1
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Foglio E, D'Avorio E, Nieri R, Russo MA, Limana F. Epicardial EMT and cardiac repair: an update. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:219. [PMID: 39026298 PMCID: PMC11264588 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in both heart development and injury response and involves dynamic cellular changes that are essential for cardiogenesis and myocardial repair. Specifically, epicardial EMT is a crucial process in which epicardial cells lose polarity, migrate into the myocardium, and differentiate into various cardiac cell types during development and repair. Importantly, following EMT, the epicardium becomes a source of paracrine factors that support cardiac growth at the last stages of cardiogenesis and contribute to cardiac remodeling after injury. As such, EMT seems to represent a fundamental step in cardiac repair. Nevertheless, endogenous EMT alone is insufficient to stimulate adequate repair. Redirecting and amplifying epicardial EMT pathways offers promising avenues for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies and treatment approaches for heart disease. In this review, we present a synthesis of recent literature highlighting the significance of epicardial EMT reactivation in adult heart disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Foglio
- Technoscience, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Erica D'Avorio
- Dipartimento di Promozione delle Scienze Umane e della Qualità della Vita, San Raffaele University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Limana
- Dipartimento di Promozione delle Scienze Umane e della Qualità della Vita, San Raffaele University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Guadix JA, Ruiz-Villalba A, Pérez-Pomares JM. Congenital Coronary Blood Vessel Anomalies: Animal Models and the Integration of Developmental Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:817-831. [PMID: 38884751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Coronary blood vessels are in charge of sustaining cardiac homeostasis. It is thus logical that coronary congenital anomalies (CCA) directly or indirectly associate with multiple cardiac conditions, including sudden death. The coronary vascular system is a sophisticated, highly patterned anatomical entity, and therefore a wide range of congenital malformations of the coronary vasculature have been described. Despite the clinical interest of CCA, very few attempts have been made to relate specific embryonic developmental mechanisms to the congenital anomalies of these blood vessels. This is so because developmental data on the morphogenesis of the coronary vascular system derive from complex studies carried out in animals (mostly transgenic mice), and are not often accessible to the clinician, who, in turn, possesses essential information on the significance of CCA. During the last decade, advances in our understanding of normal embryonic development of coronary blood vessels have provided insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying coronary arteries anomalies. These findings are the base for our attempt to offer plausible embryological explanations to a variety of CCA as based on the analysis of multiple animal models for the study of cardiac embryogenesis, and present them in an organized manner, offering to the reader developmental mechanistic explanations for the pathogenesis of these anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - José M Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain.
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3
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Carmona R, López-Sánchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Garcia-López V, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Lozano-Velasco E, Franco D. Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Epicardium Formation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:440. [PMID: 37998498 PMCID: PMC10672416 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic epicardium originates from the proepicardium, an extracardiac primordium constituted by a cluster of mesothelial cells. In early embryos, the embryonic epicardium is characterized by a squamous cell epithelium resting on the myocardium surface. Subsequently, it invades the subepicardial space and thereafter the embryonic myocardium by means of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Within the myocardium, epicardial-derived cells present multilineage potential, later differentiating into smooth muscle cells and contributing both to coronary vasculature and cardiac fibroblasts in the mature heart. Over the last decades, we have progressively increased our understanding of those cellular and molecular mechanisms driving proepicardial/embryonic epicardium formation. This study provides a state-of-the-art review of the transcriptional and emerging post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in the formation and differentiation of the embryonic epicardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Human Anatomy, Legal Medicine and History of Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Carmen López-Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-López
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
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4
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Wiesinger A, Li J, Fokkert L, Bakker P, Verkerk AO, Christoffels VM, Boink GJJ, Devalla HD. A single cell transcriptional roadmap of human pacemaker cell differentiation. eLife 2022; 11:76781. [PMID: 36217819 PMCID: PMC9553210 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Each heartbeat is triggered by the sinoatrial node (SAN), the primary pacemaker of the heart. Studies in animal models have revealed that pacemaker cells share a common progenitor with the (pro)epicardium, and that the pacemaker cardiomyocytes further diversify into ‘transitional’, ‘tail’, and ‘head’ subtypes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially of human pacemaker cell development, are poorly understood. Here, we performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and trajectory inference on human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiating to SAN-like cardiomyocytes (SANCMs) to construct a roadmap of transcriptional changes and lineage decisions. In differentiated SANCM, we identified distinct clusters that closely resemble different subpopulations of the in vivo SAN. Moreover, the presence of a side population of proepicardial cells suggested their shared ontogeny with SANCM, as also reported in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the divergence of SANCM and proepicardial lineages is determined by WNT signaling. Furthermore, we uncovered roles for TGFβ and WNT signaling in the branching of transitional and head SANCM subtypes, respectively. These findings provide new insights into the molecular processes involved in human pacemaker cell differentiation, opening new avenues for complex disease modeling in vitro and inform approaches for cell therapy-based regeneration of the SAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wiesinger
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jiuru Li
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lianne Fokkert
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Bakker
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerard J J Boink
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Lozano-Velasco E, Garcia-Padilla C, del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo M, Martinez-Amaro FJ, Caño-Carrillo S, Castillo-Casas JM, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Aranega AE, Franco D. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Molecular Determinants during Cardiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052839. [PMID: 35269981 PMCID: PMC8911333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular development is initiated soon after gastrulation as bilateral precardiac mesoderm is progressively symmetrically determined at both sides of the developing embryo. The precardiac mesoderm subsequently fused at the embryonic midline constituting an embryonic linear heart tube. As development progress, the embryonic heart displays the first sign of left-right asymmetric morphology by the invariably rightward looping of the initial heart tube and prospective embryonic ventricular and atrial chambers emerged. As cardiac development progresses, the atrial and ventricular chambers enlarged and distinct left and right compartments emerge as consequence of the formation of the interatrial and interventricular septa, respectively. The last steps of cardiac morphogenesis are represented by the completion of atrial and ventricular septation, resulting in the configuration of a double circuitry with distinct systemic and pulmonary chambers, each of them with distinct inlets and outlets connections. Over the last decade, our understanding of the contribution of multiple growth factor signaling cascades such as Tgf-beta, Bmp and Wnt signaling as well as of transcriptional regulators to cardiac morphogenesis have greatly enlarged. Recently, a novel layer of complexity has emerged with the discovery of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs and lncRNAs. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the contribution of non-coding RNAs during cardiac development. microRNAs and lncRNAs have been reported to functional modulate all stages of cardiac morphogenesis, spanning from lateral plate mesoderm formation to outflow tract septation, by modulating major growth factor signaling pathways as well as those transcriptional regulators involved in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Francisco Jose Martinez-Amaro
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Sheila Caño-Carrillo
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia E. Aranega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Garcia-Padilla C, Dueñas A, Franco D, Garcia-Lopez V, Aranega A, Garcia-Martinez V, Lopez-Sanchez C. Dynamic MicroRNA Expression Profiles During Embryonic Development Provide Novel Insights Into Cardiac Sinus Venosus/Inflow Tract Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:767954. [PMID: 35087828 PMCID: PMC8787322 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been explored in different organisms and are involved as molecular switches modulating cellular specification and differentiation during the embryonic development, including the cardiovascular system. In this study, we analyze the expression profiles of different microRNAs during early cardiac development. By using whole mount in situ hybridization in developing chick embryos, with microRNA-specific LNA probes, we carried out a detailed study of miR-23b, miR-130a, miR-106a, and miR-100 expression during early stages of embryogenesis (HH3 to HH17). We also correlated those findings with putative microRNA target genes by means of mirWalk and TargetScan analyses. Our results demonstrate a dynamic expression pattern in cardiac precursor cells from the primitive streak to the cardiac looping stages for miR-23b, miR-130a, and miR-106a. Additionally, miR-100 is later detectable during cardiac looping stages (HH15-17). Interestingly, the sinus venosus/inflow tract was shown to be the most representative cardiac area for the convergent expression of the four microRNAs. Through in silico analysis we revealed that distinct Hox family members are predicted to be targeted by the above microRNAs. We also identified expression of several Hox genes in the sinus venosus at stages HH11 and HH15. In addition, by means of gain-of-function experiments both in cardiomyoblasts and sinus venosus explants, we demonstrated the modulation of the different Hox clusters, Hoxa, Hoxb, Hoxc, and Hoxd genes, by these microRNAs. Furthermore, we correlated the negative modulation of several Hox genes, such as Hoxa3, Hoxa4, Hoxa5, Hoxc6, or Hoxd4. Finally, we demonstrated through a dual luciferase assay that Hoxa1 is targeted by miR-130a and Hoxa4 is targeted by both miR-23b and miR-106a, supporting a possible role of these microRNAs in Hox gene modulation during differentiation and compartmentalization of the posterior structures of the developing venous pole of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Angel Dueñas
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.,Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginio Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carmen Lopez-Sanchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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7
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Garcia-Padilla C, Hernandez-Torres F, Lozano-Velasco E, Dueñas A, Muñoz-Gallardo MDM, Garcia-Valencia IS, Palencia-Vincent L, Aranega A, Franco D. The Role of Bmp- and Fgf Signaling Modulating Mouse Proepicardium Cell Fate. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:757781. [PMID: 35059396 PMCID: PMC8763981 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.757781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmp and Fgf signaling are widely involved in multiple aspects of embryonic development. More recently non coding RNAs, such as microRNAs have also been reported to play essential roles during embryonic development. We have previously demonstrated that microRNAs, i.e., miR-130, play an essential role modulating Bmp and Fgf signaling during early stages of cardiomyogenesis. More recently, we have also demonstrated that microRNAs are capable of modulating cell fate decision during proepicardial/septum transversum (PE/ST) development, since over-expression of miR-23 blocked while miR-125, miR-146, miR-223 and miR-195 enhanced PE/ST-derived cardiomyogenesis, respectively. Importantly, regulation of these microRNAs is distinct modulated by Bmp2 and Fgf2 administration in chicken. In this study, we aim to dissect the functional role of Bmp and Fgf signaling during mouse PE/ST development, their implication regulating post-transcriptional modulators such as microRNAs and their impact on lineage determination. Mouse PE/ST explants and epicardial/endocardial cell cultures were distinctly administrated Bmp and Fgf family members. qPCR analyses of distinct microRNAs, cardiomyogenic, fibrogenic differentiation markers as well as key elements directly epithelial to mesenchymal transition were evaluated. Our data demonstrate that neither Bmp2/Bmp4 nor Fgf2/Fgf8 signaling is capable of inducing cardiomyogenesis, fibrogenesis or inducing EMT in mouse PE/ST explants, yet deregulation of several microRNAs is observed, in contrast to previous findings in chicken PE/ST. RNAseq analyses in mouse PE/ST and embryonic epicardium identified novel Bmp and Fgf family members that might be involved in such cell fate differences, however, their implication on EMT induction and cardiomyogenic and/or fibrogenic differentiation is limited. Thus our data support the notion of species-specific differences regulating PE/ST cardiomyogenic lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernandez-Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Dueñas
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | | | - Isabel S Garcia-Valencia
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Lledó Palencia-Vincent
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
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8
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Wiesinger A, Boink GJJ, Christoffels VM, Devalla HD. Retinoic acid signaling in heart development: Application in the differentiation of cardiovascular lineages from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2589-2606. [PMID: 34653403 PMCID: PMC8581056 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays an important role during heart development in establishing anteroposterior polarity, formation of inflow and outflow tract progenitors, and growth of the ventricular compact wall. RA is also utilized as a key ingredient in protocols designed for generating cardiac cell types from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). This review discusses the role of RA in cardiogenesis, currently available protocols that employ RA for differentiation of various cardiovascular lineages, and plausible transcriptional mechanisms underlying this fate specification. These insights will inform further development of desired cardiac cell types from human PSCs and their application in preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wiesinger
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J J Boink
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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9
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Arora H, Lavin AC, Balkan W, Hare JM, White IA. Neuregulin-1, in a Conducive Milieu with Wnt/BMP/Retinoic Acid, Prolongs the Epicardial-Mediated Cardiac Regeneration Capacity of Neonatal Heart Explants. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2021; 17:18-27. [PMID: 34434004 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1701003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rationale: Cardiac sympathetic nerves are required for endogenous repair of the mammalian neonatal heart in vivo, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that a combination of cardiac developmental growth factors Wnt3a, BMP4 and Neuregulin (NRG-1), compensate for denervation and support cardiac regeneration in explanted neonatal mammalian hearts. Methods and Results: Hearts from 2-day old neonatal mice were harvested, lesioned at the apex and grown ex vivo for 21 days under defined conditions. Hearts grown in canonical cardiomyocyte culture media underwent complete coagulative necrosis, a process resembling ischemic cell death, by day 14. However, the addition of Wnt3a, BMP-4 and NRG-1, maintained cellular integrity and restored the endogenous regenerative program. None of these factors alone, or in any paired combination, were sufficient to induce regeneration in culture. rNRG-1 alone significantly reduced the accumulation of double strand DNA damage at Day 3; (-NRG-1: 60±12%; +NRG-1: 8±3%; P<0.01) and prevented coagulative necrosis at Day 14. Short-term addition of rWnt3a and rBMP-4 (day 0-3, NRG-1+) increased WT1 expression (a marker of epicardial cells) 7-fold, epicardial proliferation (78±17 cells vs. 21±9 cells; P<0.05), migration and recellularization (80±22 vs. zero cells; P<0.01; n=6) at the injury site on day 14. Conclusions: A novel explant culture system maintains three-dimensional neonatal mouse hearts and the mammalian neonatal cardiac regenerative program ex vivo. We identified that rNRG-1, plus short-term activation of Wnt- and BMP-signaling, promotes cardiac repair via epicardial cell activation, their proliferation and migration to the injury site, followed by putative cardiomyocyte recruitment. This novel technique will facilitate future studies of mammalian cardiac regeneration and may be useful in cardiac-specific drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Arora
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Departments of.,Urology and
| | | | - Wayne Balkan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Departments of.,Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL, 33136, USA
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Departments of.,Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ian A White
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Departments of.,Neobiosis, LLC, 12085 Research Dr, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
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10
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Zhao K, Yang CX, Li P, Sun W, Kong XQ. Epigenetic role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation in the cardiovascular system. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:509-523. [PMID: 32633106 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As the most prevalent and abundant transcriptional modification in the eukaryotic genome, the continuous and dynamic regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been shown to play a vital role in physiological and pathological processes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischemic heart failure (HF), myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial infarction (MI), and cardiomyogenesis. Regulation is achieved by modulating the expression of m6A enzymes and their downstream cardiac genes. In addition, this process has a major impact on different aspects of internal biological metabolism and several other external environmental effects associated with the development of CVDs. However, the exact molecular mechanism of m6A epigenetic regulation has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we outline recent advances and discuss potential therapeutic strategies for managing m6A in relation to several common CVD-related metabolic disorders and external environmental factors. Note that an appropriate understanding of the biological function of m6A in the cardiovascular system will pave the way towards exploring the mechanisms responsible for the development of other CVDs and their associated symptoms. Finally, it can provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic agents for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiang-Qing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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11
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Role of the Epicardium in the Development of the Atrioventricular Valves and Its Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Myxomatous Valve Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050054. [PMID: 34066253 PMCID: PMC8152025 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Adriana "Adri" Gittenberger-de Groot and in appreciation of her work in the field of developmental cardiovascular biology and the legacy that she has left behind. During her impressive career, Dr. Gittenberger-de Groot studied many aspects of heart development, including aspects of cardiac valve formation and disease and the role of the epicardium in the formation of the heart. In this contribution, we review some of the work on the role of epicardially-derived cells (EPDCs) in the development of the atrioventricular valves and their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of myxomatous valve disease (MVD). We provide an overview of critical events in the development of the atrioventricular junction, discuss the role of the epicardium in these events, and illustrate how interfering with molecular mechanisms that are involved in the epicardial-dependent formation of the atrioventricular junction leads to a number of abnormalities. These abnormalities include defects of the AV valves that resemble those observed in humans that suffer from MVD. The studies demonstrate the importance of the epicardium for the proper formation and maturation of the AV valves and show that the possibility of epicardial-associated developmental defects should be taken into consideration when determining the genetic origin and pathogenesis of MVD.
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12
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Peralta M, Ortiz Lopez L, Jerabkova K, Lucchesi T, Vitre B, Han D, Guillemot L, Dingare C, Sumara I, Mercader N, Lecaudey V, Delaval B, Meilhac SM, Vermot J. Intraflagellar Transport Complex B Proteins Regulate the Hippo Effector Yap1 during Cardiogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107932. [PMID: 32698004 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and the intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins involved in ciliogenesis are associated with congenital heart diseases (CHDs). However, the molecular links between cilia, IFT proteins, and cardiogenesis are yet to be established. Using a combination of biochemistry, genetics, and live-imaging methods, we show that IFT complex B proteins (Ift88, Ift54, and Ift20) modulate the Hippo pathway effector YAP1 in zebrafish and mouse. We demonstrate that this interaction is key to restrict the formation of the proepicardium and the myocardium. In cellulo experiments suggest that IFT88 and IFT20 interact with YAP1 in the cytoplasm and functionally modulate its activity, identifying a molecular link between cilia-related proteins and the Hippo pathway. Taken together, our results highlight a noncanonical role for IFT complex B proteins during cardiogenesis and shed light on a mechanism of action for ciliary proteins in YAP1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Peralta
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laia Ortiz Lopez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Katerina Jerabkova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tommaso Lucchesi
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Vitre
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dong Han
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Guillemot
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Chaitanya Dingare
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Izabela Sumara
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginie Lecaudey
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benedicte Delaval
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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13
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Lario S, Ramírez-Lázaro MJ, González-Lahera A, Lavín JL, Vila-Casadesús M, Quílez ME, Brunet-Vega A, Lozano JJ, Aransay AM, Calvet X. Cross-sectional study of human coding- and non-coding RNAs in progressive stages of Helicobacter pylori infection. Sci Data 2020; 7:296. [PMID: 32901043 PMCID: PMC7479617 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects 4.4 billion individuals worldwide and is considered the most important etiologic agent for peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Individual response to H. pylori infection is complex and depends on complex interactions between host and environmental factors. The pathway towards gastric cancer is a sequence of events known as Correa's model of gastric carcinogenesis, a stepwise inflammatory process from normal mucosa to chronic-active gastritis, atrophy, metaplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma. This study examines gastric clinical specimens representing different steps of the Correa pathway with the aim of identifying the expression profiles of coding- and non-coding RNAs that may have a role in Correa's model of gastric carcinogenesis. We screened for differentially expressed genes in gastric biopsies by employing RNAseq, microarrays and qRT-PCR. Here we provide a detailed description of the experiments, methods and results generated. The datasets may help other scientists and clinicians to find new clues to the pathogenesis of H. pylori and the mechanisms of progression of the infection to more severe gastric diseases. Data is available via ArrayExpress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lario
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.
| | - María J Ramírez-Lázaro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Aintzane González-Lahera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José L Lavín
- Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Casadesús
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María E Quílez
- Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Anna Brunet-Vega
- Oncology Service, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Juan J Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Aransay
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Xavier Calvet
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Digestive Diseases Service, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, UAB, Sabadell, Spain
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14
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Andrés-Delgado L, Galardi-Castilla M, Münch J, Peralta M, Ernst A, González-Rosa JM, Tessadori F, Santamaría L, Bakkers J, Vermot J, de la Pompa JL, Mercader N. Notch and Bmp signaling pathways act coordinately during the formation of the proepicardium. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1455-1469. [PMID: 33103836 PMCID: PMC7754311 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epicardium is the outer mesothelial layer of the heart. It encloses the myocardium and plays key roles in heart development and regeneration. It derives from the proepicardium (PE), cell clusters that appear in the dorsal pericardium (DP) close to the atrioventricular canal and the venous pole of the heart, and are released into the pericardial cavity. PE cells are advected around the beating heart until they attach to the myocardium. Bmp and Notch signaling influence PE formation, but it is unclear how both signaling pathways interact during this process in the zebrafish. RESULTS Here, we show that the developing PE is influenced by Notch signaling derived from the endothelium. Overexpression of the intracellular receptor of notch in the endothelium enhances bmp expression, increases the number of pSmad1/5 positive cells in the DP and PE, and enhances PE formation. On the contrary, pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 impairs PE formation. bmp2b overexpression can rescue loss of PE formation in the presence of a Notch1 inhibitor, but Notch gain-of-function could not recover PE formation in the absence of Bmp signaling. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial Notch signaling activates bmp expression in the heart tube, which in turn induces PE cluster formation from the DP layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Galardi-Castilla
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliane Münch
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marina Peralta
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Australian Regenerative Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Luis Santamaría
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Borasch K, Richardson K, Plendl J. Cardiogenesis with a focus on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:643-655. [PMID: 32319704 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial intraembryonic vasculogenesis occurs in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Here, a cell population of proendocardial cells detaches from the mesoderm that subsequently generates the single endocardial tube by forming vascular plexuses. In the course of embryogenesis, the endocardium retains vasculogenic, angiogenic and haematopoietic potential. The coronary blood vessels that sustain the rapidly expanding myocardium develop in the course of the formation of the cardiac loop by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis from progenitor cells of the proepicardial serosa at the venous pole of the heart as well as from the endocardium and endothelial cells of the sinus venosus. Prospective coronary endothelial cells and progenitor cells of the coronary blood vessel walls (smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells) originate from different cell populations that are in close spatial as well as regulatory connection with each other. Vasculo- and angiogenesis of the coronary blood vessels are for a large part regulated by the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells. Vasculogenic and angiogenic signalling pathways include the vascular endothelial growth factors, the angiopoietins and the fibroblast growth factors and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Borasch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Follow Me! A Tale of Avian Heart Development with Comparisons to Mammal Heart Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7010008. [PMID: 32156044 PMCID: PMC7151090 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian embryos have been used for centuries to study development due to the ease of access. Because the embryos are sheltered inside the eggshell, a small window in the shell is ideal for visualizing the embryos and performing different interventions. The window can then be covered, and the embryo returned to the incubator for the desired amount of time, and observed during further development. Up to about 4 days of chicken development (out of 21 days of incubation), when the egg is opened the embryo is on top of the yolk, and its heart is on top of its body. This allows easy imaging of heart formation and heart development using non-invasive techniques, including regular optical microscopy. After day 4, the embryo starts sinking into the yolk, but still imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, can tomographically image the embryo and its heart in vivo. Importantly, because like the human heart the avian heart develops into a four-chambered heart with valves, heart malformations and pathologies that human babies suffer can be replicated in avian embryos, allowing a unique developmental window into human congenital heart disease. Here, we review avian heart formation and provide comparisons to the mammalian heart.
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17
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Abstract
The epicardium, the outermost tissue layer that envelops all vertebrate hearts, plays a crucial role in cardiac development and regeneration and has been implicated in potential strategies for cardiac repair. The heterogenous cell population that composes the epicardium originates primarily from a transient embryonic cell cluster known as the proepicardial organ (PE). Characterized by its high cellular plasticity, the epicardium contributes to both heart development and regeneration in two critical ways: as a source of progenitor cells and as a critical signaling hub. Despite this knowledge, there are many unanswered questions in the field of epicardial biology, the resolution of which will advance the understanding of cardiac development and repair. We review current knowledge in cross-species epicardial involvement, specifically in relation to lineage specification and differentiation during cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Sierra Duca
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jingli Cao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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18
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Epigenetics and Mechanobiology in Heart Development and Congenital Heart Disease. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7030052. [PMID: 31480510 PMCID: PMC6787645 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect worldwide and the number one killer of live-born infants in the United States. Heart development occurs early in embryogenesis and involves complex interactions between multiple cell populations, limiting the understanding and consequent treatment of CHD. Furthermore, genome sequencing has largely failed to predict or yield therapeutics for CHD. In addition to the underlying genome, epigenetics and mechanobiology both drive heart development. A growing body of evidence implicates the aberrant regulation of these two extra-genomic systems in the pathogenesis of CHD. In this review, we describe the stages of human heart development and the heart defects known to manifest at each stage. Next, we discuss the distinct and overlapping roles of epigenetics and mechanobiology in normal development and in the pathogenesis of CHD. Finally, we highlight recent advances in the identification of novel epigenetic biomarkers and environmental risk factors that may be useful for improved diagnosis and further elucidation of CHD etiology.
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19
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A single-cell transcriptional roadmap for cardiopharyngeal fate diversification. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:674-686. [PMID: 31160712 PMCID: PMC7491489 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, multipotent progenitors located in the pharyngeal mesoderm form cardiomyocytes and branchiomeric head muscles, but the dynamic gene expression programmes and mechanisms underlying cardiopharyngeal multipotency and heart versus head muscle fate choices remain elusive. Here, we used single-cell genomics in the simple chordate model Ciona to reconstruct developmental trajectories forming first and second heart lineages and pharyngeal muscle precursors and characterize the molecular underpinnings of cardiopharyngeal fate choices. We show that FGF-MAPK signalling maintains multipotency and promotes the pharyngeal muscle fate, whereas signal termination permits the deployment of a pan-cardiac programme, shared by the first and second heart lineages, to define heart identity. In the second heart lineage, a Tbx1/10-Dach pathway actively suppresses the first heart lineage programme, conditioning later cell diversity in the beating heart. Finally, cross-species comparisons between Ciona and the mouse evoke the deep evolutionary origins of cardiopharyngeal networks in chordates.
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20
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Zhang J, Tao R, Campbell KF, Carvalho JL, Ruiz EC, Kim GC, Schmuck EG, Raval AN, da Rocha AM, Herron TJ, Jalife J, Thomson JA, Kamp TJ. Functional cardiac fibroblasts derived from human pluripotent stem cells via second heart field progenitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2238. [PMID: 31110246 PMCID: PMC6527555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play critical roles in heart development, homeostasis, and disease. The limited availability of human CFs from native heart impedes investigations of CF biology and their role in disease. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a highly renewable and genetically defined cell source, but efficient methods to generate CFs from hPSCs have not been described. Here, we show differentiation of hPSCs using sequential modulation of Wnt and FGF signaling to generate second heart field progenitors that efficiently give rise to hPSC-CFs. The hPSC-CFs resemble native heart CFs in cell morphology, proliferation, gene expression, fibroblast marker expression, production of extracellular matrix and myofibroblast transformation induced by TGFβ1 and angiotensin II. Furthermore, hPSC-CFs exhibit a more embryonic phenotype when compared to fetal and adult primary human CFs. Co-culture of hPSC-CFs with hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes distinctly alters the electrophysiological properties of the cardiomyocytes compared to co-culture with dermal fibroblasts. The hPSC-CFs provide a powerful cell source for research, drug discovery, precision medicine, and therapeutic applications in cardiac regeneration. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play critical roles in heart development, homeostasis, and disease. Here the authors efficiently differentiate human pluripotent stem cells through second heart field progenitors to CFs that exhibit features and functional properties similar to native CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Katherine F Campbell
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Juliana L Carvalho
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 70790, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Edward C Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Gina C Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Eric G Schmuck
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Amish N Raval
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - André Monteiro da Rocha
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Todd J Herron
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - José Jalife
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Fundación Nacional Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 328029, Madrid, Spain
| | - James A Thomson
- Regenerative Biology Division, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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21
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Vilches-Moure JG. Embryonic Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus) as a Model of Cardiac Biology and Development. Comp Med 2019; 69:184-203. [PMID: 31182184 PMCID: PMC6591676 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the top contributors to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Increasing evidence suggests that many processes, pathways, and programs observed during development and organogenesis are recapitulated in adults in the face of disease. Therefore, a heightened understanding of cardiac development and organogenesis will help increase our understanding of developmental defects and cardiovascular diseases in adults. Chicks have long served as a model system in which to study developmental problems. Detailed descriptions of morphogenesis, low cost, accessibility, ease of manipulation, and the optimization of genetic engineering techniques have made chicks a robust model for studying development and make it a powerful platform for cardiovascular research. This review summarizes the cardiac developmental milestones of embryonic chickens, practical considerations when working with chicken embryos, and techniques available for use in chicks (including tissue chimeras, genetic manipulations, and live imaging). In addition, this article highlights examples that accentuate the utility of the embryonic chicken as model system in which to study cardiac development, particularly epicardial development, and that underscore the importance of how studying development informs our understanding of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,
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22
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Wang K, Shen H, Gan P, Cavallero S, Kumar SR, Lien CL, Sucov HM. Differential roles of insulin like growth factor 1 receptor and insulin receptor during embryonic heart development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 30909860 PMCID: PMC6434851 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The embryonic day E10–13 period of mouse heart development is characterized by robust cardiomyocyte proliferation that creates the compact zone of thickened ventricular wall myocardium. This process is initiated by the formation of the epicardium on the outer heart surface, which releases insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) as the primary cardiomyocyte mitogen. Two receptors mediate IGF2 signaling, the IGF1R and the insulin receptor (INSR). Results In this study, we addressed the relative roles of the two IGF2 receptors in mouse heart development. We find that both receptors are expressed in the mouse heart during the E10–13 period, although IGF1R is much more prominently activated by IGF2 than INSR. Genetic manipulation indicates that only Igf1r is required for embryonic ventricular wall morphogenesis. INSR is not hyperactivated in the absence of IGF1R, and INSR does not compensate functionally for IGF1R in the absence of the latter. Conclusions These results define the molecular components that are responsible for a major burst of cardiomyocyte proliferation during heart development. These results may also be relevant to understanding the efficiency of regeneration of the mammalian heart after neonatal and adult injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0186-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Peiheng Gan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Susana Cavallero
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry M Sucov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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23
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Wu L, Du J, Jing X, Yan Y, Deng S, Hao Z, She Q. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes the differentiation of Tbx18-positive epicardial progenitor cells to pacemaker-like cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2648-2656. [PMID: 30906456 PMCID: PMC6425233 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarifying the mechanisms via which pacemaker- like cells are generated is critical for identifying novel targets for arrhythmia-associated disorders and constructing pacemakers with the ability to adapt to physiological requirements. T-box 18 (Tbx18)+ epicardial progenitor cells (EPCs) have the potential to differentiate into pacemaker cells. Although bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is likely to contribute, its role and regulatory mechanisms in the differentiation of Tbx18+ EPCs into pacemaker-like cells have remained to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the association between Bmp4, GATA binding protein 4 (Gata4) and hyperpolarization- activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4 (Hcn4) to regulate NK2 homeobox 5 (Nkx2.5), which is known to be required for the differentiation of Tbx18+ EPCs into pacemaker-like cells, was assessed. Tbx18+ EPCs were isolated from Tbx18:Cre/Rosa26Renhanced yellow fluorescence protein (EYFP) murine embryos at embryonic day 11.5 and divided into the following four treatment groups: Control, Bmp4, Bmp4+LDN193189 (a Bmp inhibitor) and LDN193189. In vitro Bmp4 promoted the expression of Hcn4 in Tbx18+ EPCs via lineage tracing of Tbx18:Cre/Rosa26REYFP mice, which was likely due to upregulation of Gata4 expression. Gata4 knockdown experiments were then performed using the following five treatment groups: Control, control small interfering RNA (siRNA), Bmp4, Bmp4+siRNA targeting Gata4 (siGata4) and siGata4 group. Knockdown of Gata4 caused a downregulation of Hcn4 and an upregulation of Nkx2.5, but had no effect on Bmp4 expression. In conclusion, it was indicated that in Tbx18+ EPCs, the expression of Nkx2.5 was regulated by Bmp4 via Gata4. Taken together, these results provide important information on regulatory networks of pacemaker cell differentiation and may serve as a basis for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Jing
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Songbai Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtao Hao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Qiang She
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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24
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Moore-Morris T, van Vliet PP, Andelfinger G, Puceat M. Role of Epigenetics in Cardiac Development and Congenital Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2453-2475. [PMID: 30156497 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to be functional in the fetus. Heart formation is a complex morphogenetic process regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most prominent congenital diseases. Genetics is not sufficient to explain these diseases or the impact of them on patients. Epigenetics is more and more emerging as a basis for cardiac malformations. This review brings the essential knowledge on cardiac biology of development. It further provides a broad background on epigenetics with a focus on three-dimensional conformation of chromatin. Then, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of epigenetics on cardiac cell fate decision. We further provide an update on the epigenetic anomalies in the genesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moore-Morris
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Puceat
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Sayed A, Valente M, Sassoon D. Does cardiac development provide heart research with novel therapeutic approaches? F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30450195 PMCID: PMC6221076 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15609.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic heart progenitors arise at specific spatiotemporal periods that contribute to the formation of distinct cardiac structures. In mammals, the embryonic and fetal heart is hypoxic by comparison to the adult heart. In parallel, the cellular metabolism of the cardiac tissue, including progenitors, undergoes a glycolytic to oxidative switch that contributes to cardiac maturation. While oxidative metabolism is energy efficient, the glycolytic-hypoxic state may serve to maintain cardiac progenitor potential. Consistent with this proposal, the adult epicardium has been shown to contain a reservoir of quiescent cardiac progenitors that are activated in response to heart injury and are hypoxic by comparison to adjacent cardiac tissues. In this review, we discuss the development and potential of the adult epicardium and how this knowledge may provide future therapeutic approaches for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliqua Sayed
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Valente
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
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26
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Nebigil CG, Désaubry L. The role of GPCR signaling in cardiac Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT). Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 29:200-204. [PMID: 30172578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect, affecting 1.35 million newborns every year. Heart failure is a primary cause of late morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction. Heart development is involved in several rounds of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Errors in these processes contribute to congenital heart disease, and exert deleterious effects on the heart and circulation after myocardial infarction. The identification of factors that are involved in heart development and disease, and the development of new approaches for the treatment of these disorders are of great interest. G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise 40% of clinically used drug targets, and their signaling are vital components of the heart during development, cardiac repair and in cardiac disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on the importance of EMT program in the heart, and outlines the newly identified GPCRs as potential therapeutic targets of reprogramming EMT to support cardiac cell fate during heart development and after myocardial infarction. More specifically we discuss prokineticin, serotonin, sphingosine-1-phosphate and apelin receptors in heart development and diseases. Further understanding of the regulation of EMT/MET by GPCRs during development and in the adult hearts can provide the following clinical exploitation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan G Nebigil
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Sorbonne University-CNRS, ESBS Pole API 300 boulevard Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, Paris, Illkirch F-67412, France.
| | - Laurent Désaubry
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Sorbonne University-CNRS, ESBS Pole API 300 boulevard Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, Paris, Illkirch F-67412, France
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27
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Newe A, Becker L. Three-Dimensional Portable Document Format (3D PDF) in Clinical Communication and Biomedical Sciences: Systematic Review of Applications, Tools, and Protocols. JMIR Med Inform 2018; 6:e10295. [PMID: 30087092 PMCID: PMC6103636 DOI: 10.2196/10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Portable Document Format (PDF) is the standard file format for the communication of biomedical information via the internet and for electronic scholarly publishing. Although PDF allows for the embedding of three-dimensional (3D) objects and although this technology has great potential for the communication of such data, it is not broadly used by the scientific community or by clinicians. Objective The objective of this review was to provide an overview of existing publications that apply 3D PDF technology and the protocols and tools for the creation of model files and 3D PDFs for scholarly purposes to demonstrate the possibilities and the ways to use this technology. Methods A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles searched for were in English, peer-reviewed with biomedical reference, published since 2005 in a journal or presented at a conference or scientific meeting. Ineligible articles were removed after screening. The found literature was categorized into articles that (1) applied 3D PDF for visualization, (2) showed ways to use 3D PDF, and (3) provided tools or protocols for the creation of 3D PDFs or necessary models. Finally, the latter category was analyzed in detail to provide an overview of the state of the art. Results The search retrieved a total of 902 items. Screening identified 200 in-scope publications, 13 covering the use of 3D PDF for medical purposes. Only one article described a clinical routine use case; all others were pure research articles. The disciplines that were covered beside medicine were many. In most cases, either animal or human anatomies were visualized. A method, protocol, software, library, or other tool for the creation of 3D PDFs or model files was described in 19 articles. Most of these tools required advanced programming skills and/or the installation of further software packages. Only one software application presented an all-in-one solution with a graphical user interface. Conclusions The use of 3D PDF for visualization purposes in clinical communication and in biomedical publications is still not in common use, although both the necessary technique and suitable tools are available, and there are many arguments in favor of this technique. The potential of 3D PDF usage should be disseminated in the clinical and biomedical community. Furthermore, easy-to-use, standalone, and free-of-charge software tools for the creation of 3D PDFs should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Newe
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,NewTec GmbH, Pfaffenhofen an der Roth, Germany
| | - Linda Becker
- Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Simões FC, Riley PR. The ontogeny, activation and function of the epicardium during heart development and regeneration. Development 2018; 145:145/7/dev155994. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.155994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium plays a key role during cardiac development, homeostasis and repair, and has thus emerged as a potential target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, therapeutically manipulating the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) requires insights into their developmental origin and the mechanisms driving their activation, recruitment and contribution to both the embryonic and adult injured heart. In recent years, studies of various model systems have provided us with a deeper understanding of the microenvironment in which EPDCs reside and emerge into, of the crosstalk between the multitude of cardiovascular cell types that influence the epicardium, and of the genetic programmes that orchestrate epicardial cell behaviour. Here, we review these discoveries and discuss how technological advances could further enhance our knowledge of epicardium-based repair mechanisms and ultimately influence potential therapeutic outcomes in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Simões
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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29
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Sun AJ, Qiao L, Huang C, Zhang X, Li YQ, Yang XQ. Comparison of mouse brown and white adipose‑derived stem cell differentiation into pacemaker‑like cells induced by TBX18 transduction. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7055-7064. [PMID: 29568953 PMCID: PMC5928658 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare brown adipose-derived stem cell (BASC) and white adipose-derived stem cell (WASC) differentiation into pacemaker‑like cells following T‑box (TBX)18 transduction. Mouse BASCs and WASCs were induced to differentiate into pacemaker‑like cells by adenovirus‑TBX18 transduction in vitro. The transduction rate was determined by fluorescence microscopy and cell ultrastructural changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy at 48 h post‑transduction. The mRNA and protein expression of pacemaker cell‑associated markers, including TBX18, TBX3, sarcomeric α‑actinin (Sr) and hyperpolarization‑activated cyclic nucleotide‑gated channel 4 (HCN4), were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that no significant difference was observed in the transduction rate between BASCs and WASCs. The ultrastructure of BASCs was observed to be more complex than that of WASCs, indicating that BASCs may possess a better structural foundation to differentiate into pacemaker‑like cells. TBX18, TBX3, Sr and HCN4 mRNA and protein expression in differentiated stem cells was significantly increased compared with the respective control groups. Furthermore, the expression levels were significantly higher in TBX18‑BASCs compared with TBX18‑WASCs. In conclusion, TBX18 gene transduction may facilitate the differentiation of BASCs and WASCs into pacemaker‑like myocardial cells, and BASCs may have a higher capacity than WASCs for this differentiation. TBX18 gene may therefore act as an efficient candidate in cell transplantation therapy for diseases and for future research into the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Center of Regenerative Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Anatomy, Center of Regenerative Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Center of Regenerative Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Center of Regenerative Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Quan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Center of Regenerative Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Qun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Center of Regenerative Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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30
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Carmona R, Ariza L, Cañete A, Muñoz-Chápuli R. Comparative developmental biology of the cardiac inflow tract. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 116:155-164. [PMID: 29452155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate heart receives the blood through the cardiac inflow tract. This area has experienced profound changes along the evolution of vertebrates; changes that have a reflection in the cardiac ontogeny. The development of the inflow tract involves dynamic changes due to the progressive addition of tissue derived from the secondary heart field. The inflow tract is the site where oxygenated blood coming from lungs is received separately from the systemic return, where the cardiac pacemaker is established and where the proepicardium develops. Differential cell migration towards the inflow tract breaks the symmetry of the primary heart tube and determines the direction of the cardiac looping. In air-breathing vertebrates, an inflow tract reorganization is essential to keep separate blood flows from systemic and pulmonary returns. Finally, the sinus venosus endocardium has recently been recognized as playing a role in the constitution of the coronary vasculature. Due to this developmental complexity, congenital anomalies of the inflow tract can cause severe cardiac diseases. We aimed to review the recent literature on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the morphogenesis of the cardiac inflow tract, together with comparative and evolutionary details, thus providing a basis for a better understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Laura Ariza
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ana Cañete
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain.
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31
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Razy-Krajka F, Gravez B, Kaplan N, Racioppi C, Wang W, Christiaen L. An FGF-driven feed-forward circuit patterns the cardiopharyngeal mesoderm in space and time. eLife 2018; 7:e29656. [PMID: 29431097 PMCID: PMC5809146 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In embryos, multipotent progenitors divide to produce distinct progeny and express their full potential. In vertebrates, multipotent cardiopharyngeal progenitors produce second-heart-field-derived cardiomyocytes, and branchiomeric skeletal head muscles. However, the mechanisms underlying these early fate choices remain largely elusive. The tunicate Ciona emerged as an attractive model to study early cardiopharyngeal development at high resolution: through two asymmetric and oriented divisions, defined cardiopharyngeal progenitors produce distinct first and second heart precursors, and pharyngeal muscle (aka atrial siphon muscle, ASM) precursors. Here, we demonstrate that differential FGF-MAPK signaling distinguishes between heart and ASM precursors. We characterize a feed-forward circuit that promotes the successive activations of essential ASM determinants, Hand-related, Tbx1/10 and Ebf. Finally, we show that coupling FGF-MAPK restriction and cardiopharyngeal network deployment with cell divisions defines the timing of gene expression and permits the emergence of diverse cell types from multipotent progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of BiologyCollege of Arts and Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Basile Gravez
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of BiologyCollege of Arts and Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nicole Kaplan
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of BiologyCollege of Arts and Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Claudia Racioppi
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of BiologyCollege of Arts and Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of BiologyCollege of Arts and Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of BiologyCollege of Arts and Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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32
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Sun C, Kontaridis MI. Physiology of Cardiac Development: From Genetics to Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29532042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the first organs to form and function during embryonic development. It is comprised of multiple cell lineages, each integral for proper cardiac development, and include cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, epicardial cells and neural crest cells. The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac development and morphogenesis are dependent on signaling crosstalk between multiple lineages through paracrine interactions, cell-ECM interactions, and cell-cell interactions, which together, help facilitate survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cardiac tissue. Aberrant regulation of any of these processes can induce developmental disorders and pathological phenotypes. Here, we will discuss each of these processes, the genetic factors that contribute to each step of cardiac development, as well as the current and future therapeutic targets and mechanisms of heart development and disease. Understanding the complex interactions that regulate cardiac development, proliferation and differentiation is not only vital to understanding the causes of congenital heart defects, but to also finding new therapeutics that can treat both pediatric and adult cardiac disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Guadix JA, Orlova VV, Giacomelli E, Bellin M, Ribeiro MC, Mummery CL, Pérez-Pomares JM, Passier R. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation into Functional Epicardial Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1754-1764. [PMID: 29173898 PMCID: PMC5785703 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are widely used to study cardiovascular cell differentiation and function. Here, we induced differentiation of hPSCs (both embryonic and induced) to proepicardial/epicardial progenitor cells that cover the heart during development. Addition of retinoic acid (RA) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) promoted expression of the mesodermal marker PDGFRα, upregulated characteristic (pro)epicardial progenitor cell genes, and downregulated transcription of myocardial genes. We confirmed the (pro)epicardial-like properties of these cells using in vitro co-culture assays and in ovo grafting of hPSC-epicardial cells into chick embryos. Our data show that RA + BMP4-treated hPSCs differentiate into (pro)epicardial-like cells displaying functional properties (adhesion and spreading over the myocardium) of their in vivo counterpart. The results extend evidence that hPSCs are an excellent model to study (pro)epicardial differentiation into cardiovascular cells in human development and evaluate their potential for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), Severo Ochoa 35, 29590 Campanillas (Málaga), Spain
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giacomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo C Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Building Zuidhorst, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - José M Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Instituto Malagueño de Biomedicina (IBIMA), Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga), Severo Ochoa 35, 29590 Campanillas (Málaga), Spain.
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Building Zuidhorst, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Polley A, Sen P, Sengupta A, Chakraborty S. β-Catenin stabilization promotes proliferation and increase in cardiomyocyte number in chick embryonic epicardial explant culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:922-939. [PMID: 28842809 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation from proepicardial organ- (PEO) and embryonic epicardium (eEpi)-derived cells or EPDCs in a developing heart emerges as a wide interest in purview of cardiac repair and regenerative medicine. eEpi originates from the precursor PEO and EPDCs, which contribute to several cardiac cell types including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and CMs during cardiogenesis. Here in this report, we have analyzed several cardiac lineage-specific marker gene expressions between PEO and eEpi cells. We have found that PEO-derived cells show increased level of CM lineage-specific marker gene expression compared to eEpi cells. Moreover, Wnt signaling activation results in increased level of CM-specific marker gene expression in both PEO and eEpi cells in culture. Interestingly, Wnt signaling activation also increases the number of proliferating and sarcomeric myosin (Mf20)-positive cells in eEpi explant culture. Together, this data suggests that eEpi cells as a source for CM differentiation and Wnt signaling mediator, β-catenin, might play an important role in CM differentiation from eEpi cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Polley
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Baker building, 2nd floor, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Puja Sen
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Baker building, 2nd floor, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- The Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Santanu Chakraborty
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Baker building, 2nd floor, Kolkata, 700073, India.
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Furtado MB, Nim HT, Boyd SE, Rosenthal NA. View from the heart: cardiac fibroblasts in development, scarring and regeneration. Development 2016; 143:387-97. [PMID: 26839342 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the adult, tissue repair after injury is generally compromised by fibrosis, which maintains tissue integrity with scar formation but does not restore normal architecture and function. The process of regeneration is necessary to replace the scar and rebuild normal functioning tissue. Here, we address this problem in the context of heart disease, and discuss the origins and characteristics of cardiac fibroblasts, as well as the crucial role that they play in cardiac development and disease. We discuss the dual nature of cardiac fibroblasts, which can lead to scarring, pathological remodelling and functional deficit, but can also promote heart function in some contexts. Finally, we review current and proposed approaches whereby regeneration could be fostered by interventions that limit scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Hieu T Nim
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah E Boyd
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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36
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Zu Y, Liang X, Du J, Zhou S, Yang C. Binding of integrin α1 to bone morphogenetic protein receptor IA suggests a novel role of integrin α1β1 in bone morphogenetic protein 2 signalling. J Biomech 2015; 48:3950-4. [PMID: 26475222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we observed that integrin α1β1 and bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) IA formed a complex and co-localised in several cell types. However, the molecular interaction between these two molecules was not studied in detail to date and the role of the interaction in BMPR signalling remains unknown; thus, these were investigated here. In a steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation, the observed development of the rupture force related to the displacement between the A-domain of integrin α1 and the extracellular domain of BMPR IA indicated a strong molecular interaction within the integrin-BMPR complex. Analysis of the intermolecular forces revealed that hydrogen bonds, rather than salt bridges, are the major contributors to these intermolecular interactions. By using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments with site-directed mutants, we found that residues 85-89 in BMPR IA play the most important role for BMPR IA binding to integrin α1β1. These residues are the same as those responsible for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/BMPR IA binding. In our experiments, we also found that the interference of integrin α1β1 up regulated the level of phosphorylated Smad1, 5, 8, which is the downstream of BMP/BMPR signalling. Therefore, our results suggest that integrin α1β1/BMPR IA may block BMP-2/BMPR IA complex information and interfere with the BMP-2 signalling pathway in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xudong Liang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Du
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Chun Yang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Lopez-Sanchez C, Franco D, Bonet F, Garcia-Lopez V, Aranega A, Garcia-Martinez V. Negative Fgf8-Bmp2 feed-back is regulated by miR-130 during early cardiac specification. Dev Biol 2015; 406:63-73. [PMID: 26165600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is known that secreted proteins from the anterior lateral endoderm, FGF8 and BMP2, are involved in mesodermal cardiac differentiation, which determines the first cardiac field, defined by the expression of the earliest specific cardiac markers Nkx-2.5 and Gata4. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for early cardiac development still remain unclear. At present, microRNAs represent a novel layer of complexity in the regulatory networks controlling gene expression during cardiovascular development. This paper aims to study the role of miR130 during early cardiac specification. Our model is focused on developing chick at gastrula stages. In order to identify those regulatory factors which are involved in cardiac specification, we conducted gain- and loss-of-function experiments in precardiac cells by administration of Fgf8, Bmp2 and miR130, through in vitro electroporation technique and soaked beads application. Embryos were subjected to in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and qPCR procedures. Our results reveal that Fgf8 suppresses, while Bmp2 induces, the expression of Nkx-2.5 and Gata4. They also show that Fgf8 suppresses Bmp2, and vice versa. Additionally, we observed that Bmp2 regulates miR-130 -a putative microRNA that targets Erk1/2 (Mapk1) 3'UTR, recognizing its expression in precardiac cells which overlap with Erk1/2 pattern. Finally, we evidence that miR-130 is capable to inhibit Erk1/2 and Fgf8, resulting in an increase of Bmp2, Nkx-2.5 and Gata4. Our data present miR-130 as a necessary linkage in the control of Fgf8 signaling, mediated by Bmp2, establishing a negative feed-back loop responsible to achieve early cardiac specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Sanchez
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Fernando Bonet
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Amelia Aranega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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38
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Germani A, Foglio E, Capogrossi MC, Russo MA, Limana F. Generation of cardiac progenitor cells through epicardial to mesenchymal transition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:735-48. [PMID: 25943780 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that drives the formation of cells involved both in tissue repair and in pathological conditions, including tissue fibrosis and tumor metastasis by providing cancer cells with stem cell properties. Recent findings suggest that EMT is reactivated in the heart following ischemic injury. Specifically, epicardial EMT might be involved in the formation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) that can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and, possibly, cardiomyocytes. The identification of mechanisms and signaling pathways governing EMT-derived CPC generation and differentiation may contribute to the development of a more efficient regenerative approach for adult heart repair. Here, we summarize key literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Germani
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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39
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Iyer D, Gambardella L, Bernard WG, Serrano F, Mascetti VL, Pedersen RA, Talasila A, Sinha S. Robust derivation of epicardium and its differentiated smooth muscle cell progeny from human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2015; 142:1528-41. [PMID: 25813541 PMCID: PMC4392600 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium has emerged as a multipotent cardiovascular progenitor source with therapeutic potential for coronary smooth muscle cell, cardiac fibroblast (CF) and cardiomyocyte regeneration, owing to its fundamental role in heart development and its potential ability to initiate myocardial repair in injured adult tissues. Here, we describe a chemically defined method for generating epicardium and epicardium-derived smooth muscle cells (EPI-SMCs) and CFs from human pluripotent stem cells (HPSCs) through an intermediate lateral plate mesoderm (LM) stage. HPSCs were initially differentiated to LM in the presence of FGF2 and high levels of BMP4. The LM was robustly differentiated to an epicardial lineage by activation of WNT, BMP and retinoic acid signalling pathways. HPSC-derived epicardium displayed enhanced expression of epithelial- and epicardium-specific markers, exhibited morphological features comparable with human foetal epicardial explants and engrafted in the subepicardial space in vivo. The in vitro-derived epicardial cells underwent an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition when treated with PDGF-BB and TGFβ1, resulting in vascular SMCs that displayed contractile ability in response to vasoconstrictors. Furthermore, the EPI-SMCs displayed low density lipoprotein uptake and effective lowering of lipoprotein levels upon treatment with statins, similar to primary human coronary artery SMCs. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that HPSC-derived epicardium and EPI-SMCs could serve as important tools for studying human cardiogenesis, and as a platform for vascular disease modelling and drug screening.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Pericardium/cytology
- Pericardium/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/physiology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharini Iyer
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Laure Gambardella
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - William G Bernard
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Felipe Serrano
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Victoria L Mascetti
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Roger A Pedersen
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Amarnath Talasila
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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40
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Meilhac SM, Lescroart F, Blanpain C, Buckingham ME. Cardiac cell lineages that form the heart. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013888. [PMID: 25183852 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial cells ensure the contractility of the heart, which also depends on other mesodermal cell types for its function. Embryological experiments had identified the sources of cardiac precursor cells. With the advent of genetic engineering, novel tools have been used to reconstruct the lineage tree of cardiac cells that contribute to different parts of the heart, map the development of cardiac regions, and characterize their genetic signature. Such knowledge is of fundamental importance for our understanding of cardiogenesis and also for the diagnosis and treatment of heart malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigolène M Meilhac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels B-1070, Belgium WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Buckingham
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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41
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A distant downstream enhancer directs essential expression of Tbx18 in urogenital tissues. Dev Biol 2014; 392:483-93. [PMID: 24854998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate T-box transcription factor gene Tbx18 performs a vital role in development of multiple organ systems. Tbx18 insufficiency manifests as recessive phenotypes in the upper urinary system, cardiac venous pole, inner ear, and axial skeleton; homozygous null mutant animals die perinatally. Here, we report a new regulatory mutation of Tbx18, a reciprocal translocation breaking 78kbp downstream of the gene. 12Gso homozygotes present urinary and vertebral defects very similar to those associated with Tbx18-null mutations, but 12Gso is clearly not a global null allele since homozygotes survive into adulthood. We show that 12Gso down-regulates Tbx18 expression in a manner that is both spatially- and temporally-specific; combined with other data, the mutation points particularly to the presence of an essential urogenital enhancer located near the translocation breakpoint site. In support of this hypothesis, we identify a distal enhancer element, ECR1, which is active in developing urogenital and other tissues; we propose that disruption of this element leads to premature loss of Tbx18 function in 12Gso mutant mice. These data reveal a long-range regulatory architecture extending far downstream of Tbx18, identify a novel and likely essential urogenital enhancer, and introduce a new tool for dissecting postnatal phenotypes associated with dysregulation of Tbx18.
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42
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The epicardium signals the way towards heart regeneration. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:683-92. [PMID: 24933704 PMCID: PMC4241487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From historical studies of developing chick hearts to recent advances in regenerative injury models, the epicardium has arisen as a key player in heart genesis and repair. The epicardium provides paracrine signals to nurture growth of the developing heart from mid-gestation, and epicardium-derived cells act as progenitors of numerous cardiac cell types. Interference with either process is terminal for heart development and embryogenesis. In adulthood, the dormant epicardium reinstates an embryonic gene programme in response to injury. Furthermore, injury-induced epicardial signalling is essential for heart regeneration in zebrafish. Given these critical roles in development, injury response and heart regeneration, the application of epicardial signals following adult heart injury could offer therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. The epicardium is a dynamic signalling centre during heart development and injury. Heart repair in lower vertebrates highlights the importance of epicardial signalling. Epicardial signals may be targeted to regenerate adult mammalian hearts.
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43
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Epicardial Origin of Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Heart. J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb2020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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44
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Abstract
The epicardium is the mesothelial outer layer of the vertebrate heart. It plays an important role during cardiac development by, among other functions, nourishing the underlying myocardium, contributing to cardiac fibroblasts and giving rise to the coronary vasculature. The epicardium also exerts key functions during injury responses in the adult and contributes to cardiac repair. In this article, we review current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying epicardium formation in the zebrafish, a teleost fish, which is rapidly gaining status as an animal model in cardiovascular research, and compare it with the mechanisms described in other vertebrate models. We moreover describe the expression patterns of a subset of available zebrafish Wilms' tumor 1 transgenic reporter lines and discuss their specificity, applicability and limitations in the study of epicardium formation.
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45
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Salazar L, Kashiwada T, Krejci P, Meyer AN, Casale M, Hallowell M, Wilcox WR, Donoghue DJ, Thompson LM. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 interacts with and activates TGFβ-activated kinase 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and NFκB signaling in multiple myeloma and bladder cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86470. [PMID: 24466111 PMCID: PMC3900522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. In the United States alone, 1 in 4 deaths is due to cancer and for 2013 a total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer-related deaths are projected. Comprehensive profiling of multiple cancer genomes has revealed a highly complex genetic landscape in which a large number of altered genes, varying from tumor to tumor, impact core biological pathways and processes. This has implications for therapeutic targeting of signaling networks in the development of treatments for specific cancers. The NFκB transcription factor is constitutively active in a number of hematologic and solid tumors, and many signaling pathways implicated in cancer are likely connected to NFκB activation. A critical mediator of NFκB activity is TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Here, we identify TAK1 as a novel interacting protein and target of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) tyrosine kinase activity. We further demonstrate that activating mutations in FGFR3 associated with both multiple myeloma and bladder cancer can modulate expression of genes that regulate NFκB signaling, and promote both NFκB transcriptional activity and cell adhesion in a manner dependent on TAK1 expression in both cancer cell types. Our findings suggest TAK1 as a potential therapeutic target for FGFR3-associated cancers, and other malignancies in which TAK1 contributes to constitutive NFκB activation.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Peptide Fragments
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Salazar
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara Kashiwada
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University and Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - April N. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Malcolm Casale
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hallowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - William R. Wilcox
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Michels Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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46
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Abu-Issa R. Heart fields: spatial polarity and temporal dynamics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:175-82. [PMID: 24443184 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In chick and mouse, heart fields undergo dynamic morphological spatiotemporal changes during heart tube formation. Here, the dynamic change in spatial polarity of such fields is discussed and a new perspective on the heart fields is proposed. The heart progenitor cells delaminate through the primitive streak and migrate in a semicircular trajectory craniolaterally forming the bilateral heart fields as part of the splanchnic mesoderm. They switch their polarity from anteroposterior to mediolateral. The anterior intestinal portal posterior descent inverts the newly formed heart field mediolateral polarity into lateromedial by 125° bending. The heart fields revert back to their original anteroposterior polarity and fuse at the midline forming a semi heart tube by completing their half circle movement. Several names and roles were assigned to different portions of the heart fields: posterior versus anterior, first versus second, and primary versus secondary heart field. The posterior and anterior heart fields define basically physical fields that form the inflow-outflow axis of the heart tube. The first and second heart fields are, in contrast, temporal fields of differentiating cardiomyocytes expressing myosin light chain 2a and undifferentiated and proliferating precardiac mesoderm expressing Isl1 gene, respectively. The two markers present a complementary pattern and are expressed transiently in all myocardial lineages. Thus, Isl1 is not restricted to a portion of the heart field or one of the two heart lineages as has been often assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwan Abu-Issa
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Michigan
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47
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Abstract
The mammalian heart is a highly specialized organ, comprised of many different cell types arising from distinct embryonic progenitor populations during cardiogenesis. Three precursor populations have been identified to contribute to different myocytic and nonmyocytic cell lineages of the heart: cardiogenic mesoderm cells (CMC), the proepicardium (PE), and cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs). This review will focus on molecular cues necessary for proper induction, expansion, and lineage-specific differentiation of these progenitor populations during cardiac development in vivo. Moreover, we will briefly discuss how the knowledge gained on embryonic heart progenitor biology can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the management of congenital heart disease as well as for improvement of cardiac function in ischemic heart disease.
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48
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Tandon P, Miteva YV, Kuchenbrod LM, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. Tcf21 regulates the specification and maturation of proepicardial cells. Development 2013; 140:2409-21. [PMID: 23637334 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The epicardium is a mesothelial cell layer essential for vertebrate heart development and pertinent for cardiac repair post-injury in the adult. The epicardium initially forms from a dynamic precursor structure, the proepicardial organ, from which cells migrate onto the heart surface. During the initial stage of epicardial development crucial epicardial-derived cell lineages are thought to be determined. Here, we define an essential requirement for transcription factor Tcf21 during early stages of epicardial development in Xenopus, and show that depletion of Tcf21 results in a disruption in proepicardial cell specification and failure to form a mature epithelial epicardium. Using a mass spectrometry-based approach we defined Tcf21 interactions and established its association with proteins that function as transcriptional co-repressors. Furthermore, using an in vivo systems-based approach, we identified a panel of previously unreported proepicardial precursor genes that are persistently expressed in the epicardial layer upon Tcf21 depletion, thereby confirming a primary role for Tcf21 in the correct determination of the proepicardial lineage. Collectively, these studies lead us to propose that Tcf21 functions as a transcriptional repressor to regulate proepicardial cell specification and the correct formation of a mature epithelial epicardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panna Tandon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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Ruiz-Villalba A, Ziogas A, Ehrbar M, Pérez-Pomares JM. Characterization of epicardial-derived cardiac interstitial cells: differentiation and mobilization of heart fibroblast progenitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53694. [PMID: 23349729 PMCID: PMC3548895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-muscular cells that populate the space found between cardiomyocyte fibers are known as ‘cardiac interstitial cells’ (CICs). CICs are heterogeneous in nature and include different cardiac progenitor/stem cells, cardiac fibroblasts and other cell types. Upon heart damage CICs soon respond by initiating a reparative response that transforms with time into extensive fibrosis and heart failure. Despite the biomedical relevance of CICs, controversy remains on the ontogenetic relationship existing between the different cell kinds homing at the cardiac interstitium, as well as on the molecular signals that regulate their differentiation, maturation, mutual interaction and role in adult cardiac homeostasis and disease. Our work focuses on the analysis of epicardial-derived cells, the first cell type that colonizes the cardiac interstitium. We present here a characterization and an experimental analysis of the differentiation potential and mobilization properties of a new cell line derived from mouse embryonic epicardium (EPIC). Our results indicate that these cells express some markers associated with cardiovascular stemness and retain part of the multipotent properties of embryonic epicardial derivatives, spontaneously differentiating into smooth muscle, and fibroblast/myofibroblast-like cells. Epicardium-derived cells are also shown to initiate a characteristic response to different growth factors, to display a characteristic proteolytic expression profile and to degrade biological matrices in 3D in vitro assays. Taken together, these data indicate that EPICs are relevant to the analysis of epicardial-derived CICs, and are a god model for the research on cardiac fibroblasts and the role these cells play in ventricular remodeling in both ischemic or non/ischemic myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Algirdas Ziogas
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - José M. Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail:
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