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Frazão DR, Né YGDS, Ferreira MKM, Fagundes NCF, Marañón-Vásquez G, Maia LC, Pithon MM, Lima RR. Changes in biomarkers levels from gingival crevicular fluid in pre- and postmenopausal women undergoing orthodontic treatment : A systematic review. J Orofac Orthop 2024; 85:223-232. [PMID: 38451263 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-024-00519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to verify whether there is a difference in biomarker levels in the gingival crevicular fluid between premenopausal and postmenopausal women undergoing orthodontic treatment. METHODS As eligibility criteria, prospective or retrospective observational studies evaluating women undergoing orthodontic treatment (P), comparing postmenopausal (E) and premenopausal (C) women, and analyzing differences in gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers (O) were included. An electronic search was conducted in seven databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, The Cochrane Library, Embase, and EBSCO: Dentistry & Oral Science) and one grey literature source (Google Scholar). All databases were searched from September 2022 to March 2023. After duplicate exclusion and data extraction, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was applied to assess the quality and risk of bias, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to verify the certainty of evidence. RESULTS Three case-control studies that analyzed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‑B ligand (RANKL), osteopontin (OPN), and interleukin (IL)-17A levels were included. One study reported a significant difference for RANKL and another for OPN levels. A third study reported that there was a higher expression of IL17‑A in the postmenopausal group. However, the small number of articles limits our systematic review. The heterogeneity and imprecision in the study results cast doubt on the findings' internal validity. CONCLUSION The studies reported alterations in biomarker levels but differed in their conclusions. Therefore, further studies must include other types of bone and inflammatory biomarkers in female patients who are pre- or postmenopausal and undergoing orthodontic treatment. REGISTRATION The review was registered at the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Q9YZ8 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Ribeiro Frazão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n°1, Campus do Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yago Gecy de Souza Né
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n°1, Campus do Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n°1, Campus do Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nathália Carolina Fernandes Fagundes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n°1, Campus do Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Guido Marañón-Vásquez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus Melo Pithon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Orthodontics, State University of the Southwest of Bahia, Jéquie, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n°1, Campus do Guamá, 66075-900, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, Kinane DF. Utility of gingival crevicular fluid components for periodontal diagnosis. Periodontol 2000 2024; 95:156-175. [PMID: 39004819 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent chronic diseases, and severe periodontitis creates functional and esthetic problems and decreases self-esteem for a large percentage of the older population worldwide. In many cases of periodontitis, there is no distinct tell-tale pain that motivates a patient to seek treatment, rather the signs become clinically detectable late, and typically when the disease has progressed to a problematic level for the life of the dentition. Early periodontal screening and diagnostics tools will provide early recognition of periodontal diseases and facilitate timely management of the disease to reduce tooth loss. To this goal, gingival crevicular fluid is easily sampled, can be repeatedly and non-invasively collected, and can be tested for potential biomarkers. Moreover, the site specificity of periodontal diseases enhances the usefulness of gingival crevicular fluid sampled from specific sites as a biofluid for diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of periodontal diseases. The present review aimed to provide up-to-date information on potential diagnostic biomarkers with utility that can be assayed from gingival crevicular fluid samples, focusing on what is new and useful and providing only general historic background textually and in a tabulated format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Başak Bıyıkoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, School Dentistry, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Denis F Kinane
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Fine N, Barbour A, Kaura K, Kerns KA, Chen D, Trivedi HM, Gomez J, Sabharwal A, McLean JS, Darveau RP, Glogauer M. Effects of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on clinical, immunomodulatory, and microbial outcomes in a human experimental gingivitis model. J Periodontol 2024; 95:421-431. [PMID: 37885337 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stannous fluoride dentifrice is well established for its beneficial clinical effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of stannous fluoride on inflammation and oral microbiome. METHODS In this randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, we compared clinical resolution of experimental gingivitis by evaluating bleeding on probing, gingival index, and plaque index between stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate (test) and sodium fluoride (control) dentifrices. Further, these groups were compared for oral neutrophil counts, systemic priming of neutrophils, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) expression of inflammatory markers, and the oral microbiome. RESULTS We found significant reduction in bleeding on probing in the test group compared to the control group in experimental gingivitis when participants used the test dentifrice prior to induction of experimental gingivitis. The test group also showed significant reductions in GCF levels of inflammatory markers (matrix metalloproteinase 8 [MMP8], receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand [RANKL]), oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts, and systemic neutrophil priming (CD11b expression) during experimental gingivitis. Further, significant reductions in the gram-negative genera Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Treponema were noted in the test group. CONCLUSION The stannous fluoride stabilized with zinc phosphate dentifrice formulation demonstrated clinical reduction in gingival inflammation and a beneficial effect on microbiome and immune markers. This intervention should be explored as a preventive aid in the progression of plaque-induced gingivitis to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kamini Kaura
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristopher A Kerns
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Department of Oral Health Research, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ghaffarpour M, Karami‐Zarandi M, Rahdar HA, Feyisa SG, Taki E. Periodontal disease in down syndrome: Predisposing factors and potential non-surgical therapeutic approaches. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25002. [PMID: 38254289 PMCID: PMC10829694 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal diseases (PDs) have been documented to be significantly more prevalent and severe in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Different immunological and microbiological factors contributed to predisposing these patients to progressive and recurrent PDs. AIM The aim of this review was to investigate the altered immunological responses and oral microbiota disorders as well as focus on adjunctive non-surgical methods for the treatment of PDs and its applicability in patients with DS. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature review was conducted addressing the following topics: (1) the altered immunological responses, (2) orofacial disorders related to DS patients, (3) oral microbiota changing, and (4) adjunctive non-surgical treatment and its efficacy in patients with DS. RESULTS Due to the early onset of PDs in children with DS, the need for prompt and effective treatment in these patients is essential. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION So, investigating underlying factors may open a new window to better understand the pathology of PDs in DS people and thus, find better strategies for treatment in such group. Although non-surgical treatments such as photodynamic therapy and probiotic consumption represented acceptable outcomes in different examined patients without DS, data about the application of these convenience and no need for local anesthesia methods in patients with DS is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdie Ghaffarpour
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of DentistryTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Morteza Karami‐Zarandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Hossein Ali Rahdar
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIranshahr University of Medical SciencesIranshahrIran
| | - Seifu Gizaw Feyisa
- Department of Medical LaboratorySalale University College of Health SciencesFicheEthiopia
| | - Elahe Taki
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
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Fujihara C, Murakami K, Magi S, Motooka D, Nantakeeratipat T, Canela A, Tanaka RJ, Okada M, Murakami S. Omics-Based Mathematical Modeling Unveils Pathogenesis of Periodontitis in an Experimental Murine Model. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1468-1477. [PMID: 37800405 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231196530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that progresses via dynamic interaction between bacterial and host-derived genetic factors. The recent trend of omics analyses has discovered many periodontitis-related risk factors. However, how much the individual factor affects the pathogenesis of periodontitis is still unknown. This article aims to identify multiple key factors related to the pathogenesis of periodontitis and quantitatively predict the influence of each factor on alveolar bone resorption by omics analysis and mathematical modeling. First, we induced periodontitis in mice (n = 3 or 4 at each time point) by tooth ligation. Next, we assessed alveolar bone resorption by micro-computed tomography, alterations in the gene expression by RNA sequencing, and the microbiome of the gingivae by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing during disease pathogenesis. Omics data analysis identified key players (bacteria and molecules) involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. We then constructed a mathematical model of the pathogenesis of periodontitis by employing ordinary differential equations that described the dynamic regulatory interplay between the key players and predicted the alveolar bone integrity as output. Finally, we estimated the model parameters using our dynamic experimental data and validated the model prediction of influence on alveolar bone resorption by in vivo experiments. The model predictions and experimental results revealed that monocyte recruitment induced by bacteria-mediated Toll-like receptor activation was the principal reaction regulating alveolar bone resorption in a periodontitis condition. On the other hand, osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation had less impact on bone integrity in a periodontitis condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Murakami
- Laboratory of Cell Systems, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Magi
- Department of Physiology, Division of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Nantakeeratipat
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prothodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Canela
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Okada
- Laboratory of Cell Systems, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Abduljalil SMA, Hashim NT, Rahman MM, Chaitanya NC, Mukhtar MM, Gismalla BG. Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid among Cigarette Smokers and Non-smokers with and without Periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:771-778. [PMID: 38152910 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to measure and compare the levels of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), as well as their ratio, in smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected using PerioPaper strips, from 150 individuals, who were categorized into three groups: current smokers with periodontitis stage III grades C and B (n = 50), nonsmokers with periodontitis stages I and II grade A (n = 50), and control healthy individuals (n = 50). The concentrations (pg/mL) of sRANKL and OPG in the GCF were measured by enzyme-linked immunesorbent assays (ELISA). RESULT The smokers' group exhibited the highest sRANKL (pg/mL) concentration as a subsequent lead to a higher sRANKL/OPG ratio. The healthy control group exhibited higher OPG and lower sRANKL concentration, subsequently, the sRANKL/OPG ratio was reduced compared with the other study groups. However, there was no statistical significance of sRANKL and its relative ratio between periodontitis stage III grades C and B, periodontitis stages I and II grade A, and healthy control individuals. There was a statistically significant positive moderate correlation between smoking duration (years) and the sRANKL (pg/mL) concentration and a statistically significant negative moderate correlation between OPG (pg/mL) concentration and cigarettes smoked per day. CONCLUSION As a result, compared to the other research groups, smokers with periodontitis stage III grades C and B had greater GCF concentrations of sRANKL, lower OPG, and a higher sRANKL/OPG ratio. The difference in OPG (pg/mL) level was statistically significant. However, there was no statistically significant difference in sRANKL (pg/mL) or its relative ratio, sRANKL/OPG, across the groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A characteristic that sets periodontitis apart is alveolar bone loss. Resorption is induced by RANKL and inhibited by OPG, resulting in a relative ratio. In light of this, the levels of RANKL and OPG may be helpful indicators for monitoring the activity of periodontal disease in both smokers and nonsmokers with and without periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nada Tawfig Hashim
- Department of Periodontics, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, Phone: +971 585267057, e-mail:
| | - Muhammed Mustahsen Rahman
- Department of Periodontics, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nallan Csk Chaitanya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Moawia Mohamed Mukhtar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Bakri Gobara Gismalla
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Hisamoto M, Kimura S, Iwata K, Iwanaga T, Yokoyama A. Inhibition of RANKL and Sema4D improves residual ridge resorption in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4094. [PMID: 35260755 PMCID: PMC8904447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual ridge resorption (RRR) is a chronic and progressive bone resorption following tooth loss. It causes deterioration of the oral environments and leads to the pathogenesis of various systemic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms and risk factors for RRR progression are still unclear and controversial. In this study, we developed a tooth extraction model using mice for analyzing long-term morphological and gene expression changes in the alveolar bone. We further applied ovariectomy to this model to elucidate the effects of osteoporosis on RRR progression. As a result, the alveolar bone loss was biphasic and consisted of rapid loss in the early stages and subsequently slow and sustained bone loss over a long period. Histological analysis indicated that ovariectomy prolonged the activation of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone. Furthermore, the expressions of Tnfsf11 and Sema4d kept increasing for a long time in OVX mice. Administration of neutralization antibodies for receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) effectively suppressed RRR. Similarly, inhibition of Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) also improved alveolar bone loss. This study demonstrated that reduced ovarian function may be a risk factor for RRR and that RANKL and Sema4D suppression are potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Hisamoto
- Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. .,Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Kai Iwata
- Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
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8
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Khalaf RM, Almudhi AA. The effect of vitamin D deficiency on the RANKL/OPG ratio in rats. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:228-232. [PMID: 35242513 PMCID: PMC8886034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D deficiency on the RANKL/OPG ((Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand/Osteoprotegerin) ratio in the serum blood levels. Sixteen Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: a control group (C) and an experimental group (E). The group C comprised of rats with average vitamin D levels, while vitamin D deficiency was induced in those of group E. A test period of 21 days was employed wherein two serum blood samples were obtained, at the baseline (day 0) and at day 21. Changes in RANKL andOPG levels were measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A statistically significant decrease of serum RANKL concentration and RANKL/OPG ratio on day 21 was seen in the experimental group compared to the control group. The serum RANKL levels and RANKL/OPG ratio in rats, were negatively affected by the deficiency of vitamin D.
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Elebyary O, Barbour A, Fine N, Tenenbaum HC, Glogauer M. The Crossroads of Periodontitis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Immune Implications and Tumor Promoting Capacities. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 1:584705. [PMID: 35047982 PMCID: PMC8757853 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2020.584705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is increasingly considered to interact with and promote a number of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. In the case of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) the local inflammatory response associated with PD is capable of triggering altered cellular events that can promote cancer cell invasion and proliferation of existing primary oral carcinomas as well as supporting the seeding of metastatic tumor cells into the gingival tissue giving rise to secondary tumors. Both the immune and stromal components of the periodontium exhibit phenotypic alterations and functional differences during PD that result in a microenvironment that favors cancer progression. The inflammatory milieu in PD is ideal for cancer cell seeding, migration, proliferation and immune escape. Understanding the interactions governing this attenuated anti-tumor immune response is vital to unveil unexplored preventive or therapeutic possibilities. Here we review the many commonalities between the oral-inflammatory microenvironment in PD and oral-inflammatory responses that are associated with OSCC progression, and how these conditions can act to promote and sustain the hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Elebyary
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology, Maxillofacial and Ocular Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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ArefNezhad R, Motedayyen H, Roghani-Shahraki H. Do cytokines associate periodontitis with metabolic disorders? An overview of current documents. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:778-786. [PMID: 35043774 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220119112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an oral chronic inflammatory condition affecting the adult population worldwide. Many microorganisms act as an initiator for induction of inflammatory immune responses, which participate in the destruction of connective tissue surrounding the teeth and thereby result in tooth loss. Cytokines may have indispensable roles in its pathogenesis through enhancing inflammatory and immune responses. Cytokines can affect functions of some cells of different tissues, such as the cells of the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissues. There is evidence that periodontitis is associated with metabolic disorders, like liver cirrhosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Hence, this review was focused on determining how cytokines can participate in the correlation of periodontitis with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza ArefNezhad
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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11
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Sattari M, Taheri RA, ArefNezhad R, Motedayyen H. The expression levels of MicroRNA-146a, RANKL and OPG after non-surgical periodontal treatment. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:523. [PMID: 34645448 PMCID: PMC8515652 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a regulator of inflammatory response. Periodontitis is a disease with immune pathophysiology of the periodontium in which the inflammation results in the destruction of the soft tissues and alveolar bone. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expressions of miR-146a, OPG, and RANKL in diseased and healthy periodontal tissues to understand whether miR-146a expression level may associate with OPG and RANKL mRNA levels and OPG/RANKL ratio after non-surgical periodontal treatment. METHODS The levels of miR-146a, RANKL, and OPG in gingival tissues from patients with generalized periodontitis stages II and III and grades A and B (n = 15, group A), patients with generalized periodontitis stages III and IV and grade C (n = 15, group B), and healthy individuals (n = 10) were determined by real-time PCR. The associations of miR-146a expression with OPG and RANKL levels were evaluated. RESULTS The levels of miR-146a in two subgroups within periodontitis patients were significantly higher than healthy subjects (P < 0.0001). MiR-146a showed the increased level in group A of patients compared with group B (P < 0.05). Clinical parameters such as probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were significantly higher in patients than control group (P < 0.05). The levels of OPG and RANKL were increased in patients compared with healthy subjects, although the elevated levels were not statistically significant. MiR-146a was not associated with OPG and RANKL levels and OPG/RANKL ratio. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study failed to show the associations of miR-146a level with OPG and RANKL levels and OPG/RANKL ratio in periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Sattari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza ArefNezhad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 5th Kilometer of Ravand Road, Kashan, Iran.
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Asif S, Ahmad B, Hamza SA, Taib H, Kassim NK, Zainuddin SLA. Investigation of Salivary RANKL and OPG Levels in Periodontitis Patients at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Eur J Dent 2021; 16:173-178. [PMID: 34571567 PMCID: PMC8890913 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
This study was aimed to determine the levels of salivary receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its association with periodontal status among periodontitis patients.
Materials and Methods
A cross-sectional study was designed and performed at the Dental Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Random sampling was employed to identify 88 participants into three groups: 30 mild periodontitis, 30 moderate to severe periodontitis, and 28 healthy (nonperiodontitis) patients. Periodontal parameters: periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque score (PS), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded. In total, 4 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected to determine the levels of salivary RANKL and OPG proteins by using ELISA technique. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 24.0.
Results
Mean values for PPD (5.3 ± 0.5) and CAL (5.6 ± 0.5) were observed higher for moderate to severe periodontitis as compared with values (4.4 ± 0.2) (4.5 ± 0.2) in mild periodontitis patients. The mean salivary RANKL and OPG was 0.23 ± 0.07 ng/mL and 1.78 ± 0.70 ng/mL respectively in moderate to severe periodontitis. Only salivary RANKL levels were significantly and positively correlated with all the clinical periodontal parameters.
Conclusion
The levels of salivary RANKL were higher as opposed to lower OPG levels in periodontitis patients in contrast to healthy (nonperiodontitis) patients. RANKL levels were significantly associated with the periodontal parameters. Therefore, we can conclude that RANKL can potentially aid as an adjunctive diagnostic protein in evaluating periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Asif
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Basaruddin Ahmad
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Syed Ameer Hamza
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Hospital, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haslina Taib
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur Karyatee Kassim
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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13
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Milinkovic I, Djinic Krasavcevic A, Nikolic N, Aleksic Z, Carkic J, Jezdic M, Jankovic S, Milasin J. Notch down-regulation and inflammatory cytokines and RANKL overexpression involvement in peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: A cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2021; 32:1496-1505. [PMID: 34546593 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Notch signaling pathway, known to influence bone resorption in several oral diseases, has not been analyzed in peri-implantitis yet. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine the levels of Notch cascade, bone remodeling mediators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, in conjunction with clinical parameters, in subjects with peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical parameters: peri-implant probing depth, bleeding on probing, suppuration on probing, and plaque index (PI) were recorded. Samples were collected from 130 participants, divided into peri-implantitis (PI), peri-implant mucositis (PM), and healthy implants (HI) group. Relative expression levels (REL) of Notch 1, Notch 2, Jagged 1, Hes 1, Hey 1, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, RANKL, and OPG mRNA were determined by reverse transcriptase-real-time polymerase chain reaction. Quantitation of Notch 1, Il-17, and IL-6 proteins was performed using ELISA assays. RESULTS All clinical parameters were significantly higher in PI compared to HI. Significant decrease of Notch 1, and higher REL of Hey 1, IL-1β, IL-6, and RANKL were found in PI compared to HI. PM showed significant increase of IL-1β REL in comparison with HI. In PI versus PM, significantly higher REL was found for Hey 1, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, and RANKL. Additionally, higher protein concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17 were detected in PI versus PM and versus HI group. CONCLUSION The combined effect of Notch 1 down-regulation and elevated expression of some key inflammation modulators might result in osteoclast activity increase and subsequent osteolysis in peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Milinkovic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djinic Krasavcevic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadja Nikolic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Aleksic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Carkic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Jezdic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasha Jankovic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milasin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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14
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Nicola D, Crystal M, Francesco S, Raffaele M, Fiorino F, Donata M, Gianni P, Marco F, Simone G. Impact of interproximal composite restorations on periodontal tissue health: Clinical and cytokine profiles from a pre-post quasi-experimental study. J Periodontol 2021; 93:911-923. [PMID: 34453748 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to clinically and molecularly evaluate the effect of an interproximal iuxta/subgingival direct composite restoration on periodontal tissue healing. METHODS Individuals in need of a posterior iuxta/subgingival interproximal restoration were consecutively enrolled. After enrollment, a test (site with tooth decay) and a control site (intact contralateral tooth) were identified. After a periodontal examination (probing depth [PD], clinical attachment level, recession, plaque, and bleeding on probing [BOP]) and a sampling of gingival crevicular fluid, the composite restoration was performed (T0 ). Clinical and molecular assessments were repeated at 3 (T3 ), 6 (T6 ), and 12 (T12 ) months after the restoration. Intragroup pre-post comparisons for quantitative variables were performed either through one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. A multivariate linear regression analysis was then modeled. With α = 0.05, a power of 80% will be reached with the inclusion of 41 individuals. RESULTS Biometric parameters demonstrated an increased mean PD (ΔPDT0 -T12 = -0.83 mm; P = 0.001) and loss of attachment (AL) (ΔCALT0 -T12 = -0.91 mm; P = 0.005) in the test site at 12 months. Accordingly, in the final multivariate regression model the radiographic distance between the bone crest and the restorative margin at baseline accounted for the dependent variable "attachment loss (AL)" (ΔCALT0 -T12 ) (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Iuxta/subgingival interproximal restorative margins jeopardized clinically and molecularly the periodontal tissue healing at least up to 1 year of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Discepoli Nicola
- Unit of Periodontics, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marruganti Crystal
- Unit of Periodontics, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Unit of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Santoro Francesco
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LAMMB), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mirra Raffaele
- Unit of Periodontics, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LAMMB), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Medaglini Donata
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LAMMB), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pozzi Gianni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (LAMMB), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ferrari Marco
- Unit of Dental Materials and Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Grandini Simone
- Unit of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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15
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Zhang F, Liu E, Radaic A, Yu X, Yang S, Yu C, Xiao S, Ye C. Diagnostic potential and future directions of matrix metalloproteinases as biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid of oral and systemic diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:180-196. [PMID: 34339782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a physiological fluid and an inflammatory serum exudate derived from the gingival plexus of blood vessels and mixed with host tissues and subgingival plaque flows. In addition to proteins, GCF contains a diverse population of cells, including desquamated epithelial cells, cytokines, electrolytes, and bacteria from adjacent plaques. Recently, matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs), which are endopeptidases that are active against extracellular macromolecules, in GCF have been revealed as potential utility biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of oral and systemic diseases, thereby facilitating the early evaluation of malignancy risk and the monitoring of disease progression and treatment response. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are specific inhibitors of matrixins that participate in the regulation of local activities of MMPs in tissues. This review provides an overview of the latest findings on the diagnostic and prognostic values of MMPs and TIMPs in GCF of oral and systemic diseases, including periodontal disease, pulpitis, peri-implantitis and cardiovascular disease as well as the extraction, detection and analytical methods for GCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China, Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Physical Examination Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Enyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China, Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Allan Radaic
- School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaotong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China, Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China, Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China, Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shimeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China, Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Changchang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China, Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Hernández M, Baeza M, Contreras J, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Valdés M, Chaparro A, Hernández-Ríos P. MMP-8, TRAP-5, and OPG Levels in GCF Diagnostic Potential to Discriminate between Healthy Patients', Mild and Severe Periodontitis Sites. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111500. [PMID: 33143325 PMCID: PMC7692260 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers represent promising aids in periodontitis, host-mediate diseases of the tooth-supporting tissues. We assessed the diagnostic potential of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5 (TRAP-5), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) to discriminate between healthy patients’, mild and severe periodontitis sites. Thirty-one otherwise healthy volunteers with and without periodontal disease were enrolled at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile. Periodontal parameters were examined and gingival crevicular fluid was sampled from mild periodontitis sites (M; n = 42), severe periodontitis sites (S; n = 59), and healthy volunteer sites (H; n = 30). TRAP-5 and OPG were determined by commercial multiplex assay and MMP-8 by the immunofluorometric (IFMA) method. STATA software was used. All biomarkers showed a good discrimination performance. MMP-8 had the overall best performance in regression models and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, with high discrimination of healthy from periodontitis sites (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.901). OPG showed a very high diagnostic precision (AUC ≥ 0.95) to identify severe periodontitis sites (S versus H + M), while TRAP-5 identified both healthy and severe sites. As conclusions, MMP-8, TRAP-5, and OPG present a high precision potential in the identification of periodontal disease destruction, with MMP-8 as the most accurate diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile;
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Mauricio Baeza
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (M.B.); (J.C.)
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7510040, Chile;
| | - Johanna Contreras
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (M.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University and University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (T.S.); (T.T.)
- Department of Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University and University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Macarena Valdés
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7510040, Chile;
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, University of Chile, Santiago 7510040, Chile
| | - Alejandra Chaparro
- Department of Periodontology, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Patricia Hernández-Ríos
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile; (M.B.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-229781839
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17
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Brodetska L, Natrus L, Lisakovska O, Kaniura O, Iakovenko L, Skrypnyk I, Flis P. The regulatory role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway in the mechanisms of tooth eruption in patients with impacted teeth. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:261. [PMID: 32948158 PMCID: PMC7501598 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth impaction is a common problem in orthodontic practice and in some cases accompanied by pain and pathological changes of surrounding teeth. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tooth impaction allows finding the most effective orthodontic treatment for patients with impacted teeth (IT). RANK (receptor activator of NF-κB) / RANKL (RANK ligand) / OPG (osteoprotegerin) signaling pathway controls bone resorption and may be involved in the regulation of tooth eruption. The study aimed to evaluate bone remodeling based on the assessment of the RANKL/RANK/OPG status in patients with IT. METHODS Bone samples from 18 patients (mean age 25.27 ± 3.34) were divided into 3 groups: 1 - bone tissue of healthy persons (control group); 2 - bone tissue, that was taken near the healthy tooth in patients with tooth impaction; 3 - bone tissue, that was collected near the IT. Levels of RANKL, RANK, OPG, osteocalcin (OC), NF-κB p65 subunit, NFATc1, and caspase-3 were determined by western blotting. The difference between groups was assessed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. P-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS We established a 1.73-fold elevation of RANK level in the IT area vs. control, indicating the recruitment of preosteoclasts. An increase in RANKL, OPG, and OC content was demonstrated (1.46-, 1.48-, and 1.42-fold respectively), reflecting the high activity of osteoblasts near the IT. Despite the activation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in the impaction area, NF-κB and NFATc1 levels did not change compared vs. control, indicating a blocked/delayed process of osteoclastogenesis. We found a decrease in the content of procaspase-3 (1.28-fold), while the level of its active form p17 increased by 2.26 folds near the healthy tooth in patients with IT compared with control. In the area of IT, we observed an increase in procaspase-3 and p17 levels (1.32 and 1.78 folds). This reflects impairments of caspase-3 activation and accumulation of its inactive form in the IT area that may contribute to the tooth eruption failure. CONCLUSIONS Tooth impaction may be associated with the disturbances in the caspase-3 cascade activation and the imbalance in the RANKL/RANK/OPG system, and as a result, blocked bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Brodetska
- Department of Orthodontics and propaedeutics of Orthopedic Dentistry, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Natrus
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olha Lisakovska
- Department of Biochemistry of Vitamins and Coenzymes, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Olexandr Kaniura
- Department of Orthodontics and propaedeutics of Orthopedic Dentistry, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Iakovenko
- Department of maxillofacial surgery of childhood, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Irina Skrypnyk
- Department of Orthodontics and propaedeutics of Orthopedic Dentistry, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Petro Flis
- Department of Orthodontics and propaedeutics of Orthopedic Dentistry, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Djinic Krasavcevic A, Nikolic N, Mijailovic I, Carkic J, Milinkovic I, Jankovic S, Aleksic Z, Milasin J. Impact of Notch signalling molecules and bone resorption regulators on clinical parameters in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:131-138. [PMID: 32936934 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Notch signalling cascade has recently been connected to alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis. Hence, the present cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the expression of Notch signalling pathway (Notch 1, Notch 2, Jagged 1, Hes 1, Hey 1) and periodontitis-related (tumor necrosis factor alpha- TNF-α, interleukin 17-IL-17, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-RANKL, osteoprotegerin-OPG) molecules and correlate it with clinical parameters in aggressive (AP) and chronic (CP) periodontitis. Additionally, the aforementioned markers' expression was evaluated in periodontitis patients with different RANKL/OPG ratios. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty patients were enrolled either in AP or CP group. Clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and plaque index (PI) were recorded for each patient. Total RNA was extracted from gingival crevicular fluid samples. Relative gene expression of investigated markers was determined by reverse transcriptase-real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Significantly higher values of PPD were observed in AP compared to CP (P = .010). Negative correlations between OPG and CAL, and OPG and PI, were found in AP (P = .045, P = .006, respectively), while Hey 1 and PI had a positive correlation (P = .049). In multivariate linear regression analysis, OPG and Notch 2 were predictors of CAL in AP group. TNF-α and IL-17 were higher in RANKL predominant than in OPG predominant cases (P = .007, P = .001, respectively). In RANKL predominant lesions Notch 1 and Jagged 1 were down-regulated in AP compared to CP patients (P = .010, P = .025, respectively). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that changes in Notch 2 expression affected CAL in AP cases hence this molecule could be considered as a contributor to alveolar bone loss. In RANKL-activated settings, the down-regulation of Notch 1 might participate in more severe bone resorption in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Djinic Krasavcevic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadja Nikolic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Mijailovic
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Carkic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Milinkovic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasha Jankovic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Aleksic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milasin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Mulawarmanti D, Parisihni K, Widyastuti W. The Impact of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels, Osteoprotegerin Expression, and Osteoclast Numbers in Induced-Periodontitis Diabetic Rats. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:404-409. [PMID: 32447751 PMCID: PMC7440948 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to examine the impact of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, osteoclast numbers, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in periodontitis-induced diabetic rats
Materials and Methods
This study constituted an
in vivo
laboratory-based experiment incorporating a posttest only control group design. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of research subjects: a healthy group (K0), periodontitis-induced diabetic group (K1), and periodontitis-induced diabetic group treated with HBOT for 7 days (K2). After treatment, the subjects were sacrificed to determine the level of serum CRP by the ELISA method. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to check the level of OPG expression, while a histological analysis was undertaken to quantify the number of osteoclasts.
Statistical Analysis
The data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test on which a result of
p
< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
HBOT appreciably decreased serum CRP levels, significantly enhancing OPG expression in periodontitis-induced diabetic (
p
< 0.05) and decreasing the number of osteoclasts in -periodontitis-induced diabetic (
p
> 0.05).
Conclusion
HBOT reduced the serum CRP level, increased OPG expression, and decreased osteoclast numbers in periodontitis-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Mulawarmanti
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Hang Tuah, Indonesia
| | - Kristanti Parisihni
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Hang Tuah, Indonesia
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López Roldán A, García Giménez JL, Alpiste Illueca F. Impact of periodontal treatment on the RANKL/OPG ratio in crevicular fluid. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227757. [PMID: 31986169 PMCID: PMC6984681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Alveolar resorption is one of the most important events in periodontitis. Osteoclast activity is regulated by the ratio between receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the RANKL/OPG ratio in crevicular fluid after periodontal treatment. Material and methods A total of 15 patients with periodontitis were included in the study group. Samples were collected from an area with active periodontitis and a healthy area. The RANKL and OPG levels were measured before and after periodontal scaling and root planing (SRP) treatment. The study group was compared to the control group, which included 10 patients without periodontitis. ID Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT03787875. Results A decrease in the RANKL level was found in areas with active periodontitis after periodontal treatment, but no change in the OPG level was observed. Therefore, the treatment induced a decrease in the RANKL/OPG ratio in sites with destructive periodontal activity. Conclusions Periodontal treatment acts on the RANKL/OPG ratio by decreasing osteoclastogenesis. These results encourage the use of these molecules for periodontal diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. ID Clinicaltrial.gov NCT03787875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López Roldán
- Dept. of Periodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), CIBER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Epigenetics Research Platform, CIBERER-UV, Valencia, Spain
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Ansari Moghadam S, Sarani S, Alijani E, Ansari Moghadam A. The effect of Phase 1 periodontal treatment on the salivary RANKL/OPG ratio in severe chronic periodontitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019; 11:251-257. [PMID: 31616190 PMCID: PMC6699362 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s199680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RANKL and OPG play an important role in bone resorption. The R A N K L O P G ratio increases in periodontal disease. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Phase 1 periodontal treatment on the salivary R A N K L O P G ratio in patients with severe chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods Saliva samples were collected from 13 patients with severe chronic periodontitis and 14 healthy controls at baseline and then four weeks after the treatment using unstimulated spitting. The salivary levels of RANKL, OPG and R A N K L O P G ratio were investigated using the ELISA method. Results The findings of this study showed that the mean R A N K L O P G ratio was significantly higher in the patients with periodontal disease than in the healthy controls (P=0.001). Also, the R A N K L O P G ratio was significantly higher in the patients with a higher mean CAL (P=0/004). The comparison of the salivary R A N K L O P G ratio in patients with periodontal disease before and four weeks after the treatment showed a significant reduction in this value four weeks after the periodontal treatment (P=0/001). Conclusion The results of this study showed a direct relationship between the R A N K L O P G ratio and the severity of periodontal disease. Phase 1 of periodontal treatment was found to be effective in reducing the R A N K L O P G ratio. In other words, the R A N K L O P G ratio can be a good predictor of treatment success. Further long-term studies with larger sample sizes are required for confirming these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Ansari Moghadam
- Department of Periodontology, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Somaye Sarani
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Alijani
- Department of Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Ansari Moghadam
- Department of Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Ereş G, Su Akgün Demirtaş C, Toptaş E, Yılmaz AD, Sengüven B, Kamburoğlu K. Correlations between the Peptide Hormone Ghrelin and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Experimental Periodontitis Models of Female Rats at Different Stages of the Life Cycle. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 108:104518. [PMID: 31472279 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the correlations between the levels of ghrelin and inflammatory and bone metabolism markers in rats with periodontitis. DESIGN Thirty female Wistar rats (6 trial rats and 4 control rats in each group) were divided into pubertal, adult and postmenopausal groups. Periodontitis was induced by ligatures. On the 21 st day, blood was collected and all rats were then sacrificed. The levels of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, alkaline phosphatase, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), acylated ghrelin, total ghrelin and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligands in the blood samples were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The jaws were decalcified in a Tris-EDTA solution and embedded in paraffin and 4-5 μm sections were cut for IL-β, TNF -α and ghrelin staining. RESULTS Significantly higher serum alkaline phosphatase levels were detected in the trial rats in the pubertal group than in the control rats (p = 0.033). In the postmenopausal group, ghrelin levels positively correlated with interleukin 1 beta levels (r = 0.708, p < 0.05). Among all trial rats, the postmenopausal group exhibited significantly higher levels of acylated ghrelin than the other groups (p = 0.001). Significantly higher osteoprotegerin levels were observed in the control rats than in the trial rats in the postmenopausal group (p = 0.012). Inflammation scores were significantly higher in adult trial rats than in controls (p = 0.024); significantly higher TNF-α levels were detected in postmenopausal experimental rats than in the adult experimental group (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that total ghrelin levels in serum only correlated with IL-β levels in postmenopausal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülden Ereş
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Ece Toptaş
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayça Dilara Yılmaz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Sengüven
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kıvanç Kamburoğlu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Akkouch A, Zhu M, Romero-Bustillos M, Eliason S, Qian F, Salem AK, Amendt BA, Hong L. MicroRNA-200c Attenuates Periodontitis by Modulating Proinflammatory and Osteoclastogenic Mediators. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1026-1036. [PMID: 31017046 PMCID: PMC6661922 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested whether microRNA (miR)-200c can attenuate the inflammation and alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis by using an in vitro and a rat model. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was used to facilitate the transfection of plasmid DNA encoding miR-200c into primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and gingival tissues of rats. We first analyzed how proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic mediators in HGFs with overexpression of miR-200c responded to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS-PG) challenge in vitro. We observed that overexpression of miR-200c significantly reduced interleukin (IL)-6 and 8 and repressed interferon-related developmental regulator-1 (IFRD1) in HGFs. miR-200c also downregulated p65 and p50. In a rat model of periodontitis induced by an LPS injection at the gingival sulcus of the second maxillary molar (M2), we analyzed how the mediators in rat gingiva and alveolar bone resorption responded to miR-200c treatment by a local injection of PEI-plasmid miR-200 nanoplexes. We observed that the local injection of miR-200c significantly upregulated miR-200c expression in gingiva and reduced IL-6, IL-8, IFRD1, and the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand/osteoprotegerin. Using micro-computed tomography analysis and histomorphometry, we further confirmed that local treatment with miR-200c effectively protected alveolar bone resorption in the rat model of periodontitis by reducing the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest and the inter-radicular space in the upper maxilla at M2. These findings imply that miR-200c may serve as a unique means to prevent periodontitis and associated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Akkouch
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Min Zhu
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Steven Eliason
- Center for Craniofacial Anomalies Research, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Fang Qian
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brad A. Amendt
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Center for Craniofacial Anomalies Research, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Liu Hong
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Center for Craniofacial Anomalies Research, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Suthanthiran T, Annamalai S, Chellapandi S, Puthenveetil S, Dhasthaheer S, Narasimhan S. Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of RANKL and OPG After Placement of Collagen Membrane With Simvastatin in the Treatment of Intrabony Defects in Chronic Periodontitis. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019; 11:S301-S304. [PMID: 31198358 PMCID: PMC6555350 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_18_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to estimate the Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and Osteoprotegrin (OPG) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) after placement of collagen membrane with simvastatin in intrabony defects. Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects were grouped according to the treatment plan as Group I and Group II. Group I included patients with intrabony defects treated with collagen membrane. Group II included patients with intrabony defects treated with simvastatin of 1.5 mg concentration incorporated into the collagen membrane. A split-mouth design was planned, in which two contralateral sites with >5 mm probing pocket depth and radiographic evidence of bone loss at baseline were chosen. Probing pocket depth was standardized with acrylic stent in all the selected areas. GCF samples were collected at baseline and 21 days. The amount of RANKL and OPG in the samples was determined by commercial ELISA kits (Biomedica Medizinprodukte, Austria). Results: When comparing both the groups, Group II had more statistically significant (P < 0.001**) decrease in the levels of RANKL than Group I. In contrast to RANKL, the OPG levels were significantly increased in patients (Group II) having intrabony defects treated with collagen membrane along with simvastatin. Conclusion: Simvastatin-loaded collagen membrane expressed increased OPG and decreased RANKL levels, which could have a potential role in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sivakumar Annamalai
- Department of Oral Surgery, JKK Nattraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sugirtha Chellapandi
- Department of Periodontics JKK Nattraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreelakshmi Puthenveetil
- Department of Periodontics JKK Nattraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Syed Dhasthaheer
- Department of Periodontics JKK Nattraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Narasimhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (PGIBMS), University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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The Influence of TLR4, CD14, OPG, and RANKL Polymorphisms in Periodontitis: A Case-Control Study. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4029217. [PMID: 31281226 PMCID: PMC6590594 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4029217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex interaction between the microbial challenge and the host immune response. The individual immunoinflammatory response has a great contribution in the pathogenesis of the disease and becomes a trigger in the process of bone remodeling which is a characteristic of the disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the TLR4 A896G (rs4986790), TLR4 C1196T (rs4986791), CD14 C-260T (rs2569190), RANKL (TNFSF11, rs2277438), and OPG (TNFSF11B C163T, rs3102735) polymorphisms in periodontitis. A case-control study was conducted on patients with periodontitis (N = 203) and controls (N = 213) over 30 years of age, without diabetes mellitus, acute infections, and osteoarthritis, and patients without aggressive periodontitis, i.e., stage IV and C degree of periodontitis, and any periodontal treatment performed in the last 6 months. Genotypes were determined by the PCR-RFLP and sequencing method. The frequency comparisons between case and controls were performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression (OpenEpi and SNPStats software). The risk (OR) was evaluated for values of P < 0.05. Differences in TLR4, CD14, RANKL, and OPG genotype and allele frequency distributions were not observed between patients and controls. However, some variants were a risk factor for the development of periodontitis when considering gender and smoking habits. The TLR4 896 A/G genotype was a risk factor for periodontitis in males (OR = 2.86), and the TLR4 1196C/C genotype was a risk factor for nonsmoking males (OR = 1.85) when compared to women. The RANKL A/A and the OPG T/C genotype was associated with the risk of the disease in nonsmoking men compared to nonsmoking women with the same genotype (OR = 1.96 and OR = 2.9, respectively). In conclusion, TLR4, CD14, RANKL, and OPG variants were not associated with periodontitis. However, TLR4, RANKL, and OPG polymorphisms could be a risk for periodontitis in males regardless of smoking habits.
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Bi CS, Sun LJ, Qu HL, Chen F, Tian BM, Chen FM. The relationship between T-helper cell polarization and the RANKL/OPG ratio in gingival tissues from chronic periodontitis patients. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:377-388. [PMID: 31944625 PMCID: PMC7938418 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammation‐related T‐helper cell polarization and the receptor activator for nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio, which is associated with bone resorption or remodeling of chronic periodontitis patients. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival tissues were obtained from periodontally healthy individuals (PH group) and chronic periodontitis patients (CP group). The GCF levels of IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐17, and IL‐10 linked to T‐helper cell polarization toward the Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg phenotypes, respectively, were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of these cytokines and the polarized T‐helper cells in gingival tissues were assessed through immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays. In addition, the RANKL and OPG expression levels in gingival tissues were detected by immunohistochemical assays, and linear regression analysis was used to identify the potential relationship between T‐helper cell polarization and the RANKL/OPG ratio. In total, 22 individuals and 35 patients were enrolled in the present study. In both GCF and gingival tissues, increased levels of IL‐17 and the decreased levels of IL‐4 and IL‐10 were observed in the CP group. When polarized T‐helper cells were identified in gingival tissues, more Th1 and Th17 cells were found in the CP group, whereas more Th2 and Treg cells were found in the PH group. Although there was no significant difference in OPG expression between the two groups, the RANKL/OPG ratio in the CP group was higher than that in the PH group. The linear regression analysis showed that the presence of more Th1 and Th17 cells correlated with a higher RANKL/OPG ratio, whereas the presence of more Th2 cells correlated with a lower RANKL/OPG ratio. Th1 and Th17 cells are positively correlated and Th2 cells are negatively correlated with the RANKL/OPG ratio. Our data suggest that T‐helper cell polarization is closely linked to the RANKL/OPG ratio in gingival tissues from chronic periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Lei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei-Min Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Assessment of Salivary Levels of RANKL and OPG in Aggressive versus Chronic Periodontitis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:6195258. [PMID: 31183390 PMCID: PMC6512014 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6195258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand) and OPG (osteoprotegerin) are two proteins involved in bone remodelling. During the active phase of periodontal disease, an imbalance between the ratios of the two elements can be noticed. While the expression of RANKL is elevated compared with that of OPG, the RANKL is available to bond with RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β). This study was conducted on 41 patients: 19 with generalized aggressive periodontitis, 18 with severe chronic periodontitis, and 4 periodontal healthy subjects. For each patient included, we determined the salivary levels of RANKL and OPG with the help of two Human ELISA kits. The results show that the patients affected by periodontitis, either aggressive or chronic, have significant higher values of RANKL and RANKL/OPG ratio. This values correlate with the local inflammation status.
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28
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Adjunctive Effects of a Sub-Antimicrobial Dose of Doxycycline on Clinical Parameters and Potential Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Catabolism. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:dj7010009. [PMID: 30669541 PMCID: PMC6473443 DOI: 10.3390/dj7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study was to examine the effectiveness of a sub-antimicrobial dose of doxycycline (SDD) in combination with nonsurgical periodontal therapy, compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone, on potential gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers of periodontal tissue catabolism related to the clinical outcomes over a 12-month period. Materials and Methods: GCF was collected and clinical parameters were recorded from 30 periodontitis patients randomized either to an SDD or placebo group. The SDD group received SDD (20 mg) b.i.d for 3 months plus scaling and root planing (SRP), while the placebo group was given placebo capsules b.i.d for 3 months plus SRP. The patients were evaluated every 3 months during the 12-month study period. At each visit, clinical parameters and GCF sampling were repeated. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, myeloperoxidase (MPO), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5 (TRAP-5) were determined by IFMA and ELISA. Results: Significant improvements were observed in all clinical parameters in both groups over 12 months (p < 0.0125) while the SDD group showed significantly better reduction in gingival index (GI) and pocket depth and a gain in clinical attachment compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-8 and OPG levels significantly reduced in the SDD group compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MMP-9 significantly decreased in both groups compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF MPO significantly decreased at 3 and 9 months in the SDD group, while it significantly decreased at 6 months in the placebo group (p < 0.05). TRAP and MMP-13 could be detected in none of the samples. Conclusions: The present results indicate that three months of adjunctive usage of SDD to nonsurgical periodontal therapy compared to nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone in periodontitis patients results in further improvement of clinical periodontal parameters and GCF markers of periodontal tissue breakdown over a 12-month period. Beneficial effects of adjunctive SDD therapy is likely to be related to the reduced levels of two major periodontitis-associated MMPs, MMP-8 and -9, and their potential oxidative activator MPO.
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Yakar N, Guncu GN, Akman AC, Pınar A, Karabulut E, Nohutcu RM. Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of sclerostin, TWEAK, RANKL and OPG. Cytokine 2019; 113:433-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Protective role of flavonoid baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis in periodontal disease pathogenesis: A literature review. Complement Ther Med 2018; 38:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Zhang J, Park J, Lee JW, Kwon YD, Kim EC. Bisphosphonates hinder osteoblastic/osteoclastic differentiation in the maxillary sinus mucosa-derived stem cells. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:1933-1943. [PMID: 29188452 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although bisphosphonates (BPs) are known to be associated with osteonecrosis of the maxilla, the precise effects of BPs on bone metabolism in human maxillary sinus mucosal cells (HMSMCs) are not yet known. The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of the BPs zoledronate (ZOL) and alendronate (ALN) on osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation in HMSMCs and to investigate the signaling pathways involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of ZOL and ALN were assessed for osteoblast differentiation by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and RT-PCR for genes encoding Runx2 and osterix. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) was also examined. RESULTS ZOL and ALN both suppressed osteoblastic differentiation, as evidenced by their effects on ALP activity, mineralization nodule formation, and the mRNA expression levels of osteoblastic transcript factors. The RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio in HMSMCs was increased by ALN, whereas ZOL had the opposite effect. Conditioned medium obtained from ALN-treated HMSMCs stimulated osteoclast formation and upregulated NFATc1 expression, whereas conditioned medium from ZOL-treated cells did not. ALN was more cytotoxic and stimulated apoptosis more strongly than ZOL. BPs decreased the protein levels of the non-canonical Wnt signaling protein Wnt5a and calmodulin-dependent kinase II. Moreover, recombinant human Wnt5a reversed the effects of BPs on osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation. CONCLUSION This study is the first demonstration that BPs exert negative effects on osteoblastic and osteoclastic processes via the non-canonical Wnt pathway in HMSMSCs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It suggests that patients taking BPs during the period of maxillary sinus lifting and amentation should be given special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuh Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kwon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Almehmadi AH, Alghamdi F. Biomarkers of alveolar bone resorption in gingival crevicular fluid: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:12-21. [PMID: 29800801 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease with bone loss being it's hallmark. Clinical parameters used to measure periodontitis are retrospective and do not indicate active inflammation nor prognosis. GCF can be easily collected chairside and bone turnover biomarkers found in GCF can be evaluated to check for active inflammation and disease progression. This systematic review aims to evaluate the literature for association and predictive value of bone turnover biomarkers in GCF during periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review was conducted and reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. The online databases Google Scholar and PubMed were used for data search. MeSH terms were used for PubMed search. All original studies from 1990 to 2017 conducted on human subjects in the English language were included in the review. Studies on non-human subjects, reviews and studies conducted in languages other than English were not considered. Reference lists of qualified articles were also searched. RESULTS The search generated 2300 results whose titles were screened and 1571 articles were retreived. 23 articles were accepted in the review and full texts were accessed. These included 1 randomized controlled trial, 12 cross-sectional studies, five pre-post interventional studies, 4 longitudinal and 1 in-vitro in-vivo experimental study. The studies were conducted on patients of both genders ranging from 10 to 81 years in age. A total of 37 biomarkers were evalueted in the studies included in this review. Majority of the studies reported interleukin-1β (IL-1β) while receptor activated nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) were the other frequently reported biomarkers. Most of the studies evaluated more than two biomarkers. ELISA was the most commonly used biochemical test used for detection. CONCLUSION A wide range of biomarkers have been established as indicators of alveolar bone resorption. Few of the biomarkers have also shown positive correlation with disease progression and outcome of periodontal therapies thus underscoring their predictive value in periodontal diagnosis and prognosis. Not one single biomarker has been reported to have a predictive advantage over another and a combination of two or more biomarkers along with clinical evaluation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Almehmadi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faisal Alghamdi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ahuja R, Almuzian M, Khan A, Pascovici D, Dalci O, Darendeliler MA. A preliminary investigation of short-term cytokine expression in gingival crevicular fluid secondary to high-level orthodontic forces and the associated root resorption: case series analytical study. Prog Orthod 2017; 18:23. [PMID: 28762151 PMCID: PMC5545179 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-017-0177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontically induced iatrogenic root resorption (OIIRR) is an unavoidable inflammatory process. Several factors claimed to be related to the severity of OIIRR. Orthodontic forces cause micro-trauma to the periodontal ligament and activate a cascade of cellular events associated with local periodontal inflammation. The purpose of this split-mouth study were (1) to investigate the changes in cytokine profile in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) secondary to heavy orthodontic forces and (2) to compare the cytokine expression between participants showing high and low root resorption. METHODS Eight participants requiring maxillary first premolar extractions involved in this study. The teeth on the tested side (TS) received 225 g of controlled buccal tipping force for 28 days, while the contralateral teeth act as a control (CS). GCF was collected from both TS and CS teeth at 0 h (prior to application of force) and 3 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 28 days after the application of force, and analysed with multiplex bead immunoassay to determine the cytokine levels. RESULTS Statistically significant temporal increase was found in the TS teeth for tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at 3 h and 28 days (p = 0.01). Interleukin 7 (IL-7) significantly peaked at the 28th day. Comparing cytokine profile for participants with high and low root resorption (>0.35 and <0.15 mm3, respectively), the levels of GM-CSF was significantly greater in low root resorption cases (p < 0.05). The amounts of root resorption which craters on mesial, distal surfaces and middle third region were significant in the TS teeth (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IL-7 and TNF-α (pro-resorptive cytokine) increased significantly secondary to a high-level of orthodontic force application. Significantly high levels of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (anti-resorptive cytokine) were detected in mild root resorption cases secondary to high-level orthodontic force application. A future long-term randomised clinical trial with larger sample taking in consideration gender, age and growth pattern distribution would be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Ahuja
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Moahmmed Almuzian
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
- Eastman Dental Hospital, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Alamgir Khan
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oyku Dalci
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Ali Darendeliler
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. Gingival crevicular fluid and its immune mediators in the proteomic era. Periodontol 2000 2017; 76:68-84. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Alkadasi B, Abdulrab S, Gaafer S, Kalakonda B, Hosny M, Shaker O, Hosny M. Effect of adjunctive use of systemic antioxidant therapy (N-acetylcysteine) on soluble receptor activator nuclear factor κB ligand levels in gingival crevicular fluid following surgical periodontal treatment for chronic periodontitis. J Oral Sci 2017; 59:519-526. [PMID: 29093283 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an anti-oxidant drug that has been used as a mucolytic agent and a paracetamol antidote for many years. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of the adjunctive use of NAC for periodontal treatment. Thirty subjects with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis were randomized to surgery with NAC (600 mg; S-NAC), surgery only (S-nonNAC), and healthy control groups. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained from all patients and sRANKL levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline, and 1, 3, and 7 months post-surgery. Plaque and gingival indices, probing depths, and clinical attachment levels were recorded at the same time. There was a significant reduction in probing depth at 3 months in the S-NAC group when compared to the S-nonNAC group (P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences in plaque and gingival indices, probing depths, clinical attachment levels, and sRANKL levels in GCF were noted between the surgical treatment groups at the end of 7 months. Hence, the use of adjunctive NAC resulted in a significant reduction in probing depths in the S-NAC group when compared to the S-nonNAC group at 3 months, but no statistically significant differences in GCF sRANKL levels were observed in the sites that underwent surgical treatment with or without NAC at different time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baleegh Alkadasi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University
| | - Saleem Abdulrab
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Al Farabi Colleges
| | - Soheir Gaafer
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University
| | | | - Manal Hosny
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University
| | - Mohamed Hosny
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University
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Kapasa ER, Giannoudis PV, Jia X, Hatton PV, Yang XB. The Effect of RANKL/OPG Balance on Reducing Implant Complications. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:E42. [PMID: 28937598 PMCID: PMC5748549 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the phenomenal success of implants particularly in the realms of dentistry and orthopaedics, there are still challenges to overcome. The failure of implants resulting from infection, prosthetic loosening, and non-union continue to be the most notorious examples. The cascade of fracture healing and bone repair, especially with the presence of an implant, is complex because it involves a multifaceted immune response alongside the intricate process of bone formation and remodelling. Bone loss is a serious clinical problem that is frequently accompanied by chronic inflammation, illustrating that there is a convoluted relationship between inflammation and bone erosion. The effects of pro-inflammatory factors play a significant role in initiating and maintaining osteoclastogenesis that results in bone resorption by osteoclasts. This is because there is a disruption of the relative ratio between Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB-Ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), which is central to modulating bone repair and remodelling. This review aims to provide a background to the bone remodelling process, the bone repair cascade post-implantation, and the associated complications. Furthermore, current clinical solutions that can influence bone formation via either internal or extrinsic mechanisms will be described. These efficacious treatments for osteolysis via targeting the RANKL/OPG ratio may be crucial to reducing the incidence of related implant failures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Kapasa
- Doctoral Training Centre-Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Paul V Hatton
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK.
| | - Xuebin B Yang
- Doctoral Training Centre-Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Ohno T, Yamamoto G, Hayashi JI, Nishida E, Goto H, Sasaki Y, Kikuchi T, Fukuda M, Hasegawa Y, Mogi M, Mitani A. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 regulates Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human gingival epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184825. [PMID: 28934245 PMCID: PMC5608282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) maintains tissue homeostasis by inducing inflammation and angiogenesis. It is produced in infiltrating immune cells or resident cells, such as adipocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and tumor cells. We hypothesized that ANGPTL2 might play an important role as a unique mediator in both systemic and periodontal disease. We demonstrated an increased ANGPTL2 concentration in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment strongly induced ANGPTL2 mRNA and protein levels in Ca9-22 human gingival epithelial cells. Recombinant human ANGPTL2 increased interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and protein levels in Ca9-22 cells. Small-interfering (si)RNA-mediated ANGPTL2 knockdown in Ca9-22 cells reduced IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA and protein levels compared with control siRNA (p<0.01) in P. gingivalis LPS-stimulated Ca9-22 cells. Antibodies against integrin α5β1, an ANGPTL receptor, blocked induction of these inflammatory cytokines in P. gingivalis LPS-treated Ca9-22 cells, suggesting that secreted ANGPTL induces inflammatory cytokines in gingival epithelial cells via an autocrine loop. The classic sequential cascade of P. gingivalis LPS → inflammatory cytokine induction is well established. However, in the current study, we reveal a novel cascade comprising sequential P. gingivalis LPS → ANGPTL2 → integrin α5β1 → inflammatory cytokine induction, which might be responsible for inducing potent periodontal disorganization activity in gingival epithelial cells. Via this pathway, ANGPTL2 functions in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and contributes to prolonging chronic inflammation in patients with systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Ohno
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Genta Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun-ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eisaku Nishida
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Goto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasaki
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Fukuda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makio Mogi
- Department of Integrative Education of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Sojod B, Chateau D, Mueller CG, Babajko S, Berdal A, Lézot F, Castaneda B. RANK/RANKL/OPG Signalization Implication in Periodontitis: New Evidence from a RANK Transgenic Mouse Model. Front Physiol 2017; 8:338. [PMID: 28596739 PMCID: PMC5442248 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is based on a complex inflammatory over-response combined with possible genetic predisposition factors. The RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway is implicated in bone resorption through its key function in osteoclast differentiation and activation, as well as in the inflammatory response. This central element of osteo-immunology has been suggested to be perturbed in several diseases, including periodontitis, as it is a predisposing factor for this disease. The aim of the present study was to validate this hypothesis using a transgenic mouse line, which over-expresses RANK (RTg) and develops a periodontitis-like phenotype at 5 months of age. RTg mice exhibited severe alveolar bone loss, an increased number of TRAP positive cells, and disorganization of periodontal ligaments. This phenotype was more pronounced in females. We also observed dental root resorption lacunas. Hyperplasia of the gingival epithelium, including Malassez epithelial rests, was visible as early as 25 days, preceding any other symptoms. These results demonstrate that perturbations of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system constitute a core element of periodontitis, and more globally, osteo-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Sojod
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Danielle Chateau
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Intestine: Nutrition, Barrier, and Diseases Group, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR-9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR-957, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de NantesNantes, France
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France.,Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of AntioquiaMedellin, Colombia
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Gürlek Ö, Gümüş P, Nile CJ, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Biomarkers and Bacteria Around Implants and Natural Teeth in the Same Individuals. J Periodontol 2017; 88:752-761. [PMID: 28440740 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.160751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study assesses cytokine levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF)/gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and a selection of subgingival/submucosal plaque bacteria from clinically healthy or diseased sites in the same individuals. METHODS Samples from 97 implants/teeth (58 implants [19 healthy, 20 mucositis, 19 peri-implantitis] and 39 natural teeth [19 healthy, 12 gingivitis, eight periodontitis] in 15 systemically healthy patients were investigated by immunoassay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Samples were obtained first, with probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, plaque index scores, and keratinized tissue width then recorded. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, and permutation tests on dependent, independent, and mixed dependent and independent samples and Spearman correlation. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-1β levels were significantly higher in PICF samples of healthy implants than in GCF samples of healthy teeth (P = 0.003), and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL) concentrations were significantly higher in the gingivitis than the mucositis group (P = 0.004). Biomarker levels were similar in peri-implantitis and periodontitis groups (P >0.05). Actinomyces naeslundi and Streptococcus oralis levels were significantly higher in the healthy implant group than in healthy teeth (P <0.05). Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola (Td) levels were lower in the mucositis group than the gingivitis group (P <0.05). Prevotella oralis and S. oralis levels were significantly higher in the periodontitis group (P <0.05), and Td levels were significantly higher in the peri-implantitis group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION There were many similarities but, crucially, some differences in biomarker levels (IL-1β and sRANKL) and bacterial species between peri-implant and periodontal sites in the same individuals, suggesting similar pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Gürlek
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Gümüş
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Christopher J Nile
- Infection and Immunity Group; Dental Hospital and School; School of Medicine, Nursing and Dentistry; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - David F Lappin
- Infection and Immunity Group; Dental Hospital and School; School of Medicine, Nursing and Dentistry; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Polymorphisms of Il-10 (-1082) and RANKL (-438) Genes and the Failure of Dental Implants. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:3901368. [PMID: 28348592 PMCID: PMC5350407 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3901368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Genetic polymorphisms in certain cytokines and chemokines have been investigated to understand why some individuals display implant flaws despite having few risk factors at the time of implant. Purpose. To investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms in interleukin- (IL-) 10 [-1082 region (A/G)] and RANKL [-438 region (A/G)] with the failure of dental implants. Materials and Methods. This study included 90 partially edentulous male and female patients who were rehabilitated with a total of 245 Straumann dental implants. An implant was considered a failure if any of the following occurred: mobility, persistent subjective complaint, recurrent peri-implant infection with suppuration, continuous radiolucency around the implant, probing depth ≥ 5 mm, and bleeding on probing. Buccal mucosal cells were collected for analysis of RANKL438 and IL-10. Results. The implant success rate in this population was 34.4%. The mutant allele (G) in RANKL had an incidence of 52.3% and mutant allele (A) in IL-10 was observed in 37.8%. No statistically significant difference was detected between the failure of the implant and the genotypes and allelic frequencies. Conclusion. No association was detected between the genetic polymorphisms of RANKL (-438) and IL-10 (-1082) and the failure of dental implants in the population studied.
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Özden FO, Sakallioğlu EE, Demir E, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK, Gökosmanoğlu F, Atmaca A. Effect of bisphosphonate as an adjunct treatment for chronic periodontitis on gingival crevicuar fluid levels of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Oral Sci 2017; 59:147-155. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feyza O. Özden
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University
| | | | - Esra Demir
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University
| | - Birşen Bilgici
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University
| | - Özgür K. Tunçel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University
| | - Feyzi Gökosmanoğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University
| | - Ayşegül Atmaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University
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Carneiro E, Parolin A, Wichnieski C, Rosa E, Silva Neto U, Westphalen V, Fariniuk L, Johann A. Expression levels of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin and the number of gram-negative bacteria in symptomatic and asymptomatic periapical lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 73:166-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Okabe I, Kikuchi T, Mogi M, Takeda H, Aino M, Kamiya Y, Fujimura T, Goto H, Okada K, Hasegawa Y, Noguchi T, Mitani A. IL-15 and RANKL Play a Synergistically Important Role in Osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:739-747. [PMID: 27608420 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a cytokine secreted by several cell types, has important physiological roles in the activity, proliferation, and viability of immune cells. It has both chemoattractant and proinflammatory properties, and may promote bone destruction. A previous study has shown that IL-15 alone exerts no effect on osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, the current study addressed the synergistic effect of IL-15 on osteoclast formation using RAW264.7 (RAW) cells by co-stimulation with receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) that has a major role in osteoclastogenesis involving the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Co-stimulation of RAW cells by IL-15 and RANKL significantly increased the gene expression of osteoclast differentiation and osteoclastogenesis markers compared with stimulation by RANKL or IL-15 independently as evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphate-positive cell numbers, the fusion index, a pit formation assay with Alizarin red staining (calcification estimation), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NF-κB was significantly increased by RANKL and IL-15 (P < 0.05) compared with RANKL alone. In addition, these differentiation activities induced by RANKL and IL-15 were comparatively suppressed by inhibition of ERK, suggesting that this synergistic effect on osteoclastogenesis is mainly mediated by ERK. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IL-15 and RANKL induce osteoclastogenesis synergistically, and IL-15 might play a novel and major role in destructive inflammatory bone diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 739-747, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iichiro Okabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Makio Mogi
- Department of Integrative Education of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeda
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Makoto Aino
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kamiya
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Takeki Fujimura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Hisashi Goto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Toshihide Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemoridori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8651, Japan
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Abstract
Experimental studies have shown a great potential for periodontal regeneration. The limitations of periodontal regeneration largely depend on the regenerative potential at the root surface. Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC), so-called bone-like tissue, may form instead of the desired acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC), and the interfacial tissue bonding may be weak. The periodontal ligament harbors progenitor cells that can differentiate into periodontal ligament fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts, but their precise location is unknown. It is also not known whether osteoblasts and cementoblasts arise from a common precursor cell line, or whether distinct precursor cell lines exist. Thus, there is limited knowledge about how cell diversity evolves in the space between the developing root and the alveolar bone. This review supports the hypothesis that AEFC is a unique tissue, while CIFC and bone share some similarities. Morphologically, functionally, and biochemically, however, CIFC is distinctly different from any bone type. There are several lines of evidence to propose that cementoblasts that produce both AEFC and CIFC are unique phenotypes that are unrelated to osteoblasts. Cementum attachment protein appears to be cementum-specific, and the expression of two proteoglycans, fibromodulin and lumican, appears to be stronger in CIFC than in bone. A theory is presented that may help explain how cell diversity evolves in the periodontal ligament. It proposes that Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and cells derived from it play an essential role in the development and maintenance of the periodontium. The role of enamel matrix proteins in cementoblast and osteoblast differentiation and their potential use for tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bosshardt
- Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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Valverde P, Kawai T, Taubman MA. Potassium Channel-blockers as Therapeutic Agents to Interfere with Bone Resorption of Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res 2016; 84:488-99. [PMID: 15914584 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory lesions of periodontal disease contain all the cellular components, including abundant activated/memory T- and B-cells, necessary to control immunological interactive networks and to accelerate bone resorption by RANKL-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Blockade of RANKL function has been shown to ameliorate periodontal bone resorption and other osteopenic disorders without affecting inflammation. Development of therapies aimed at decreasing the expression of RANKL and pro-inflammatory cytokines by T-cells constitutes a promising strategy to ameliorate not only bone resorption, but also inflammation. Several reports have demonstrated that the potassium channels Kv1.3 and IKCa1, through the use of selective blockers, play important roles in T-cell-mediated events, including T-cell proliferation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. More recently, a potassium channel-blocker for Kv1.3 has been shown to down-regulate bone resorption by decreasing the ratio of RANKL-to-OPG expression by memory-activated T-cells. In this article, we first summarize the mechanisms by which chronically activated/memory T-cells, in concert with B-cells and macrophages, trigger inflammatory bone resorption. Then, we describe the main structural and functional characteristics of potassium channels Kv1.3 and IKCa1 in some of the cells implicated in periodontal disease progression. Finally, this review elucidates some recent advances in the use of potassium channel-blockers of Kv1.3 and IKCa1 to ameliorate the clinical signs or side-effects of several immunological disorders and to decrease inflammatory bone resorption in periodontal disease. ABBREVIATIONS: AICD, activation-induced cell death; APC, antigen-presenting cells; B(K), large conductance; CRAC, calcium release-activated calcium channels; DC, dendritic cell; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IP3, inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate; (K)ir, inward rectifier; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; I(K), intermediate conductance; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; L, ligand; MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB; TCM, central memory T-cells; TEM, effector memory T-cells; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; OPG, osteoprotegerin; Omp29, 29-kDa outer membrane protein; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; RT-PCR, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction; S(K), small conductance; TCR, T-cell receptor; and (K)v, voltage-gated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Valverde
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, One Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Scuron MD, Boesze-Battaglia K, Dlakić M, Shenker BJ. The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Contributes to Microbial Virulence and Disease Pathogenesis by Acting As a Tri-Perditious Toxin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:168. [PMID: 27995094 PMCID: PMC5136569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status and recent advances in our understanding of the role that the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) plays as a virulence factor in promoting disease by toxin-producing pathogens. A major focus of this review is on the relationship between structure and function of the individual subunits that comprise the AB2 Cdt holotoxin. In particular, we concentrate on the molecular mechanisms that characterize this toxin and which account for the ability of Cdt to intoxicate multiple cell types by utilizing a ubiquitous binding partner on the cell membrane. Furthermore, we propose a paradigm shift for the molecular mode of action by which the active Cdt subunit, CdtB, is able to block a key signaling cascade and thereby lead to outcomes based upon programming and the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) in a variety of cells. Based upon the collective Cdt literature, we now propose that Cdt is a unique and potent virulence factor capable of acting as a tri-perditious toxin that impairs host defenses by: (1) disrupting epithelial barriers; (2) suppressing acquired immunity; (3) promoting pro-inflammatory responses. Thus, Cdt plays a key role in facilitating the early stages of infection and the later stages of disease progression by contributing to persistence and impairing host elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Scuron
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mensur Dlakić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bone metabolism and RANKL/RANK/OPG trail in periodontal disease. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of multifactorial etiology. In order for it to appear there must come to an imbalance between the effects of pathogens and host defense mechanisms. As a result of its course the destruction of structures supporting the teeth appears (periodontium, cement, bone), and consequently leads to teeth loosening and loss. In recent years, the participation of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone remodeling process was highligted.
At the molecular level the bone resorption is regulated through the interaction of the ligand receptor activator of nuclear NF-kappa B (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), which is a system of two proteins belonging to the protein tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Recent findings about the RANKL protein and OPG have shed new light on the previously unexplained phenomenon of the basis of bone resorption.
Research has shown that both protein OPG and RANKL can be detected in gingival crevicular fluid, which has become a window of opportunity in the analysis of non-invasive markers of periodontal tissues, confirming elevated levels of RANKL protein in periodontal disease, and decreased levels of OPG protein. Bone resorption is initiated by the binding of the RANKL protein to receptors RANK present on the surface of mature osteoclasts, and their precursors, which leads to the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. OPG, being RANKL’s inhibitor, has, in turn, opposite characteristics to RANKL, resulting in the reduction of osteoclastogenesis process. Despite all this, the exact mechanism of bone resorption has not yet been elucidated.
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Lerner UH. Inflammation-induced Bone Remodeling in Periodontal Disease and the Influence of Post-menopausal Osteoporosis. J Dent Res 2016; 85:596-607. [PMID: 16798858 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During physiological conditions, the skeleton is remodeled in so-called bone multi-cellular units. Such units have been estimated to exist at 1–2 x 106 sites in the adult skeleton. The number and activities of these units are regulated by a variety of hormones and cytokines. In post-menopausal osteoporosis, lack of estrogen leads to increased numbers of bone multi-cellular units and to uncoupling of bone formation and bone resorption, resulting in too little bone laid down by osteoblasts compared with the amount of bone resorbed by osteoclasts. Inflammatory processes in the vicinity of the skeleton, e.g., marginal and apical periodontitis, will affect the remodeling of the nearby bone tissue in such a way that, in most patients, the amount of bone resorbed exceeds that being formed, resulting in net bone loss (inflammation-induced osteolysis). In some patients, however, inflammation-induced bone formation exceeds resorption, and a sclerotic lesion will develop. The cellular and molecular pathogenetic mechanisms in inflammation-induced osteolysis and sclerosis are discussed in the present review. The cytokines believed to be involved in inflammation-induced remodeling are very similar to those suggested to play crucial roles in post-menopausal osteoporosis. In patients with periodontal disease and concomitant post-menopausal osteoporosis, the possibility exists that the lack of estrogen influences the activities of bone cells and immune cells in such a way that the progression of alveolar bone loss will be enhanced. In the present paper, the evidence for and against this hypothesis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- U H Lerner
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden.
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Wakita T, Mogi M, Kurita K, Kuzushima M, Togari A. Increase in RANKL: OPG Ratio in Synovia of Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Disorder. J Dent Res 2016; 85:627-32. [PMID: 16798863 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a recent study suggested the involvement of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the pathogenesis of bone-destructive disease, no study has focused on the RANKL:OPG ratio in the synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. This communication reports on the concentrations of RANKL and OPG in synovial fluid from TMJ patients and healthy control individuals. In contrast to an unchanged concentration of RANKL, a strong decrease in the concentration of OPG was detected in the synovial fluid from patients with TMJ internal derangement. Treatment with the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis (OA) patients resulted in the high production of osteoclast-like cells from blood mononuclear cells in vitro, as well as in pit formation in dentin slices. The addition of anti-RANKL IgG or OPG attenuated OA-synovial fluid-induced osteoclast formation, suggesting that the increase in the RANKL:OPG ratio in the microenvironment of the joint has the potential to induce osteoclastogenesis in TMJ osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wakita
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
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Kanzaki H, Makihira S, Suzuki M, Ishii T, Movila A, Hirschfeld J, Mawardi H, Lin X, Han X, Taubman MA, Kawai T. Soluble RANKL Cleaved from Activated Lymphocytes by TNF-α-Converting Enzyme Contributes to Osteoclastogenesis in Periodontitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3871-3883. [PMID: 27815441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Host immune responses play a key role in promoting bone resorption in periodontitis via receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclastogenesis. Both membrane-bound RANKL (mRANKL) expressed on lymphocytes and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) are found in periodontal lesions. However, the underlying mechanism and cellular source of sRANKL release and its biological role in periodontitis are unclear. TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) is reported to cleave the following: 1) precursor TNF-α with release of mature, soluble TNF-α and 2) mRANKL with release of sRANKL. Both soluble TNF-α and sRANKL are found in the periodontitis lesion, leading to the hypothesis that TACE expressed on lymphocytes is engaged in RANKL shedding and that the resulting sRANKL induces osteoclastogenesis. In the current study, upon stimulating PBLs with mitogens in vitro, RANKL expression, sRANKL secretion, and TACE expression were all upregulated. Among the four putative mRANKL sheddases examined in neutralization assays, TACE was the only functional sheddase able to cleave mRANKL expressed on PBL. Moreover, PBL culture supernatant stimulated with mitogens in the presence of anti-TACE Ab or anti-RANKL Ab showed a marked reduction of osteoclastogenesis from osteoclast precursors, indicating that TACE-mediated sRANKL may possess sufficient osteoclastogenic activity. According to double-color confocal microscopy, B cells expressed a more pronounced level of RANKL and TACE expression than T cells or monocytes in periodontally diseased gingiva. Conditioned medium of patients' gingival lymphocyte culture increased in vitro osteoclastogenic activity, which was suppressed by the addition of anti-TACE Ab and anti-RANKL Ab. Therefore, TACE-mediated cleavage of sRANKL from activated lymphocytes, especially B cells, can promote osteoclastogenesis in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Seicho Makihira
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Science, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Maiko Suzuki
- College of Dentistry Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Takenobu Ishii
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Hani Mawardi
- Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Science, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah 21481, Saudi Arabia; and
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142;
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