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Song Y, Sun M, Mu G, Tuo Y. Exopolysaccharide secreted by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 showed inhibitory effect on the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129478. [PMID: 38237822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a prevalent foodborne and waterborne pathogen that threatens human health. Our previous research indicated that the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 exopolysaccharide (L-EPS) potentially inhibited the pathogenicity of S. flexneri. The in vitro results of this study demonstrated that L-EPS effectively mitigated the symptoms induced by S. flexneri in HT-29 cells, including inhibited gene expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TLR 2/4, and NOD1/2; decreased apoptosis ratio; and alleviated damage degree of intestinal barrier function (Zona occludens 1, Occludin, and Claudin-1). The in vivo results demonstrated that S. flexneri treated with L-EPS elicited mild adverse physiological manifestations, an inflammatory response, and tissue damage. The infection of S. flexneri caused significant alterations in the abundance of phylum (Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Proteobacteria), family (Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae, Prevotellaceaea, Ruminococcaceae, and Lactobaillaceae), and genus (Escherichia Shigella and Lachnospirillaceae NK4A136 group) within the cecal microbiota. These changes were accompanied by perturbations in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, arginine biosynthesis, and histidine metabolic pathways. However, intervention with L-EPS attenuated the dysbiosis of cecal microbiota and metabolic disturbances. In summary, our research suggested a potential application of L-EPS as a functional food additive for mitigating S. flexneri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Mengying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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2
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Jang KK, Heaney T, London M, Ding Y, Putzel G, Yeung F, Ercelen D, Chen YH, Axelrad J, Gurunathan S, Zhou C, Podkowik M, Arguelles N, Srivastava A, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Keestra-Gounder AM, Pironti A, Griffin ME, Hang HC, Cadwell K. Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1450-1468.e8. [PMID: 37652008 PMCID: PMC10502928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of antimicrobial proteins such as REG3 family members compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of REG3 proteins can also be detrimental by reducing a protective species in the microbiota. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiencing flares displayed heightened levels of secreted REG3 proteins that mediated depletion of Enterococcus faecium (Efm) from the gut microbiota. Efm inoculation of mice ameliorated intestinal inflammation through activation of the innate immune receptor NOD2, which was associated with the bacterial DL-endopeptidase SagA that generates NOD2-stimulating muropeptides. NOD2 activation in myeloid cells induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion to increase the proportion of IL-22-producing CD4+ T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells that promote tissue repair. Finally, Efm was unable to protect mice carrying a NOD2 gene variant commonly found in IBD patients. Our findings demonstrate that inflammation self-perpetuates by causing aberrant antimicrobial activity that disrupts symbiotic relationships with gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ku Jang
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Heaney
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mariya London
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Frank Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sakteesh Gurunathan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chaoting Zhou
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Natalia Arguelles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anusha Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew E Griffin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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3
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Khachatryan L, Xiang Y, Ivanov A, Glaab E, Graham G, Granata I, Giordano M, Maddalena L, Piccirillo M, Manipur I, Baruzzo G, Cappellato M, Avot B, Stan A, Battey J, Lo Sasso G, Boue S, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Falquet L, Di Camillo B, Guarracino MR, Ulyantsev V, Sierro N, Poussin C. Results and lessons learned from the sbv IMPROVER metagenomics diagnostics for inflammatory bowel disease challenge. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6303. [PMID: 37072468 PMCID: PMC10113391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence links gut microbiota changes with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), raising the potential benefit of exploiting metagenomics data for non-invasive IBD diagnostics. The sbv IMPROVER metagenomics diagnosis for inflammatory bowel disease challenge investigated computational metagenomics methods for discriminating IBD and nonIBD subjects. Participants in this challenge were given independent training and test metagenomics data from IBD and nonIBD subjects, which could be wither either raw read data (sub-challenge 1, SC1) or processed Taxonomy- and Function-based profiles (sub-challenge 2, SC2). A total of 81 anonymized submissions were received between September 2019 and March 2020. Most participants' predictions performed better than random predictions in classifying IBD versus nonIBD, Ulcerative Colitis (UC) versus nonIBD, and Crohn's Disease (CD) versus nonIBD. However, discrimination between UC and CD remains challenging, with the classification quality similar to the set of random predictions. We analyzed the class prediction accuracy, the metagenomics features by the teams, and computational methods used. These results will be openly shared with the scientific community to help advance IBD research and illustrate the application of a range of computational methodologies for effective metagenomic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Khachatryan
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Artem Ivanov
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Enrico Glaab
- University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Stan
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Boue
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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4
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Jang KK, Heaney T, London M, Ding Y, Yeung F, Ercelen D, Chen YH, Axelrad J, Gurunathan S, Marijke Keestra-Gounder A, Griffin ME, Hang HC, Cadwell K. Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.29.526128. [PMID: 36778381 PMCID: PMC9915521 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.29.526128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of antimicrobial proteins such as REG3 family members compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of REG3 proteins can also be detrimental by reducing a protective species in the microbiota. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiencing flares displayed heightened levels of secreted REG3 proteins that mediated depletion of Enterococcus faecium ( Efm ) from the gut microbiota. Efm inoculation of mice ameliorated intestinal inflammation through activation of the innate immune receptor NOD2, which was associated with the bacterial DL-endopeptidase SagA. Microbiota sensing by NOD2 in myeloid cells mediated IL-1β secretion and increased the proportion of IL-22-producing CD4 + T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells. Finally, Efm was unable to protect mice carrying a NOD2 gene variant commonly found in IBD patients. Our findings demonstrate that inflammation self-perpetuates by causing aberrant antimicrobial activity that disrupts symbiotic relationships with gut microbes.
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5
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Tian X, Nanding K, Dai X, Wang Q, Wang J, Morigen, Fan L. Pattern recognition receptor mediated innate immune response requires a Rif-dependent pathway. J Autoimmun 2023; 134:102975. [PMID: 36527784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases play critical roles in cell morphology, movement, and adhesion by dynamic regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The small Rho GTPase Rif/RhoF (Rho in filopodia) regulates the formation of filopodia and stress fibers in cells. Rif is highly expressed in a number of cell types in the immune system; however, it's role in immune system function is unclear. In this research, we found that Rif expression is necessary for NF-κB activation in primary immune cells, and mature dendritic cell (mature DCs) induced from Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells (BMDCs) isolated from Rif knock out (Rif KO) mice displayed impaired degradation of I-κBα, as well as reduced TNF-α secretion and p38 MAPK phosphorylation under LPS stimulation. Interestingly, we revealed that TLR agonists, such as LPS and poly (I:C), as well as bacterial virulence factor SopE could induce a transient increase in Rif activation in monocytes THP-1 cells. Furthermore, Rif was found to be an integral part of the TLR4, TLR3 and nodosome signaling complex. We further identified Src tyrosine kinases as upstream activator of Rif in both bacterial and viral induced immune responses. Moreover, activated Rif induces activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB, AP-1 and IRF-3, and mediates inflammation through secretion of IL-6, IL-8 or TNFα. Rif activation by PRRs contributes in a variety of ways to protective host responses against invading microbes. Taken together, this study reveals that Rif is indispensable for both extracellular and intracellular pattern-recognition receptor-mediated innate immune responses. Rif possess broad anti-pathogenic effect and understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which this small Rho GTPase interferes with innate immune system will be beneficial to develop therapies against infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China; The Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Diagnosis, Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Kathleen Nanding
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Xueyao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Junyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Morigen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China.
| | - Lifei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China.
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6
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Sun H, Cao Y, Yang Y, Li H, Qu L. Analysis of miRNA Expression Profiling of RIP2 Knockdown in Chicken HD11 Cells When Infected with Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137319. [PMID: 35806321 PMCID: PMC9266748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis is an acute and chronic avian disease caused by avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Previous studies have demonstrated that RIP2 plays a significant role in APEC infection. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in host–pathogen interactions and the immune response. However, the role of miRNAs in the host against APEC infection remains unclear. Herein, we attempted to reveal new miRNAs potentially involved in the regulation of the immune and inflammatory response against APEC infection, with a particular focus on those possibly correlated with RIP2 expression, via miRNA-seq, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and CCK-8. The results showed that a total of 93 and 148 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in the knockdown of RIP2 cells following APEC infection (shRIP2+APEC) vs. knockdown of RIP2 cells (shRIP2) and shRIP2 vs. wild-type cells (WT), respectively. Among those identified DE miRNAs, the biological function of gga-miR-455-5p was investigated. It was found that gga-miR-455-5p regulated by RIP2 was involved in the immune and inflammatory response against APEC infection via targeting of IRF2 to modulate the expression of type I interferons. Additionally, RIP2 could directly regulate the production of the type I interferons. Altogether, these findings highlighted the crucial role of miRNAs, especially gga-miR-455-5p, in host defense against APEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuxuan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yexin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
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Transcriptional Regulation of RIP2 Gene by NFIB Is Associated with Cellular Immune and Inflammatory Response to APEC Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073814. [PMID: 35409172 PMCID: PMC8998712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) can cause localized or systemic infection, resulting in large economic losses per year, and impact health of humans. Previous studies showed that RIP2 (receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2) and its signaling pathway played an important role in immune response against APEC infection. In this study, chicken HD11 cells were used as an in vitro model to investigate the function of chicken RIP2 and the transcription factor binding to the RIP2 core promoter region via gene overexpression, RNA interference, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, dual luciferase reporter assay, CHIP-PCR, CCK-8, and flow cytometry assay following APEC stimulation. Results showed that APEC stimulation promoted RIP2 expression and cells apoptosis, and inhibited cells viability. Knockdown of RIP2 significantly improved cell viability and suppressed the apoptosis of APEC-stimulated cells. Transcription factor NFIB (Nuclear factor I B) and GATA1 (globin transcription factor 1) binding site was identified in the core promoter region of RIP2 from −2300 bp to −1839 bp. However, only NFIB was confirmed to be bound to the core promoter of RIP2. Overexpression of NFIB exacerbated cell injuries with significant reduction in cell viability and increased cell apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines levels, whereas opposite results were observed in NFIB inhibition treatment group. Moreover, RIP2 was up-regulated by NFIB overexpression, and RIP2 silence mitigated the effect of NFIB overexpression in cell apoptosis, inflammation, and activation of NFκB signaling pathways. This study demonstrated that NFIB overexpression accelerated APEC-induced apoptosis and inflammation via up-regulation of RIP2 mediated downstream pathways in chicken HD11 cells.
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Cao X, Cordova AF, Li L. Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Innate Immune Receptors: A Balancing Act. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3414-3458. [PMID: 34870969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is an organism's first line of defense against an onslaught of internal and external threats. The downstream adaptive immune system has been a popular target for therapeutic intervention, while there is a relative paucity of therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. However, the innate immune system plays a critical role in many human diseases, such as microbial infection, cancer, and autoimmunity, highlighting the need for ongoing therapeutic research. In this review, we discuss the major innate immune pathways and detail the molecular strategies underpinning successful therapeutics targeting each pathway as well as previous and ongoing efforts. We will also discuss any recent discoveries that could inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies. As our understanding of the innate immune system continues to develop, we envision that therapies harnessing the power of the innate immune system will become the mainstay of treatment for a wide variety of human diseases.
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Major Outer Membrane Protein from Legionella pneumophila Inhibits Phagocytosis but Enhances Chemotaxis of RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Regulating the FOXO1/Coronin-1 Axis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9409777. [PMID: 34812410 PMCID: PMC8605921 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9409777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen that can cause Legionnaire's disease by invading alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) plays an important role in the interaction between bacteria and host cells. However, the role of MOMP in the process of L. pneumophila invasion of macrophages and its working mechanism remain unknown. We aimed to explore the effects of MOMP on phagocytosis and chemotaxis of RAW 264.7 macrophages. The chemotactic activity, toxicity, and phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 cocultured with different concentrations of MOMP were determined by Transwell, CCK-8, and neutral red uptake assays, respectively. Target genes were detected by double-luciferase and pull down assays. qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to analyze the expression of several important proteins involved in the immune response pathway, including coronin-1, interleukins (IL-10), forkhead transcription factor 1 (FOXO1), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein (NOD) 1, NOD2, and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 2. After coculturing with MOMP, cytological observation indicated a decrease of phagocytosis and a marked increase of chemotaxis in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The phagocytosis degree of RAW 264.7 macrophage varied with the concentration gradient of MOMP in a time-dependent manner. MOMP could increase the expression levels of MCP-1, IL-10, NOD2, and RIP2 and decrease the expression levels of FOXO1 and coronin-1 in cell culture supernatants. In addition, we found that FOXO1 could promote its transcription by binding to the promoter of coronin-1. The results of the present study suggested that MOMP could inhibit phagocytosis and facilitate chemotaxis of RAW 264.7 macrophage, which might be associated with the FOXO1/coronin-1 axis.
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10
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Huang Z, Jin S, Lv Z. Dietary genistein supplementation alters mRNA expression profile and alternative splicing signature in the thymus of chicks with lipopolysaccharide challenge. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101561. [PMID: 34896964 PMCID: PMC8666715 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein is abundant in the soybean products, which exerts prominent effects on immune function. Little information is available about the effect of dietary genistein on thymic transcriptome, especially when suffering from lipopolysaccharide challenge. In this study, 180 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to 3 groups: nonchallenged chicks given a basal diet (CON), and lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks fed a basal diet (LPS), or lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks fed a basal diet supplemented with 40 mg/kg genistein (GEN). Lipopolysaccharide injection induced thymocyte apoptosis and inflammatory reactions in the chicks. The results showed dietary genistein significantly reduced the percentage of CD3+ T lymphocytes by 10.04% and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio by 21.88% in the peripheral blood induced by lipopolysaccharide injection (P < 0.05). In addition, genistein significantly reduced the thymus index by 50% and apoptotic index by 12.34% induced by LPS challenge (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis identified 1,926 DEGs (1,014 upregulated and 912 downregulated, P < 0.05) between GEN and LPS groups, which altered the mRNA expression profile and signaling pathways (Toll-like receptor, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway) in the thymus. Furthermore, 5 splicing (AS) isoforms of the Drosophila Disabled-2 (DAB2) gene were detected, which were significantly upregulated in the GEN group compared with that in the LPS group. In summary, dietary genistein supplementation altered the RNA expression profile and AS signatures in the thymus, and alleviated immune response against lipopolysaccharide challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Song Jin
- Animal Disease Control Center of Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Martín-Sanz P, García-Del Portillo F, Laparra JM, Boscá L. NOD1 in the interplay between microbiota and gastrointestinal immune adaptations. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105775. [PMID: 34273489 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments and other danger signals, has been linked to inflammatory pathologies. NOD1, which is expressed by immune and non-immune cells, is activated after recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). This recognition triggers host defense responses and both immune memory and tolerance can also be achieved during these processes. Since the gut microbiota is currently considered a master regulator of human physiology central in health and disease and the intestine metabolizes a wide range of nutrients, drugs and hormones, it is a fact that dysbiosis can alter tissues and organs homeostasis. These systemic alterations occur in response to gastrointestinal immune adaptations that are not yet fully understood. Even if previous evidence confirms the connection between the microbiota, the immune system and metabolic disorders, much remains to be discovered about the contribution of NOD1 to low-grade inflammatory pathologies such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review compiles the most recent findings in this area, while providing a dynamic and practical framework with future approaches for research and clinical applications on targeting NOD1. This knowledge can help to rate the consequences of the disease and to stratify the patients for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Moisés Laparra
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food), Ctra, Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Maisonneuve C, Tsang DKL, Foerster EG, Robert LM, Mukherjee T, Prescott D, Tattoli I, Lemire P, Winer DA, Winer S, Streutker CJ, Geddes K, Cadwell K, Ferrero RL, Martin A, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. Nod1 promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by regulating the immunosuppressive functions of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108677. [PMID: 33503439 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneering studies from the early 1980s suggested that bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl peptides (MPs) could exert either stimulatory or immunosuppressive functions depending, in part, on chronicity of exposure. However, this Janus-faced property of MPs remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the immunosuppressive potential of Nod1, the bacterial sensor of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing MPs. Using a model of self-limiting peritonitis, we show that systemic Nod1 activation promotes an autophagy-dependent reprogramming of macrophages toward an alternative phenotype. Moreover, Nod1 stimulation induces the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and maintains their immunosuppressive potential via arginase-1 activity. Supporting the role of MDSCs and tumor-associated macrophages in cancer, we demonstrate that myeloid-intrinsic Nod1 expression sustains intra-tumoral arginase-1 levels to foster an immunosuppressive and tumor-permissive microenvironment during colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Our findings support the notion that bacterial products, via Nod1 detection, modulate the immunosuppressive activity of myeloid cells and fuel tumor progression in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Maisonneuve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Derek K L Tsang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | | | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dave Prescott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ivan Tattoli
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Paul Lemire
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Shawn Winer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Catherine J Streutker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Kaoru Geddes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York Grossman University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia; Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168 VIC, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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13
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Hofmann SR, Girschick L, Stein R, Schulze F. Immune modulating effects of receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2) in autoinflammation and immunity. Clin Immunol 2020; 223:108648. [PMID: 33310070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) is a kinase that is involved in downstream signaling of nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD1 and 2 sensing bacterial peptidoglycans. RIP2-deficiency or targeting of RIP2 by pharmaceutical inhibitors partially ameliorates inflammatory diseases by reducing pro-inflammatory signaling in response to peptidoglycans. However, RIP2 is widely expressed and interacts with several other proteins suggesting additional functions outside the NOD-signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the immunological functions of RIP2 and its possible role in autoinflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Ruth Hofmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Leonie Girschick
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Schulze
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Maiti S, Howlader DR, Halder P, Bhaumik U, Dutta M, Dutta S, Koley H. Bivalent non-typhoidal Salmonella outer membrane vesicles immunized mice sera confer passive protection against gastroenteritis in a suckling mice model. Vaccine 2020; 39:380-393. [PMID: 33303233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) serovars, especially Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), cause gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance in iNTS, a broad-spectrum vaccine is urgently needed for the prevention of iNTS infection. Currently, there is no effective licensed vaccine against iNTS available in the market. We have formulated an outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) based bivalent immunogen as a vaccine candidate to generate broad-spectrum protective immunity against both recently circulating prevalent ST and SE. We have isolated OMVs from ST and SE and formulated the immunogen by mixing both OMVs (1:1 ratio). Three doses of bivalent immunogen significantly induced humoral immune responses against lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) as well as a cell-mediated immune response in adult mice. We also observed that proteins of OMVs act as an adjuvant for generation of high levels of anti-LPS antibodies through T cell activation. We then characterized the one-day old suckling mice model for both ST and SE mediated gastroenteritis and used the model for a passive protection study. In the passive protection study, we found the passive transfer of bivalent OMVs immunized sera significantly reduced ST and SE mediated colonization and gastroenteritis symptoms in the colon of suckling mice compared to non-immunized sera recipients. The overall study demonstrated that OMVs based bivalent vaccine could generate broad-spectrum immunity against prevalent iNTS mediated gastroenteritis. This study also established the suckling mice model as a suitable animal model for vaccine study against iNTS mediated gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhrid Maiti
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Debaki Ranjan Howlader
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Prolay Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Ushasi Bhaumik
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33 CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
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15
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Ma X, Zhang W, Xu C, Zhang S, Zhao J, Pan Q, Wang Z. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 enhances oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion injury in cortical neurons via activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 117:104525. [PMID: 32888957 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) can regulate multiple transcription factors to enhance or attenuate injury. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 (NOD1) has been reported to be involved in autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Moreover, autophagy and ER stress play important roles in CIR injury. Hence, the function of NOD1 in CIR injury was explored in this study. Primary rat cortical neurons were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) in vitro. NOD1 level was measured using immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting and its ubiquitination using co-immunoprecipitation. Results showed that OGD/R up-regulated NOD1 level but inhibited NOD1 ubiquitination. Then the effect of NOD1 on OGD/R-induced changes in cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, lactate dehydrogenase release, Hoechst staining, detection of autophagy and ER stress-related proteins using western blotting and infection with GFP-LC3 lentiviruses. OGD/R decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis. NOD1 up-regulation promoted these changes, but NOD1 down-regulation reversed these changes. Moreover, OGD/R triggered autophagy and ER stress and NOD1 silencing reversed OGD/R-induced changes in autophagy and ER stress. To validate the role of autophagy in OGD/R injury, autophagy inducer rapamycin was used. Rapamycin promoted OGD/R-induced decrease in cell viability and counteracted NOD1 silencing-induced increase in cell viability. In addition, ER stress inducer tunicamycin was used to investigate the relationship between ER stress and autophagy. Tunicamycin promoted OGD/R-induced decrease in cell viability and reversed NOD1 silencing-induced increase in cell viability. Tunicamycin also enhanced OGD/R-induced autophagy and reversed NOD1 silencing-induced inhibition in autophagy. The results indicated that NOD1 promoted OGD/R injury in cortical neurons through activating ER stress-mediated autophagy. This study provides new insights for the target of CIR injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiande Ma
- Teaching and Experiment Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Third Department of Encephalopathy rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Basic Sciences of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiu Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Pan
- Department of Pathology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Trindade BC, Chen GY. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:139-161. [PMID: 32677123 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Trindade
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Carlos D, Pérez MM, Leite JA, Rocha FA, Martins LMS, Pereira CA, Fraga-Silva TFC, Pucci TA, Ramos SG, Câmara NOS, Bonato VLD, Tostes RC, Silva JS. NOD2 Deficiency Promotes Intestinal CD4+ T Lymphocyte Imbalance, Metainflammation, and Aggravates Type 2 Diabetes in Murine Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1265. [PMID: 32774333 PMCID: PMC7381387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease characterized by increased inflammation, NOD-like receptors (NLRs) activation and gut dysbiosis. Our research group has recently reported that intestinal Th17 response limits gut dysbiosis and LPS translocation to visceral adipose tissue (VAT), protecting against metabolic syndrome. However, whether NOD2 receptor contributes intestinal Th17 immunity, modulates dysbiosis-driven metabolic tissue inflammation, and obesity-induced T2D remain poorly understood. In this context, we observed that mice lacking NOD2 fed a high-fat diet (HFD) display severe obesity, exhibit greater adiposity, and more hepatic steatosis compared to HFD-fed wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, they develop increased hyperglycemia, worsening of glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Notably, the deficiency of NOD2 causes a deviation from M2 macrophage and regulatory T cells (Treg) to M1 macrophage and mast cells into VAT compared to WT mice fed HFD. An imbalance was also observed in Th17/Th1 cell populations, with reduced IL-17 and IL-22 gene expression in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and ileum, respectively, of NOD2-deficient mice fed HFD. 16S rRNA sequencing indicates lower richness, alpha diversity, and a depletion of Allobaculum, Lactobacillus, and enrichment with Bacteroides genera in these mice compared to HFD-fed WT mice. These alterations were associated with disrupted tight-junctions expression, augmented serum LPS, and bacterial translocation into VAT. Overall, NOD2 activation is required for a protective Th17 over Th1 immunity in the gut, which seems to decrease gram-negative bacteria outgrowth in gut microbiota, attenuating the endotoxemia, metainflammation, and protecting against obesity-induced T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carlos
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Malena M Pérez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jefferson A Leite
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Rocha
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa M S Martins
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Thais F C Fraga-Silva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Taís A Pucci
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vânia L D Bonato
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Plataform, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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18
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Kuss-Duerkop SK, Keestra-Gounder AM. NOD1 and NOD2 Activation by Diverse Stimuli: a Possible Role for Sensing Pathogen-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00898-19. [PMID: 32229616 PMCID: PMC7309630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt recognition of microbes by cells is critical to eliminate invading pathogens. Some cell-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to microbial ligands. However, others can respond to cellular perturbations, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Nucleotide oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are PRRs that recognize and respond to multiple stimuli of microbial and cellular origin, such as bacterial peptidoglycan, viral infections, parasitic infections, activated Rho GTPases, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. How NOD1/2 are stimulated by such diverse stimuli is not fully understood but may partly rely on cellular changes during infection that result in ER stress. NOD1/2 are ER stress sensors that facilitate proinflammatory responses for pathogen clearance; thus, NOD1/2 may help mount broad antimicrobial responses through detection of ER stress, which is often induced during a variety of infections. Some pathogens may subvert this response to promote infection through manipulation of NOD1/2 responses to ER stress that lead to apoptosis. Here, we review NOD1/2 stimuli and cellular responses. Furthermore, we discuss pathogen-induced ER stress and how it might potentiate NOD1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Kuss-Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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19
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Rius-Rocabert S, Llinares Pinel F, Pozuelo MJ, García A, Nistal-Villan E. Oncolytic bacteria: past, present and future. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5521890. [PMID: 31226708 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century ago, independent groups raised the possibility of using bacteria to selectively infect tumours. Such treatment induces an immune reaction that can cause tumour rejection and protect the patient against further recurrences. One of the first holistic approximations to use bacteria in cancer treatment was performed by William Coley, considered the father of immune-therapy, at the end of XIX century. Since then, many groups have used different bacteria to test their antitumour activity in animal models and patients. The basis for this reactivity implies that innate immune responses activated upon bacteria recognition, also react against the tumour. Different publications have addressed several aspects of oncolytic bacteria. In the present review, we will focus on revisiting the historical aspects using bacteria as oncolytic agents and how they led to the current clinical trials. In addition, we address the molecules present in oncolytic bacteria that induce specific toxic effects against the tumors as well as the activation of host immune responses in order to trigger antitumour immunity. Finally, we discuss future perspectives that could be considered in the different fields implicated in the implementation of this kind of therapy in order to improve the current use of bacteria as oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llinares Pinel
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Pozuelo
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo-CEU University, Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Pfister SP, Schären OP, Beldi L, Printz A, Notter MD, Mukherjee M, Li H, Limenitakis JP, Werren JP, Tandon D, Cuenca M, Hagemann S, Uster SS, Terrazos MA, Gomez de Agüero M, Schürch CM, Coelho FM, Curtiss R, Slack E, Balmer ML, Hapfelmeier S. Uncoupling of invasive bacterial mucosal immunogenicity from pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1978. [PMID: 32332737 PMCID: PMC7181798 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is the notion that infection with a virulent intestinal pathogen induces generally stronger mucosal adaptive immunity than the exposure to an avirulent strain. Whether the associated mucosal inflammation is important or redundant for effective induction of immunity is, however, still unclear. Here we use a model of auxotrophic Salmonella infection in germ-free mice to show that live bacterial virulence factor-driven immunogenicity can be uncoupled from inflammatory pathogenicity. Although live auxotrophic Salmonella no longer causes inflammation, its mucosal virulence factors remain the main drivers of protective mucosal immunity; virulence factor-deficient, like killed, bacteria show reduced efficacy. Assessing the involvement of innate pathogen sensing mechanisms, we show MYD88/TRIF, Caspase-1/Caspase-11 inflammasome, and NOD1/NOD2 nodosome signaling to be individually redundant. In colonized animals we show that microbiota metabolite cross-feeding may recover intestinal luminal colonization but not pathogenicity. Consequent immunoglobulin A immunity and microbial niche competition synergistically protect against Salmonella wild-type infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona P Pfister
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier P Schären
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Beldi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Printz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matheus D Notter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mohana Mukherjee
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel P Werren
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Disha Tandon
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguelangel Cuenca
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hagemann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie S Uster
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Terrazos
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fernanda M Coelho
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, D-HEST, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Balmer
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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22
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Activation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Impacts the NOD1 Signaling Pathway. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00826-18. [PMID: 31109951 PMCID: PMC6652781 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00826-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsible for sensing bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. Stimulation of NOD1 leads to a robust innate immune response via activation of the major transcription factor NF-κB. In addition to peptidoglycan sensing, NOD1 and the closely related PRR NOD2 have been linked to inflammation by responding to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR). Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsible for sensing bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. Stimulation of NOD1 leads to a robust innate immune response via activation of the major transcription factor NF-κB. In addition to peptidoglycan sensing, NOD1 and the closely related PRR NOD2 have been linked to inflammation by responding to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR). Here we show that differential ER stress induction renders cells more susceptible to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in a NOD1-dependent manner, measured by increased NF-κB activation and cytokine expression. In HeLa57A cells stably transfected with an NF-κB::luciferase reporter, we show that cells undergoing ER stress induced by thapsigargin display a significant increase in NF-κB activation in response to NOD1 stimulation by C12-iE-DAP (acylated derivative of the iE-DAP dipeptide [gamma-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid]) and the S. Typhimurium effector protein SopE. Tunicamycin-induced ER stress had no effect on NOD1-stimulated NF-κB activation. We further show that the mouse intestinal epithelial cell line MODE-K and RAW264.7 macrophages are more responsive to Salmonella infection when treated with thapsigargin but not with tunicamycin. These profound differences between thapsigargin- and tunicamycin-treated cells upon inflammation suggest that different components downstream of the UPR contribute to NOD1 activation. We found that the NOD1-induced inflammatory response is dependent on protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation in conjunction with stimulation of the inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R). Together, these results suggest that differential UPR activation makes cells more responsive to bacterial infections in a NOD1-dependent manner.
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23
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Mukherjee T, Hovingh ES, Foerster EG, Abdel-Nour M, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammation, immunity and disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 670:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Shehat MG, Cardona OA, Aranjuez GF, Jewett MW, Tigno-Aranjuez JT. RIP2 promotes FcγR-mediated reactive oxygen species production. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10365-10378. [PMID: 31113864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) is a kinase that mediates signaling downstream of the bacterial peptidoglycan sensors NOD1 and NOD2. Genetic loss or pharmaceutical inhibition of RIP2 has been shown to be beneficial in multiple inflammatory disease models with the effects largely attributed to reducing proinflammatory signaling downstream of peptidoglycan recognition. However, given the widespread expression of this kinase and its reported interactions with numerous other proteins, it is possible that RIP2 may also function in roles outside of peptidoglycan sensing. In this work, we show that RIP2 undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in response to engagement of the Fc γ receptor (FcγR). Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from WT and RIP2-KO mice, we show that loss of RIP2 leads to deficient FcγR signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production upon FcγR cross-linking without affecting cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, or nitrate/nitrite production. The FcγR-induced ROS response was still dependent on NOD2, as macrophages deficient in this receptor showed similar defects. Mechanistically, we found that different members of the Src family kinases (SFKs) can promote RIP2 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation. Altogether, our findings suggest that RIP2 is functionally important in pathways outside of bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and that involvement in such pathways may depend on the actions of SFKs. These findings will have important implications for future therapies designed to target this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Shehat
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Omar A Cardona
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - George F Aranjuez
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Mollie W Jewett
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Justine T Tigno-Aranjuez
- From the Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32827
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25
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Juan C, Torrens G, Barceló IM, Oliver A. Interplay between Peptidoglycan Biology and Virulence in Gram-Negative Pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00033-18. [PMID: 30209071 PMCID: PMC6298613 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and epidemiological threat of the growing antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens, particularly for β-lactams, the most frequently used and relevant antibiotics, urges research to find new therapeutic weapons to combat the infections caused by these microorganisms. An essential previous step in the development of these therapeutic solutions is to identify their potential targets in the biology of the pathogen. This is precisely what we sought to do in this review specifically regarding the barely exploited field analyzing the interplay among the biology of the peptidoglycan and related processes, such as β-lactamase regulation and virulence. Hence, here we gather, analyze, and integrate the knowledge derived from published works that provide information on the topic, starting with those dealing with the historically neglected essential role of the Gram-negative peptidoglycan in virulence, including structural, biogenesis, remodeling, and recycling aspects, in addition to proinflammatory and other interactions with the host. We also review the complex link between intrinsic β-lactamase production and peptidoglycan metabolism, as well as the biological costs potentially associated with the expression of horizontally acquired β-lactamases. Finally, we analyze the existing evidence from multiple perspectives to provide useful clues for identifying targets enabling the future development of therapeutic options attacking the peptidoglycan-virulence interconnection as a key weak point of the Gram-negative pathogens to be used, if not to kill the bacteria, to mitigate their capacity to produce severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Juan
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Isabel Maria Barceló
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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26
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Stroo I, Emal D, Butter LM, Teske GJ, Claessen N, Dessing MC, Girardin SE, Florquin S, Leemans JC. No difference in renal injury and fibrosis between wild-type and NOD1/NOD2 double knockout mice with chronic kidney disease induced by ureteral obstruction. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:78. [PMID: 29609537 PMCID: PMC5879837 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by sustained tissue damage and ongoing tubulo-interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) can sense endogenous ligands released upon tissue damage, leading to sterile inflammation and eventually irreversible kidney disease. It is known that NOD1 and NOD2 contribute to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, including acute kidney injury. However their role in chronic kidney disease is largely unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the contribution of NOD1 and NOD2 in renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy. Methods To do so, we performed unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in wild type (WT) and NOD1/NOD2 double deficient (DKO) mice and analysed renal damage, fibrosis and inflammation. Data were analysed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. Results Minor changes in inflammatory response were observed in NOD1/2 DKO mice, while no effects were observed on renal injury and the development of fibrosis. Conclusion No difference in renal injury and fibrosis between WT and NOD1/NOD2 DKO mice following obstructive nephropathy induced by ureteral obstruction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-018-0867-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Stroo
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diba Emal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes M Butter
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwen J Teske
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nike Claessen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C Dessing
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaklien C Leemans
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, room L2-112, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Corridoni D, Chapman T, Ambrose T, Simmons A. Emerging Mechanisms of Innate Immunity and Their Translational Potential in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018. [PMID: 29515999 PMCID: PMC5825991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system through pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling plays a pivotal role in the early induction of host defense following exposure to pathogens. Loss of intestinal innate immune regulation leading aberrant immune responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The precise role of PRRs in gut inflammation is not well understood, but considering their role as bacterial sensors and their genetic association with IBD, they likely contribute to dysregulated immune responses to the commensal microbiota. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the emerging functions of PRRs including their functional cross-talk, how they respond to mitochondrial damage, induce mitophagy or autophagy, and influence adaptive immune responses by interacting with the antigen presentation machinery. The review also summarizes some of the recent attempts to harness these pathways for therapeutic approaches in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corridoni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Chapman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Ambrose
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein, NOD2, belonging to the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, detects conserved motifs in bacterial peptidoglycan and promotes their clearance through activation of a proinflammatory transcriptional program and other innate immune pathways, including autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. An inactive form due to mutations or a constitutive high expression of NOD2 is associated with several inflammatory diseases, suggesting that balanced NOD2 signaling is critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent developments about the pathway and mechanisms of regulation of NOD2 and illustrate the principal functions of the gene, with particular emphasis on its central role in maintaining the equilibrium between intestinal microbiota and host immune responses to control inflammation. Furthermore, we survey recent studies illustrating the role of NOD2 in several inflammatory diseases, in particular, inflammatory bowel disease, of which it is the main susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Negroni
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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29
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He H, Arsenault RJ, Genovese KJ, Johnson C, Kogut MH. Chicken macrophages infected with Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis or S. Heidelberg produce differential responses in immune and metabolic signaling pathways. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 195:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Dwiyanti R, Hatta M, Natzir R, Pratiwi S, Sabir M, Yasir Y, Noviyanthi RA, Junita AR, Tandirogan N, Amir M, Fias M, Saning J, Bahar B. Association of Typhoid Fever Severity with Polymorphisms NOD2, VDR and NRAMP1 Genes in Endemic Area, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2017.133.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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31
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Tao Z, Zhu C, Song W, Xu W, Zhang S, Liu H, Li H. Inductive expression of the NOD1 signalling pathway in chickens infected with Salmonella pullorum. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:242-250. [PMID: 28084794 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1280771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to describe the role of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) receptor signalling in chicken. 2. Tissue-specific expression analysis of NOD1, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11 or p38) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed their wide distribution in various organs and tissues. 3. Salmonella pullorum infection activated NOD1 receptor signalling in vivo and in vitro, resulting in significant induction of downstream signalling molecules RIPK2, NF-κB/p65, MAPK11/p38 and the effector molecules IL-1b and IL-8. 4. Activation of NOD1 by its agonist bacterial γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) in HD11 cells induced the adapter molecular RIPK2 and activated the NF-κB/p65 and MAPK11/p38 pathways, resulting in an increase in IL-8 but not IL-1β. Additionally, inhibition of NOD1 using NOD1-shRNA resulted in downregulation of RIPK2, MAPK11 and IL-8, while NF-κB/p65 and IL-1β were unaltered. 5. These results highlight the important role of NOD1 receptors in eliciting the innate immune response following pathogenic invasion in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tao
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - C Zhu
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - W Song
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - W Xu
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - S Zhang
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - H Liu
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
| | - H Li
- a Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225125 , China
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32
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Schultz BM, Paduro CA, Salazar GA, Salazar-Echegarai FJ, Sebastián VP, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Alvarez-Lobos M, Bueno SM. A Potential Role of Salmonella Infection in the Onset of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28293241 PMCID: PMC5329042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a set of pathologies that result from a deregulated immune response that may affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The most prevalent and defined forms of IBD are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Although the etiology of IBD is not well defined, it has been suggested that environmental and genetic factors contribute to disease development and that the interaction between these two factors can trigger the pathology. Diet, medication use, vitamin D status, smoking, and bacterial infections have been proposed to influence or contribute to the onset or development of the disease in susceptible individuals. The infection with pathogenic bacteria is a key factor that can influence the development and severity of this disease. Here, we present a comprehensive review of studies performed in human and mice susceptible to IBD, which supports the notion that infection with bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, could promote the onset of IBD due to permanent changes in the intestinal microbiota, disruption of the epithelial barrier and alterations of the intestinal immune response after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina A Paduro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Francisco J Salazar-Echegarai
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Valentina P Sebastián
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Manuel Alvarez-Lobos
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
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33
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Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kamada N. Host-microbial Cross-talk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Immune Netw 2017; 17:1-12. [PMID: 28261015 PMCID: PMC5334117 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast community of commensal microorganisms, commonly referred to as the gut microbiota, colonizes the gastrointestinal tract (GI). The involvement of the gut microbiota in the maintenance of the gut ecosystem is two-fold: it educates host immune cells and protects the host from pathogens. However, when healthy microbial composition and function are disrupted (dysbiosis), the dysbiotic gut microbiota can trigger the initiation and development of various GI diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD, primarily includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a major global public health problem affecting over 1 million patients in the United States alone. Accumulating evidence suggests that various environmental and genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. In particular, the gut microbiota is a key factor associated with the triggering and presentation of disease. Gut dysbiosis in patients with IBD is defined as a reduction of beneficial commensal bacteria and an enrichment of potentially harmful commensal bacteria (pathobionts). However, as of now it is largely unknown whether gut dysbiosis is a cause or a consequence of IBD. Recent technological advances have made it possible to address this question and investigate the functional impact of dysbiotic microbiota on IBD. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances in the field, focusing on host-microbial cross-talk in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nagao-Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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34
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Ajendra J, Specht S, Ziewer S, Schiefer A, Pfarr K, Parčina M, Kufer TA, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. NOD2 dependent neutrophil recruitment is required for early protective immune responses against infectious Litomosoides sigmodontis L3 larvae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39648. [PMID: 28004792 PMCID: PMC5177913 DOI: 10.1038/srep39648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP) of bacterial cell walls, triggering NFκB-induced pro-inflammation. As most human pathogenic filariae contain Wolbachia endobacteria that synthesize the MDP-containing cell wall precursor lipid II, NOD2’s role during infection with the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis was investigated. In NFκB reporter-cells, worm-extract containing Wolbachia induced NOD2 and NOD1. NOD2-deficient mice infected with L. sigmodontis had significantly more worms than wildtype controls early in infection. Increased worm burden was not observed after subcutaneous infection, suggesting that protective NOD2-dependent immune responses occur within the skin. Flow cytometry demonstrated that neutrophil recruitment to the skin was impaired in NOD2−/− mice after intradermal injection of third stage larvae (L3), and blood neutrophil numbers were reduced after L. sigmodontis infection. PCR array supported the requirement of NOD2 for recruitment of neutrophils to the skin, as genes associated with neutrophil recruitment and activation were downregulated in NOD2−/− mice after intradermal L3 injection. Neutrophil depletion before L. sigmodontis infection increased worm recovery in wildtype mice, confirming that neutrophils are essential against invading L3 larvae. This study indicates that NOD-like receptors are implemented in first-line protective immune responses against filarial nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ziewer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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35
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Fan YH, Roy S, Mukhopadhyay R, Kapoor A, Duggal P, Wojcik GL, Pass RF, Arav-Boger R. Role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and its variants in human cytomegalovirus control in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7818-E7827. [PMID: 27856764 PMCID: PMC5137695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611711113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and downstream receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is known to up-regulate antiviral responses and suppress virus replication. We investigated the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), which also signals through RIPK2, in HCMV control. NOD1 activation by Tri-DAP (NOD1 agonist) suppressed HCMV and induced IFN-β. Mouse CMV was also inhibited through NOD1 activation. NOD1 knockdown (KD) or inhibition of its activity with small molecule ML130 enhanced HCMV replication in vitro. NOD1 mutations displayed differential effects on HCMV replication and antiviral responses. In cells overexpressing the E56K mutation in the caspase activation and recruitment domain, virus replication was enhanced, but in cells overexpressing the E266K mutation in the nucleotide-binding domain or the wild-type NOD1, HCMV was inhibited, changes that correlated with IFN-β expression. The interaction of NOD1 and RIPK2 determined the outcome of virus replication, as evidenced by enhanced virus growth in NOD1 E56K mutant cells (which failed to interact with RIPK2). NOD1 activities were executed through IFN-β, given that IFN-β KD reduced the inhibitory effect of Tri-DAP on HCMV. Signaling through NOD1 resulting in HCMV suppression was IKKα-dependent and correlated with nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of IRF3. Finally, NOD1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk of HCMV infection in women who were infected with HCMV during participation in a glycoprotein B vaccine trial. Collectively, our data indicate a role for NOD1 in HCMV control via RIPK2- IKKα-IRF3 and suggest that its polymorphisms predict the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Fan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Sujayita Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Arun Kapoor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Genevieve L Wojcik
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Robert F Pass
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;
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36
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Selvanantham T, Lin Q, Guo CX, Surendra A, Fieve S, Escalante NK, Guttman DS, Streutker CJ, Robertson SJ, Philpott DJ, Mallevaey T. NKT Cell–Deficient Mice Harbor an Altered Microbiota That Fuels Intestinal Inflammation during Chemically Induced Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4464-4472. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Souza JA, Medeiros MC, Rocha FR, de Aquino SG, Ávila-Campos MJ, Spolidorio LC, Zamboni DS, Graves DT, Rossa C. Role of NOD2 and RIP2 in host-microbe interactions with Gram-negative bacteria: insights from the periodontal disease model. Innate Immun 2016; 22:598-611. [PMID: 27605548 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916666652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD2 is a member of the NLR family of proteins that participate in the activation of the innate immune response. RIP2 is a downstream kinase activated by both NOD1 and NOD2. There is scarcity of information regarding the relevance of NOD2 in periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by inflammatory bone resorption. We used NOD2-KO and RIP2-KO mice in a model of microbial-induced periodontitis. Heat-killed Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was injected in the gingival tissues three times/wk for 4 wk. Bone resorption was assessed by μCT analysis; osteoclasts were identified by immunohistochemical staining for TRAP and inflammation was assessed using a severity score system in H/E-stained sections. In vitro studies using primary macrophages assessed the response macrophages using qPCR-based array and multi-ligand ELISA. Bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis were significantly reduced in NOD2-KO mice. Severity of inflammation was not affected. qPCR-focused arrays and multi-ligand ELISA showed that expression of pro-inflammatory mediators was reduced in NOD2- and RIP2-deficient cells. RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was impaired in NOD2- and RIP2-deficient macrophages. We conclude that NOD2 is important for osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption in vivo and also for the macrophage response to Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Ac Souza
- 1 Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara-Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcell C Medeiros
- 1 Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara-Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rg Rocha
- 1 Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara-Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina G de Aquino
- 1 Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara-Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario J Ávila-Campos
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-Univ de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis C Spolidorio
- 3 Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara-Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- 4 Department of Cell, Molecular Biology and Biopathogenic Agents, School of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto-Univ de Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Dana T Graves
- 5 Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine-University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Rossa
- 1 Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara-Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Intact Regulatory T-Cell Function but Defective Generation of IL-17A-Producing CD4+ T Cells in XIAP Deficiency. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:218-25. [PMID: 26825770 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (xIAP) deficiency is a primary immune deficiency disorder associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. About 17% of xIAP-deficient patients present with very early onset severe colitis with high mortality. We hypothesized that xIAP deficiency leads to defective generation and/or survival of T regulatory cells (Treg) through its involvement in transforming growth factor-β signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a T-cell transfer model of chronic colitis and observed a mild increase in colitis severity induced by naïve CD4 T cells from xIAP mice compared with colitis induced by naïve CD4 T cells from WT mice. We did not observe any significant difference in the induction of Treg cells in these studies. We next tested whether xIAP is required for Treg cell function by co-transferring xIAP or WT Treg cells with naïve WT CD4 cells in this model. We demonstrate that XIAP-deficient Treg cells were able to prevent disease similarly to WT Treg cells. In these experiments we, however, found a significantly decreased percentage of IL-17A-producing CD4 T cells in mice receiving Tregs from xIAP mice. CONCLUSIONS xIAP appears dispensable for the generation of induced Treg cells as well as function of natural Treg cells. There appeared to be a role of xIAP in generation of IL-17-producing cells from either naïve CD4 T cells or Treg cells. Further research is needed to explore the role of xIAP in generation of IL-17-producing cells.
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39
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Robertson SJ, Geddes K, Maisonneuve C, Streutker CJ, Philpott DJ. Resilience of the intestinal microbiota following pathogenic bacterial infection is independent of innate immunity mediated by NOD1 or NOD2. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:460-71. [PMID: 27083475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune receptors, NOD1 and NOD2, are key regulators of intestinal homeostasis. NOD2 deficiency is linked to increased risk for Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic inflammatory pathology and dysbiosis within resident microbial communities. However, the relationship between NOD protein-regulated immune functions and dysbiosis remains unclear. We hypothesized that the relationship between NOD1 or NOD2 deficiency and altered community structure during chronic disease may arise via NOD-dependent impairment of community resilience over time. Using the Salmonella ΔaroA model of chronic colitis with littermate mice to control for environmental influences on the microbiota, we show that NOD proteins exert a relatively minor impact on the chronic inflammatory environment and do not significantly contribute to bacterial abundance or community resilience following infection. Rather, temporal shifts in relative abundance of targeted bacterial groups correlated with inflammatory phenotype driven by presence of the pathogen and the ensuing complex immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Robertson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kaoru Geddes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Charles Maisonneuve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Catherine J Streutker
- Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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40
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Claes AK, Zhou JY, Philpott DJ. NOD-Like Receptors: Guardians of Intestinal Mucosal Barriers. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:241-50. [PMID: 25933824 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00025.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors, which are critically involved in mucosal immune defense. The association of the NLR, NOD2, with inflammatory bowel disease first pointed to the NLRs potential function as guardians of the intestinal barrier. Since then, several studies have emphasized the importance of NLRs in maintaining gut homeostasis and intestinal infections, and in shaping the microbiota. In this review, we will highlight the function of NLRs in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Claes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division Models of Inflammation, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; and Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jun Yu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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41
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a particularly dynamic environment in which the host constantly interacts with trillions of commensal microorganisms, known as the microbiota, and periodically interacts with pathogens of diverse nature. In this Review, we discuss how mucosal immunity is controlled in response to enteric bacterial pathogens, with a focus on the species that cause morbidity and mortality in humans. We explain how the microbiota can shape the immune response to pathogenic bacteria, and we detail innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that drive protective immunity against these pathogens. The vast diversity of the microbiota, pathogens and immune responses encountered in the intestines precludes discussion of all of the relevant players in this Review. Instead, we aim to provide a representative overview of how the intestinal immune system responds to pathogenic bacteria.
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42
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Retinoic acid decreases the severity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mediated gastroenteritis in a mouse model. Immunobiology 2016; 221:839-44. [PMID: 26858186 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis is a global burden; it's the major cause of morbidity and mortality both in adults and children of developing countries. Salmonella is one of the leading causes of bacteria-mediated gastroenteritis and due to its increasing multidrug antibiotic resistance; Salmonella-mediated gastroenteritis is difficult to control. Retinoic acid, the biologically active agent of vitamin A has an anti-inflammatory effect on experimental colitis. In this study we have shown All trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment down regulates Salmonella-mediated colitis in a murine model. Macroscopic signs of inflammation such as decrease in body weight and cecum weight, shorter length of proximal colon and pathological score of colitis were observed less in ATRA treated mice than in a vehicle control group. ATRA treatment not only reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine responses, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-17 production but also increased IL-10 response in the supernatant of intestinal tissue. Results also suggested that ATRA treatment enhances the number of FoxP3-expressing T regulatory cells in MLN and also decreases bacterial load in systemic organs. We concluded that ATRA treatment indeed reduces Salmonella Typhimurium-mediated gastroenteritis in mice, suggesting it could be an important part of an alternative therapeutic approach to combat the disease.
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43
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Lee JY, Hwang EH, Kim DJ, Oh SM, Lee KB, Shin SJ, Park JH. The role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 during cytokine production by macrophages in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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New Role of Nod Proteins in Regulation of Intestinal Goblet Cell Response in the Context of Innate Host Defense in an Enteric Parasite Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 84:275-85. [PMID: 26527214 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01187-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins secreted by intestinal goblet cells are considered an important component of innate defense in a number of enteric infections, including many parasitic infections, but also likely provide protection against the gut microbiota. Nod proteins are intracellular receptors that play key roles in innate immune response and inflammation. Here, we investigated the role of Nod proteins in regulation of intestinal goblet cell response in naive mice and mice infected with the enteric parasite Trichuris muris. We observed significantly fewer periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained intestinal goblet cells and less mucin (Muc2) in Nod1 and Nod2 double-knockout (Nod DKO) mice after T. muris infection than in wild-type (WT) mice. Expulsion of parasites from the intestine was significantly delayed in Nod DKO mice. Treatment of naive WT mice with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists simultaneously increased numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2-expressing cells, whereas treatment with Nod1 or Nod2 separately had no significant effect. Stimulation of mucin-secreting LS174T cells with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists upregulated core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT; an important enzyme in mucin synthesis) and MUC2. We also observed lower numbers of PAS-stained goblet cells and less Muc2 in germfree mice. Treatment with Nod1 and Nod2 agonists enhanced the production of PAS-stained goblet cells and Muc2 in germfree mice. These data provide novel information on the role of Nod proteins in goblet cell response and Muc2 production in relation to intestinal innate defense.
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45
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Perkins DJ, Rajaiah R, Tennant SM, Ramachandran G, Higginson EE, Dyson TN, Vogel SN. Salmonella Typhimurium Co-Opts the Host Type I IFN System To Restrict Macrophage Innate Immune Transcriptional Responses Selectively. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26202980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune inflammatory responses are subject to complex layers of negative regulation at intestinal mucosal surfaces. Although the type I IFN system is critical for amplifying antiviral immunity, it has been shown to play a homeostatic role in some models of autoimmune inflammation. Type I IFN is triggered in the gut by select bacterial pathogens, but whether and how the type I IFN might regulate innate immunity in the intestinal environment have not been investigated in the context of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST). ST infection of human or murine macrophages reveals that IFN-β selectively restricts the transcriptional responses mediated by both the TLRs and the NOD-like receptors. Specifically, IFN-β potently represses ST-dependent innate induction of IL-1 family cytokines and neutrophil chemokines. This IFN-β-mediated transcriptional repression was independent of the effects of IFN-β on ST-induced macrophage cell death, but significantly dependent on IL-10 regulation. We further evaluated ST pathogenesis in vivo following oral inoculation of mice lacking IFN-β. We show that IFN-β(-/-) mice exhibit greater resistance to oral ST infection and a slower spread of ST to distal sterile sites. This work provides mechanistic insight into the relationship between ST and type I IFN, and demonstrates an additional mechanism by which IFN-β may promote spread of enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Girish Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ellen E Higginson
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Tristan N Dyson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
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46
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Hrnčířová L, Krejsek J, Šplíchal I, Hrnčíř T. Crohn's disease: a role of gut microbiota and Nod2 gene polymorphisms in disease pathogenesis. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 57:89-96. [PMID: 25649363 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic immune-mediated intestinal inflammation targeted against a yet incompletely defined subset of commensal gut microbiota and occurs on the background of a genetic predisposition under the influence of environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies have identified about 70 genetic risk loci associated with Crohn's disease. The greatest risk for Crohn's disease represent polymorphisms affecting the CARD15 gene encoding nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) which is an intracellular sensor for muramyl dipeptide, a peptidoglycan constituent of bacterial cell wall. The accumulated evidence suggests that gut microbiota represent an essential, perhaps a central factor in the induction and maintaining of Crohn's disease where dysregulation of normal co-evolved homeostatic relationships between intestinal microbiota and host mucosal immune system leads to intestinal inflammation. Taken together, these findings identify Crohn's disease as a syndrome of overlapping phenotypes that involves variable influences of genetic and environmental factors. A deeper understanding of different genetic abnormalities underlying Crohn's disease together with the identification of beneficial and harmful components of gut microbiota and their interactions are essential conditions for the categorization of Crohn's disease patients, which enable us to design more effective, preferably causative, individually tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Hrnčířová
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Šplíchal
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Doly 183, 549 22 Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hrnčíř
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Doly 183, 549 22 Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
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47
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Asrat S, Davis KM, Isberg RR. Modulation of the host innate immune and inflammatory response by translocated bacterial proteins. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:785-795. [PMID: 25850689 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial secretion systems play a central role in interfering with host inflammatory responses to promote replication in tissue sites. Many intracellular bacteria utilize secretion systems to promote their uptake and survival within host cells. An intracellular niche can help bacteria avoid killing by phagocytic cells, and may limit host sensing of bacterial components. Secretion systems can also play an important role in limiting host sensing of bacteria by translocating proteins that disrupt host immune signalling pathways. Extracellular bacteria, on the other hand, utilize secretion systems to prevent uptake by host cells and maintain an extracellular niche. Secretion systems, in this case, limit sensing and inflammatory signalling which can occur as bacteria replicate and release bacterial products in the extracellular space. In this review, we will cover the common mechanisms used by intracellular and extracellular bacteria to modulate innate immune and inflammatory signalling pathways, with a focus on translocated proteins of the type III and type IV secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seblewongel Asrat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine,150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine,150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine,150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kimberly M Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine,150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine,150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ralph R Isberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine,150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine,150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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48
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Collaborative action of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors as modulators of the inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:432785. [PMID: 25525300 PMCID: PMC4267164 DOI: 10.1155/2014/432785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early sensing of pathogenic bacteria by the host immune system is important to develop effective mechanisms to kill the invader. Microbial recognition, activation of signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms are sequential events that must be highly controlled to successfully eliminate the pathogen. Host recognizes pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Some of these PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I- (RIG-I-) like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). TLRs and NLRs are PRRs that play a key role in recognition of extracellular and intracellular bacteria and control the inflammatory response. The activation of TLRs and NLRs by their respective ligands activates downstream signaling pathways that converge on activation of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) or interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), leading to expression of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial molecules. The goal of this review is to discuss how the TLRs and NRLs signaling pathways collaborate in a cooperative or synergistic manner to counteract the infectious agents. A deep knowledge of the biochemical events initiated by each of these receptors will undoubtedly have a high impact in the design of more effective strategies to control inflammation.
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49
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ΔmsbB triggers exacerbated inflammation in Nod2 deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113645. [PMID: 25423082 PMCID: PMC4244092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes intestinal inflammation characterized by edema, neutrophil influx and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. A major bacterial factor inducing pro-inflammatory host responses is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB possesses a modified lipid A, has reduced virulence in mice, and is being considered as a potential anti-cancer vaccine strain. The lack of a late myristoyl transferase, encoded by MsbB leads to attenuated TLR4 stimulation. However, whether other host receptor pathways are also altered remains unclear. Nod1 and Nod2 are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors recognizing bacterial peptidoglycan. They play important roles in the host's immune response to enteric pathogens and in immune homeostasis. Here, we investigated how deletion of msbB affects Salmonella's interaction with Nod1 and Nod2. S. Typhimurium Δ msbB-induced inflammation was significantly exacerbated in Nod2−/− mice compared to C57Bl/6 mice. In addition, S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB maintained robust intestinal colonization in Nod2−/− mice from day 2 to day 7 p.i., whereas colonization levels significantly decreased in C57Bl/6 mice during this time. Similarly, infection of Nod1−/− and Nod1/Nod2 double-knockout mice revealed that both Nod1 and Nod2 play a protective role in S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB-induced colitis. To elucidate why S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB, but not wild-type S. Typhimurium, induced an exacerbated inflammatory response in Nod2−/− mice, we used HEK293 cells which were transiently transfected with pathogen recognition receptors. Stimulation of TLR2-transfected cells with S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB resulted in increased IL-8 production compared to wild-type S. Typhimurium. Our results indicate that S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB triggers exacerbated colitis in the absence of Nod1 and/or Nod2, which is likely due to increased TLR2 stimulation. How bacteria with “genetically detoxified” LPS stimulate various innate responses has important implications for the development of safe and effective bacterial vaccines and adjuvants.
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Intestinal barrier function and the brain-gut axis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:73-113. [PMID: 24997030 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The luminal-mucosal interface of the intestinal tract is the first relevant location where microorganism-derived antigens and all other potentially immunogenic particles face the scrutiny of the powerful mammalian immune system. Upon regular functioning conditions, the intestinal barrier is able to effectively prevent most environmental and external antigens to interact openly with the numerous and versatile elements that compose the mucosal-associated immune system. This evolutionary super system is capable of processing an astonishing amount of antigens and non-immunogenic particles, approximately 100 tons in one individual lifetime, only considering food-derived components. Most important, to develop oral tolerance and proper active immune responses needed to prevent disease and inflammation, this giant immunogenic load has to be managed in a way that physiological inflammatory balance is constantly preserved. Adequate functioning of the intestinal barrier involves local and distant regulatory networks integrating the so-called brain-gut axis. Along this complex axis both brain and gut structures participate in the processing and execution of response signals to external and internal changes coming from the digestive tract, using multidirectional pathways to communicate. Dysfunction of brain-gut axis facilitates malfunctioning of the intestinal barrier, and vice versa, increasing the risk of uncontrolled immunological reactions that may trigger mucosal and brain low-grade inflammation, a putative first step to the initiation of more permanent gut disorders. In this chapter, we describe the structure, function and interactions of intestinal barrier, microbiota and brain-gut axis in both healthy and pathological conditions.
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