhibitors in regards to drug development, and their preclinical and clinical activity in regards to therapeutic efficacy and safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mihai Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maryna Van De Venter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Georgiana Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petras Juzenas
- Department of Pathology, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Octavian Tudorel Olaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Grădinaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Denisa Margina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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Abbastabar M, Kheyrollah M, Azizian K, Bagherlou N, Tehrani SS, Maniati M, Karimian A. Multiple functions of p27 in cell cycle, apoptosis, epigenetic modification and transcriptional regulation for the control of cell growth: A double-edged sword protein. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 69:63-72. [PMID: 30075372 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is controlled by precise mechanisms to prevent malignancies such as cancer, and the cell needs these tight and advanced controls. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (also known as KIP1) is a factor that inhibits the progression of the cell cycle by using specific molecular mechanisms. The inhibitory effect of p27 on the cell cycle is mediated by CDKs inhibition. Other important functions of p27 include cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Post- translational modification of p27 by phosphorylation and ubiquitination respectively regulates interaction between p27 and cyclin/CDK complex and degradation of p27. In this review, we focus on the multiple function of p27 in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, epigenetic modifications and post- translational modification, and briefly discuss the mechanisms and factors that have important roles in p27 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abbastabar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kheyrollah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Bagherlou
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cancer & Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Lee YR, Chen M, Pandolfi PP. The functions and regulation of the PTEN tumour suppressor: new modes and prospects. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:547-562. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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