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Jeon GT, Kim HR, Kim JM, Baek JS, Shin YK, Kwon OK, Kang HE, Cho HS, Cheon DS, Park CK. Tailored Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR with Species-Specific Internal Positive Controls for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in Canine and Feline Clinical Samples. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040602. [PMID: 36830388 PMCID: PMC9951688 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have been frequently reported in companion dogs and cats worldwide during the ongoing coronavirus disease. However, RT-qPCR methods developed for humans have been used for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections in suspected companion dogs and cats owing to the lack of the companion animal-tailored methods. Therefore, we developed a multiplex RT-qPCR (mRT-qPCR) using newly designed primers and probes targeting RdRp and N genes of all currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the canine or feline 16S rRNA gene as an endogenous internal positive control (EIPC) for reliable diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection from suspected dogs and cats. The developed mRT-qPCR assay specifically detected the target genes of SARS-CoV-2 but no other canine or feline pathogens. Furthermore, canine and feline EIPCs were stably amplified by mRT-qPCR in samples containing canine- or feline-origin cellular materials. This assay has high repeatability and reproducibility, with an optimal limit of detection (<10 RNA copies per reaction) and coefficients of variation (<1.0%). The detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 of the developed mRT-qPCR was 6.6% for canine and feline nasopharyngeal samples, which was consistent with that of a commercial mRT-qPCR kit for humans. Collectively, the newly developed mRT-qPCR with canine and feline EIPC can efficiently diagnose and evaluate the viral load in field specimens and will be a valuable tool for etiological diagnosis, epidemiological study, and controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections in canine and feline populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Tae Jeon
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Baek
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5973
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Panzera Y, Mirazo S, Baz M, Techera C, Grecco S, Cancela F, Fuques E, Condon E, Calleros L, Camilo N, Fregossi A, Vaz I, Pessina P, Deshpande N, Pérez R, Benech A. Detection and genome characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 P.6 lineage in dogs and cats living with Uruguayan COVID-19 patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 117:e220177. [PMID: 36651456 PMCID: PMC9870267 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in domestic animals have occurred from the beginning of the pandemic to the present time. Therefore, from the perspective of One Health, investigating this topic is of global scientific and public interest. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals whose owners had coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Nasopharyngeal and faecal samples were collected in Uruguay. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we analysed the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Complete genomes were obtained using ARTIC enrichment and Illumina sequencing. Sera samples were used for virus neutralisation assays. FINDINGS SARS-CoV-2 was detected in an asymptomatic dog and a cat. Viral genomes were identical and belonged to the P.6 Uruguayan SARS-CoV-2 lineage. Only antiserum from the infected cat contained neutralising antibodies against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain and showed cross-reactivity against the Delta but not against the B.A.1 Omicron variant. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Domestic animals and the human SARS-CoV-2 P.6 variant comparison evidence a close relationship and gene flow between them. Different SARS-CoV-2 lineages infect dogs and cats, and no specific variants are adapted to domestic animals. This first record of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals from Uruguay supports regular surveillance of animals close to human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Panzera
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay,+ Corresponding author:
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Virología, Montevideo, Uruguay,Universidad de la República, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Baz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Techera
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Cancela
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Virología, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eddie Fuques
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emma Condon
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Calleros
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Camilo
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Fregossi
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Vaz
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula Pessina
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Laboratorio Clínico del Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nikita Deshpande
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Benech
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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Matsuu A, Hatai H, Hifumi T, Hamakubo E, Take M, Tanaka T, Momoi Y, Endo Y, Koyoshi A, Kamikubo Y, Kamatsuki R, Kurusu N, Tabata H, Matsuyama H, Yanaidani M, Kawabata M, Kawabata T. Clinical and Pathological Findings in Fatal Cases of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome With High Viremia in Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 52:100756. [PMID: 36586577 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). SFTSV causes severe symptoms both in humans and cats. In this study, we report the clinical and pathological findings of 4 fatal cases of cats with high SFTS viremia levels. These cats showed an acute onset of fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased serum amyloid A and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. A high viral copy number was detected in the blood, oral swabs, rectal swabs, conjunctiva swabs, and urine. Histopathologically, necrotizing lymphadenitis, splenitis with lymphoblastoid cell proliferation, and hemophagocytosis were observed in all 4 cats. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of SFTSV antigen on lymphoblastoid B cells. SFTSV-RNA was detected in systemic tissues, including the brain. The present findings provide useful information for understanding the features of fatal SFTS in cats. To elucidate the mechanisms of severe progress of SFTS cats, as well as its role as a source of human infection, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Matsuu
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Hatai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Hifumi
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Emu Hamakubo
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Maho Take
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Momoi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ai Koyoshi
- Kawabata animal medical center, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Kamikubo
- Kawabata animal medical center, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Raye Kamatsuki
- Kawabata animal medical center, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kurusu
- Kawabata animal medical center, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruna Tabata
- Kawabata animal medical center, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Mei Yanaidani
- Kawabata animal medical center, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
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Joshua J, Caswell J, O’Sullivan ML, Wood G, Fonfara S. Feline myocardial transcriptome in health and in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-A translational animal model for human disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283244. [PMID: 36928240 PMCID: PMC10019628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats, characterized by primary left ventricular hypertrophy. Feline HCM closely resembles human HCM and is suggested as translational animal model for the human disease. A genetic cause is established in humans and suspected for cats, but little is known about the gene expression and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of HCM. To investigate the myocardial transcriptome changes in HCM, RNA sequencing was conducted on left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) samples of healthy cats and cats with HCM (each n = 5; 20 samples). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to determine functional pathways, regulators, and networks. Distinct gene expression profiles were identified in the LV and LA of the feline healthy and HCM myocardium. Analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs (>2 fold; FDR < 0.01) found chamber-specific (LV vs. LA) expression in both healthy and HCM groups, with higher transcriptional activity in the LA. Genes that contribute to the distinct structure and function of each chamber in health and HCM were identified in the regional comparison. The gene expression profiles of HCM compared to healthy hearts revealed disease related genes, including THBS4 and KLHL33 (LV), FAM177B and THRSP (LA), the latter 3 have not been reported for the myocardium so far, as the top differently expressed genes in the HCM heart. Differently expressed genes and functional pathways found in the HCM heart are associated with cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, inflammation, microvascular changes, calcium signaling and cardiac metabolism, with some regional differences. RhoGDI-RhoGTPase signaling, integrin and ILK signaling pathways, the LXR/RXR pathway in the LA, and the PPARα/RXRα, HIF1α and CXCR4 pathways in the LV might be of particular importance in the HCM disease process. This study identified region-specific myocardial gene transcription patterns as well as novel genes and pathways associated with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Joshua
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Studies, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Caswell
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Lynne O’Sullivan
- University of Prince Edward Island, Department of Companion Animals, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wood
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Studies, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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5
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Cheng TY, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Internal reference genes with the potential for normalizing quantitative PCR results for oral fluid specimens. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:147-156. [PMID: 36330795 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In basic research, testing of oral fluid specimens by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been used to evaluate changes in gene expression levels following experimental treatments. In diagnostic medicine, qPCR has been used to detect DNA/RNA transcripts indicative of bacterial or viral infections. Normalization of qPCR using endogenous and exogenous reference genes is a well-established strategy for ensuring result comparability by controlling sample-to-sample variation introduced during sampling, storage, and qPCR testing. In this review, the majority of recent publications in human (n = 136) and veterinary (n = 179) medicine did not describe the use of internal reference genes in qPCRs for oral fluid specimens (52.9% animal studies; 57.0% human studies). However, the use of endogenous reference genes has not been fully explored or validated for oral fluid specimens. The lack of valid internal reference genes inherent to the oral fluid matrix will continue to hamper the reliability, reproducibility, and generalizability of oral fluid qPCR assays until this issue is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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6
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Angelou V, Psalla D, Dovas CI, Kazakos GM, Marouda C, Chatzimisios K, Kyrana Z, Moutou E, Karayannopoulou M, Papazoglou LG. Locally Injected Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Improves Cutaneous Wound Healing in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151993. [PMID: 35953982 PMCID: PMC9367528 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous defects in cats are commonly encountered in clinical practice, and healing can be accomplished by first or second intention. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is characterized by a plasma concentration containing a large number of platelets in a small volume of plasma. The objective of the present study was to record the efficacy of PRP infiltration in open wounds in laboratory cats. Six wounds were created in the dorsal midline of eight laboratory cats, with the wounds of one side designated as the PRP group and the wounds of the other side as the control group. Wound healing was evaluated by daily clinical examination, planimetry, laser Doppler flowmetry, and histologic examination on days 0, 7, 14, and 25, and by measurement of metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9 and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 on days 0, 14, and 25. Based on the results of the present study, the mean time for full coverage with granulation tissue was shorter in the PRP group, the mean contraction and total wound healing percentage were increased compared to the control group, and finally, the perfusion measured with laser Doppler flowmetry was higher in the PRP group during all examination days. In conclusion, this is the first study focusing on the topical application of PRP in the treatment of open wounds in laboratory cats, and our results are encouraging—showing a more rapid healing in the PRP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Angelou
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+231-0994408
| | - Dimitra Psalla
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 S. Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George M. Kazakos
- Unit of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Marouda
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Chatzimisios
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zacharenia Kyrana
- Laboratory of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Moutou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 S. Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Karayannopoulou
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lysimachos G. Papazoglou
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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Antiviral Effects of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome against Feline Calicivirus and Feline Herpesvirus Type 1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081687. [PMID: 36016308 PMCID: PMC9415135 DOI: 10.3390/v14081687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have excellent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities and therapeutic effects in some viral diseases. The therapeutic impact of MSCs mainly relies on the paracrine effects of various secreted substances. Feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV1) are common and highly prevalent pathogens causing upper respiratory diseases, and FCV is associated with gingivostomatitis in cats. Recently, feline MSC treatment has been reported to improve the clinical symptoms of feline chronic gingivostomatitis, but the antiviral effects of feline MSCs on FCV and FHV1 are not known. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of using feline MSC secretome as a conditioned medium on FCV and FHV1 viral replication in Crandell–Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells, and RNA sequencing was used to analyze how the CRFK cells were altered by the MSC secretomes. The feline MSC secretome did not inhibit FCV or FHV1 viral entry into the CRFK cells but had antiviral effects on the replication of both FCV and FHV1 in a dose-dependent manner.
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Puzakova LV, Puzakov MV. Tissue Specificity of the AqE Gene Activity in the Yellow Croaker Larimichthys crocea. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422050076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Berghaus RD, Tarigo JL, Schmiedt CW, Brown SA. Characterization of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:647-655. [PMID: 35352404 PMCID: PMC8965263 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To characterize components of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in cats with CKD. ANIMALS Eleven cats with naturally occurring CKD (CKD group) and 8 healthy control cats. METHODS Renal tissue samples were evaluated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor transcript levels, and by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantification of angiotensin I, II, III, and IV concentrations. Linear mixed models were used to compare gene transcript levels and concentrations of angiotensin peptides between groups. RESULTS Cats of the CKD group were significantly older (P < .001) and more likely to be neutered (P = .007) than healthy control cats. Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of angiotensinogen (P < .001) and lower transcript levels of ACE (P < .001) than those from control cats. Renal angiotensin I concentrations were increased in CKD compared with control kidneys (P = .001). No other significant differences in renal transcript levels or angiotensin peptide concentrations were noted between groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The intrarenal RAS might be activated in cats with CKD. Small sample size and differences in age, neuter status, and dietary sodium intake between groups might have limited the ability to identify a significant difference in concentration of renal angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N. Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Amanda E. Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Roy D. Berghaus
- Department of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jaime L. Tarigo
- Department of PathologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Chad W. Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Scott A. Brown
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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10
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Ackerman LH, de Mello Souza CH, Cortés-Hinojosa G, Salute ME, Stephen AA, Anthony E, Shiomitsu K, Milner RJ. Identification of the interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) pathway in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma - A pilot study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2022; 86:13-19. [PMID: 34975217 PMCID: PMC8697325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to detect the presence of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and the potential downstream effects of IL-8 receptor activation in 2 previously characterized feline oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCCF1 and SCCF2). Interleukin-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) was initially detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A previously validated and commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used to measure IL-8 production in the supernatant of the 2 cell lines. Western blot was used to detect phosphorylation of proteins (AKT, ERK1/2, JAK2, STAT3, and Src), known to be downstream of interleukin-8 receptor activation. The IL-8 receptor-specific antagonists, Reparixin and SCH527123, were used to identify effects on phosphorylation of these proteins. Interleukin-8 mRNA and protein were detected in both SCCF1 and SCCF2 by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2, STAT3, and Src was detected in both cell lines. Inhibition of the IL-8 receptor led to a decrease in phosphorylation of Src, but not ERK1/2 or STAT3. In conclusion, feline squamous cell carcinoma cell lines can produce IL-8. Phosphorylation of Src seems, at least in part, a consequence of IL-8 receptor activation. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT3, although present, seems independent of IL-8 receptor activation. Due to its potential effects on the tumor microenvironment, in addition to its autocrine effects on Src phosphorylation, the inhibition of the IL-8 receptor may become a beneficial therapeutic tool. Evaluation of the presence of both IL-8 and Src in many cases should elucidate their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah H Ackerman
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Carlos H de Mello Souza
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Galaxia Cortés-Hinojosa
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Marc E Salute
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Alexa A Stephen
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Elizabeth Anthony
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Keijiro Shiomitsu
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Rowan J Milner
- University of Florida Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of Florida Small Animal Clinical Sciences, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
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11
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Patania OM, Chiba S, Halfmann PJ, Hatta M, Maemura T, Bernard KA, Kawaoka Y, Crawford LK. Pulmonary lesions induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic cats. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:696-706. [PMID: 34963403 PMCID: PMC9208068 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211066840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019, which ranges from fatal disease in some to mild or subclinical in most affected individuals. Many recovered human patients report persistent respiratory signs; however, lung disease in post-acute infection is poorly understood. Our objective was to describe histologic lung lesions and viral loads following experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in 11 cats. Microscopic evaluation at 3, 6, 10, or 28 days postinoculation (DPI) identified mild to moderate patchy interstitial pneumonia, bronchiolar epithelial damage, and occlusive histiocytic bronchiolitis. Based on immunohistochemistry, alveolar septal thickening was due to CD204-positive macrophages, fewer B and T lymphocytes, type II pneumocytes, and capillary proliferation with a relative dearth of fibrosis. In blood vessel endothelium, there was reactive hypertrophy or vacuolar degeneration and increased MHC II expression at all time points. Unexpectedly, one cat from the 28 DPI group had severe subacute regionally extensive lymphohistiocytic pneumonia with multifocal consolidation, vasculitis, and alveolar fibrin. Reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA within the lung at 3 and 6 DPI, and viral RNA was below the limit of detection at 10 and 28 DPI, suggesting that pulmonary lesions persist beyond detection of viral RNA. These findings clarify our comparative understanding of disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that cats can serve as an informative model to study post-acute pulmonary sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiho Chiba
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Masato Hatta
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Spiri AM, Novacco M, Meli ML, Stirn M, Riond B, Fogle JE, Boretti FS, Herbert I, Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Modified-Live Feline Calicivirus Vaccination Elicits Cellular Immunity against a Current Feline Calicivirus Field Strain in an Experimental Feline Challenge Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091736. [PMID: 34578316 PMCID: PMC8473420 DOI: 10.3390/v13091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cat virus associated with oral ulcerations and virulent-systemic disease. Efficacious FCV vaccines protect against severe disease but not against infection. The high genetic diversity of FCV poses a challenge in vaccine design. Protection against FCV has been related to humoral and cellular immunity; the latter has not been studied in detail. This study investigates the cellular and humoral immune response of specified pathogen-free (SPF) cats after modified-live FCV F9 vaccinations and two heterologous FCV challenges by the analysis of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine mRNA transcription levels, interferon (IFN)-γ release assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), anti-FCV antibodies, and neutralisation activity. Vaccinated cats developed a Th1 cytokine response after vaccination. Vaccination resulted in antibodies with neutralising activity against the vaccine but not the challenge viruses. Remarkably, IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs were detected in vaccinated cats upon stimulation with the vaccine strain and the first heterologous FCV challenge strain. After the first experimental infection, the mRNA transcription levels of perforin, granzyme B, INF-γ, and antiviral factor MX1 and the number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the first challenge virus were higher in vaccinated cats compared to control cats. The first FCV challenge induced crossneutralising antibodies in all cats against the second challenge virus. Before the second challenge, vaccinated cats had a higher number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the second challenge virus than control cats. After the second FCV challenge, there were less significant differences detected between the groups regarding lymphocyte subsets and cytokine mRNA transcription levels. In conclusion, modified-live FCV vaccination induced cellular but not humoral crossimmunity in SPF cats; innate immune mechanisms, secretory and membranolytic pathways, and IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs seem to be important in the host immune defence against FCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-83-78
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Jonathan E. Fogle
- Comparative Immunology Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Felicitas S. Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Imogen Herbert
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow, Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (M.S.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.)
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13
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Hlavaty J, Ertl R, Mekuria TA, Rütgen B, Tsujimoto H, Walter I, Wolfesberger B. Effect of prednisolone pre-treatment on cat lymphoma cell sensitivity towards chemotherapeutic drugs. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:178-187. [PMID: 34157499 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid administration prior to the application of chemotherapy in small animal lymphoma patients is a concern, as it is discussed to negatively influence the therapeutic outcome due to corticosteroid-induced drug resistance. Using feline lymphoma cell lines FT-1 and MS4 we have shown, that prednisolone pre-treatment alters the susceptibility of these cells towards doxorubicin or vincristine treatment in vitro. The observed effect was negative as for the killing potential and it was cell line and drug (doxorubicin or vincristine) dependent. Furthermore, increase in mRNA expression of selected proteins with multidrug resistance potential (MDR1, BCRP, LRP, MT) was observed after prednisolone pre-treatment. Administration of chemical inhibitors of these proteins did not lead to reversal in sensitivity of tested cell lines to doxorubicin or vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Hlavaty
- Institute of Pathology, Working Group Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCORE Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tewodros Abere Mekuria
- Institute of Pathology, Working Group Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rütgen
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ingrid Walter
- Institute of Pathology, Working Group Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; VetCORE Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgitt Wolfesberger
- Clinic for Companion Animal Medicine, Unit for Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Quantification of hormone membrane receptor FSHR, GPER and LHCGR transcripts in human primary granulosa lutein cells by real-time quantitative PCR and digital droplet PCR. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Schmiedt CW, Brown CA, Rissi DR, Stanton JB, Giguère S, Berghaus RD, Brown SA, Tarigo JL. Profibrotic gene transcription in renal tissues from cats with ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:180-189. [PMID: 31985291 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.2.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize transcription of profibrotic mediators in renal tissues of cats with ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD). SAMPLE Banked renal tissues from 6 cats with experimentally induced CKD (RI group) and 8 healthy control cats. PROCEDURES For cats of the RI group, both kidneys were harvested 6 months after ischemia was induced for 90 minutes in 1 kidney. For control cats, the right kidney was evaluated. All kidney specimens were histologically examined for fibrosis, inflammation, and tubular atrophy. Renal tissue homogenates underwent reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay evaluation to characterize gene transcription of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), transforming growth factor-β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A. Gene transcription and histologic lesions were compared among ischemic and contralateral kidneys of the RI group and control kidneys. RESULTS Ischemic kidneys had greater transcript levels of MMP-7, MMP-9, and transforming growth factor-β1 relative to control kidneys and of MMP-2 relative to contralateral kidneys. Transcription of TIMP-1 was upregulated and that of vascular endothelial growth factor A was downregulated in ischemic and contralateral kidneys relative to control kidneys. Transcription of HIF-1α did not differ among kidney groups. For ischemic kidneys, there were strong positive correlations between transcription of HIF-1α, MMP-2, MMP-7, and TIMP-1 and severity of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Transcription of genes involved in profibrotic pathways remained altered in both kidneys 6 months after transient renal ischemia. This suggested that a single unilateral renal insult can have lasting effects on both kidneys.
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16
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Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Tarigo JL, Berghaus RD, Brown CA, Rissi DR, Stanton JB, Brown SA, Schmiedt CW. Evaluation of profibrotic gene transcription in renal tissues from cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1476-1487. [PMID: 32468592 PMCID: PMC7379026 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased gene transcription of hypoxia-induced mediators of fibrosis in renal tissue has been identified in experimentally induced, ischemic chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE To characterize hypoxia-induced profibrotic pathways in naturally occurring CKD in cats. ANIMALS Twelve client-owned cats with CKD and 8 healthy control cats. METHODS In this prospective, cross-sectional study, bilateral renal tissue samples were assessed histologically for inflammation, tubular atrophy, and fibrosis, and by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR for characterization of transcript levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1A), matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP2), -7 (MMP7), and -9 (MMP9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA). Linear mixed models were used to compare gene transcription between diseased and healthy kidneys, and to examine the association between transcript levels and serum creatinine concentration for all cats, and between transcript levels and histologic scores of diseased kidneys. RESULTS Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of HIF1A, MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, TIMP1, and TGFB1 (all P < .001), and lower levels of VEGFA (P = .006) than those from control cats. Transcript levels of MMP7 (P = .05) and TIMP1 (P = .005) were positively associated with serum creatinine in cats with CKD, but not in control cats. In diseased kidneys, transcript levels of MMP2 (P = .002), MMP7 (P = .02), and TIMP1 (P = .02) were positively, whereas those of VEGFA (P = .003) were negatively, associated with histologic score severity. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Evaluation of the expression of the corresponding proteins in larger populations could identify therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaime L Tarigo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cathy A Brown
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James B Stanton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery and Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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17
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Khidkhan K, Mizukawa H, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Nomiyama K, Yokoyama N, Ichii O, Darwish WS, Takiguchi M, Tanabe S, Ishizuka M. Tissue distribution and characterization of feline cytochrome P450 genes related to polychlorinated biphenyl exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 226:108613. [PMID: 31487551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cats have been known to be extremely sensitive to chemical exposures. To understand these model species' sensitivity to chemicals and their toxicities, the expression profiles of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes should be studied. Unfortunately, the characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP), the dominant enzyme in phase I metabolism, in cats has not extensively been studied. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known as CYP inducers in animals, but the information regarding the PCB-induced CYP expression in cats is limited. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to elucidate the mRNA expression of the CYP1-CYP3 families in the cat tissues and to investigate the CYP mRNA expression related to PCB exposure. In cats, the greatest abundance of CYP1-CYP3 (CYP1A2, CYP2A13, CYP2C41, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2E2, CYP2F2, CYP2F5, CYP2J2, CYP2U1, and CYP3A132) was expressed in the liver, but some extrahepatic isozymes were found in the kidney (CYP1A1), heart (CYP1B1), lung (CYP2B11 and CYP2S1) and small intestine (CYP3A131). In cats, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 were significantly upregulated in the liver as well as in several tissues exposed to PCBs, indicating that these CYPs were distinctly induced by PCBs. The strong correlations between 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (CB77) and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA expressions were noted, demonstrating that CB77 could be a potent CYP1 inducer. In addition, these CYP isoforms could play an essential role in the PCBs biotransformation, particularly 3-4 Cl-PCBs, because a high hydroxylated metabolite level of 3-4 Cl-OH-PCBs was observed in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
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18
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Mettelman RC, O'Brien A, Whittaker GR, Baker SC. Generating and evaluating type I interferon receptor-deficient and feline TMPRSS2-expressing cells for propagating serotype I feline infectious peritonitis virus. Virology 2019; 537:226-236. [PMID: 31539770 PMCID: PMC7112123 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus infection can progress to a fatal infectious peritonitis, which is a widespread feline disease without an effective vaccine. Generating feline cells with reduced ability to respond to interferon (IFN) is an essential step facilitating isolation of new candidate vaccine strains. Here, we describe the use of Crispr/Cas technology to disrupt type I IFN signaling in two feline cell lines, AK-D and Fcwf-4 CU, and evaluate the replication kinetics of a serotype I feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) within these cells. We report that polyclonal cell populations and a clonal isolate, termed Fcwf-4 IRN, exhibited significantly diminished IFN-responsiveness and allowed FIPV replication kinetics comparable to parental cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that replication of FIPV is enhanced by ectopic expression of a host serine protease, TMPRSS2, in these cells. We discuss the potential of these cells for isolating new clinical strains and for propagating candidate vaccine strains of FIPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Amornrat O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Susan C Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States.
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19
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Novacco M, Kohan NR, Stirn M, Meli ML, Díaz-Sánchez AA, Boretti FS, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Prevalence, Geographic Distribution, Risk Factors and Co-Infections of Feline Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Domestic Cats in Switzerland. Viruses 2019; 11:E721. [PMID: 31390829 PMCID: PMC6723517 DOI: 10.3390/v11080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a gammaherpesvirus was described in domestic cats (FcaGHV1). The goal of the present study was to investigate the presence of FcaGHV1 in Swiss domestic cats and analyze potential risk factors. Blood samples from 881 cats presented to veterinarians in all Swiss cantons and from 91 stray cats and neoplastic tissue samples from 17 cats with lymphoma were evaluated. FcaGHV1 was detected by real-time PCR targeting the glycoprotein B gene, followed by sequencing. Blood samples were also tested for feline hemoplasmas, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The molecular prevalence of FcaGHV1 was 6.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.5-7.8%) in cats presented to veterinarians and 5.5% (95% CI, 1.8-12.4%) in stray cats. FcaGHV1 PCR-positive cats originated from 19/26 Swiss cantons. Factors significantly associated with FcaGHV1 detection included male sex, age >3 years, nonpedigree status and co-infection with FIV and hemoplasmas. Moreover, FeLV viremia tended to be associated with FcaGHV1 detection. High FcaGHV1 blood loads were found more frequently in FeLV-viremic cats and less frequently in hemoplasma-infected cats than in uninfected cats. Clinical information was unavailable for most of the 881 cats, but leukemia, carcinoma and cardiomyopathy were reported in FcaGHV1-positive cats. None of the tissue samples from the 17 cats with lymphoma tested positive for FcaGHV1. Sequence analyses revealed homogeneity among the Swiss isolates and >99.7% identity to published FcaGHV1 sequences. In conclusion, FcaGHV1 is present in Switzerland with a similar prevalence in cats presented to veterinarians and in stray cats. The pathogenic potential of FcaGHV1 needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Neda Ranjbar Kohan
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Alberto Díaz-Sánchez
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Zapata RC, McMillan C, Tong J, Chelikani PK. Short communication: Expression of transcripts for proglucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, peptide YY, and their cognate receptors, in feline peripheral tissues. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:223-227. [PMID: 30928654 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal hormone based therapies are being investigated for treating diabetes in cats; however, the tissue distribution of these hormones and their cognate receptors remain largely understudied. We determined the distribution of transcripts for the gut hormones proglucagon (Gcg), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (Gip), peptide YY (Pyy), and their receptors (Glp1r, Gipr, Npy2r), in feline peripheral tissues. The Gcg, Gip and Pyy mRNA were expressed in the gut, with higher Gcg and Pyy abundance in the lower gut. Interestingly, Glp1r and Npy2r mRNA were expressed in multiple peripheral tissues including the gut, pancreas and liver, whereas, Gipr mRNA was restricted to the stomach and adipose tissues. The localized mRNA expression of Gcg and Pyy in the gut, but the extensive distribution of Glp1r and Npy2r in several peripheral tissues suggests that these hormones may have pleiotropic physiological functions in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chantal McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jesse Tong
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Kok MK, Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Chambers JK, Haritani M, Ushigusa T, Haga T, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Pathologic characterization of Felis catus papillomavirus type 5 (FcaPV-5)-associated viral plaques and Bowenoid in situ carcinoma in a Domestic Shorthair cat. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:660-666. [PMID: 30905908 PMCID: PMC6541853 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper describes Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV) type 5-associated cutaneous mass in a Domestic Shorthair cat. Histological examination revealed multicentric
epidermal acanthosis with papillomavirus-associated cytopathic changes, which progressed to a tumor lobule with intact basement membrane. An association between FcaPV-5 and the cutaneous
lesions was confirmed by detection of virus antigen and genes using immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing analysis, and in situ hybridization.
Based on these findings, the lesions were diagnosed as FcaPV-5-associated viral plaques and Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC). To date, this is the first reported case of
FcaPV-5 infection in a cat in Japan, and the second case reported worldwide. For the first time this papillomavirus type is associated with BISC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Keong Kok
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Laboratory of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Haritani
- Research Centre for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushigusa
- Kannai Animal Clinic, 6-3 Yoshida-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 231-0041, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Laboratory of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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22
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Contreras ET, Olea-Popelka F, Wheat W, Dow S, Hawley J, Lappin MR. Evaluation of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes for non-specific mucosal immunoprotection from feline herpesvirus-1 infection. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:831-837. [PMID: 30847973 PMCID: PMC6430869 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1) infection can result in serious morbidity and mortality, especially in kittens. Immunotherapy using liposome‐toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligand complexes (LTC) has been shown to activate innate immune responses. Objectives To determine in kittens whether mucosal administration of LTC before FHV‐1 inoculation would decrease severity of clinical signs and decrease quantities of FHV‐1 DNA in materials collected on oropharyngeal swabs. Animals Nineteen, 14‐week‐old, purpose‐bred kittens. Methods Pilot clinical trial with 2 groups of kittens allocated to either an LTC or control group. The LTC were administered into both nares and the oropharynx of the 12 LTC group kittens, and all 19 kittens were inoculated with FHV‐1 24 hours later. Clinical scores were determined daily for 28 days, and oropharyngeal mucosal materials were collected every 7 days to assess FHV‐1 DNA quantities for comparison between groups. Results Conjunctivitis was more common in kittens in the control group on Days 15‐28 (P = .01) and Days 1‐28 (P = .02). Total respiratory scores were higher in the LTC group on days 15‐28 (P = .03). The LTC group had significantly decreased FHV‐1 DNA on swabs when compared to the control group on some postinoculation days, using 2 methods of calculation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Administration of LTC to kittens was shown to decrease FHV‐1 DNA and some manifestations of illness in kittens when administrated 24 hours before inoculation, suggesting clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena T Contreras
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Francisco Olea-Popelka
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - William Wheat
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven Dow
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Jennifer Hawley
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies and the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
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23
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de Miranda LHM, Meli M, Conceição-Silva F, Novacco M, Menezes RC, Pereira SA, Sugiarto S, dos Reis ÉG, Gremião IDF, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Co-infection with feline retrovirus is related to changes in immunological parameters of cats with sporotrichosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207644. [PMID: 30500849 PMCID: PMC6267967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline sporotrichosis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis is frequently severe and often correlated to zoonotic transmission. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) cause immunodeficiency in cats; no association has been identified with critical cases of sporotrichosis. Moreover, the cytokine profile in Sporothrix-infected cats and a potential impact of retrovirus co-infections on their immunity is unknown. This study assessed immunological parameters in cats with sporotrichosis with and without FIV or FeLV co-infection. FeLV infection was detected by antigen ELISA and by provirus PCR. FIV infection was investigated through ELISA and Western blot. Cytokine transcription (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α) was quantified using RT-qPCR and lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4, CD8, CD5 and CD21) were assessed by flow cytometry. Thirty cats with sporotrichosis were recruited to the study, including three FIV-positive and five FeLV-positive (progressive infection) cats. One cat with regressive FeLV infection was excluded from statistics. In comparison to retrovirus-negative cats, FIV-positive cats and FeLV-positive cats had higher IL-10 levels, FeLV-positive cats had lower IL-4 levels and FIV-positive cats had lower IL-12 levels and a lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Remarkably, all cats with poor general condition were FeLV (progressive infection) or FIV-positive, but the retrovirus status was not associated with the sporotrichosis treatment length or outcome. The immunological changes and the more severe clinical presentation observed in cats with retrovirus co-infections encourage future prospective studies that address the impact of these changes on prognostic determinants of feline sporotrichosis and the development of new therapy strategies that control disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Helena Monteiro de Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Meli
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah Sugiarto
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Érica Guerino dos Reis
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bing Y, Wund Z, Abratte T, Borlle L, Kang S, Southard T, Hume KR. Biological indicators of chemoresistance: an ex vivo analysis of γH2AX and p53 expression in feline injection-site sarcomas. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:192. [PMID: 30498397 PMCID: PMC6251226 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The response of soft tissue sarcomas to cytotoxic chemotherapy is inconsistent. Biomarkers of chemoresistance or chemosensitivity are needed in order to identify appropriate patients for treatment. Given that many chemotherapeutics kill cells through direct DNA interactions, we hypothesized that upregulation of DNA damage response mechanisms would confer resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy in sarcomas. To study this, we used spontaneously-occurring feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS). Methods γH2AX and p53 expression were determined in biopsy samples of FISS. γH2AX expression was determined via immunohistochemistry whereas p53 expression was determined via qRT-PCR. Cell lines derived from these sarcoma biopsies were then treated with carboplatin (N = 11) or doxorubicin (N = 5) and allowed to grow as colonies. Colony forming-ability of cells exposed to chemotherapy was compared to matched, untreated cells and expressed as percent survival relative to controls. ImageJ was used for quantification. A mixed model analysis was performed to determine if an association existed between relative survival of the treated cells and γH2AX or p53 expression in the original tumors. Cell lines were validated via vimentin expression or growth as subcutaneous sarcomas in nude mice. Results An association was detected between γH2AX expression and relative survival in cells exposed to carboplatin (P = 0.0250). In the 11 FISS tumors evaluated, γH2AX expression ranged from 2.2 to 18.8% (mean, 13.3%). Cells from tumors with γH2AX expression higher than the sample population mean had fourfold greater relative survival after carboplatin exposure than cells from tumors with γH2AX expression less than the mean. There was no association between relative survival after carboplatin exposure and p53 expression (P = 0.1608), and there was no association between relative survival after doxorubicin exposure and either γH2AX (P = 0.6124) or p53 (P = 0.8645) expression. Four cell lines were validated via growth as sarcomas in nude mice. Vimentin expression was confirmed in the other 7 cell lines. Conclusions γH2AX expression, but not wild type p53, may potentially serve as a biomarker of resistance to platinum therapeutics in soft tissue sarcomas. To further investigate this finding, prospective, in vivo studies are indicated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Bing
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Zacharie Wund
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Tina Abratte
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Lucia Borlle
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Susie Kang
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Teresa Southard
- 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Kelly R Hume
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
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25
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Ashwell M, Freire M, O'Nan AT, Benito J, Hash J, McCulloch RS, Lascelles BDX. Characterization of gene expression in naturally occurring feline degenerative joint disease-associated pain. Vet J 2018; 243:42-47. [PMID: 30606438 PMCID: PMC7129418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system tissue from cats with painful degenerative joint disease (DJD) was analyzed. Gene expression was determined to investigate the neurobiological signature of DJD pain. There was decreased NGF and increased CX3CL1 expression in the spinal cord in DJD-affected cats compared to healthy controls. There was increased expression of ATF3 and CX3CL1 in dorsal root ganglia, in DJD-affected cats compared to healthy controls. Such studies have the potential to inform about relevant targets for the control of chronic feline pain.
Degenerative joint disease (DJD) associated-pain is a clinically relevant and common condition affecting domesticated cats and other species including humans. Identification of the neurobiological signature of pain is well developed in rodent pain models, however such information is lacking from animals or humans with naturally occurring painful conditions. In this study, identification of housekeeping genes (HKG) for neuronal tissue and expression levels of genes considered associated with chronic pain in rodent models were explored in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritic pain. Fourteen adult cats were evaluated — seven without clinical signs of osteoarthritic pain, and seven with hind limb radiographic DJD and pain. Expression of an investigator-selected set of pain signaling genes (including ASIC3, ATF3, COX2, CX3CL1, NAV1.7, NAV1.8, NAV1.9, NGF, NK1R, TNFα, TRKA) in lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn and lumbar dorsal root ganglia tissues from clinically healthy cats and cats with DJD were studied using quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). HKG identified as the most stable across all tissue samples were many of the ribosomal protein genes, such as RPL30 and RPS19. qPCR results showed ATF3 and CX3CL1 up-regulated in DJD-affected dorsal root ganglia compared to clinically healthy controls. In spinal cord, CX3CL1 was up-regulated and NGF was down-regulated when DJD-affected samples were compared to healthy samples. Further work is needed to understand the neurobiology of pain in naturally occurring disease and what rodent models are predictive of these changes in more heterogeneous populations such as domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ashwell
- Livestock Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M Freire
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - A T O'Nan
- Livestock Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - J Benito
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - J Hash
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - R S McCulloch
- Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Lee S, Trivedi U, Johnson C, Farquharson C, Bergkvist GT. Optimised isolation method for RNA extraction suitable for RNA sequencing from feline teeth collected in a clinical setting and at post mortem. Vet Res Commun 2018; 43:17-27. [PMID: 30402716 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Advanced next generation sequencing approaches have started to reveal the cellular and molecular complexity of the microenvironment in many tissues. It is challenging to obtain high quality RNA from mineralised tissues. We developed an optimised method of RNA extraction from feline teeth collected in a clinical setting and at post mortem. Teeth were homogenised in phenol-guanidinium solution at near-freezing temperatures and followed by solid-phase nucleic acid extraction utilising a commercially available kit. This method produced good RNA yields and improved RNA quality based on RNA integrity numbers equivalent (RINe) from an average of 3.6 to 5.6. No correlation was found between RNA purity parameters measured by A260:280 or A230:260 ratios and degree of RNA degradation. This implies that RNA purity indicators cannot be reliably used as parameters of RNA integrity. Two reference genes (GAPDH, RPS19) showed significant changes in expression levels by qPCR at low and moderate RINe values, while RPL17 was stable at all RINe values tested. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of quantity and quality of RNA on the quality of the resultant RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. Thirteen RNA-seq data showed similar duplication and mapping rates (94 to 95%) against the feline genome regardless of RINe values. However one low yield sample with a high RINe value showed a high duplication rate and it was an outlier on the RNA-seq multidimensional scaling plot. We conclude that the overall yield of RNA was more important than quality of RNA for RNA-seq quality control. These results will guide researchers who wish to perform RNA extractions from mineralised tissues, especially if collecting in a clinical setting with the recognised restraints that this imposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - U Trivedi
- Edinburgh Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - C Johnson
- Centre for Applied Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EJ, UK
| | - C Farquharson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G T Bergkvist
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Sawanobori R, Matsumiya K, Uema A, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Shimakura H, Tsuzuki M, Chang CY, Chang HW, Haga T. Detection of felis catus papillomavirus type 3 and 4 DNA from squamous cell carcinoma cases of cats in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1236-1240. [PMID: 29877210 PMCID: PMC6115265 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of felis catus papillomaviruses (FcaPVs) with feline squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been reported worldwide, while there is limited information about FcaPVs in Asia. In this study, 21 feline SCC biopsy samples from cats in Japan were analyzed by PCR with PV consensus primers and type-specific primers for FcaPV type 2 (FcaPV-2), FcaPV-3 and FcaPV-4 designed in this study. Sequence analysis revealed that one sample was FcaPV-3, and two were FcaPV-4. In both FcaPV-4 positive samples, 334th tryptophan in L1 ORF was deleted compared with the reference sequence. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed that p16 protein was positive in both FcaPV-4 detected samples. This study would contribute to the molecular epidemiological and pathological understanding of FcaPV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryoma Sawanobori
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsumiya
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akiko Uema
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Shimakura
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masano Tsuzuki
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Li HB, Dai CG, Zhang CR, He YF, Ran HY, Chen SH. Screening potential reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195096. [PMID: 29617430 PMCID: PMC5884543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, is a major insect pest in China and other Asian countries. Unfortunately, suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) have not been previously identified in M. separata for normalizing target gene expression. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of eight candidate genes (18S, ACT, EF1-α, GAPDH, RPS7, RPS13, RPL32 and TUB) in M. separata using the comparative ΔCt method, BestKeeper, Normfinder geNorm and ReFinder, a comprehensive software platform. The results indicated that the appropriate reference gene varied depending on the experimental conditions. We found that ACTIN, EF1-α and TUB were optimal for different developmental stages; TUB, RPS13 and EF1-α showed the most stable expresssion in different tissues; RPS13 and 18S were the best reference genes for monitoring expression under high temperature conditions; TUB, RPS13 and RPS7 exhibited the most stable expression under larval-crowding conditions; RPS7, EF1-α, RPL32 and GAPDH were the best for pesticide exposure experiments. This study provides tools for reliable normalization of qRT-PCR data and forms a foundation for functional studies of target gene expression in M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
- * E-mail: (HBL); (YFH)
| | - Chang-Geng Dai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang-Rong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong-Fu He
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
- * E-mail: (HBL); (YFH)
| | - Hai-Yan Ran
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Shi-Hong Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, China
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Filoni C, Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Catão-Dias JL, Marques MC, Torres LN, Reinacher M, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Putative progressive and abortive feline leukemia virus infection outcomes in captive jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi). Virol J 2017; 14:226. [PMID: 29149857 PMCID: PMC5693524 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an exogenous gammaretrovirus of domestic cats (Felis catus) and some wild felids. The outcomes of FeLV infection in domestic cats vary according to host susceptibility, virus strain, and infectious challenge dose. Jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi) are small wild felids from South and Central America. We previously reported on FeLV infections in jaguarundis. We hypothesized here that the outcomes of FeLV infection in P. yagouaroundi mimic those observed in domestic cats. The aim of this study was to investigate the population of jaguarundis at Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo for natural FeLV infection and resulting outcomes. METHODS We investigated the jaguarundis using serological and molecular methods and monitored them for FeLV-related diseases for 5 years. We retrieved relevant biological and clinical information for the entire population of 23 jaguarundis held at zoo. Post-mortem findings from necropsies were recorded and histopathological and immunohistopathological analyses were performed. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed for FeLV-positive samples. For sample prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Fisher's exact test was used to compare frequencies between infected and uninfected animals. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS In total, we detected evidence of FeLV exposure in four out of 23 animals (17%; 95% CI 5-39%). No endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) sequences were detected. An intestinal B-cell lymphoma in one jaguarundi was not associated with FeLV. Two jaguarundis presented FeLV test results consistent with an abortive FeLV infection with seroconversion, and two other jaguarundis had results consistent with a progressive infection and potentially FeLV-associated clinical disorders and post-mortem changes. Phylogenetic analysis of env revealed the presence of FeLV-A, a common origin of the virus in both animals (100% identity) and the closest similarity to FeLV-FAIDS and FeLV-3281 (98.4% identity), originally isolated from cats in the USA. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of progressive and abortive FeLV infection outcomes in jaguarundis, and domestic cats were probably the source of infection in these jaguarundis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Filoni
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Botucatu, Rua Professor Doutor Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin SN, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil.
| | - A Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Marques
- Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (FPZSP), Av. Miguel Stéfano 4241, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Torres
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Veterinary Hospital (HOVET), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manfred Reinacher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mochizuki H, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Sato M, Goto-Koshino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Genetic and epigenetic aberrations of p16 in feline primary neoplastic diseases and tumor cell lines of lymphoid and non-lymphoid origins. Vet J 2016; 219:27-33. [PMID: 28093106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The p16 gene acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating the cell cycle and is frequently inactivated in human and canine cancers. The aim of this study was to characterize genetic and epigenetic alterations of the p16 in feline lymphoid and non-lymphoid malignancies, using 74 primary tumors and 11 tumor cell lines. Cloning of feline p16 and subsequent sequence analysis revealed 11 germline sequence polymorphisms in control cats. Bisulfite sequencing analysis of the p16 promoter region in a feline lymphoma cell line revealed that promoter methylation was associated with decreased mRNA expression. Treatment with a demethylating agent restored mRNA expression of the silenced p16. PCR amplification and sequencing analysis detected homozygous loss (five tumors, 6.7%) and a missense mutation (one tumor, 1.4%) in the 74 primary tumors analyzed. Methylation-specific PCR analysis revealed promoter methylation in 10 primary tumors (14%). Promoter methylation was frequent in B cell lymphoid tumors (7/21 tumors, 33%). These genetic and epigenetic alterations were also observed in lymphoma and mammary gland carcinoma cell lines, but not detected in non-neoplastic control specimens. These data indicate that molecular alterations of the p16 locus may be involved in the development of specific types of feline cancer, and warrant further studies to evaluate the clinical value of this evolutionarily-conserved molecular alteration in feline cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mochizuki
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - A Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - M Sato
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Y Goto-Koshino
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - K Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - H Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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31
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Choudhary R, Kumar S, Singh SV, Sharma AK, Goud TS, Srivastava AK, Kumar A, Mohanty AK, Upadhyay RC. Validation of putative reference genes for gene expression studies in heat stressed and α-MSH treated melanocyte cells of Bos indicus using real-time quantitative PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:161-7. [PMID: 26971673 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Normalization of cellular mRNA data using internal reference gene (IRG) is an essential step in expression analysis studies. MIQE guidelines ensure that the choice and appropriateness of IRG should be validated for particular tissues or cell types and specific experimental designs. The objective of the present study was to assess 15 IRGs from different functional classes that could serve as best IRGs for Bos indicus (Tharparkar cattle) melanocyte cells under heat stress and hormonal treatment. We implemented the use of geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper algorithm to measure the stability of the gene transcript. A total of 15 IRGs (ACTB, BZM, EEF1, GAPDH, GTP, HMBS, HPRT, RPL22, RPL4, RPS15, RPS18, RPS23, RPS9, UBC and UXT) from different functional classes were evaluated. Pair wise comparisons using geNorm revealed that HPRT and RPS23 were the most stable combination of IRGs with M-value of 0.29 followed by UXT (0.30) and RPL4 (0.31). The NormFinder analysis also identified the same set of stably expressed genes (UXT, RPL4, RPS23 and HPRT); however, the rank order was little different. The UXT gene showed lowest crossing point SD and CV values of 0.30 and 1.17, respectively indicating its maximum expression stability through BestKeeper analysis. The present study indicated that, ACTB and HMB were not reliable IRGs for melanocytes cells on account of their lower expression stability. Current study further revealed that UXT, HPRT and RPS23 are the best IRGs for normalization of qPCR data in Bos indicus melanocyte cells under heat stress and hormonal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Choudhary
- Climate Resilient Livestock Research Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Sohan V Singh
- Climate Resilient Livestock Research Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Talla Sridhar Goud
- Climate Resilient Livestock Research Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Amrendra K Srivastava
- Climate Resilient Livestock Research Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Climate Resilient Livestock Research Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Ashok K Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Ramesh C Upadhyay
- Climate Resilient Livestock Research Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
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Nesina S, Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler A, Riond B, Boretti FS, Willi B, Meli ML, Grest P, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Retroviral DNA--the silent winner: blood transfusion containing latent feline leukemia provirus causes infection and disease in naïve recipient cats. Retrovirology 2015; 12:105. [PMID: 26689419 PMCID: PMC4687292 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a gamma-retrovirus of domestic cats that was discovered half a century ago. Cats that are infected with FeLV may develop a progressive infection resulting in persistent viremia, immunodeficiency, tumors, anemia and death. A significant number of cats mount a protective immune response that suppresses viremia; these cats develop a regressive infection characterized by the absence of viral replication and the presence of low levels of proviral DNA. The biological importance of these latter provirus carriers is largely unknown. Results Here, we demonstrate that ten cats that received a transfusion of blood from aviremic provirus carriers developed active FeLV infections, some with a progressive outcome and the development of fatal FeLV-associated disease. The infection outcome, disease spectrum and evolution into FeLV-C in one cat mirrored those of natural infection. Two cats developed persistent antigenemia; six cats were transiently antigenemic. Reactivation of infection occurred in some cats. One recipient developed non-regenerative anemia associated with FeLV-C, and four others developed a T-cell lymphoma, one with secondary lymphoblastic leukemia. Five of the ten recipient cats received provirus-positive aviremic blood, whereas the other five received provirus- and viral RNA-positive but aviremic blood. Notably, the cats that received blood containing only proviral DNA exhibited a later onset but graver outcome of FeLV infection than the cats that were transfused with blood containing proviral DNA and viral RNA. Leukocyte counts and cytokine analyses indicated that the immune system of the latter cats reacted quicker and more efficiently. Conclusions Our results underline the biological and epidemiological relevance of FeLV provirus carriers and the risk of inadvertent FeLV transmission via blood transfusion and demonstrate the replication capacity of proviral DNA if uncontrolled by the immune system. Our results have implications not only for veterinary medicine, such as the requirement for testing blood donors and blood products for FeLV provirus by sensitive polymerase chain reaction, but are also of general interest by revealing the importance of latent retroviral DNA in infected hosts. When aiming to eliminate a retroviral infection from a population, provirus carriers must be considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0231-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Nesina
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - A Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Paula Grest
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Baumann J, Novacco M, Willi B, Riond B, Meli ML, Boretti FS, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Lack of cross-protection against Mycoplasma haemofelis infection and signs of enhancement in "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis"-recovered cats. Vet Res 2015; 46:104. [PMID: 26403079 PMCID: PMC4581119 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
“Mycoplasma haemofelis” and “Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis” are feline hemoplasmas that induce hemolytic anemia. Protection from homologous re-challenge was recently demonstrated in cats recovered from primary infection. Here, we determined if cats recovered from “Cand. M. turicensis” infection were protected against infections with the more pathogenic M. haemofelis. Ten specified pathogen-free cats were exposed to M. haemofelis. Five of the ten cats had recovered from “Cand. M. turicensis” bacteremia (group A), and five cats were naïve controls (group B). No cross-protection was observed. By contrast, the “Cand. M. turicensis”-recovered cats displayed faster M. haemofelis infection onset (earlier PCR-positive and anemic) than the controls. No “Cand. M. turicensis” was detected in any cat. M. haemofelis shedding was observed in saliva, feces and urine. In both groups, evidence of a Th1 response was observed (high IFN-γ, low IL-4), but IL-10 levels were also high. In group A, total, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased within days after M. haemofelis exposure. At times of maximal bacteremia, macrocytic hypochromic anemia, neutropenia, monocytosis and a decrease in leukocyte, eosinophil, and lymphocyte counts and subsets thereof (B- and T-cells, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD25+ cells) were particularly significant in group A. Moreover, an increase in protein concentrations, hypoalbuminemia and a polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia were observed. Five of ten M. haemofelis-infected cats subsequently cleared bacteremia without antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, the study suggests that a previous hemoplasma infection, even when the cat has ostensibly recovered, may influence subsequent infections, lead to an enhancement phenomenon and other differences in infection kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baumann
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Tai LM, Ghura S, Koster KP, Liakaite V, Maienschein‐Cline M, Kanabar P, Collins N, Ben‐Aissa M, Lei AZ, Bahroos N, Green SJ, Hendrickson B, Van Eldik LJ, LaDu MJ. APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current landscape, novel data, and future perspective. J Neurochem 2015; 133:465-88. [PMID: 25689586 PMCID: PMC4400246 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic glial activation and neuroinflammation induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. APOE4 is the greatest AD-genetic risk factor; increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3, with APOE4-specific neuroinflammation an important component of this risk. This editorial review discusses the role of APOE in inflammation and AD, via a literature review, presentation of novel data on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, and discussion of future research directions. The complexity of chronic neuroinflammation, including multiple detrimental and beneficial effects occurring in a temporal and cell-specific manner, has resulted in conflicting functional data for virtually every inflammatory mediator. Defining a neuroinflammatory phenotype (NIP) is one way to address this issue, focusing on profiling the changes in inflammatory mediator expression during disease progression. Although many studies have shown that APOE4 induces a detrimental NIP in peripheral inflammation and Aβ-independent neuroinflammation, data for APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation are surprisingly limited. We present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (toll-like receptor 4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways. To ultimately develop APOE genotype-specific therapeutics, it is critical that future studies define the dynamic NIP profile and pathways that underlie APOE-modulated chronic neuroinflammation. In this editorial review, we present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (TLR4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways, resulting in an adverse NIP that causes neuronal dysfunction. NIP, Neuroinflammatory phenotype; P.I., pro-inflammatory; A.I., anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kevin P. Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Pinal Kanabar
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Manel Ben‐Aissa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Arden Zhengdeng Lei
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Neil Bahroos
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bill Hendrickson
- UIC Research Resources CenterUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Krunic M, Ertl R, Hagen B, Sedlazeck FJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R, von Haeseler A, Klein D. Decreased expression of endogenous feline leukemia virus in cat lymphomas: a case control study. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:90. [PMID: 25879730 PMCID: PMC4424575 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cats infected with exogenous feline leukemia virus (exFeLV) have a higher chance of lymphoma development than uninfected cats. Furthermore, an increased exFeLV transcription has been detected in lymphomas compared to non-malignant tissues. The possible mechanisms of lymphoma development by exFeLV are insertional mutagenesis or persistent stimulation of host immune cells by viral antigens, bringing them at risk for malignant transformation. Vaccination of cats against exFeLV has in recent years decreased the overall infection rate in most countries. Nevertheless, an increasing number of lymphomas have been diagnosed among exFeLV-negative cats. Endogenous feline leukemia virus (enFeLV) is another retrovirus for which transcription has been observed in cat lymphomas. EnFeLV provirus elements are present in the germline of various cat species and share a high sequence similarity with exFeLV but, due to mutations, are incapable of producing infectious viral particles. However, recombination between exFeLV and enFeLV could produce infectious particles. Results We examined the FeLV expression in cats that have developed malignant lymphomas and discussed the possible mechanisms that could have induced malignant transformation. For expression analysis we used next-generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and for validation reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). First, we showed that there was no expression of exFeLV in all samples, which eliminates the possibility of recombination between exFeLV and enFeLV. Next, we analyzed the difference in expression of three enFeLV genes between control and lymphoma samples. Our analysis showed an average of 3.40-fold decreased viral expression for the three genes in lymphoma compared to control samples. The results were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Conclusions There is a decreased expression of enFeLV genes in lymphomas versus control samples, which contradicts previous observations for the exFeLV. Our results suggest that a persistent stimulation of host immune cells is not an appropriate mechanism responsible for malignant transformation caused by feline endogenous retroviruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0378-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Krunic
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benedikt Hagen
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fritz J Sedlazeck
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arndt von Haeseler
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria. .,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Vienna, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dieter Klein
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Widmer S, Kessler Y, Riond B, Boretti FS, Grest P, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Long-term follow up of feline leukemia virus infection and characterization of viral RNA loads using molecular methods in tissues of cats with different infection outcomes. Virus Res 2015; 197:137-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee MH, Seo DJ, Kang JH, Oh SH, Choi C. Expression of antiviral cytokines in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells pretreated with Korean red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 70:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Morrison PK, Bing C, Harris PA, Maltin CA, Grove-White D, Argo CM. Post-mortem stability of RNA in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and the tissue-specific expression of myostatin, perilipin and associated factors in the horse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100810. [PMID: 24956155 PMCID: PMC4067385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major concern for equine welfare, is highly prevalent in the leisure horse population. Skeletal-muscle and adipose tissues are important determinants of maintenance energy requirements. The myostatin and perilipin pathways play key roles in the regulation of muscle mass and lipolysis respectively and have both been associated with obesity predisposition in other mammalian species. High quality samples, suitable for molecular biology, are an essential prerequisite for detailed investigations of gene and protein expression. Hence, this study has evaluated a) the post-mortem stability of RNA extracted from skeletal-muscle and adipose-tissues collected under commercial conditions and b) the tissue-specific presence of myostatin, the moystatin receptor (activin receptor IIB, ActRIIB), follistatin and perilipin, genes and proteins across a range of equine tissues. Objectives were addressed using tissues from 7 Thoroughbred horses presented for slaughter at a commercial abattoir; a) samples were collected at 7 time-points from Masseter muscle and perirenal adipose from 5 minutes to 6 hours post-mortem. Extracted RN was appraised by Optical Density analysis and agarose-gel electrophoresis. b) Quantitative real time PCR and Western Blotting were used to evaluate gene and protein expression in anatomically-defined samples collected from 17 tissues (6 organs, 4 skeletal muscles and 7 discrete adipose depots). The results indicate that, under the present collection conditions, intact, good quality RNA could be extracted from skeletal-muscle for up to 2 hours post-mortem. However, RNA from adipose tissue may be more susceptible to degradation/contamination and samples should be collected no later than 30 minutes post-mortem. The data also show that myostatin and ActRIIB genes and proteins were almost exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle. The follistatin gene showed a more diverse gene expression profile, with expression evident in several organs, adipose tissue depots and skeletal muscles. Perilipin gene and protein were almost exclusively expressed by adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa K. Morrison
- University of Liverpool, Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Bing
- University of Liverpool, Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Maltin
- University of Liverpool, Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Dai Grove-White
- University of Liverpool, Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline McG. Argo
- University of Liverpool, Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Jursza E, Skarzynski DJ, Siemieniuch MJ. Validation of reference genes in the feline endometrium. Reprod Biol 2014; 14:302-6. [PMID: 25454498 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to find the most stable reference genes from: ACTB, GAPDH, RPL30, CYC, RPL17, RPS7 and YWHAZ in the feline endometrium. Three free software packages, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper were used. In geNorm analysis, the most stable gene was RPS7 (at a primer concentration 1000 nM) or YWHAZ (500 and 250 nM). According to NormFinder and BestKeeper, ACTB (at all examined primer concentrations) followed by RPS7 and CYC were the most stable genes. Based on geNorm results at least two genes from among RPS7, RPL30, ACTB or YWHAZ should be chosen for Real Time-PCR result normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Jursza
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Dariusz J Skarzynski
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta J Siemieniuch
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Ertl R, Klein D. Transcriptional profiling of the host cell response to feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Virol J 2014; 11:52. [PMID: 24642186 PMCID: PMC3999937 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a widespread pathogen of the domestic cat and an important animal model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) research. In contrast to HIV, only limited information is available on the transcriptional host cell response to FIV infections. This study aims to identify FIV-induced gene expression changes in feline T-cells during the early phase of the infection. Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 24 h after FIV infection. Results After removal of low-quality reads, the remaining sequencing data were mapped against the cat genome and the numbers of mapping reads were counted for each gene. Regulated genes were identified through the comparison of FIV and mock-infected data sets. After statistical analysis and the removal of genes with insufficient coverage, we detected a total of 69 significantly DEGs (44 up- and 25 down-regulated genes) upon FIV infection. The results obtained by RNA-seq were validated by reverse transcription qPCR analysis for 10 genes. Discussion and conclusion Out of the most distinct DEGs identified in this study, several genes are already known to interact with HIV in humans, indicating comparable effects of both viruses on the host cell gene expression and furthermore, highlighting the importance of FIV as a model system for HIV. In addition, a set of new genes not previously linked to virus infections could be identified. The provided list of virus-induced genes may represent useful information for future studies focusing on the molecular mechanisms of virus-host interactions in FIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Harun MSR, Kuan CO, Selvarajah GT, Wei TS, Arshad SS, Hair Bejo M, Omar AR. Transcriptional profiling of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in CRFK cells and in PBMCs from FIP diagnosed cats. Virol J 2013; 10:329. [PMID: 24209771 PMCID: PMC3829811 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal systemic disease, caused by the FIP Virus (FIPV); a virulent mutant of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV). Currently, the viruses virulence determinants and host gene expressions during FIPV infection are not fully understood. METHODS RNA sequencing of Crandell Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells, infected with FIPV strain 79-1146 at 3 hours post infection (h.p.i), were sequenced using the Illumina next generation sequencing approach. Bioinformatic's analysis, based on Felis catus 2X annotated shotgun reference genome, using CLC bio Genome Workbench mapped both control and infected cell reads to 18899 genes out of 19046 annotated genes. Kal's Z test statistical analysis was used to analyse the differentially expressed genes from the infected CRFK cells. Real time RT-qPCR was developed for further transcriptional profiling of three genes (PD-1, PD-L1 and A3H) in infected CRFK cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from healthy and FIP-diseased cats. RESULTS Based on Kal's Z-test, with False Discovery Rate (FDR) <0.05 and >1.99 fold change on gene expressions, a total of 61 genes were differentially expressed by both samples, where 44 genes were up-regulated and the remainder were down-regulated. Most genes were closely clustered together, suggesting a homogeneous expression. The majority of the genes that were significantly regulated, were those associated with monocytes-macrophage and Th1 cell functions, and the regulation of apoptosis. Real time RT-qPCR developed focusing on 2 up-regulated genes (PD-L1 and A3H) together with an apoptosis associated gene PD-1 expressions in FIPV infected CRFK cells and in PBMCs from healthy and FIP diagnosed cats produced concordant results with transcriptome data. CONCLUSION The possible roles of these genes, and their importance in feline coronaviruses infection, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Shimamoto Y, Kitamura H, Niimi K, Yoshikawa Y, Hoshi F, Ishizuka M, Takahashi E. Selection of suitable reference genes for mRNA quantification studies using common marmoset tissues. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6747-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Park SJ, Huh JW, Kim YH, Lee SR, Kim SH, Kim SU, Kim HS, Kim MK, Chang KT. Selection of internal reference genes for normalization of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in the canine brain and other organs. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:47-57. [PMID: 22531949 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a specific and sensitive technique for quantifying gene expression. To analyze qRT-PCR data accurately, suitable reference genes that show consistent expression patterns across different tissues and experimental conditions should be selected. The objective of this study was to obtain the most stable reference genes in dogs, using samples from 13 different brain tissues and 10 other organs. 16 well-known candidate reference genes were analyzed by the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper programs. Brain tissues were derived from several different anatomical regions, including the forebrain, cerebrum, diencephalon, hindbrain, and metencephalon, and grouped accordingly. Combination of the three different analyses clearly indicated that the ideal reference genes are ribosomal protien S5 (RPS5) in whole brain, RPL8 and RPS5 in whole body tissues, RPS5 and RPS19 in the forebrain and cerebrum, RPL32 and RPS19 in the diencephalon, GAPDH and RPS19 in the hindbrain, and MRPS7 and RPL13A in the metencephalon. These genes were identified as ideal for the normalization of qRT-PCR results in the respective tissues. These findings indicate more suitable and stable reference genes for future studies of canine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
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44
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Hjertner B, Olofsson KM, Lindberg R, Fuxler L, Fossum C. Expression of reference genes and T helper 17 associated cytokine genes in the equine intestinal tract. Vet J 2013; 197:817-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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GAPDH Pseudogenes and the Quantification of Feline Genomic DNA Equivalents. Mol Biol Int 2013; 2013:587680. [PMID: 23738070 PMCID: PMC3655645 DOI: 10.1155/2013/587680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is broadly used to detect and quantify nucleic acid targets. In order to determine cell copy number and genome equivalents, a suitable reference gene that is present in a defined number in the genome is needed, preferably as a single copy gene. For most organisms, a variable number of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) pseudogenes have been reported. However, it has been suggested that a single-copy of the GAPDH pseudogene is present in the feline genome and that a GAPDH assay can therefore be used to quantify feline genomic DNA (gDNA). The aim of this study was to determine whether one or more GAPDH pseudogenes are present in the feline genome and to provide a suitable alternative qPCR system for the quantification of feline cell copy number and genome equivalents. Bioinformatics and sequencing results revealed that not just one but several closely related GAPDH-like sequences were present in the cat genome. We thus identified, developed, optimized, and validated an alternative reference gene assay using feline albumin (fALB). Our data emphasize the need for an alternative reference gene, apart from the GAPDH pseudogene, for the normalization of gDNA levels. We recommend using the fALB qPCR assay for future studies.
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Shimode S, Nakaoka R, Shogen H, Miyazawa T. Characterization of feline ASCT1 and ASCT2 as RD-114 virus receptor. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1608-1612. [PMID: 23580426 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RD-114 virus is a replication-competent feline endogenous retrovirus (ERV). RD-114 virus had been thought to be xenotropic; however, recent findings indicate that RD-114 virus is polytropic and can infect and grow efficiently in feline cells. Receptor(s) for RD-114 virus has not been identified and characterized in cats. In this study, we confirmed that two feline sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporters (ASCTs), fASCT1 and fASCT2, function as RD-114 virus receptors. By chimeric analyses of feline and murine ASCTs, we revealed that extracellular loop 2 of both fASCT1 and fASCT2 determines the susceptibility to RD-114 virus. Further, we revealed ubiquitous expression of these genes, consistent with the general metabolic role of the ASCT molecules. Our study indicates that RD-114 virus may reinfect tissues and cells in cats, once the virus is activated. Implications of the involvement of RD-114 virus in feline oncogenesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Shimode
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Nakaoka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shogen
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Aggarwal J, Sharma A, Kishore A, Mishra BP, Yadav A, Mohanty A, Sodhi M, Kataria RS, Malakar D, Mukesh M. Identification of suitable housekeeping genes for normalization of quantitative real-time PCR data during different physiological stages of mammary gland in riverine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis
). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 97:1132-41. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Aggarwal
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; Karnal Haryana India
| | - A. Sharma
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; Karnal Haryana India
| | - A. Kishore
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; Karnal Haryana India
| | - B. P. Mishra
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; Karnal Haryana India
| | - A. Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology; Kurukshetra University; Kurukshetra Haryana India
| | - A. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal Haryana India
| | - M. Sodhi
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; Karnal Haryana India
| | - R. S. Kataria
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; Karnal Haryana India
| | - D. Malakar
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal Haryana India
| | - M. Mukesh
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; Karnal Haryana India
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Novacco M, Boretti FS, Franchini M, Riond B, Meli ML, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Protection from reinfection in "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis"-infected cats and characterization of the immune response. Vet Res 2012; 43:82. [PMID: 23216686 PMCID: PMC3558367 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
“Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis” (CMt) is a hemoplasma species of felids. Recent evidence has shown that cats that overcome bacteremia may be protected from reinfection. The purposes of this study were to (1) re-inoculate ostensibly recovered cats, (2) evaluate the immune response and (3) assess CMt tissue loads. Fifteen specified pathogen-free cats were subcutaneously inoculated with CMt: 10 cats (group A) had previously undergone bacteremia and recovered, and 5 naïve cats (group B) served as controls. CMt infections were monitored by real-time PCR using blood and tissue, and the humoral immune response was assessed using DnaK ELISA. Cytokine mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time PCR, and lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometry. The cats in group A were protected from reinfection (no detectable bacteremia) and showed a transient decrease in antibodies. Eosinophilia was noted in cats from group A. The cats from group B became PCR-positive and seroconverted. All of the tissues analyzed from the cats in group B but none of the tissues analyzed from the cats in group A were CMt PCR-positive. Significant changes were observed in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and the Th2/Th1 ratio in both groups. The cats from group A occasionally showed higher numbers of CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD25+ and CD5+MHCII+ T lymphocytes than the control cats. In conclusion, this study describes, for the first time, the occurrence of immunological protection within the same hemoplasma species. Furthermore, the immune response during CMt infections appeared to be skewed toward the Th2 type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
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Robert-Tissot C, Rüegger VL, Cattori V, Meli ML, Riond B, Moore PF, Engels M, Franchini M, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H. Stimulation with a class A CpG oligonucleotide enhances resistance to infection with feline viruses from five different families. Vet Res 2012; 43:60. [PMID: 22906110 PMCID: PMC3537549 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic cats are commonly affected by viral pathogens that induce lengthy infections with fatal outcomes. Prevention of viral propagation is of primordial importance in shelters and catteries, where cats from different backgrounds have narrow contacts. Oligonucleotides (ODN) containing cytosine-phosphate-guanosine motifs of class A (CpG-A) are highly potent synthetic inducers of innate antiviral mechanisms. The aim of this study was to test their ability to modulate innate immune responses and prevent viral replication as stand-alone agents in the domestic cat. CpG-A stimulation of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) enhanced their proliferation, increased the presence of co-stimulatory molecules on their surface and influenced their gene expression profiles in an antiviral orientation. Incubation of the supernatants of CpG-A stimulated PBMCs with feline cell lines of epithelial and fibroblastic origin induced expression of the antiviral myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene in these target cells, which also showed enhanced resistance to feline viruses from five distinct families, namely Coronaviridae, Herpesviridae, Caliciviridae, Parvoviridae, and Retroviridae. Most importantly, subcutaneous administration of CpG-A in domestic cats systemically increased the expression of Mx, reaching maximal levels within 24 h. Plasma from treated cats could furthermore inhibit viral replication in vitro. Altogether, our data highlight the promising potential of CpG-A to induce a preventive antiviral state in the cat and to protect feline populations against a broad range of virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Robert-Tissot
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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50
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Robert-Tissot C, Meli ML, Riond B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H. Induction of a systemic antiviral state in vivo in the domestic cat with a class A CpG oligonucleotide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:1-9. [PMID: 22974542 PMCID: PMC7112607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of cats as a solitary species has pressured feline viruses to develop highly efficient transmission strategies, the ability to persist within the host for long periods of time and the aptitude to adapt to natural and vaccine-induced immunological pressures. These characteristics render feline viruses particularly dangerous in catteries, shelters and rescue homes, were cats from different backgrounds live in close proximity. The possibility to induce short-term resistance of newcomer cats to a broad variety of viruses could help prevent the dissemination of viruses both within and outside such facilities. Oligonucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine phosphate guanosine (CpG) motifs stimulate innate immune responses in mammals. We have previously shown that ODN 2216, a class A CpG ODN, promotes the expression by feline immune cells of potent antiviral molecules that increase resistance of feline fibroblastic and epithelial cell lines to five common feline viruses. With the aim to test the safety and extent of the biological effects of ODN 2216 in the domestic cat, we performed an initial in vivo experiment in which two cats were injected the molecule once subcutaneously and two additional cats received control treatments. No side effects to administration of ODN 2216 were observed. Moreover, this molecule induced the expression of the myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene, a marker for the instigation of innate antiviral processes, in blood as well as in oral, conjunctival and rectal mucosa cells, indicating systemic biological activity of the molecule with protective potential at viral entry sites. Mx mRNA levels were already elevated in blood 6 h post injection of ODN 2216, reached peak levels within 24 h and returned to basal values by 96–192 h after administration of the molecule. Similar induction patterns were observed in all analyzed mucosal cells. Plasma collected from treated cats at regular intervals until 96–192 h could moreover induce Mx mRNA expression in fcwf-4 cells and increase resistance of these cells to feline calicivirus inoculation. Finally, Mx mRNA levels measured in blood correlated with the degree of viral inhibition that was induced by plasma from the same cat and the same experimental time point. Our results altogether underline the promising potential of ODN 2216 in promoting antiviral defense mechanisms and inducing temporary resistance to viral infections in vivo in the domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Robert-Tissot
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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