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Kumachova TK, Voronkov AS. Cutinsomes of Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) leaf and pericarp: genesis, localization, and transport. Micron 2024; 183:103657. [PMID: 38735105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
New data were obtained on specific bionanostructures, cutinsomes, which are involved in the formation of cuticles on the surface of leaf blades and pericarp of Malus domestica Borkh (Malus Mill., Rosaceae)introduced to the mountains at the altitudes of 1200 and 1700 m above sea level. Cutinsomes, which are electron-dense structures of spherical shape, have been identified by transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that plastids can be involved in the synthesis of their constituent nanocomponents. The greatest number of nanoparticles was observed in the granal thylakoid lumen of the chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells and pericarp hypodermal cells. The transmembrane transport of cutinsomes into the cell wall cuticle proper by exocytosis has been visualized for the first time. The plasma membrane is directly involved in the excretion of nanostructures from the cell. Nanoparticles of cutinsomes in the form of necklace-like formations line up in a chain near cell walls, merge into larger conglomerates and are loaded into plasmalemma invaginations, and then, in membrane packing, they move into the cuticle, which covers both outer and inner cell walls of external tissues. The original materials obtained by us supplement the ideas about the non-enzymatic synthesis of cuticle components available in the literature and expand the cell compartment geography involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kh Kumachova
- Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya 49, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Alexander S Voronkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.
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2
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Bonarota MS, Kosma D, Barrios-Masias FH. Physiological characterization of the tomato cutin mutant cd1 under salinity and nitrogen stress. PLANTA 2024; 260:64. [PMID: 39073466 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION We identified tomato leaf cuticle and root suberin monomers that play a role in the response to nitrogen deficiency and salinity stress and discuss their potential agronomic value for breeding. The plant cuticle plays a key role in plant-water relations, and cuticle's agronomic value in plant breeding programs is currently under investigation. In this study, the tomato cutin mutant cd1, with altered fruit cuticle, was physiologically characterized under two nitrogen treatments and three salinity levels. We evaluated leaf wax and cutin load and composition, root suberin, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, partial factor productivity from applied N, flower and fruit number, fruit size and cuticular transpiration, and shoot and root biomass. Both nitrogen and salinity treatments altered leaf cuticle and root suberin composition, regardless of genotype (cd1 or M82). Compared with M82, the cd1 mutant showed lower shoot biomass and reduced partial factor productivity from applied N under all treatments. Under N depletion, cd1 showed altered leaf wax composition, but was comparable to the WT under sufficient N. Under salt treatment, cd1 showed an increase in leaf wax and cutin monomers. Root suberin content of cd1 was lower than M82 under control conditions but comparable under higher salinity levels. The tomato mutant cd1 had a higher fruit cuticular transpiration rate, and lower fruit surface area compared to M82. These results show that the cd1 mutation has complex effects on plant physiology, and growth and development beyond cutin deficiency, and offer new insights on the potential agronomic value of leaf cuticle and root suberin for tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Sole Bonarota
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dylan Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Felipe H Barrios-Masias
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
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3
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Thiruvengadam R, Venkidasamy B, Easwaran M, Chi HY, Thiruvengadam M, Kim SH. Dynamic interplay of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) in plant resilience: unveiling the signaling pathways and metabolic responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:198. [PMID: 39023775 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Plants respond to environmental challenges by producing reactive species such as ROS and RNS, which play critical roles in signaling pathways that lead to adaptation and survival strategies. Understanding these pathways, as well as their detection methods and effects on plant development and metabolism, provides insight into increasing crop tolerance to combined stresses. Plants encounter various environmental stresses (abiotic and biotic) that affect plant growth and development. Plants sense biotic and abiotic stresses by producing different molecules, including reactive species, that act as signaling molecules and stimulate secondary messengers and subsequent gene transcription. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are produced in both physiological and pathological conditions in the plasma membranes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Various techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography, and fluorescence methods, are used to detect highly reactive, short-half-life ROS and RNS either directly or indirectly. In this review, we highlight the roles of ROS and RNS in seed germination, root development, senescence, mineral nutrition, and post-harvest control. In addition, we provide information on the specialized metabolism involved in plant growth and development. Secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, are produced in low concentrations in plants for signaling and metabolism. Strategies for improving crop performance under combined drought and pathogen stress conditions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thiruvengadam
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Maheswaran Easwaran
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Hee Youn Chi
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Li S, Zhao Y, Wu P, Grierson D, Gao L. Ripening and rot: How ripening processes influence disease susceptibility in fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39016673 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits become more susceptible to pathogen infection when they ripen; for example, changes in cell wall properties related to softening make it easier for pathogens to infect fruits. The need for high-quality fruit has driven extensive research on improving pathogen resistance in important fruit crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this review, we summarize current progress in understanding how changes in fruit properties during ripening affect infection by pathogens. These changes affect physical barriers that limit pathogen entry, such as the fruit epidermis and its cuticle, along with other defenses that limit pathogen growth, such as preformed and induced defense compounds. The plant immune system also protects ripening fruit by recognizing pathogens and initiating defense responses involving reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, and jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling. These phytohormones regulate an intricate web of transcription factors (TFs) that activate resistance mechanisms, including the expression of pathogenesis-related genes. In tomato, ripening regulators, such as RIPENING INHIBITOR and NON_RIPENING, not only regulate ripening but also influence fruit defenses against pathogens. Moreover, members of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) family play pivotal and distinct roles in ripening and defense, with different members being regulated by different phytohormones. We also discuss the interaction of ripening-related and defense-related TFs with the Mediator transcription complex. As the ripening processes in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits share many similarities, these processes have broad applications across fruiting crops. Further research on the individual contributions of ERFs and other TFs will inform efforts to diminish disease susceptibility in ripe fruit, satisfy the growing demand for high-quality fruit and decrease food waste and related economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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5
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Zhang Z, Gozdzik J, Jetter R. Characterization of the closely related Arabidopsis thaliana β-ketoacyl-CoA synthases KCS3, KCS12 and KCS19. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:490-507. [PMID: 38666591 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The cuticle, consisting of cuticular wax and cutin, is a lipid membrane that seals the plant surface against environmental stress. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCSs) are condensing enzymes catalyzing crucial reactions elongating hydrocarbon chains into precursors for various cuticular wax components. Although many KCS genes were well characterized in various species, the functions of the closely related Arabidopsis KCS3, KCS12, KCS19 enzymes remained unclear. Here, we found KCS3 preferentially expressed in growing organs, especially in guard cells. kcs3 mutants and kcs3kcs12 double mutants displayed sepal fusion phenotypes, suggesting defects in cuticle formation. The mutants had decreased amounts of wax components with relatively short hydrocarbon chains in the developing organs but increased levels of wax compounds in mature organs. In contrast, kcs19 mutants showed seed fusion phenotypes and altered chain length distributions in seed suberin. Taken together, our results show that KCS12 and KCS3 share redundant functions in flower development, while KCS19 is involved in seed coat formation. All three condensing enzymes are involved in the elongation of C>18 hydrocarbon chains in young, actively expanding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghang Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jedrzej Gozdzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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6
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Lin Z, Feng B, Fang S, Pang X, Liang H, Yuan S, Xu X, Zuo J, Yue X, Wang Q. The mechanism by which oriented polypropylene packaging alleviates postharvest 'Black Spot' in radish root (Raphanus sativus). J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00263-7. [PMID: 38945295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The postharvest physiological disorder known as 'black spot' in radish roots (Raphanus sativus) poses a significant challenge to quality maintenance during storage, particularly under summer conditions. The cause of this disorder, however, is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Characterize the underlying causes of 'black spot' disorder in radish roots and identify strategies to delay its onset. METHODS Radish roots were placed in either polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or oriented polypropylene (OPP) packaging and stored for 4 days at 30 °C. Appearance and physiological parameters were assessed and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to identify the key molecular and biochemical factors contributing to the disorder and strategies for delaying its onset and development. RESULTS OPP packaging effectively delayed the onset of 'black spot' in radishes, potentially due to changes in phenolic and lipid metabolism. Regarding phenolic metabolism, POD and PPO activity decreased, RsCCR and RsPOD expression was downregulated, genes involved in phenols and flavonoids synthesis were upregulated and their content increased, preventing the oxidative browning of phenols and generally enhancing stress tolerance. Regarding lipid metabolism, the level of alpha-linolenic acid increased, and genes regulating cutin and wax synthesis were upregulated. Notably, high flavonoid and low ROS levels collectively inhibited RsPLA2G expression, which reduced the production of arachidonic acid, pro-inflammatory compounds (LTA4 and PGG2), and ROS, alleviating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in radish epidermal tissues. CONCLUSION PVC packaging enhanced the postharvest onset of 'black spot' in radishes, while OPP packaging delayed both its onset and development. Our study provides insights into the response of radishes to different packaging materials during storage, and the causes and host responses that either enhance or delay 'black spot' disorder onset. Further studies will be conducted to confirm the molecular and biochemical processes responsible for the onset and development of 'black spot' in radishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bihong Feng
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Shibei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xi Pang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huafeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shuzhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaodi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaozhen Yue
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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7
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Lewandowska M, Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A, Kelly A, König S, Feussner K, Kunst L, Feussner I. Wounding Triggers Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Leaves in an Abscisic Acid-Dependent and Jasmonoyl-Isoleucine-Dependent Manner. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:928-938. [PMID: 37927069 PMCID: PMC11209552 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Wounding caused by insects or abiotic factors such as wind and hail can cause severe stress for plants. Intrigued by the observation that wounding induces expression of genes involved in surface wax synthesis in a jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile)-independent manner, the role of wax biosynthesis and respective genes upon wounding was investigated. Wax, a lipid-based barrier, protects plants both from environmental threats and from an uncontrolled loss of water. Its biosynthesis is described to be regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), whereas the main wound signal is the hormone JA-Ile. We show in this study that genes coding for enzymes of surface wax synthesis are induced upon wounding in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves in a JA-Ile-independent but an ABA-dependent manner. Furthermore, the ABA-dependent transcription factor MYB96 is a key regulator of wax biosynthesis upon wounding. On the metabolite level, wound-induced wax accumulation is strongly reduced in JA-Ile-deficient plants, but this induction is only slightly decreased in ABA-reduced plants. To further analyze the ABA-dependent wound response, we conducted wounding experiments in high humidity. They show that high humidity prevents the wound-induced wax accumulation in A. thaliana leaves. Together the data presented in this study show that wound-induced wax accumulation is JA-Ile-dependent on the metabolite level, but the expression of genes coding for enzymes of wax synthesis is regulated by ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lewandowska
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Amélie Kelly
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Stefanie König
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
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8
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Korek M, Uhrig RG, Marzec M. Strigolactone insensitivity affects differential shoot and root transcriptome in barley. J Appl Genet 2024:10.1007/s13353-024-00885-w. [PMID: 38877382 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that play a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant architecture, such as shoot and root branching. However, the knowledge of SL-responsive genes and transcription factors (TFs) that control the shaping of plant architecture remains elusive. Here, transcriptomic analysis was conducted using the SL-insensitive barley mutant hvd14.d (carried mutation in SL receptor DWARF14, HvD14) and its wild-type (WT) to unravel the differences in gene expression separately in root and shoot tissues. This approach enabled us to select more than six thousand SL-dependent genes that were exclusive to each studied organ or not tissue-specific. The data obtained, along with in silico analyses, found several TFs that exhibited changed expression between the analyzed genotypes and that recognized binding sites in promoters of other identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In total, 28 TFs that recognize motifs over-represented in DEG promoters were identified. Moreover, nearly half of the identified TFs were connected in a single network of known and predicted interactions, highlighting the complexity and multidimensionality of SL-related signalling in barley. Finally, the SL control on the expression of one of the identified TFs in HvD14- and dose-dependent manners was proved. Obtained results bring us closer to understanding the signalling pathways regulating SL-dependent plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Korek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - R Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Marek Marzec
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
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9
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Ma Y, Chang W, Li Y, Xu J, Song Y, Yao X, Wang L, Sun Y, Guo L, Zhang H, Liu X. Plant cuticles repress organ initiation and development during skotomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100850. [PMID: 38409782 PMCID: PMC11211553 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
After germination in the dark, plants produce a shoot apical hook and closed cotyledons to protect the quiescent shoot apical meristem (SAM), which is critical for seedling survival during skotomorphogenesis. The factors that coordinate these processes, particularly SAM repression, remain enigmatic. Plant cuticles, multilayered structures of lipid components on the outermost surface of the aerial epidermis of all land plants, provide protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. Whether and how cuticles regulate plant development are still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that mutants of BODYGUARD1 (BDG1) and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase2 (LACS2), key genes involved in cutin biosynthesis, produce a short hypocotyl with an opened apical hook and cotyledons in which the SAM is activated during skotomorphogenesis. Light signaling represses expression of BDG1 and LACS2, as well as cutin biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that cuticles are critical for skotomorphogenesis, particularly for the development and function of chloroplasts. Genetic and molecular analyses showed that decreased HOOKLESS1 expression results in apical hook opening in the mutants. When hypoxia-induced expression of LITTLE ZIPPER2 at the SAM promotes organ initiation in the mutants, the de-repressed expression of cell-cycle genes and the cytokinin response induce the growth of true leaves. Our results reveal previously unrecognized developmental functions of the plant cuticle during skotomorphogenesis and demonstrate a mechanism by which light initiates photomorphogenesis through dynamic regulation of cuticle synthesis to induce coordinated and systemic changes in organ development and growth during the skotomorphogenesis-to-photomorphogenesis transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Wenwen Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Yongli Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Xinmiao Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Xigang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
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Laosatit K, Amkul K, Lin Y, Yuan X, Chen X, Somta P. Two genes encoding caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase 1 (CCoAOMT1) are candidate genes for physical seed dormancy in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:146. [PMID: 38834825 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The major QTL Sdp1.1+ controlling seed dormancy in cowpea was finely mapped, and two CCoAOMT1 genes were identified as candidate genes for the dormancy. Seed dormancy in wild cowpea may be useful in breeding cultivated cowpea with pre-harvest sprouting resistance. A previous study identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed dormancy, Sdp1.1+ , using the population of the cross between cultivated cowpea 'JP81610' and wild cowpea 'JP89083.' However, the molecular basis of seed dormancy in cowpea is not yet known. In this study, we aimed to finely map the locus Sdp1.1+ and identify candidate gene(s) for it. Germination tests demonstrated that the seed coat is the major factor controlling seed dormancy in the wild cowpea JP89083. Microscopic observations revealed that wild cowpea seeds, unlike cultivated cowpea seeds, possessed a palisade cuticle layer. Fine mapping using a large F2 population of the cross JP81610 × JP89083 grown in Thailand revealed a single QTL, Sdp1.1+ , controlling seed dormancy. The Sdp1.1+ was confirmed using a small F2 population of the same cross grown in Japan. The Sdp1.1+ was mapped to a 37.34-Kb region containing three genes. Two closely linked genes, Vigun03g278900 (VuCCoAOMT1a) and Vigun03g290000 (VuCCoAOMT1b), located 4.844 Kb apart were considered as candidate genes for seed dormancy. The two genes encoded caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase 1 (CCoAOMT1). DNA sequencing and alignment of VuCCoAOMT1a and VuCCoAOMT1b between JP89083 and JP81610 revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) causing an amino acid change in VuCCoAOMT1a and several SNPs leading to six amino acid changes in VuCCoAOMT1b. Altogether, these results indicate that VuCCoAOMT1a and VuCCoAOMT1b are candidate genes controlling physical seed dormancy in the wild cowpea JP89083.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kularb Laosatit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kitiya Amkul
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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11
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Keyl A, Kwas V, Lewandowska M, Herrfurth C, Kunst L, Feussner I. AtMYB41 acts as a dual-function transcription factor that regulates the formation of lipids in an organ- and development-dependent manner. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:568-582. [PMID: 38634447 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle controls non-stomatal water loss and can serve as a barrier against biotic agents, whereas the heteropolymer suberin and its associated waxes are deposited constitutively at specific cell wall locations. While several transcription factors controlling cuticle formation have been identified, those involved in the transcriptional regulation of suberin biosynthesis remain poorly characterized. The major goal of this study was to further analyse the function of the R2R3-Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor AtMYB41 in formation of the cuticle, suberin, and suberin-associated waxes throughout plant development. For functional analysis, the organ-specific expression pattern of AtMYB41 was analysed and Atmyb41ge alleles were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These were investigated for root growth and water permeability upon stress. In addition, the fatty acid, wax, cutin, and suberin monomer composition of different organs was evaluated by gas chromatography. The characterization of Atmyb41ge mutants revealed that AtMYB41 negatively regulates the production of cuticular lipids and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively. Remarkably, biochemical analyses indicate that AtMYB41 also positively regulates the formation of cuticular waxes in stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Overall, these results suggest that the AtMYB41 acts as a negative regulator of cuticle and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively, but also as a positive regulator of wax production in A. thaliana stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Keyl
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - V Kwas
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - L Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - I Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Cullen E, Hay A. Creating an explosion: Form and function in explosive fruit. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 79:102543. [PMID: 38688200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Adaptations for seed dispersal are found everywhere in nature. However, only a fraction of this diversity is accessible through the study of model organisms. For example, Arabidopsis seeds are released by dehiscent fruit; and although many genes required for dehiscence have been identified, the genetic basis for the vast majority of seed dispersal strategies remains understudied. Explosive fruit generate mechanical forces to launch seeds over a wide area. Recent work indicates that key innovations required for explosive dispersal lie in localised lignin deposition and precise patterns of microtubule-dependent growth in the fruit valves, rather than dehiscence zone structure. These insights come from comparative approaches, which extend the reach of developmental genetics by developing experimental tools in less well-studied species, such as the Arabidopsis relative, Cardamine hirsuta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Cullen
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Angela Hay
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Yang E, Liu Q, Zhang J, Feng C. Combined full-length transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying nutrients and taste components development in Primulina juliae. BMC Genom Data 2024; 25:46. [PMID: 38783179 PMCID: PMC11112898 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-024-01231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primulina juliae has recently emerged as a novel functional vegetable, boasting a significant biomass and high calcium content. Various breeding strategies have been employed to the domestication of P. juliae. However, the absence of genome and transcriptome information has hindered the research of mechanisms governing the taste and nutrients in this plant. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis, combining the full-length transcriptomics and metabolomics, to unveil the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of nutrients and taste components in P. juliae. RESULTS We obtain a high-quality reference transcriptome of P. juliae by combing the PacBio Iso-seq and Illumina sequencing technologies. A total of 58,536 cluster consensus sequences were obtained, including 28,168 complete protein coding transcripts and 8,021 Long Non-coding RNAs. Significant differences were observed in the composition and content of compounds related to nutrients and taste, particularly flavonoids, during the leaf development. Our results showed a decrease in the content of most flavonoids as leaves develop. Malate and succinate accumulated with leaf development, while some sugar metabolites were decreased. Furthermore, we identified the different accumulation of amino acids and fatty acids, which are associated with taste traits. Moreover, our transcriptomic analysis provided a molecular basis for understanding the metabolic variations during leaf development. We identified 4,689 differentially expressed genes in the two developmental stages, and through a comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome analysis, we discovered the key structure genes and transcription factors involved in the pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a high-quality reference transcriptome and reveals molecular mechanisms associated with the development of nutrients and taste components in P. juliae. These findings will enhance our understanding of the breeding and utilization of P. juliae as a vegetable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhiqing Rd, No. 9, Jiujiang, 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Endian Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhiqing Rd, No. 9, Jiujiang, 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhiqing Rd, No. 9, Jiujiang, 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhiqing Rd, No. 9, Jiujiang, 332900, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhiqing Rd, No. 9, Jiujiang, 332900, China.
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Gully K, Berhin A, De Bellis D, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Nawrath C. The GPAT4/ 6/ 8 clade functions in Arabidopsis root suberization nonredundantly with the GPAT5/7 clade required for suberin lamellae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314570121. [PMID: 38739804 PMCID: PMC11127019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314570121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid polymers such as cutin and suberin strengthen the diffusion barrier properties of the cell wall in specific cell types and are essential for water relations, mineral nutrition, and stress protection in plants. Land plant-specific glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) of different clades are central players in cutin and suberin monomer biosynthesis. Here, we show that the GPAT4/6/8 clade in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to mediate cutin formation, is also required for developmentally regulated root suberization, in addition to the established roles of GPAT5/7 in suberization. The GPAT5/7 clade is mainly required for abscisic acid-regulated suberization. In addition, the GPAT5/7 clade is crucial for the formation of the typical lamellated suberin ultrastructure observed by transmission electron microscopy, as distinct amorphous globular polyester structures were deposited in the apoplast of the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant, in contrast to the thinner but still lamellated suberin deposition in the gpat4 gpat6 gpat8 triple mutant. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the intrinsic phosphatase activity of GPAT4, GPAT6, and GPAT8, which leads to monoacylglycerol biosynthesis, contributes to suberin formation. GPAT5/7 lack an active phosphatase domain and the amorphous globular polyester structure observed in the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant was partially reverted by treatment with a phosphatase inhibitor or the expression of phosphatase-dead variants of GPAT4/6/8. Thus, GPATs that lack an active phosphatase domain synthetize lysophosphatidic acids that might play a role in the formation of the lamellated structure of suberin. GPATs with active and nonactive phosphatase domains appear to have nonredundant functions and must cooperate to achieve the efficient biosynthesis of correctly structured suberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alice Berhin
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
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Xu Y, Fu S, Huang Y, Zhou D, Wu Y, Peng J, Kuang M. Genome-wide expression analysis of LACS gene family implies GhLACS25 functional responding to salt stress in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:392. [PMID: 38735932 PMCID: PMC11089787 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (LACS) is a type of acylating enzyme with AMP-binding, playing an important role in the growth, development, and stress response processes of plants. RESULTS The research team identified different numbers of LACS in four cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium raimondii, and Gossypium arboreum). By analyzing the structure and evolutionary characteristics of the LACS, the GhLACS were divided into six subgroups, and a chromosome distribution map of the family members was drawn, providing a basis for further research classification and positioning. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that most GhLACS contain plant hormones (GA, MeJA) or non-biological stress-related cis-elements. The expression patterns of GhLACS under salt stress treatment were analyzed, and the results showed that GhLACS may significantly participate in salt stress response through different mechanisms. The research team selected 12 GhLACSs responsive to salt stress for tissue expression analysis and found that these genes are expressed in different tissues. CONCLUSIONS There is a certain diversity of LACS among different cotton species. Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements suggests that GhLACS may be involved in regulating plant growth, development and stress response processes. GhLACS25 was selected for in-depth study, which confirmed its significant role in salt stress response through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and induced expression in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
- Henan University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Shouyang Fu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
- Sanya National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China
| | - Yiwen Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
- Sanya National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China
| | - Dayun Zhou
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yuzhen Wu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
- Sanya National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China.
| | - Meng Kuang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
- Sanya National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China.
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16
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Eslami E, Donsì F, Ferrari G, Pataro G. Enhancing Cutin Extraction Efficiency from Industrially Derived Tomato Processing Residues by High-Pressure Homogenization. Foods 2024; 13:1415. [PMID: 38731786 PMCID: PMC11083356 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study primarily aimed to enhance the extraction of cutin from industrial tomato peel residues. Initially, the conventional extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Subsequently, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was introduced to improve extraction efficiency and sustainability. The optimization process focused on determining the optimal conditions for conventional extraction via chemical hydrolysis, including temperature (100-130 °C), time (15-120 min), and NaOH concentration (1-3%). The optimized conditions, determined as 130 °C, 120 min, and 3% NaOH solution, yielded a maximum cutin extraction of 32.5%. Furthermore, the results indicated that applying HPH pre-treatment to tomato peels before alkaline hydrolysis significantly increased the cutin extraction yield, reaching 46.1%. This represents an approximately 42% increase compared to the conventional process. Importantly, HPH pre-treatment enabled cutin extraction under milder conditions using a 2% NaOH solution, reducing NaOH usage by 33%, while still achieving a substantial cutin yield of 45.6%. FT-IR analysis confirmed that cutin obtained via both conventional and HPH-assisted extraction exhibited similar chemical structures, indicating that the main chemical groups and structure of cutin remained unaltered by HPH treatment. Furthermore, cutin extracts from both conventional and HPH-assisted extraction demonstrated thermal stability up to approximately 200 °C, with less than 5% weight loss according to TGA analysis. These findings underscore the potential of HPH technology to significantly enhance cutin extraction yield from tomato peel residues while utilizing milder chemical hydrolysis conditions, thereby promoting a more sustainable and efficient cutin extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Eslami
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.E.); (F.D.); (G.F.)
- ProdAl Scarl, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesco Donsì
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.E.); (F.D.); (G.F.)
- ProdAl Scarl, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.E.); (F.D.); (G.F.)
- ProdAl Scarl, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Pataro
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy; (E.E.); (F.D.); (G.F.)
- ProdAl Scarl, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy
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17
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Kojima H, Yamamoto K, Suzuki T, Hayakawa Y, Niwa T, Tokuhiro K, Katahira S, Higashiyama T, Ishiguro S. Broad Chain-Length Specificity of the Alkane-Forming Enzymes NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Nymphaea odorata. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:428-446. [PMID: 38174441 PMCID: PMC11020225 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Many terrestrial plants produce large quantities of alkanes for use in epicuticular wax and the pollen coat. However, their carbon chains must be long to be useful as fuel or as a petrochemical feedstock. Here, we focus on Nymphaea odorata, which produces relatively short alkanes in its anthers. We identified orthologs of the Arabidopsis alkane biosynthesis genes AtCER1 and AtCER3 in N. odorata and designated them NoCER1A, NoCER3A and NoCER3B. Expression analysis of NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Arabidopsis cer mutants revealed that the N. odorata enzymes cooperated with the Arabidopsis enzymes and that the NoCER1A produced shorter alkanes than AtCER1, regardless of which CER3 protein it interacted with. These results indicate that AtCER1 frequently uses a C30 substrate, whereas NoCER1A, NoCER3A/B and AtCER3 react with a broad range of substrate chain lengths. The incorporation of shorter alkanes disturbed the formation of wax crystals required for water-repellent activity in stems, suggesting that chain-length specificity is important for surface cleaning. Moreover, cultured tobacco cells expressing NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B effectively produced C19-C23 alkanes, indicating that the introduction of the two enzymes is sufficient to produce alkanes. Taken together, our findings suggest that these N. odorata enzymes may be useful for the biological production of alkanes of specific lengths. 3D modeling revealed that CER1s and CER3s share a similar structure that consists of N- and C-terminal domains, in which their predicted active sites are respectively located. We predicted the complex structure of both enzymes and found a cavity that connects their active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Kojima
- Technical Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kanta Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Yuri Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tomoko Niwa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kenro Tokuhiro
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, 480-1192 Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Sumie Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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18
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Gapper NE. NACs strike again: NOR-like1 is responsible for cuticle development in tomato fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1791-1795. [PMID: 38534188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Liu G-S, Huang H, Grierson D, Gao Y, Ji X, Peng Z-Z, Li H-L, Niu X-L, Jia W, He J-L, Xiang L-T, Gao H-Y, Qu G-Q, Zhu H-L, Zhu B-Z, Luo Y-B, Fu D-Q. 2024. NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 plays a dual regulatory role in tomato fruit cuticle formation. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 1903–1918.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E Gapper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Liu GS, Huang H, Grierson D, Gao Y, Ji X, Peng ZZ, Li HL, Niu XL, Jia W, He JL, Xiang LT, Gao HY, Qu GQ, Zhu HL, Zhu BZ, Luo YB, Fu DQ. NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 plays a dual regulatory role in tomato fruit cuticle formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1903-1918. [PMID: 37856192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an important protective barrier on the plant surface, constructed mainly by polymerized cutin matrix and a complex wax mixture. Although the pathway of plant cuticle biosynthesis has been clarified, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation network underlying fruit cuticle formation remains limited. In the present work, we discovered that tomato fruits of the NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 knockout mutants (nor-like1) produced by CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] displayed reduced cutin deposition and cuticle thickness, with a microcracking phenotype, while wax accumulation was promoted. Further research revealed that SlNOR-like1 promotes cutin deposition by binding to the promoters of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6 (SlGPAT6; a key gene for cutin monomer formation) and CUTIN DEFICIENT2 (SlCD2; a positive regulator of cutin production) to activate their expression. Meanwhile, SlNOR-like1 inhibits wax accumulation, acting as a transcriptional repressor by targeting wax biosynthesis, and transport-related genes 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase1 (SlKCS1), ECERIFERUM 1-2 (SlCER1-2), SlWAX2, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lipid transfer protein 1-like (SlLTPG1-like). In conclusion, SlNOR-like1 executes a dual regulatory effect on tomato fruit cuticle development. Our results provide a new model for the transcriptional regulation of fruit cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Shuai Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ying Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Peng
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Li Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Niu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wen Jia
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian-Lin He
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lan-Ting Xiang
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hai-Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Gui-Qin Qu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ben-Zhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun-Bo Luo
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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20
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Zhang X, Gao H, Liu Y, Zhao H, Lü S. Function identification of Arabidopsis GPAT4 and GPAT8 in the biosynthesis of suberin and cuticular wax. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111933. [PMID: 38036221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface lipids in plants include cutin, cuticular wax and suberin. sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) facilitate the acylation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) utilizing a fatty acyl group from acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) or acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) as substrates for the biosynthesis of plant extracellular lipids such as suberin and cutin. Here we found that Arabidopsis GPAT4 and GPAT8 are specifically expressed in endodermis cells of roots where suberin was accumulated. GPAT4 mutation significantly decreased the amounts of the C16 and C18 ω-oxidized suberin monomers, whereas the mutation of GPAT8 had little effect on the suberin production, and the functions of both were not redundant. Root suberin phenotype analysis of gpat4-1 and gpat6-1 single or double mutant revealed that GPAT4 and GPAT6 play redundant functions. Interestingly, the gpat4-1 gpat8-1 double mutant displayed a glossy stem phenotype since fewer wax crystals were accumulated. This phenotype was not shown in either parent. Further study showed that the amounts of most wax components were significantly decreased. Taken together, our findings revealed that GPAT4 has an additive effect with GPAT6 in the root suberin biosynthesis, and plays a redundant role in wax production with GPAT8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Huani Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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21
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Qian ZH, Li W, Wang QF, Liang SC, Wu S, Li ZZ, Chen JM. The chromosome-level genome of the submerged plant Cryptocoryne crispatula provides insights into the terrestrial-freshwater transition in Araceae. DNA Res 2024; 31:dsae003. [PMID: 38245835 PMCID: PMC10873505 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant terrestrialization (i.e. the transition to a terrestrial environment) is a significant evolutionary event that has been intensively studied. While certain plant lineages, particularly in angiosperms, have re-adapted to freshwater habitats after colonizing terrene, however, the molecular mechanism of the terrestrial-freshwater (T-F) transition remains limited. Here, the basal monocot Araceae was selected as the study object to explore the T-F transition adaptation mechanism by comparative genomic analysis. Our findings revealed that the substitution rates significantly increased in the lineage of freshwater Araceae, which may promote their adaptation to the freshwater habitat. Additionally, 20 gene sets across all four freshwater species displayed signs of positive selection contributing to tissue development and defense responses in freshwater plants. Comparative synteny analysis showed that genes specific to submerged plants were enriched in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In contrast, floating plants were involved in regulating gene expression, suggesting that gene and genome duplications may provide the original material for plants to adapt to the freshwater environment. Our study provides valuable insights into the genomic aspects of the transition from terrestrial to aquatic environments in Araceae, laying the groundwork for future research in the angiosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Qian
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Plant Diversity Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shi-Chu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Guangxi Association for Science and Technology, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Li
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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22
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Berry KR, Roper DK, Dopp MA, Moore J. Transfer Printing of Ordered Plasmonic Nanoparticles at Hard and Soft Interfaces with Increased Fidelity and Biocompatibility Supports a Surface Lattice Resonance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:439-449. [PMID: 38154131 PMCID: PMC11209850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Transfer printing, the relocation of structures assembled on one surface to a different substrate by adjusting adhesive forces at the surface-substrate interface, is widely used to print electronic circuits on biological substrates like human skin and plant leaves. The fidelity of original structures must be preserved to maintain the functionality of transfer-printed circuits. This work developed new biocompatible methods to transfer a nanoscale square lattice of plasmon resonant nanoparticles from a lithographed surface onto leaf and glass substrates. The fidelity of the ordered nanoparticles was preserved across a large area in order to yield, for the first time, an optical surface lattice resonance on glass substrates. To effect the transfer, interfacial adhesion was adjusted by using laser induction of plasmons or unmounted adhesive. Optical and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that submicron spacing of the square lattice was preserved in ≥90% of transfer-printed areas up to 4 mm2. Up to 90% of ordered nanoparticles were transferred, yielding a surface lattice resonance measured by transmission UV-vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Berry
- Nanocellutions LLC, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States; Division of Research and Innovation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Donald Keith Roper
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Michelle A. Dopp
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - John Moore
- Nanocellutions LLC, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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23
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Sun X, Kaleri GA, Mu Z, Feng Y, Yang Z, Zhong Y, Dou Y, Xu H, Zhou J, Luo J, Xiao Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Effect of Epicuticular Wax Accumulation on Salt Stress in Coconuts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:141. [PMID: 38202449 PMCID: PMC10780918 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The coconut is an important tropical economical crop and exhibits high tolerance to various types of salinity stress. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying its salt tolerance. In this study, RNA-Seq was applied to examine the different genes expressed in four coconut varieties when exposed to a salt environment, resulting in the generation of data for 48 transcriptomes. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that some genes involved in cutin and wax biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in salt treatment compared to the control, including CYP86A4, HTH, CER1, CER2, CER3, DCR, GPAT4, LTP3, LTP4, and LTP5. In particular, the expression of CER2 was induced more than sixfold, with an RPKM value of up to 205 ten days after salt treatment in Hainan Tall coconut, demonstrating superior capacity in salt tolerance compared to dwarf coconut varieties. However, for yellow dwarf and red dwarf coconut varieties, the expression level of the CER2 gene was low at four different time points after exposure to salt treatment, suggesting that this gene may contribute to the divergence in salt tolerance between tall and dwarf coconut varieties. Cytological evidence showed a higher abundance of cuticle accumulation in tall coconut and severe damage to cuticular wax in dwarf coconut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Sun
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Ghulam Abid Kaleri
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhihua Mu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yalan Feng
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zhuang Yang
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yazhu Zhong
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yajing Dou
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hang Xu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junjie Zhou
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yong Xiao
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
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24
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Liu J, Li L, Xiong Z, Robert CAM, Li B, He S, Chen W, Bi J, Zhai G, Guo S, Zhang H, Li J, Zhou S, Zhang X, Song CP. Trade-offs between the accumulation of cuticular wax and jasmonic acid-mediated herbivory resistance in maize. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:143-159. [PMID: 37975264 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex physical and chemical defense systems that allow them to withstand herbivory infestation. Composed of a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives, cuticular wax constitutes the first physical line of defense against herbivores. Here, we report the function of Glossy 8 (ZmGL8), which encodes a 3-ketoacyl reductase belonging to the fatty acid elongase complex, in orchestrating wax production and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defenses against herbivores in maize (Zea mays). The mutation of GL8 enhanced chemical defenses by activating the JA-dependent pathway. We observed a trade-off between wax accumulation and JA levels across maize glossy mutants and 24 globally collected maize inbred lines. In addition, we demonstrated that mutants defective in cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize exhibit enhanced chemical defenses. Comprehensive transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicated that the gl8 mutant confers chemical resistance to herbivores by remodeling VLCFA-related lipid metabolism and subsequent JA biosynthesis and signaling. These results suggest that VLCFA-related lipid metabolism has a critical role in regulating the trade-offs between cuticular wax and JA-mediated chemical defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhilong Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | | | - Baozhu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Shan He
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiasheng Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Guanqing Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jieping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
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25
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Wang J, Xie W, Si F, He Z, Wang X, Shao S, Shi S, Guo Z. Evolution of sea-surfing plant propagule as revealed by the genomes of Heritiera mangroves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:432-448. [PMID: 37850375 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Coastal forests, such as mangroves, protect much of the tropical and subtropical coasts. Long-distance dispersal via sea-surfing propagules is essential for coastal plants, but the genomic and molecular basis of sea-surfing plant propagule evolution remains unclear. Heritiera fomes and Heritiera littoralis are two coastal plants with typical buoyant fruits. We de novo sequenced and assembled their high-quality genomes. Our phylogenomic analysis indicates H. littoralis and H. fomes originated (at ~6.08 Mya) just before the start of Quaternary sea-level fluctuations. Whole-genome duplication occurred earlier, permitting gene copy gains in the two species. Many of the expanded gene families are involved in lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis, likely contributing to buoyant fruit emergence. It is repeatedly revealed that one duplicated copy to be under positive selection while the other is not. By examining H. littoralis fruits at three different developmental stages, we found that gene expression levels remain stable from young to intermediate. However, ~1000 genes are up-regulated and ~ 3000 genes are down-regulated as moving to mature. Particularly in fruit epicarps, the upregulation of WRKY12 and E2Fc likely constrains the production of p-Coumaroyl-CoA, the key internal substrate for lignin biosynthesis. Hence, to increase fruit impermeability, methylated lignin biosynthesis is shut down by down-regulating the genes CCoAOMT, F5H, COMT, and CSE, while unmethylated lignins are preferentially produced by upregulating CAD and CCR. Similarly, cutin polymers and cuticular waxes accumulate with high levels before maturation in epicarps. Overall, our genome assemblies and analyses uncovered the genomic evolution and temporal transcriptional regulation of sea-surfing propagule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fa Si
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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26
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Grünhofer P, Herzig L, Zhang Q, Vitt S, Stöcker T, Malkowsky Y, Brügmann T, Fladung M, Schreiber L. Changes in wax composition but not amount enhance cuticular transpiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:91-105. [PMID: 37718770 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the role of the qualitative leaf wax composition in modulating the cuticular water loss using a Populus × canescens cer6 mutant line, which accumulates C34-C46 wax ester dimers and is reduced in wax monomers >C24. The two literature-based hypotheses to be tested were the importance of the amount of wax esters and the weighted mean carbon chain length in restricting cuticular water loss. The main results were acquired by chemical analysis of cuticular wax and gravimetric cuticular transpiration measurements. Besides additional physiological measurements, the leaf surface properties were characterised by scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometric light reflectance quantification. Mutation of the CER6 gene resulted in striking changes in qualitative wax composition but not quantitative wax amount. Based on the strong accumulation of dimeric wax esters, the relative proportion of esters increased to >90%, and the weighted mean carbon chain length increased by >6 carbon atoms. These qualitative alterations were found to increase the cuticular transpiration of leaves by twofold. Our results do not support the hypotheses that enhanced amounts of wax esters or increased weighted mean carbon chain lengths of waxes lead to reduced cuticular transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Herzig
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Vitt
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tyll Stöcker
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yaron Malkowsky
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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27
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Zhang L, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Kosetsu K, Aoyama T, Murata T, Kabeya Y, Sato Y, Koshimizu S, Shimojima M, Ohta H, Hasebe M, Ishikawa M. An ABCB transporter regulates anisotropic cell expansion via cuticle deposition in the moss Physcomitrium patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:665-675. [PMID: 37865886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic cell expansion is crucial for the morphogenesis of land plants, as cell migration is restricted by the rigid cell wall. The anisotropy of cell expansion is regulated by mechanisms acting on the deposition or modification of cell wall polysaccharides. Besides the polysaccharide components in the cell wall, a layer of hydrophobic cuticle covers the outer cell wall and is subjected to tensile stress that mechanically restricts cell expansion. However, the molecular machinery that deposits cuticle materials in the appropriate spatiotemporal manner to accommodate cell and tissue expansion remains elusive. Here, we report that PpABCB14, an ATP-binding cassette transporter in the moss Physcomitrium patens, regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion. PpABCB14 localized to expanding regions of leaf cells. Deletion of PpABCB14 resulted in impaired anisotropic cell expansion. Unexpectedly, the cuticle proper was reduced in the mutants, and the cuticular lipid components decreased. Moreover, induced PpABCB14 expression resulted in deformed leaf cells with increased cuticle lipid accumulation on the cell surface. Taken together, PpABCB14 regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion via cuticle deposition, revealing a regulatory mechanism for cell expansion in addition to the mechanisms acting on cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liechi Zhang
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Kosetsu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Aoyama
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kabeya
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | | | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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Cognigni F, Temporiti MEE, Nicola L, Gueninchault N, Tosi S, Rossi M. Exploring the infiltrative and degradative ability of Fusarium oxysporum on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using correlative microscopy and deep learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22987. [PMID: 38151495 PMCID: PMC10752890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing the worldwide steady increase in the production of plastic while mitigating the Earth's global pollution is one of the greatest challenges nowadays. Fungi are often involved in biodegradation processes thanks to their ability to penetrate into substrates and release powerful catabolic exoenzymes. However, studying the interaction between fungi and plastic substrates is challenging due to the deep hyphal penetration, which hinders visualisation and evaluation of fungal activity. In this study, a multiscale and multimodal correlative microscopy workflow was employed to investigate the infiltrative and degradative ability of Fusarium oxysporum fungal strain on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fragments. The use of non-destructive high-resolution 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM) coupled with a state-of-art Deep Learning (DL) reconstruction algorithm allowed optimal visualisation of the distribution of the fungus on the PET fragment. The fungus preferentially developed on the edges and corners of the fragment, where it was able to penetrate into the material through fractures. Additional analyses with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) allowed the identification of the different phases detected by XRM. The correlative microscopy approach unlocked a more comprehensive understanding of the fungus-plastic interaction, including elemental information and polymeric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cognigni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), University of Rome LA SAPIENZA, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Elisabetta Eleonora Temporiti
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Centre, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lidia Nicola
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Solveig Tosi
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Centre, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), University of Rome LA SAPIENZA, 00185, Rome, Italy
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29
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Su Y, Feng T, Liu CB, Huang H, Wang YL, Fu X, Han ML, Zhang X, Huang X, Wu JC, Song T, Shen H, Yang X, Xu L, Lü S, Chao DY. The evolutionary innovation of root suberin lamellae contributed to the rise of seed plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1968-1977. [PMID: 37932483 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed plants overtook ferns to become the dominant plant group during the late Carboniferous, a period in which the climate became colder and dryer1,2. However, the specific innovations driving the success of seed plants are not clear. Here we report that the appearance of suberin lamellae (SL) contributed to the rise of seed plants. We show that the Casparian strip and SL vascular barriers evolved at different times, with the former originating in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of vascular plants and the latter in the MRCA of seed plants. Our results further suggest that most of the genes required for suberin formation arose through gene duplication in the MRCA of seed plants. We show that the appearance of the SL in the MRCA of seed plants enhanced drought tolerance through preventing water loss from the stele. We hypothesize that SL provide a decisive selective advantage over ferns in arid environments, resulting in the decline of ferns and the rise of gymnosperms. This study provides insights into the evolutionary success of seed plants and has implications for engineering drought-tolerant crops or fern varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chu-Bin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ling Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Chen Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dai-Yin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Wu S, Li X, Jiang J, Huang H, Cheng X, Li G, Shan Y, Zhu X. Reveal the relationship between the quality and the cuticle composition of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) by postharvest heat treatment. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4879-4891. [PMID: 37876294 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of heat treatment (HT) on Satsuma mandarin fruit's postharvest quality and cuticle composition, we immersed the fruit for 3 min in hot water at 52°C and subsequently stored them at room temperature (25°C) for 28 days, and fruit quality parameters, such as good fruit rate, weight loss rate, firmness, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content, were monitored. Additionally, changes in the peel's cuticle composition were analyzed, and wax crystal morphologies on the fruit surface were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings revealed that appropriate HT effectively preserved fruit quality. The main compositions of wax and cutin on the fruit's surface remained consistent between the HT and the CK during storage. The total content of wax and cutin initially increased, peaking on the 14th day of storage, and then decreased, falling below the levels observed on day 0. Notably, the total amount of cutin in the HT group exceeded that of the control group. Specifically, ω-hydroxy fatty acids with mid-chain oxo groups and mid-oh-ω-hydroxy fatty acids constituted approximately 90% of the total cutin content. Moreover, the HT group exhibited higher (p < 0.05) total wax content in relation to the control. Fatty acids and alkanes were the predominant components, accounting for approximately 87.5% of the total wax. SEM analysis demonstrated that HT caused wax crystals to melt and redistribute, effectively filling wax gaps. It suggests that HT holds promising potential as a green, safe, and eco-friendly commercial treatment for preserving the postharvest quality of Satsuma mandarin. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, Satsuma citrus (Citrus unshiu) underwent heat treatment (HT) and was subsequently preserved at room temperature (25°C) for 28 days. The findings revealed that HT significantly improved fruit quality compared to the control group. These findings provide valuable insights into the advancement of eco-friendly and pollution-free citrus preservation methods, offering essential strategies and process parameters for their practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wu
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Joint Laboratory on Fruits and Vegetables Processing Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomei Cheng
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyang Li
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Joint Laboratory on Fruits and Vegetables Processing Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhu
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Joint Laboratory on Fruits and Vegetables Processing Quality and Safety, Changsha, China
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31
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Huang H, Yang X, Zheng M, Lü S, Zhao H. Fine-tuning the activities of β-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE 3 (KCS3) and KCS12 in Arabidopsis is essential for maintaining cuticle integrity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6575-6587. [PMID: 37615538 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle, consisting of wax and cutin, is involved in adaptations to various environments. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCSs) usually serve as a component of the fatty acid elongation complex that participates in the production of very long-chain fatty acids and provides precursors for the synthesis of various lipids, including wax; however, we recently reported that KCS3 and KCS12 negatively regulate wax biosynthesis. In this current study, we observed that unlike KCS3-overexpressing (OE) lines, KCS12-OE lines had fused floral organs because of abnormal cuticle biosynthesis. This prompted us to compare the functions of KCS3 and KCS12 during cuticle formation. Mutation of KCS3 caused greater effects on wax production, whereas mutation of KCS12 exerted more severe effects on cutin synthesis. The double-mutant kcs3 kcs12 had significantly increased wax and cutin contents compared to either single-mutant, suggesting that KCS12 and KCS3 have additive effects on cuticle biosynthesis. Cuticle permeability was greater for the double-mutant than for the single mutants, which ultimately led to increased susceptibility to drought stress and floral-organ fusion. Taken together, our results demonstrate the regulatory roles of KCS3 and KCS12 during cuticle biosynthesis, and show that maintaining KCS3 and KCS12 expression at certain levels is essential for the formation of a functional cuticle layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Minglü Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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32
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Pereira H, Simões R, Miranda I. Cuticular Waxes and Cutin in Terminalia catappa Leaves from the Equatorial São Tomé and Príncipe Islands. Molecules 2023; 28:6365. [PMID: 37687194 PMCID: PMC10489119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents for the first time an analysis of the content and chemical composition of the cuticular waxes and cutin in the leaves of the widespread and important tropical species Terminalia catappa. The leaves were collected in the equatorial Atlantic islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, in the Gulf of Guinea. The epicuticular and intracuticular waxes were determined via dichloromethane extraction and their chemical composition via GC-MS analysis, and the content and monomeric composition of cutin were determined after depolymerization via methanolysis. The leaves contained an epidermal cuticular coverage of 52.8 μg cm-2 of the cuticular waxes (1.4% of mass) and 63.3 μg cm-2 (1.5% of mass) of cutin. Cuticular waxes include mainly n-alkanols and fatty acids, with a substantial proportion of terpenes in the more easily solubilized fraction, and sterols in the more embedded waxes. Cutin is mostly constituted by C16 fatty acids and dihydroxyacids, also including aromatic monomers, suggesting a largely linear macromolecular arrangement. The high proportion of triacontanol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, germanicol, and lupeol in the easily solubilized cuticular fraction may explain the bioactive properties attributed to the T. catappa leaves via the popular medicine, which allows us to consider them as a potential source for the extraction of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pereira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Laboratório Associado Terra, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.S.); (I.M.)
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33
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Castorina G, Bigelow M, Hattery T, Zilio M, Sangiorgio S, Caporali E, Venturini G, Iriti M, Yandeau-Nelson MD, Consonni G. Roles of the MYB94/FUSED LEAVES1 (ZmFDL1) and GLOSSY2 (ZmGL2) genes in cuticle biosynthesis and potential impacts on Fusarium verticillioides growth on maize silks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228394. [PMID: 37546274 PMCID: PMC10399752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize silks, the stigmatic portions of the female flowers, have an important role in reproductive development. Silks also provide entry points for pathogens into host tissues since fungal hyphae move along the surface of the silks to reach the site of infection, i.e., the developing kernel. The outer extracellular surface of the silk is covered by a protective hydrophobic cuticle, comprised of a complex array of long-chain hydrocarbons and small amounts of very long chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols. This work illustrates that two previously characterized cuticle-related genes separately exert roles on maize silk cuticle deposition and function. ZmMYB94/FUSED LEAVES 1 (ZmFDL1) MYB transcription factor is a key regulator of cuticle deposition in maize seedlings. The ZmGLOSSY2 (ZmGL2) gene, a putative member of the BAHD superfamily of acyltransferases with close sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis AtCER2 gene, is involved in the elongation of the fatty acid chains that serve as precursors of the waxes on young leaves. In silks, lack of ZmFDL1 action generates a decrease in the accumulation of a wide number of compounds, including alkanes and alkenes of 20 carbons or greater and affects the expression of cuticle-related genes. These results suggest that ZmFDL1 retains a regulatory role in silks, which might be exerted across the entire wax biosynthesis pathway. Separately, a comparison between gl2-ref and wild-type silks reveals differences in the abundance of specific cuticular wax constituents, particularly those of longer unsaturated carbon chain lengths. The inferred role of ZmGL2 is to control the chain lengths of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The treatment of maize silks with Fusarium verticillioides conidia suspension results in altered transcript levels of ZmFDL1 and ZmGL2 genes. In addition, an increase in fungal growth was observed on gl2-ref mutant silks 72 hours after Fusarium infection. These findings suggest that the silk cuticle plays an active role in the response to F. verticillioides infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Castorina
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Madison Bigelow
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Travis Hattery
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Massimo Zilio
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgio
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Venturini
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marna D. Yandeau-Nelson
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gabriella Consonni
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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35
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Ji D, Liu W, Jiang L, Chen T. Cuticles and postharvest life of tomato fruit: A rigid cover for aerial epidermis or a multifaceted guard of freshness? Food Chem 2023; 411:135484. [PMID: 36682164 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cuticle is a specialized cell wall hydrophobic architecture covering the aerial surfaces of fruit, which forms the interface between the fruit and its environment. As a specialized seed-bearing organ, fruit utilize cuticles as physical barriers, water permeation regulator and resistance to pathogens, thus appealing extensive research interests for its potential values in developing postharvest freshness-keeping strategies. Here, we provide an overview for the composition and functions of fruit cuticles, mainly focusing on its functions in mechanical support, water permeability barrier and protection over pathogens, further introduce key mechanisms implicated in fruit cuticle biosynthesis. Moreover, currently available state-of-art techniques for examining compositional diversity and architecture of fruit are also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchao Ji
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China.
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36
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Al-Khayri JM, Rashmi R, Toppo V, Chole PB, Banadka A, Sudheer WN, Nagella P, Shehata WF, Al-Mssallem MQ, Alessa FM, Almaghasla MI, Rezk AAS. Plant Secondary Metabolites: The Weapons for Biotic Stress Management. Metabolites 2023; 13:716. [PMID: 37367873 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in global temperature also favors the multiplication of pests and pathogens, which calls into question global food security. Plants have developed special coping mechanisms since they are sessile and lack an immune system. These mechanisms use a variety of secondary metabolites as weapons to avoid obstacles, adapt to their changing environment, and survive in less-than-ideal circumstances. Plant secondary metabolites include phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids, which are stored in specialized structures such as latex, trichomes, resin ducts, etc. Secondary metabolites help the plants to be safe from biotic stressors, either by repelling them or attracting their enemies, or exerting toxic effects on them. Modern omics technologies enable the elucidation of the structural and functional properties of these metabolites along with their biosynthesis. A better understanding of the enzymatic regulations and molecular mechanisms aids in the exploitation of secondary metabolites in modern pest management approaches such as biopesticides and integrated pest management. The current review provides an overview of the major plant secondary metabolites that play significant roles in enhancing biotic stress tolerance. It examines their involvement in both indirect and direct defense mechanisms, as well as their storage within plant tissues. Additionally, this review explores the importance of metabolomics approaches in elucidating the significance of secondary metabolites in biotic stress tolerance. The application of metabolic engineering in breeding for biotic stress resistance is discussed, along with the exploitation of secondary metabolites for sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M Al-Khayri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramakrishnan Rashmi
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | - Varsha Toppo
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | - Pranjali Bajrang Chole
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshatha Banadka
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | - Wudali Narasimha Sudheer
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Nagella
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560 029, Karnataka, India
| | - Wael Fathi Shehata
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera Qassim Al-Mssallem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Mohammed Alessa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Ibrahim Almaghasla
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abdel-Sabour Rezk
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virus and Phytoplasma, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
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Ninck S, Halder V, Krahn JH, Beisser D, Resch S, Dodds I, Scholtysik R, Bormann J, Sewald L, Gupta MD, Heilmann G, Bhandari DD, Morimoto K, Buscaill P, Hause B, van der Hoorn RAL, Kaschani F, Kaiser M. Chemoproteomics Reveals the Pan-HER Kinase Inhibitor Neratinib To Target an Arabidopsis Epoxide Hydrolase Related to Phytohormone Signaling. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1076-1088. [PMID: 37115018 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant phytohormone pathways are regulated by an intricate network of signaling components and modulators, many of which still remain unknown. Here, we report a forward chemical genetics approach for the identification of functional SA agonists in Arabidopsis thaliana that revealed Neratinib (Ner), a covalent pan-HER kinase inhibitor drug in humans, as a modulator of SA signaling. Instead of a protein kinase, chemoproteomics unveiled that Ner covalently modifies a surface-exposed cysteine residue of Arabidopsis epoxide hydrolase isoform 7 (AtEH7), thereby triggering its allosteric inhibition. Physiologically, the Ner application induces jasmonate metabolism in an AtEH7-dependent manner as an early response. In addition, it modulates PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (PR1) expression as a hallmark of SA signaling activation as a later effect. AtEH7, however, is not the exclusive target for this physiological readout induced by Ner. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms of AtEH7-dependent modulation of jasmonate signaling and Ner-induced PR1-dependent activation of SA signaling and thus defense response regulation remain unknown, our present work illustrates the powerful combination of forward chemical genetics and chemical proteomics for identifying novel phytohormone signaling modulatory factors. It also suggests that marginally explored metabolic enzymes such as epoxide hydrolases may have further physiological roles in modulating signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ninck
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan H Krahn
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniela Beisser
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Resch
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Isobel Dodds
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - René Scholtysik
- Genomics and Transcriptomics Facility, Institute for Cell Biology (Tumour Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jenny Bormann
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Leonard Sewald
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Mainak D Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Geronimo Heilmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Kyoko Morimoto
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Metabolic and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Kubásek J, Kalistová T, Janová J, Askanbayeva B, Bednář J, Šantrůček J. 13 CO 2 labelling as a tool for elucidating the mechanism of cuticle development: a case of Clusia rosea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:202-215. [PMID: 36604855 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an important plant-atmosphere boundary, the synthesis and maintenance of which represents a significant metabolic cost. Only limited information regarding cuticle dynamics is available. We determined the composition and dynamics of Clusia rosea cuticular waxes and matrix using 13 CO2 labelling, compound-specific and bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Collodion was used for wax collection; gas exchange techniques to test for any collodion effects on living leaves. Cutin matrix (MX) area density did not vary between young and mature leaves and between leaf sides. Only young leaves incorporated new carbon into their MX. Collodion-based sampling discriminated between epicuticular (EW) and intracuticular wax (IW) effectively. Epicuticular differed in composition from IW. The newly synthetised wax was deposited in IW first and later in EW. Both young and mature leaves synthetised IW and EW. The faster dynamics in young leaves were due to lower wax coverage, not a faster synthesis rate. Longer-chain alkanes were deposited preferentially on the abaxial, stomatous leaf side, producing differences between leaf sides in wax composition. We introduce a new, sensitive isotope labelling method and demonstrate that cuticular wax is renewed during leaf ontogeny of C. rosea. We discuss the ecophysiological significance of the new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kalistová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Janová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Balzhan Askanbayeva
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bednář
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Wang H, Lu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Han L, Chai M, Wang ZY, Yang X, Lu S, Tong J, Xiao L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhou C. Roles of very long-chain fatty acids in compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1751-1770. [PMID: 36617225 PMCID: PMC10022625 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles are composed of hydrophobic cuticular waxes and cutin. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are components of epidermal waxes and the plasma membrane and are involved in organ morphogenesis. By screening a barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) mutant population tagged by the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified two types of mutants with unopened flower phenotypes, named unopened flower1 (uof1) and uof2. Both UOF1 and UOF2 encode enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cuticular wax. Comparative analysis of the mutants indicated that the mutation in UOF1, but not UOF2, leads to the increased number of leaflets in M. truncatula. UOF1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordia. The uof1 mutants displayed defects in VLCFA-mediated plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the disordered localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) ortholog SMOOTH LEAF MARGIN1 (SLM1) in M. truncatula. Our work demonstrates that the UOF1-mediated biosynthesis of VLCFAs in L1 is critical for compound leaf patterning, which is associated with the polarization of the auxin efflux carrier in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shiyou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
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Zhang YL, Tian Y, Man YY, Zhang CL, Wang Y, You CX, Li YY. Apple SUMO E3 ligase MdSIZ1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis by SUMOylating transcription factor MdMYB30. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1771-1788. [PMID: 36617241 PMCID: PMC10022618 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A key function of SUMOylation is the coordinated modification of numerous proteins to optimize plant growth and resistance to environmental stress. Plant cuticular wax is deposited on the surface of primary plant organs to form a barrier that provides protection against changes in terrestrial environments. Many recent studies have examined cuticular wax biosynthetic pathways and regulation. However, whether SUMOylation is involved in the regulation of cuticle wax deposition at the posttranslational level remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase, SAP AND MIZ1 DOMAIN CONTAINING LIGASE1 (MdSIZ1), regulates wax accumulation and cuticle permeability in apple (Malus domestica Borkh), SUMO E2 CONJUGATING ENZYME 1(MdSCE1) physically interacts with MdMYB30, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of cuticle wax accumulation. MdSIZ1 mediates the SUMOylation and accumulation of MdMYB30 by inhibiting its degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Furthermore, MdMYB30 directly binds to the β-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE 1 (MdKCS1) promoter to activate its expression and promote wax biosynthesis. These findings indicate that the MdSIZ1-MdMYB30-MdKCS1 module positively regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis in apples. Overall, the findings of our study provide insights into the regulation pathways involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Tian
- National Agricultural Engineering Center for North Mountain Region of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Mountainous Area Research Institute of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Yao-Yang Man
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
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Saladin S, D'Aronco S, Ingram G, Giorio C. Direct surface analysis mass spectrometry uncovers the vertical distribution of cuticle-associated metabolites in plants. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8487-8495. [PMID: 36926302 PMCID: PMC10012332 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07166e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle covers the plant's entire aerial surface and acts as the outermost protective layer. Despite being crucial for the survival of plants, surprisingly little is known about its biosynthesis. Conventional analytical techniques are limited to the isolation and depolymerization of the polyester cutin, which forms the cuticular scaffold. Although this approach allows the elucidation of incorporated cutin monomers, it neglects unincorporated metabolites participating in cutin polymerization. The feasibility of a novel approach is tested for in situ analysis of unpolymerized cuticular metabolites to enhance the understanding of cuticle biology. Intact cotyledons of Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are immersed in organic solvents for 60 seconds. Extracts are analyzed using high-resolution direct infusion mass spectrometry. A variety of different diffusion routes of plant metabolites across the cuticle are discussed. The results reveal different feasibilities depending on the research question and cuticle permeabilities in combination with the analyte's polarity. Especially hydrophilic analytes are expected to be co-located in the cell wall beneath the cuticle causing systematic interferences when comparing plants with different cuticle permeabilities. These interferences limit data interpretation to qualitative rather than quantitative comparison. In contrast, quantitative data evaluation is facilitated when analyzing cuticle-specific metabolites or plants with similar cuticle permeabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriel Saladin
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Sara D'Aronco
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, UCBL F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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González-Valenzuela L, Renard J, Depège-Fargeix N, Ingram G. The plant cuticle. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R210-R214. [PMID: 36977378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is one of the key innovations that allowed plants to colonize terrestrial ecosystems. By limiting molecular diffusion, the cuticle provides an interface that ensures controlled interactions between plant surfaces and their environments. It confers diverse and sometimes astonishing properties upon plant surfaces at both the molecular level (from water and nutrient exchange capacities to almost complete impermeability), to the macroscopic level (from water repellence to iridescence). It takes the form of a continuous modification of the outer cell wall of the plant epidermis from early in plant development (surrounding the epidermis of the developing plant embryo) and is actively maintained and modified throughout the growth and development of most plant aerial organs - including non-woody stems, flowers, leaves, and even the root cap of emerging primary and lateral roots. The cuticle was first identified as a distinct structure in the early 19th century, and has since been the focus of intense research that, while revealing the fundamental role of the cuticle in the life of terrestrial plants, has also highlighted many unresolved mysteries regarding cuticle biogenesis and structure.
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Grünhofer P, Schreiber L. Cutinized and suberized barriers in leaves and roots: Similarities and differences. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153921. [PMID: 36780757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, histochemical, chemical, and biosynthetic similarities and differences of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls are presented and reviewed in brief. Based on this, the functional properties of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls acting as transport barriers are compared and discussed in more detail. This is of general importance because fundamental misconceptions about relationships in plant-environment water relations are commonly encountered in the scientific literature. It will be shown here, that cuticles represent highly efficient apoplastic transport barriers significantly reducing the diffusion of water and dissolved compounds. The transport barrier of cuticles is mainly established by the deposition of cuticular waxes. Upon wax extraction, with the cutin polymer remaining, cuticular permeability for water and dissolved non-ionized and lipophilic solutes are increasing by 2-3 orders of magnitude, whereas polar and charged substances (e.g., nutrient ions) are only weakly affected (2- to 3-fold increases in permeability). Suberized apoplastic barriers without the deposition of wax are at least as permeable as the cutin polymer matrix without waxes and hardly offer any resistance to the free movement of water. Only upon the deposition of significant amounts of wax, as it is the case with suberized periderms exposed to the atmosphere, an efficient transport barrier for water can be established by suberized cell walls. Comparing the driving forces (gradients between water potentials inside leaves and roots and the surrounding environment) for water loss acting on leaves and roots, it is shown that leaves must have a genetically pre-defined highly efficient transpiration barrier fairly independent from rapidly changing environmental influences. Roots, in most conditions facing a soil environment with relative humidities very close to 100%, are orders of magnitude more permeable to water than leaf cuticles. Upon desiccation, the permanent wilting point of plants is defined as -1.5 MPa, which still corresponds to nearly 99% relative humidity in soil. Thus, the main reason for plant water stress leading to dehydration is the inability of root tissues to decrease their internal water potential to values more negative than -1.5 MPa and not the lack of a transport barrier for water in roots and leaves. Taken together, the commonly mentioned concepts that a drought-induced increase of cuticular wax or root suberin considerably strengthens the apoplastic leaf or root transport barriers and thus aids in water conservation appears highly questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Huo X, Pan A, Lei M, Song Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Zhao Y, Wang F, Zhang J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Functional Analysis of ABCG Subfamily Reveal Its Role in Cutin Formation in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032379. [PMID: 36768702 PMCID: PMC9916852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter G (ABCG) has been shown to be engaged in export of broad-spectrum compounds with structural differences, but little is known concerning its role in cutin formation of cotton (Gossypium spp.). In this study, we conduct a genome-wide survey and detected 69, 71, 124 and 131 ABCG genes within G. arboretum, G. raimondii, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, separately. The above ABCGs could be divided into four groups (Ia, Ib, Ic, II). Some ABCG genes such as GhABCG15, whose homologous gene transports cuticular lipid in Arabidopsis, was preferentially expressed in the development of fiber. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) demonstrated that GhABCG expression was significantly associated with the amount of 16-Hydroxypalmitate (a main component of cutin precursor) in cotton fibers. Further, silencing of GhABCG15 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cotton generated brightened and crinkled leaves as well as reduced thickness of cuticle and increased permeability. Chemical composition analysis showed the cutin content in GhABCG15-silenced leaves had decreased while the wax content had increased. Our results provide an insight for better understanding of the role of the Gossypium ABCG family and revealed the essential role of GhABCGs in cotton cutin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Huo
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ao Pan
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingyang Lei
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Zhangqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Furong Wang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
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45
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Ramakrishna P. Peeling back the layers: Raman imaging reveals microchemistry of tomato cuticle during development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:6-8. [PMID: 36303323 PMCID: PMC9806575 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ramakrishna
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Moyroud E, Airoldi CA, Ferria J, Giorio C, Steimer SS, Rudall PJ, Prychid CJ, Halliwell S, Walker JF, Robinson S, Kalberer M, Glover BJ. Cuticle chemistry drives the development of diffraction gratings on the surface of Hibiscus trionum petals. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5323-5334.e6. [PMID: 36423640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants combine both chemical and structural means to appear colorful. We now have an extensive understanding of the metabolic pathways used by flowering plants to synthesize pigments, but the mechanisms remain obscure whereby cells produce microscopic structures sufficiently regular to interfere with light and create an optical effect. Here, we combine transgenic approaches in a novel model system, Hibiscus trionum, with chemical analyses of the cuticle, both in transgenic lines and in different species of Hibiscus, to investigate the formation of a semi-ordered diffraction grating on the petal surface. We show that regulating both cuticle production and epidermal cell growth is insufficient to determine the type of cuticular pattern produced. Instead, the chemical composition of the cuticle plays a crucial role in restricting the formation of diffraction gratings to the pigmented region of the petal. This suggests that buckling, driven by spatiotemporal regulation of cuticle chemistry, could pattern the petal surface at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Moyroud
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - Chiara A Airoldi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah S Steimer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Shannon Halliwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Joseph F Walker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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Kim RJ, Lee SB, Pandey G, Suh MC. Functional conservation of an AP2/ERF transcription factor in cuticle formation suggests an important role in the terrestrialization of early land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7450-7466. [PMID: 36112045 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a hydrophobic cuticle layer on aerial plant parts was a critical innovation for protection from the terrestrial environment during the evolution of land plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle biogenesis in early terrestrial plants. Here, we report an APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) transcriptional activator, PpWIN1, involved in cutin and cuticular wax biosynthesis in Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis. The transcript levels of PpWIN1 were 2.5-fold higher in gametophores than in the protonema, and increased by approximately 3- to 4.7-fold in the protonema and gametophores under salt and osmotic stresses. PpWIN1 harbouring transcriptional activation activity is localized in the nucleus of tobacco leaf epidermal cells. Δppwin1 knockout mutants displayed a permeable cuticle, increased water loss, and cutin- and wax-deficient phenotypes. In contrast, increased total cutin and wax loads, and decreased water loss rates were observed in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. The transcript levels of genes involved in cutin or wax biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis lines, indicating that PpWIN1 acts as a transcriptional activator in cuticle biosynthesis. This study suggests that Arabidopsis WIN1/SHN1 orthologs may be functionally conserved from early to vascular land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seat Buyl Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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Venkatesh B, Vennapusa AR, Kumar NJ, Jayamma N, Reddy BM, Johnson AMA, Madhusudan KV, Pandurangaiah M, Kiranmai K, Sudhakar C. Co-expression of stress-responsive regulatory genes, MuNAC4, MuWRKY3 and MuMYB96 associated with resistant-traits improves drought adaptation in transgenic groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea l.) plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1055851. [PMID: 36466254 PMCID: PMC9709484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Groundnut, cultivated under rain-fed conditions is prone to yield losses due to intermittent drought stress. Drought tolerance is a complex phenomenon and multiple gene expression required to maintain the cellular tolerance. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate many functional genes involved in tolerance mechanisms. In this study, three stress-responsive regulatory TFs cloned from horse gram, (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam) Verdc.), MuMYB96, involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis; MuWRKY3, associated with anti-oxidant defense mechanism and MuNAC4, tangled with lateral root development were simultaneously expressed to enhance drought stress resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The multigene transgenic groundnut lines showed reduced ROS production, membrane damage, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activity, evidencing improved antioxidative defense mechanisms under drought stress. Multigene transgenic plants showed lower proline content, increased soluble sugars, epicuticular wax content and higher relative water content suggesting higher maintenance of tissue water status compared to wildype and mock plants. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed a substantial increase in deposition of cuticular waxes and variation in stomatal number in multigene transgenic lines compared to wild type and mock plants. The multigene transgenic plants showed increased growth of lateral roots, chlorophyll content, and stay-green nature in drought stress compared to wild type and mock plants. Expression analysis of transgenes, MuMYB96, MuWRKY3, and MuNAC4 and their downstream target genes, KCS6, KCR1, APX3, CSD1, LBD16 and DBP using qRT-PCR showed a two- to four-fold increase in transcript levels in multigene transgenic groundnut plants over wild type and mock plants under drought stress. Our study demonstrate that introducing multiple genes with simultaneous expression of genes is a viable option to improve stress tolerance and productivity under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Venkatesh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuram, India
| | - Amaranatha R. Vennapusa
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Nulu Jagadeesh Kumar
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuram, India
| | - N. Jayamma
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuram, India
| | - B. Manohara Reddy
- Department of Botany, Government College (Autonomous), Anantapuram, India
| | | | - K. V. Madhusudan
- Department of Botany, Government College, Cluster University, Kurnool, India
| | - Merum Pandurangaiah
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuram, India
| | - K. Kiranmai
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuram, India
| | - Chinta Sudhakar
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuram, India
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Wang X, Chang C. Exploring and exploiting cuticle biosynthesis for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1064390. [PMID: 36438119 PMCID: PMC9685406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wheat and barley are widely distributed cereal crops whose yields are adversely affected by environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and attacks of pathogens and pests. As the interphase between aerial plant organs and their environments, hydrophobic cuticle largely consists of a cutin matrix impregnated and sealed with cuticular waxes. Increasing evidence supports that the cuticle plays a key role in plant adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses, which could be harnessed for wheat and barley improvement. In this review, we highlighted recent advances in cuticle biosynthesis and its multifaceted roles in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance of wheat and barley. Current strategies, challenges, and future perspectives on manipulating cuticle biosynthesis for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley are discussed.
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Reynoud N, Geneix N, Petit J, D’Orlando A, Fanuel M, Marion D, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Bakan B. The cutin polymer matrix undergoes a fine architectural tuning from early tomato fruit development to ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1821-1840. [PMID: 36018278 PMCID: PMC9614491 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a complex polymer matrix that protects all aerial organs of plants, fulfills multiple roles in plant-environment interactions, and is critical for plant development. These functions are associated with the structural features of cuticles, and the architectural modeling of cuticles during plant development is crucial for understanding their physical properties and biological functions. In this work, the in-depth architecture of the cutin polymer matrix during fruit development was investigated. Using cherry tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model from the beginning of the cell expansion phase to the red ripe stage, we designed an experimental scheme combining sample pretreatment, Raman mapping, multivariate data analyses, and biochemical analyses. These approaches revealed clear chemical areas with different contributions of cutin, polysaccharides, and phenolics within the cutin polymer matrix. Besides, we demonstrated that these areas are finely tuned during fruit development, including compositional and macromolecular rearrangements. The specific spatiotemporal accumulation of phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid and flavonoids) suggests that they fulfill distinct functions during fruit development. In addition, we highlighted an unexpected dynamic remodeling of the cutin-embedded polysaccharides pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Such structural tuning enables consistent adaption of the cutin-polysaccharide continuum and the functional performance of the fruit cuticle at the different developmental stages. This study provides insights into the plant cuticle architecture and in particular into the organization of the epidermal cell wall-cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, F-33140, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Angelina D’Orlando
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | | | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
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