1
|
Ergul Erkec O, Acikgoz E, Huyut Z, Akyol ME, Ozyurt EO, Keskin S. Ghrelin ameliorates neuronal damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters, and GFAP expression in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2024; 38:514-523. [PMID: 38433464 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2324012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of ghrelin on oxidative stress, working memory, inflammatory parameters, and neuron degeneration. METHODS TBI was produced with the weight-drop technique. Rats in the G+TBI and TBI+G groups received ghrelin for 7 or 2 days, respectively. The control group received saline. On the 8th day of the study, the brain and blood tissue were taken under anesthesia. RESULTS A significant increase in brain GSH-PX, MDA, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and IL-8 levels and a significant decrease in CAT levels were found in the TBI group compared to the control. Serum MDA, GSH, IL-1β, and IL-8 levels were increased with TBI. Ghrelin treatment after TBI significantly increased the serum GSH, CAT, GSH-PX, and brain GSH and CAT levels, while it significantly decreased the serum MDA, IL-1β, and brain MDA, TGF-β1, and IL-8 levels. Histological evaluations revealed that ghrelin treatment led to a reduction in inflammation, while also significantly ameliorating TBI-induced neuron damage and vascular injuries. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that GFAP staining intensity was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus in TBI, and GFAP immunoreactivity was decreased with ghrelin treatment. CONCLUSION The results from this study suggested that ghrelin may have curative effects on TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ergul Erkec
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Edip Akyol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Mecine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | | | - Sıddık Keskin
- Department of Biostatistics, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nutma S, Beishuizen A, van den Bergh WM, Foudraine NA, le Feber J, Filius PMG, Cornet AD, van der Palen J, van Putten MJAM, Hofmeijer J. Ghrelin for Neuroprotection in Post-Cardiac Arrest Coma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:603-610. [PMID: 38709502 PMCID: PMC11074931 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Importance Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates have markedly risen in the last decades, but neurological outcome only improved marginally. Despite research on more than 20 neuroprotective strategies involving patients in comas after cardiac arrest, none have demonstrated unequivocal evidence of efficacy; however, treatment with acyl-ghrelin has shown improved functional and histological brain recovery in experimental models of cardiac arrest and was safe in a wide variety of human study populations. Objective To determine safety and potential efficacy of intravenous acyl-ghrelin to improve neurological outcome in patients in a coma after cardiac arrest. Design, Setting, and Participants A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, randomized clinical trial, Ghrelin Treatment of Comatose Patients After Cardiac Arrest: A Clinical Trial to Promote Cerebral Recovery (GRECO), was conducted between January 18, 2019, and October 17, 2022. Adult patients 18 years or older who were in a comatose state after cardiac arrest were assessed for eligibility; patients were from 3 intensive care units in the Netherlands. Expected death within 48 hours or unfeasibility of treatment initiation within 12 hours were exclusion criteria. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive intravenous acyl-ghrelin, 600 μg (intervention group), or placebo (control group) within 12 hours after cardiac arrest, continued for 7 days, twice daily, in addition to standard care. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was the score on the Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) scale at 6 months. Safety outcomes included any serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes were mortality and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels on days 1 and 3. Results A total of 783 adult patients in a coma after cardiac arrest were assessed for eligibility, and 160 patients (median [IQR] age, 68 [57-75] years; 120 male [75%]) were enrolled. A total of 81 patients (51%) were assigned to the intervention group, and 79 (49%) were assigned to the control group. The common odds ratio (OR) for any CPC improvement in the intervention group was 1.78 (95% CI, 0.98-3.22; P = .06). This was consistent over all CPC categories. Mean (SD) NSE levels on day 1 after cardiac arrest were significantly lower in the intervention group (34 [6] μg/L vs 56 [13] μg/L; P = .04) and on day 3 (28 [6] μg/L vs 52 [14] μg/L; P = .08). Serious adverse events were comparable in incidence and type between the groups. Mortality was 37% (30 of 81) in the intervention group vs 51% (40 of 79) in the control group (absolute risk reduction, 14%; 95% CI, -2% to 29%; P = .08). Conclusions and Relevance In patients in a coma after cardiac arrest, intravenous treatment with acyl-ghrelin was safe and potentially effective to improve neurological outcome. Phase 3 trials are needed for conclusive evidence. Trial Registration Clinicaltrialsregister.eu: EUCTR2018-000005-23-NL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje Nutma
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Albertus Beishuizen
- Department of Critical Care, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Walter M. van den Bergh
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joost le Feber
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander D. Cornet
- Department of Critical Care, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Job van der Palen
- Department of Epidemiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Section of Cognition, Data and Education, Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Michel J. A. M. van Putten
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhalla D, Dinesh S, Sharma S, Sathisha GJ. Gut-Brain Axis Modulation of Metabolic Disorders: Exploring the Intertwined Neurohumoral Pathways and Therapeutic Prospects. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:847-871. [PMID: 38244132 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
A significant rise in metabolic disorders, frequently brought on by lifestyle choices, is alarming. A wide range of preliminary studies indicates the significance of the gut-brain axis, which regulates bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the cognitive system, and is crucial for regulating host metabolism and cognition. Intimate connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract provide a network of neurohumoral transmission that can transmit in both directions. The gut-brain axis successfully establishes that the wellness of the brain is always correlated with the extent to which the gut operates. Research on the gut-brain axis has historically concentrated on how psychological health affects how well the gastrointestinal system works. The latest studies, however, revealed that the gut microbiota interacts with the brain via the gut-brain axis to control phenotypic changes in the brain and in behavior. This study addresses the significance of the gut microbiota, the role of the gut-brain axis in management of various metabolic disorders, the hormonal and neural signaling pathways and the therapeutic treatments available. Its objective is to establish the significance of the gut-brain axis in metabolic disorders accurately and examine the link between the two while evaluating the therapeutic strategies to be incorporated in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diya Bhalla
- Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Science, Bangalore, 560048, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India.
| | - Gonchigar Jayanna Sathisha
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, 577451, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barrile F, Cassano D, Fernandez G, De Francesco PN, Reynaldo M, Cantel S, Fehrentz JA, Donato J, Schiöth HB, Zigman JM, Perello M. Ghrelin's orexigenic action in the lateral hypothalamic area involves indirect recruitment of orexin neurons and arcuate nucleus activation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 156:106333. [PMID: 37454647 PMCID: PMC10530520 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin is a potent orexigenic hormone, and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) has been suggested as a putative target mediating ghrelin's effects on food intake. Here, we aimed to investigate the presence of neurons expressing ghrelin receptor (a.k.a. growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) in the mouse LHA (LHAGHSR neurons), its physiological implications and the neuronal circuit recruited by local ghrelin action. METHODS We investigated the distribution of LHAGHSR neurons using different histologic strategies, including the use of a reporter mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the GHSR promoter. Also, we investigated the physiological implications of local injections of ghrelin within the LHA, and the extent to which the orexigenic effect of intra-LHA-injected ghrelin involves the arcuate nucleus (ARH) and orexin neurons of the LHA (LHAorexin neurons) RESULTS: We found that: 1) LHAGHSR neurons are homogeneously distributed throughout the entire LHA; 2) intra-LHA injections of ghrelin transiently increase food intake and locomotor activity; 3) ghrelin's orexigenic effect in the LHA involves the indirect recruitment of LHAorexin neurons and the activation of ARH neurons; and 4) LHAGHSR neurons are not targeted by plasma ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS We provide a compelling neuroanatomical and functional characterization of LHAGHSR neurons in male mice that indicates that LHAGHSR cells are part of a hypothalamic neuronal circuit that potently induces food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Cassano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anderson KC, Hasan F, Grammer EE, Kranz S. Endogenous Ghrelin Levels and Perception of Hunger: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1226-1236. [PMID: 37536563 PMCID: PMC10509419 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone primarily released by the stomach and has 2 isoforms: acylated ghrelin (AG) and de-acylated ghrelin (DAG), that appear to have different functions in humans. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between plasma concentrations of total ghrelin (TG), AG, and DAG and perceptions of hunger in healthy adults. METHODS The following criteria were used for inclusion: 1) sample contained adults ≥18 y of age, 2) body mass index [BMI kg/m2] was ≥18.5, 3) ghrelin was sampled through blood, 4) subjective hunger was measured on a validated scale, 5) study reported a Pearson product correlation of ghrelin or had relevant figure(s) for data extraction, 6) participants were healthy with no overt disease, 7) protocols contained no physical activity or weight loss medication that suppressed appetite, 8) interventions were conducted without environmental manipulations. Moderators assessed were age, BMI, percentage of body fat (%BF), macronutrient content of test meals, energy intake (kcals), sex, and ghrelin isoform (AG, DAG, or TG). RESULTS The analysis included 47 studies (110 trials, n = 1799, age: 31.4 ± 12.0 y, BMI: 26.0 ± 4.75 kg/m2) and measured AG (n = 47 trials), DAG (n = 12 trials), and TG (n = 51 trials). The overall model indicated that ghrelin concentrations and perceptions of hunger were moderately correlated (r = 0.43, P < 0.001), and ghrelin isoform significantly moderated this relationship (AG: r = 0.60, P < 0.001; TG: r = 0.215, P = 0.01; DAG: r = 0.53, P = 0.695). Other significant moderators included age (b = -0.02, P = 0.01), BMI (b = -0.03, P = 0.05), %BF (b = -0.03, P = 0.05), energy intake (b = 0.0003, P = 0.04), and percentage of carbohydrates of test meals (b = 0.008, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin is associated with perceptions of hunger in humans, and this relationship is strengthened when AG is isolated; thus, AG may have a large impact on hunger signals in various populations. Future research should attempt to understand the role of DAG in hunger sensations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Faten Hasan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Emily E Grammer
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sibylle Kranz
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramadi KB, McRae JC, Selsing G, Su A, Fernandes R, Hickling M, Rios B, Babaee S, Min S, Gwynne D, Jia NXJ, Aragon A, Ishida K, Kuosmanen J, Jenkins J, Hayward A, Kamrin K, Traverso G. Bioinspired, ingestible electroceutical capsules for hunger-regulating hormone modulation. Sci Robot 2023; 8:eade9676. [PMID: 37099636 PMCID: PMC10508349 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.ade9676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis, which is mediated via enteric and central neurohormonal signaling, is known to regulate a broad set of physiological functions from feeding to emotional behavior. Various pharmaceuticals and surgical interventions, such as motility agents and bariatric surgery, are used to modulate this axis. Such approaches, however, are associated with off-target effects or post-procedure recovery time and expose patients to substantial risks. Electrical stimulation has also been used to attempt to modulate the gut-brain axis with greater spatial and temporal resolution. Electrical stimulation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, however, has generally required invasive intervention for electrode placement on serosal tissue. Stimulating mucosal tissue remains challenging because of the presence of gastric and intestinal fluid, which can influence the effectiveness of local luminal stimulation. Here, we report the development of a bioinspired ingestible fluid-wicking capsule for active stimulation and hormone modulation (FLASH) capable of rapidly wicking fluid and locally stimulating mucosal tissue, resulting in systemic modulation of an orexigenic GI hormone. Drawing inspiration from Moloch horridus, the "thorny devil" lizard with water-wicking skin, we developed a capsule surface capable of displacing fluid. We characterized the stimulation parameters for modulation of various GI hormones in a porcine model and applied these parameters to an ingestible capsule system. FLASH can be orally administered to modulate GI hormones and is safely excreted with no adverse effects in porcine models. We anticipate that this device could be used to treat metabolic, GI, and neuropsychiatric disorders noninvasively with minimal off-target effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil B Ramadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James C McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - George Selsing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arnold Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rafael Fernandes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maela Hickling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brandon Rios
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sahab Babaee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seokkee Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Declan Gwynne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neil Xi-Juna Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aleyah Aragon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Keiko Ishida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Johannes Kuosmanen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Josh Jenkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alison Hayward
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ken Kamrin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tezenas-du-Montcel C, Tolle V. La régulation de la prise alimentaire au travers des actions antagonistes de la ghréline et du LEAP-2. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
8
|
Xue C, Fu J. Progress on growth promoting therapies other than growth hormone. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:515-520. [PMID: 37202099 PMCID: PMC10264985 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone is a classical therapeutic drug for children with short stature. In recent years, as the mechanism of growth in children has been further explored, growth-promoting therapies other than growth hormone have made great progress. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is the main treatment for primary IGF-1 deficiency, and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) offers a therapeutic option for children with short stature due to chondrodysplasia. Growth hormone-releasing peptide analogues stimulate growth hormone release and may be used for growth-promoting therapy. In addition, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) and aromatase inhibitors may delay the bone age in children and may be beneficial in improving final height. In this article, the research progress of growth-promoting therapies other than growth hormones is reviewed to provide more options for the clinical treatment of children with short stature.
Collapse
|
9
|
Baig MH, Ahmad K, Moon JS, Park SY, Ho Lim J, Chun HJ, Qadri AF, Hwang YC, Jan AT, Ahmad SS, Ali S, Shaikh S, Lee EJ, Choi I. Myostatin and its Regulation: A Comprehensive Review of Myostatin Inhibiting Strategies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:876078. [PMID: 35812316 PMCID: PMC9259834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.876078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a well-reported negative regulator of muscle growth and a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF) family. MSTN has important functions in skeletal muscle (SM), and its crucial involvement in several disorders has made it an important therapeutic target. Several strategies based on the use of natural compounds to inhibitory peptides are being used to inhibit the activity of MSTN. This review delivers an overview of the current state of knowledge about SM and myogenesis with particular emphasis on the structural characteristics and regulatory functions of MSTN during myogenesis and its involvements in various muscle related disorders. In addition, we review the diverse approaches used to inhibit the activity of MSTN, especially in silico approaches to the screening of natural compounds and the design of novel short peptides derived from proteins that typically interact with MSTN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Afsha Fatima Qadri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ye Chan Hwang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Shahid Ali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun Ju Lee, ; Inho Choi,
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun Ju Lee, ; Inho Choi,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Potretzke S, Lemieux A, Nakajima M, al'Absi M. Circulating ghrelin changes as a biomarker of the stress response and craving in abstinent smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173423. [PMID: 35750154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There has been growing interest in the role of ghrelin in stress and addiction. Ghrelin regulates central reward mechanisms by mediating the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Stress also induces neurophysiological activations related to drug reward. However, the extent to which psychosocial stress is associated with changes in ghrelin levels has not been tested in individuals with nicotine dependency undergoing withdrawal, a condition known to induce stress-like symptoms. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of stress-induced ghrelin, craving, and smoking lapse. METHODS Thirty-six smokers attended a laboratory session that included acute stress tasks during the initial phase of quitting. Self-report measures and biochemical samples were collected for the assessment of smoking status. Blood samples for the measurement of ghrelin and self-report measures of craving were collected multiple times throughout the session RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance controlling for gender found a significant main effect of sampling time and lapse group (p < 0.05). Ghrelin levels significantly increased over the pre-stress and post-stress periods (ps < 0.001), suggesting a delayed stress response. Those who lapsed during the study had higher ghrelin levels than those who were able to successfully abstain. A ghrelin stress response was calculated and a significant association was found between this response and craving, which changed across time points (ps < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that ghrelin is sensitive to acute manipulation of stress and that there is potential usefulness for ghrelin as a marker of stress, craving, and smoking lapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Potretzke
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 9997239, USA
| | - Andrine Lemieux
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Motohiro Nakajima
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2487, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peixe C, Sánchez-García M, Grossman AB, Korbonits M, Marques P. Biochemical discrepancies in the evaluation of the somatotroph axis: Elevated GH or IGF-1 levels do not always diagnose acromegaly. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 64:101467. [PMID: 35609487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent diagnosis underlying the finding of an elevated growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is acromegaly due to a GH-secreting pituitary tumour. However, GH and IGF-1 levels can be discordant in patients with acromegaly due to early or partially treated disease, or there might be another cause of high GH or high IGF-1 unrelated to acromegaly, such as pre-analytical and technical pitfalls, physiological circumstances and pathological conditions. High GH and normal or low serum IGF-1, or alternatively, normal GH with elevated serum IGF-1, should be carefully assessed to avoid misinterpreting the activity of acromegaly or misdiagnosing a patient with acromegaly. We summarise here these biochemical discrepancies in the evaluation of the somatotroph axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Peixe
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miriam Sánchez-García
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital General de Zona Número 8, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pedro Marques
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miller JL, Lacroix A, Bird LM, Shoemaker AH, Haqq A, Deal CL, Clark KA, Ames MH, Suico JG, de la Peña A, Fortier C. The Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacology of a Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2373-e2380. [PMID: 35213714 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acylated ghrelin (AG) stimulates appetite and is elevated compared to its unacylated (UAG) counterpart in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). GLWL-01 is a selective, reversible inhibitor of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), the enzyme that converts UAG into AG. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of GLWL-01 in the treatment of PWS patients. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 crossover study was conducted with 2 active treatment periods of 28 days in 19 patients (aged 16-65 years; body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28) with genetically confirmed PWS. The study took place in 7 hospital-based study centers in the United States and Canada. Patients received placebo or GLWL-01 (450 mg twice daily) orally after lead-in placebo and washout periods. The Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials and Caregiver Global Impression of Change were used to measure reductions in hyperphagia. Plasma concentrations of AG and UAG were evaluated as correlates. RESULTS Treatment resulted in statistically significant differences compared to placebo in plasma AG (P = .0002), UAG (P = .0488), and AG/UAG (P = .0003). GLWL-01 did not statistically significantly reduce hyperphagia-related behavior or bring about changes in global clinical end points, as assessed by caregivers. Anthropometric and clinical parameters correlated with obesity did not statistically significantly change in response to treatment. Less than half of patients reported a treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). No deaths, serious adverse events, or severe TEAEs were reported. CONCLUSION GLWL-01 is safe and well tolerated. Pharmacological parameters confirmed the inhibition of GOAT following administration of GLWL-01. Patients' eating behaviors, BMI, blood glucose, and total cholesterol, among other similar measures, were not modified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Lacroix
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Lynne M Bird
- University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | | | - Andrea Haqq
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2T9, Canada
| | - Cheri L Deal
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Michael H Ames
- EMB Statistical Solutions LLC, Overland Park, Kansas 66210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomas A, Krombholz S, Wolf C, Thevis M. Determination of ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin in human plasma and urine by means of LC-MS/MS for doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1862-1870. [PMID: 34633773 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hunger hormone ghrelin (G) is classified as prohibited substance in professional sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), due to its known growth hormone releasing properties. The endogenous bioactive peptide consists of 28 amino acids with a caprylic acid attached to serine at position 3. Within this study, it was aimed to develop methods to determine G and desacyl ghrelin (DAG) in plasma and urine by means of LC-MS/MS. Two strategies were applied with a bottom-up approach for plasma and top-down analyses for urine. Both sample preparation procedures were based on solid-phase extraction for enrichment and sample clean-up. Method validation showed good results for plasma and urine with limits of detection (LODs) for G and DAG between 30 and 50 pg/ml, recoveries between 45-50%, and imprecisions (intra- and inter-day) between 3% and 24%. Plasma analysis was also valid for quantification with accuracies determined with ~100% for G and ~106% for DAG. The minimum required performance level for doping control laboratories is set to 2 ng/ml in urine, and the herein established method yielded acceptable results even at 5% of this level. As proof-of-concept, plasma levels (G and DAG) of healthy volunteers were determined and ranged between 30 and 100 pg/ml for G and 100-1200 pg/ml for DAG. In contrast to earlier reported studies using ligand binding assays for urinary G and DAG, in this mass spectrometry-based study, no endogenous urinary G and DAG were found, although the LODs should enable this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sophia Krombholz
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Batty MJ, Chabrier G, Sheridan A, Gage MC. Metabolic Hormones Modulate Macrophage Inflammatory Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184661. [PMID: 34572888 PMCID: PMC8467249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Macrophages are a type of immune cell which play an important role in the development of cancer. Obesity increases the risk of cancer and obesity also causes disruption to the normal levels of hormones that are produced to coordinate metabolism. Recent research now shows that these metabolic hormones also play important roles in macrophage immune responses and so through macrophages, disrupted metabolic hormone levels may promote cancer. This review article aims to highlight and summarise these recent findings so that the scientific community may better understand how important this new area of research is, and how these findings can be capitalised on for future scientific studies. Abstract Macrophages are phagocytotic leukocytes that play an important role in the innate immune response and have established roles in metabolic diseases and cancer progression. Increased adiposity in obese individuals leads to dysregulation of many hormones including those whose functions are to coordinate metabolism. Recent evidence suggests additional roles of these metabolic hormones in modulating macrophage inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight key metabolic hormones and summarise their influence on the inflammatory response of macrophages and consider how, in turn, these hormones may influence the development of different cancer types through the modulation of macrophage functions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li D, Yang Y, Wang S, He X, Liu M, Bai B, Tian C, Sun R, Yu T, Chu X. Role of acetylation in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102089. [PMID: 34364220 PMCID: PMC8350499 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a potent chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used for the treatment of a variety of cancers However, its clinical utility is limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, and pathogenesis has traditionally been attributed to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, the prevention of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is an indispensable goal to optimize therapeutic regimens and reduce morbidity. Acetylation is an emerging and important epigenetic modification regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Despite extensive studies of the molecular basis and biological functions of acetylation, the application of acetylation as a therapeutic target for cardiotoxicity is in the initial stage, and further studies are required to clarify the complex acetylation network and improve the clinical management of cardiotoxicity. In this review, we summarize the pivotal functions of HDACs and HATs in DOX-induced oxidative stress, the underlying mechanisms, the contributions of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and exercise-mediated deacetylases to cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, we describe research progress related to several important SIRT activators and HDAC inhibitors with potential clinical value for chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity. Collectively, a comprehensive understanding of specific roles and recent developments of acetylation in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity will provide a basis for improved treatment outcomes in cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Meixin Liu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Baochen Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ruicong Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Basic Medicine School, Qingdao University, 38 Deng Zhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Xianming Chu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Verbeure W, van Goor H, Mori H, van Beek AP, Tack J, van Dijk PR. The Role of Gasotransmitters in Gut Peptide Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720703. [PMID: 34354597 PMCID: PMC8329365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) receive a bad connotation; in low concentrations these play a major governing role in local and systemic blood flow, stomach acid release, smooth muscles relaxations, anti-inflammatory behavior, protective effect and more. Many of these physiological processes are upstream regulated by gut peptides, for instance gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2. The relationship between gasotransmitters and gut hormones is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the role of NO, CO and H2S on gut peptide release and functioning, and whether manipulation by gasotransmitter substrates or specific blockers leads to physiological alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André P van Beek
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Farokhnia M, Abshire KM, Hammer A, Deschaine SL, Saravanakumar A, Cobbina E, You ZB, Haass-Koffler CL, Lee MR, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Neuroendocrine Response to Exogenous Ghrelin Administration, Combined With Alcohol, in Heavy-Drinking Individuals: Findings From a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Human Laboratory Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:464-476. [PMID: 33560411 PMCID: PMC8278796 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has established a role for the orexigenic hormone ghrelin in alcohol-seeking behaviors. Accordingly, the ghrelin system may represent a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for alcohol use disorder. Ghrelin modulates several neuroendocrine pathways, such as appetitive, metabolic, and stress-related hormones, which are particularly relevant in the context of alcohol use. The goal of the present study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of neuroendocrine response to exogenous ghrelin administration, combined with alcohol, in heavy-drinking individuals. METHODS This was a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study, which included 2 experimental alcohol administration paradigms: i.v. alcohol self-administration and i.v. alcohol clamp. Each paradigm consisted of 2 counterbalanced sessions of i.v. ghrelin or placebo administration. Repeated blood samples were collected during each session, and peripheral concentrations of the following hormones were measured: leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, cortisol, prolactin, and aldosterone. RESULTS Despite some statistical differences, findings were consistent across the 2 alcohol administration paradigms: i.v. ghrelin, compared to placebo, increased blood concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, cortisol, and prolactin, both acutely and during the whole session. Lower levels of leptin and higher levels of aldosterone were also found during the ghrelin vs placebo session. CONCLUSION These findings, gathered from a clinically relevant sample of heavy-drinking individuals with alcohol use disorder, provide a deeper insight into the complex interplay between ghrelin and appetitive, metabolic, and stress-related neuroendocrine pathways in the context of alcohol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly M Abshire
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Hammer
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara L Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anitha Saravanakumar
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | | | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mary R Lee
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA,Correspondence: Lorenzo Leggio, MD, PhD, NIDA and NIAAA, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Room 01A844, Baltimore, MD 21224 ()
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gao Y, Yuan X, Zhu Z, Wang D, Liu Q, Gu W. Research and prospect of peptides for use in obesity treatment (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:234. [PMID: 33149788 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, are steadily increasing worldwide. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have focused on the differentiation and function of brown and beige fat, providing evidence for their therapeutic potential in treating obesity. However, no specific novel drug has been developed to treat obesity in this way. Peptides are a class of chemically active substances, which are linked together by amino acids using peptide bonds. They have specific physiological activities, including browning of white fat. As signal molecules regulated by the neuroendocrine system, the role of polypeptides, such as neuropeptide Y, brain-gut peptide and glucagon-like peptide in obesity and its related complications has been revealed. Notably, with the rapid development of peptidomics, peptide drugs have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, due to their short half-life, small apparent distribution volume, low toxicity and low side effects. The present review summarizes the progress and the new trend of peptide research, which may provide novel targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ziyang Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Qianqi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
T. de Barros C, Rios AC, Alves TFR, Batain F, Crescencio KMM, Lopes LJ, Zielińska A, Severino P, G. Mazzola P, Souto EB, Chaud MV. Cachexia: Pathophysiology and Ghrelin Liposomes for Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175974. [PMID: 32825177 PMCID: PMC7503373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, a severe multifactorial condition that is underestimated and unrecognized in patients, is characterized by continuous muscle mass loss that leads to progressive functional impairment, while nutritional support cannot completely reverse this clinical condition. There is a strong need for more effective and targeted therapies for cachexia patients. There is a need for drugs that act on cachexia as a distinct and treatable condition to prevent or reverse excess catabolism and inflammation. Due to ghrelin properties, it has been studied in the cachexia and other treatments in a growing number of works. However, in the body, exogenous ghrelin is subject to very rapid degradation. In this context, the intranasal release of ghrelin-loaded liposomes to cross the blood-brain barrier and the release of the drug into the central nervous system may be a promising alternative to improve its bioavailability. The administration of nose-to-brain liposomes for the management of cachexia was addressed only in a limited number of published works. This review focuses on the discussion of the pathophysiology of cachexia, synthesis and physiological effects of ghrelin and the potential treatment of the diseased using ghrelin-loaded liposomes through the nose-to-brain route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T. de Barros
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Alessandra C. Rios
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Thaís F. R. Alves
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Fernando Batain
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Kessi M. M. Crescencio
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Laura J. Lopes
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Patricia Severino
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil;
- Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Priscila G. Mazzola
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Candido Portinari Street, Campinas, 13083-871 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marco V. Chaud
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology College, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-15-98172-4431
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Altered GH-IGF-1 Axis in Severe Obese Subjects is Reversed after Bariatric Surgery-Induced Weight Loss and Related with Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082614. [PMID: 32806629 PMCID: PMC7463679 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disorders are common in obesity, including altered somatotropic axis. Obesity is characterized by reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion, although the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) values are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight loss after bariatric surgery in the GH–IGF-1 axis in extreme obesity, in order to investigate IGF-1 values and the mechanism responsible for the alteration of the GH–IGF-1 axis in obesity. We performed an interventional trial in morbidly obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery. We included 116 patients (97 women) and 41 controls (30 women). The primary endpoint was circulating GH and IGF-1 values. Circulating IGF-1 values were lower in the obese patients than in the controls. Circulating GH and IGF-1 values increased significantly over time after surgery. Post-surgery changes in IGF-1 and GH values were significantly negatively correlated with changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) and free T4 values. After adjusting for preoperative body mass index (BMI), free T4 and CRP in a multivariate model, only CRP was independently associated with IGF-1 values in the follow-up. In summary, severe obesity is characterized by a functional hyposomatotropism at central and peripheral level that is progressively reversible with weight loss, and low-grade chronic inflammation could be the principal mediator.
Collapse
|
21
|
Brown LA, Guzman SD, Brooks SV. Emerging molecular mediators and targets for age-related skeletal muscle atrophy. Transl Res 2020; 221:44-57. [PMID: 32243876 PMCID: PMC8026108 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The age-associated decline in muscle mass has become synonymous with physical frailty among the elderly due to its major contribution in reduced muscle function. Alterations in protein and redox homeostasis along with chronic inflammation, denervation, and hormonal dysregulation are all hallmarks of muscle wasting and lead to clinical sarcopenia in older adults. Reduction in skeletal muscle mass has been observed and reported in the scientific literature for nearly 2 centuries; however, identification and careful examination of molecular mediators of age-related muscle atrophy have only been possible for roughly 3 decades. Here we review molecular targets of recent interest in age-related muscle atrophy and briefly discuss emerging small molecule therapeutic treatments for muscle wasting in sarcopenic susceptible populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemuel A Brown
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steve D Guzman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shati AA, Dallak M. Acylated Ghrelin Protects the Hearts of Rats from Doxorubicin-Induced Fas/FasL Apoptosis by Stimulating SERCA2a Mediated by Activation of PKA and Akt. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:529-547. [PMID: 31093930 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated if the cardioprotective effect of acylated ghrelin (AG) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac toxicity in rats involves inhibition of Fas/FasL-mediated cell death. It also investigated if such an effect is mediated by restoring Ca+2 homeostasis from the aspect of stimulation of SERCA2a receptors. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (20 rats/each) as control, control + AG, DOX, and DOX + AG. AG was co-administered to all rats consecutively for 35 days. In addition, isolated cardiomyocytes were cultured and treated with AG in the presence or absence of DOX with or without pre-incubation with [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (a AG receptor antagonist), VIII (]an Akt inhibitor), or KT-5720 (a PKA inhibitor). AG increased LVSP, dp/dtmax, and dp/dtmin in both control and DOX-treated animals and improved cardiac ultrastructural changes in DOX-treated rats. It also inhibited ROS in control rats and lowered LVEDP, intracellular levels of ROS and Ca2+, and activity of calcineurin in LVs of DOX-treated rats. Concomitantly, it inhibited LV NFAT-4 nuclear translocation and downregulated their protein levels of Fas and FasL. Mechanistically, in control or DOX-treated hearts or cells, AG upregulated the levels of SERCA2a and increased the activities of PKA and Akt, leading to increase phosphorylation of phospholamban at Ser16 and Thr17. All these effects were abolished by D-Lys3-GHRP-6, VIII, or KT-5720 and were independent of food intake or GH/IGF-1. In conclusion, AG cardioprotection against DOX involves inhibition of extrinsic cell death and restoring normal Ca+2 homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Dallak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Karl JP, Berryman CE, Harris MN, Lieberman HR, Gadde KM, Rood JC, Pasiakos SM. Effects of Testosterone Supplementation on Ghrelin and Appetite During and After Severe Energy Deficit in Healthy Men. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa024. [PMID: 32258956 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe energy deficits cause interrelated reductions in testosterone and fat free mass. Testosterone supplementation may mitigate those decrements, but could also reduce circulating concentrations of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin, thereby exacerbating energy deficit by suppressing appetite. Objective To determine whether testosterone supplementation during severe energy deficit influences fasting and postprandial ghrelin concentrations and appetite. Design and methods Secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind trial that determined the effects of testosterone supplementation on body composition changes during and following severe energy deficit in nonobese, eugonadal men. Phase 1 (PRE-ED): 14-day run-in; phase 2: 28 days, 55% energy deficit with 200 mg testosterone enanthate weekly (TEST; n = 24) or placebo (PLA; n = 26); phase 3: free-living until body mass recovered (end-of-study; EOS). Fasting and postprandial acyl ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin concentrations and appetite were secondary outcomes measured during the final week of each phase. Results Fasting acyl ghrelin concentrations, and postprandial acyl and des-acyl ghrelin concentrations increased in PLA during energy deficit then returned to PRE-ED values by EOS, but did not change in TEST (phase-by-group, P < 0.05). Correlations between changes in free testosterone and changes in fasting acyl ghrelin concentrations during energy deficit (ρ = -0.42, P = 0.003) and body mass recovery (ρ = -0.38; P = 0.01) were not mediated by changes in body mass or body composition. Transient increases in appetite during energy deficit were not affected by testosterone treatment. Conclusions Testosterone supplementation during short-term, severe energy deficit in healthy men prevents deficit-induced increases in circulating ghrelin without blunting concomitant increases in appetite. Clinical Trials Registration www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02734238 (registered 12 April 2016).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Melissa N Harris
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Kishore M Gadde
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Rood
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cheng Y, Chen B, Xie W, Chen Z, Yang G, Cai Y, Shang H, Zhao W. Ghrelin attenuates secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 79:106180. [PMID: 31926478 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a brain-gut peptide, has been proven to exert neuroprotection in different kinds of neurological diseases; however, its role and the potential molecular mechanisms in secondary brain injury (SBI) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are still unknown. In this study, we investigate whether treatment with ghrelin may attenuate SBI in a murine ICH model, and if so, whether the neuroprotective effects are due to the inhibition of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and promotion of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidative response element (ARE) signaling pathway. Stereotactically intrastriatal infusion of autologous blood was performed to mimic ICH. Ghrelin was given intraperitoneally immediately following ICH and again 1 h later. Results showed that ghrelin attenuated neurobehavioral deficits, brain edema, hematoma volume, and perihematomal cell death post-ICH. Ghrelin inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequently suppressed the neuroinflammatory response as evidenced by reduced microglia activation, neutrophil infiltration, and pro-inflammatory mediators release after ICH. Additionally, ghrelin alleviated ICH-induced oxidative stress according to the chemiluminescence of luminol and lucigenin, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays. These changes were accompanied by upregulation of Nrf2 expression, Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, and enhanced Nrf2 DNA binding activity, as well as by increased expressions of Nrf2 downstream target antioxidative genes, including NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLC), and glutathione cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM). Together, our data suggested that ghrelin protected against ICH-induced SBI by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wanqun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guoyuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, North Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barrile F, M'Kadmi C, De Francesco PN, Cabral A, García Romero G, Mustafá ER, Cantel S, Damian M, Mary S, Denoyelle S, Banères JL, Marie J, Raingo J, Fehrentz JA, Perelló M. Development of a novel fluorescent ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor based on the N-Terminal Leap2 region. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110573. [PMID: 31499133 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was recently recognized as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), which also is a receptor for the hormone ghrelin. LEAP2 blocks ghrelin-induced activation of GHSR and inhibits GHSR constitutive activity. Since fluorescence-based imaging and pharmacological analyses to investigate the biology of GHSR require reliable probes, we developed a novel fluorescent GHSR ligand based on the N-terminal LEAP2 sequence, hereafter named F-LEAP2. In vitro, F-LEAP2 displayed binding affinity and inverse agonism to GHSR similar to LEAP2. In a heterologous expression system, F-LEAP2 labeling was specifically observed in the surface of GHSR-expressing cells, in contrast to fluorescent ghrelin labeling that was mainly observed inside the GHSR-expressing cells. In mice, centrally-injected F-LEAP2 reduced ghrelin-induced food intake, in a similar fashion to LEAP2, and specifically labeled cells in GHSR-expressing brain areas. Thus, F-LEAP2 represents a valuable tool to study the biology of GHSR in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Céline M'Kadmi
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García Romero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Mary
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacky Marie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34093, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jeon SG, Hong SB, Nam Y, Tae J, Yoo A, Song EJ, Kim KI, Lee D, Park J, Lee SM, Kim JI, Moon M. Ghrelin in Alzheimer's disease: Pathologic roles and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100945. [PMID: 31434007 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, which has many important physiological roles, such as stimulating food intake, regulating energy homeostasis, and releasing insulin, has recently been studied for its roles in a diverse range of neurological disorders. Despite the several functions of ghrelin in the central nervous system, whether it works as a therapeutic agent for neurological dysfunction has been unclear. Altered levels and various roles of ghrelin have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins resulting in synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Interestingly, treatment with ghrelin or with the agonist of ghrelin receptor showed attenuation in several cases of AD-related pathology. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic implications of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present review, we summarized the roles of ghrelin in AD pathogenesis, amyloid beta (Aβ) homeostasis, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial deficit, synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. The findings from this review suggest that ghrelin has a novel therapeutic potential for AD treatment. Thus, rigorously designed studies are needed to establish an effective AD-modifying strategy.
Collapse
|
27
|
MacCormack JK, Muscatell KA. The metabolic mind: A role for leptin and ghrelin in affect and social cognition. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
28
|
Perello M, Cabral A, Cornejo MP, De Francesco PN, Fernandez G, Uriarte M. Brain accessibility delineates the central effects of circulating ghrelin. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12677. [PMID: 30582239 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. In the central nervous system, ghrelin signalling is able to recruit different neuronal targets that regulate the behavioural, neuroendocrine, metabolic and autonomic effects of the hormone. Notably, several studies using radioactive or fluorescent variants of ghrelin have found that the accessibility of circulating ghrelin into the mouse brain is both strikingly low and restricted to some specific brain areas. A variety of studies addressing central effects of systemically injected ghrelin in mice have also provided indirect evidence that the accessibility of plasma ghrelin into the brain is limited. Here, we review these previous observations and discuss the putative pathways that would allow plasma ghrelin to gain access into the brain together with their physiological implications. Additionally, we discuss some potential features regarding the accessibility of plasma ghrelin into the human brain based on the observations reported by studies that investigate the consequences of ghrelin administration to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perello
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Uriarte
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas-Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Santiago JCP, Hallschmid M. Outcomes and clinical implications of intranasal insulin administration to the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:180-190. [PMID: 30885653 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the brain plays a critical role in metabolic control and cognitive function. Targeting insulinergic pathways in the central nervous system via peripheral insulin administration is feasible, but associated with systemic effects that necessitate tight supervision or countermeasures. The intranasal route of insulin administration, which largely bypasses the circulation and thereby greatly reduces these obstacles, has now been repeatedly tested in proof-of-concept studies in humans as well as animals. It is routinely used in experimental settings to investigate the impact on eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, memory function and brain activation of acute or long-term enhancements in central nervous system insulin signaling. Epidemiological and experimental evidence linking deteriorations in metabolic control such as diabetes with neurodegenerative diseases imply pathophysiological relevance of dysfunctional brain insulin signaling or brain insulin resistance, and suggest that targeting insulin in the brain holds some promise as a therapy or adjunct therapy. This short narrative review gives an overview over recent findings on brain insulin signaling as derived from human studies deploying intranasal insulin, and evaluates the potential of therapeutic interventions that target brain insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João C P Santiago
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Churm R, Caplin S, Barry J, Davies JS, Stephens JW, Prior SL. Acyl-ghrelin mediated lipid retention and inflammation in obesity-related Type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 481:8-13. [PMID: 30439508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-ghrelin has various peripheral effects including the potential role in mediating cellular lipid removal and macrophage polarization. Previous reports are contradictory as to how glycaemia and acyl-ghrelin mediates lipid retention and inflammation within individuals with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to explore acyl-ghrelin levels and ghrelin expression in relation to lipid and inflammatory markers within an ex vivo human model, biopsied visceral adipose tissue. Results indicated that acyl-ghrelin was associated with a decline in key lipid homeostasis genes ABCG1 and LXRβ expression. Within T2D there was also a down regulation of these genes which was independent of acyl-ghrelin levels. Circulatory pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNFα) had no association with ghrelin expression nor circulating acyl-ghrelin levels. Anti-inflammatory marker (IL-10) and total antioxidant status (TAOS%) were positively associated with ghrelin expression across samples from all groups combined (total sample cohort) and specifically within the obesity sample cohorts. Data supported the hypothesis that hyperglycaemia and acyl-ghrelin have a regulatory role in lipid retention. Furthermore, that both acyl- and desacyl-ghrelin is responsible for a protective inflammatory response; however this response is diminished in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Churm
- Diabetes Research Group, Grove Building, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
| | - S Caplin
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic & Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - J Barry
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic & Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - J S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Grove Building, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S L Prior
- Diabetes Research Group, Grove Building, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Exogenous ghrelin administration increases alcohol self-administration and modulates brain functional activity in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent individuals. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2029-2038. [PMID: 29133954 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical evidence suggests that ghrelin, a peptide synthesized by endocrine cells of the stomach and a key component of the gut-brain axis, is involved in alcohol seeking as it modulates both central reward and stress pathways. However, whether and how ghrelin administration may impact alcohol intake in humans is not clear. For, we believe, the first time, this was investigated in the present randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study. Participants were non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent heavy-drinking individuals. A 10-min loading dose of intravenous ghrelin/placebo (3 mcg kg-1) followed by a continuous ghrelin/placebo infusion (16.9 ng/kg/min) was administered. During a progressive-ratio alcohol self-administration experiment, participants could press a button to receive intravenous alcohol using the Computerized Alcohol Infusion System. In another experiment, brain functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted while participants performed a task to gain points for alcohol, food or no reward. Results showed that intravenous ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly increased the number of alcohol infusions self-administered (percent change: 24.97±10.65, P=0.04, Cohen's d=0.74). Participants were also significantly faster to initiate alcohol self-administration when they received ghrelin, compared to placebo (P=0.03). The relationships between breath alcohol concentration and subjective effects of alcohol were also moderated by ghrelin administration. Neuroimaging data showed that ghrelin increased the alcohol-related signal in the amygdala (P=0.01) and modulated the food-related signal in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (P=0.01) and nucleus accumbens (P=0.08). These data indicate that ghrelin signaling affects alcohol seeking in humans and should be further investigated as a promising target for developing novel medications for alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
|
32
|
The protective role of human ghrelin in sepsis: Restoration of CD4 T cell proliferation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201139. [PMID: 30052667 PMCID: PMC6063405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decrease of CD4 T cell numbers causes immunosuppression in sepsis. We previously showed the beneficial role of ghrelin in sepsis. We hypothesize that the protective outcome of ghrelin in sepsis is mediated partially through the restoration of CD4 T cells’ proliferation. Sepsis was induced in mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The percentage of CD4 T cells in spleen was assessed by flow cytometry and their proliferation was determined by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CSFE). Compared to sham mice, the percentages of splenic CD4 T cells were reduced by 20%, 21%, and 29% at day 1, 2 and 3 after CLP, respectively. Human ghrelin was given to 3 day septic mice by s.c. injection at 5 and 24 h after CLP. Treatment with ghrelin restored the loss of CD4 T cells by increasing their proliferation in septic mice. The expression of cyclin D1 and B1 was significantly increased, while the expression of p57 was decreased in ghrelin-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated mice in sepsis. Treatment with human ghrelin significantly increased the p-AKT levels in the spleen compared to vehicle-treated septic mice. Human ghrelin plays an important role in reestablishing the proliferation of CD4 T cells and serves as a promising therapeutic agent in sepsis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Salade L, Wauthoz N, Vermeersch M, Amighi K, Goole J. Chitosan-coated liposome dry-powder formulations loaded with ghrelin for nose-to-brain delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:257-266. [PMID: 29902517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The nose-to-brain delivery of ghrelin loaded in liposomes is a promising approach for the management of cachexia. It could limit the plasmatic degradation of ghrelin and provide direct access to the brain, where ghrelin's specific receptors are located. Anionic liposomes coated with chitosan in either a liquid or a dry-powder formulation were compared. The powder formulation showed stronger adhesion to mucins (89 ± 4% vs 61 ± 4%), higher ghrelin entrapment efficiency (64 ± 2% vs 55 ± 4%), higher enzymatic protection against trypsin (26 ± 2% vs 20 ± 3%) and lower ghrelin storage degradation at 25 °C (2.67 ± 1.1% vs 95.64 ± 0.85% after 4 weeks). The powder formulation was also placed in unit-dose system devices that were able to generate an appropriate aerosol characterized by a Dv50 of 38 ± 6 µm, a limited percentage of particles smaller than 10 µm of 4 ± 1% and a reproducible mass delivery (CV: 1.49%). In addition, the device was able to deposit a large amount of powder (52.04% w/w) in the olfactory zone of a 3D-printed nasal cast. The evaluated combination of the powder formulation and the device could provide a promising treatment for cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Salade
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Wauthoz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Karim Amighi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Ghrelin, a gastric-derived acylated peptide, regulates energy homeostasis by transmitting information about peripheral nutritional status to the brain, and is essential for protecting organisms against famine. Ghrelin operates brain circuits to regulate homeostatic and hedonic feeding. Recent research advances have shed new light on ghrelin's multifaceted roles in cellular homeostasis, which could maintain the internal environment and overcome metaflammation in metabolic organs. Here, we highlight our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the ghrelin system in energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis and its clinical trials. Future studies of ghrelin will further elucidate how the stomach regulates systemic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Yanagi
- Divisions of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume 839-0864, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Divisions of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu C, Hao Y, Huang J, Li H, Yang Z, Zeng Y, Liu J, Li R. Ghrelin accelerates wound healing in combined radiation and wound injury in mice. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:186-193. [PMID: 27676309 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing caused by radiation happens frequently in clinical practice, and the exact mechanisms remain partly unclear. Various countermeasures have been taken to tackle with this issue. Ghrelin was considered as a potent endogenous growth hormone-releasing peptide, and its role in enhancing wound repair and regeneration was firstly investigated in whole-body irradiated (γ-ray) mice in this study. Collagen deposition and neovascularization were mostly discussed. The results demonstrated that ghrelin administration promoted cutaneous wound healing in irradiated mice, followed with reduced average wound closure time, increased spleen index (SI) and improved haematopoiesis. After isolation and analysis of granulation tissues in combined radiation and wound injury (CRWI) mice treated with and without ghrelin, a phenomenon of increased DNA, hexosamine, nitrate and nitrite synthesis, elevated collagen content and enhanced neovascularization was observed after ghrelin treatment. Western blotting indicated that ghrelin also increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), both responsible for wound healing. However, previous administration of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) blocker blunted these therapeutic effects of ghrelin on CRWI mice. Our results identify ghrelin as a novel peptide that could be used for radiation-induced impaired wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Hao
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyou Yang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiping Zeng
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fazeli PK, Lawson EA, Faje AT, Eddy KT, Lee H, Fiedorek FT, Breggia A, Gaal IM, DeSanti R, Klibanski A. Treatment With a Ghrelin Agonist in Outpatient Women With Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2018; 79:17m11585. [PMID: 29325236 PMCID: PMC6908430 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.17m11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of relamorelin-an agonist of the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin, which has effects on gastric emptying-on (1) weight gain and (2) gastric emptying in women with anorexia nervosa. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, the effects of the ghrelin agonist relamorelin were studied in 22 outpatient women with anorexia nervosa, diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria. The study was conducted at the Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Research Center between March 11, 2013, and February 26, 2015. Ten participants were randomly assigned to relamorelin 100 μg subcutaneously daily (mean ± SEM age: 28.9 ± 2.4 y), and 12 were randomly assigned to placebo (28.9 ± 1.9 y). We measured changes in weight and gastric emptying time using a gastric emptying breath test (GEBT) for relamorelin versus placebo after 4 weeks of treatment. RESULTS At baseline, subjects did not differ in weight, plasma ghrelin levels, or gastric emptying time. Three subjects randomized to relamorelin stopped use of the study medication due to reported feelings of increased hunger. After 4 weeks, there was a trend toward an increase in weight in participants randomized to relamorelin (mean ± SEM change: 0.86 ± 0.40 kg) compared to placebo (0.04 ± 0.28 kg; P = .07), and gastric emptying time was significantly shorter in patients taking relamorelin (median [interquartile range]: 58.0 [51.0, 78.0] minutes) compared to placebo (85.0 [75.8,100.5] minutes; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a ghrelin agonist in women with anorexia nervosa significantly decreases gastric emptying time, leads to a trend in weight gain after only 4 weeks, and is well-tolerated. Further study is necessary to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of a ghrelin agonist in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01642550.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouneh K. Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth A. Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander T. Faje
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kamryn T. Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Ildiko M. Gaal
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca DeSanti
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Salade L, Wauthoz N, Deleu M, Vermeersch M, De Vriese C, Amighi K, Goole J. Development of coated liposomes loaded with ghrelin for nose-to-brain delivery for the treatment of cachexia. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8531-8543. [PMID: 29238190 PMCID: PMC5713684 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s147650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a ghrelin-containing formulation based on liposomes coated with chitosan intended for nose–brain delivery for the treatment of cachexia. Among the three types of liposomes developed, anionic liposomes provided the best results in terms of encapsulation efficiency (56%) and enzymatic protection against trypsin (20.6% vs 0% for ghrelin alone) and carboxylesterase (81.6% vs 17.2% for ghrelin alone). Ghrelin presented both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the anionic lipid bilayer, as demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Then, anionic liposomes were coated with N-(2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride. The coating involved a size increment from 146.9±2.7 to 194±6.1 nm, for uncoated and coated liposomes, respectively. The ζ-potential was similarly increased from -0.3±1.2 mV to 6±0.4 mV before and after coating, respectively. Chitosan provided mucoadhesion, with an increase in mucin adsorption of 22.9%. Enhancement of permeation through the Calu3 epithelial monolayer was also observed with 10.8% of ghrelin recovered in the basal compartment in comparison to 0% for ghrelin alone. Finally, aerosols generated from two nasal devices (VP3 and SP270) intended for aqueous dispersion were characterized with either coated or uncoated liposomes. Contrarily to the SP270 device, VP3 device showed minor changes between coated and uncoated liposome aerosols, as shown by their median volume diameters of 38.4±5.76 and 37.6±5.74 µm, respectively. Overall, the results obtained in this study show that the developed formulation delivered by the VP3 device can be considered as a potential candidate for nose–brain delivery of ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Salade
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Nathalie Wauthoz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux
| | | | - Carine De Vriese
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Karim Amighi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging preclinical evidence has shown that the bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the brain, the so-called gut-brain axis, plays an important role in both host metabolism and behavior. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of the brain-gut axis in relation to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. METHODS A selective literature review was conducted to evaluate GI and brain interactions. RESULTS Evidence suggests reduced microbial diversity in obesity and metabolic dysregulation. However, findings of microbiota composition in obese individuals are inconsistent, and the investigation of causality between gut microbiota and energy homeostasis is complex because multiple variables contribute to the gut microbiota composition. The microbial metabolites short chain fatty acids are found to exert numerous physiologic effects, including energy homeostasis through the regulation of GI hormones such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and leptin. Preclinical studies show that modifying rodents' microbiota through fecal transplantation results in alterations of these GI hormones and subsequently an altered metabolism and behavior. However, whether and to what extent preclinical findings translate to human metabolism is unclear. CONCLUSIONS One of the major limitations and challenges in this field of research is interindividual variability of the microbiome. Future research needs to combine recent insights gained into tracking the dynamics of the microbiome as well as the metabolic responses. Furthermore, advanced mapping of the human microbiome is required to investigate the metabolic implications of the gut-brain axis to develop targeted interventions for obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
|
39
|
Harmatz ES, Stone L, Lim SH, Lee G, McGrath A, Gisabella B, Peng X, Kosoy E, Yao J, Liu E, Machado NJ, Weiner VS, Slocum W, Cunha RA, Goosens KA. Central Ghrelin Resistance Permits the Overconsolidation of Fear Memory. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:1003-1013. [PMID: 28010876 PMCID: PMC5447505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many contradictory findings about the role of the hormone ghrelin in aversive processing, with studies suggesting that ghrelin signaling can both inhibit and enhance aversion. Here, we characterize and reconcile the paradoxical role of ghrelin in the acquisition of fearful memories. METHODS We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure endogenous acyl-ghrelin and corticosterone at time points surrounding auditory fear learning. We used pharmacological (systemic and intra-amygdala) manipulations of ghrelin signaling and examined several aversive and appetitive behaviors. We also used biotin-labeled ghrelin to visualize ghrelin binding sites in coronal brain sections of amygdala. All work was performed in rats. RESULTS In unstressed rodents, endogenous peripheral acyl-ghrelin robustly inhibits fear memory consolidation through actions in the amygdala and accounts for virtually all interindividual variability in long-term fear memory strength. Higher levels of endogenous ghrelin after fear learning were associated with weaker long-term fear memories, and pharmacological agonism of the ghrelin receptor during the memory consolidation period reduced fear memory strength. These fear-inhibitory effects cannot be explained by changes in appetitive behavior. In contrast, we show that chronic stress, which increases both circulating endogenous acyl-ghrelin and fear memory formation, promotes profound loss of ghrelin binding sites in the amygdala and behavioral insensitivity to ghrelin receptor agonism. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide a new link between stress, a novel type of metabolic resistance, and vulnerability to excessive fear memory formation and reveal that ghrelin can regulate negative emotionality in unstressed animals without altering appetite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia S Harmatz
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Lauren Stone
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Seh Hong Lim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graham Lee
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Anna McGrath
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Eliza Kosoy
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Junmei Yao
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Elizabeth Liu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Nuno J Machado
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Veronica S Weiner
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Warren Slocum
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ki A Goosens
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yuge K, Hara M, Okabe R, Nakamura Y, Okamura H, Nagamitsu S, Yamashita Y, Orimoto K, Kojima M, Matsuishi T. Ghrelin improves dystonia and tremor in patients with Rett syndrome: A pilot study. J Neurol Sci 2017; 377:219-223. [PMID: 28477699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia occurs in approximately 60% of patients with Rett syndrome (RTT) and severely impairs their quality of life. However, an effective standard therapy has not been established. In a previous study, ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in patients with RTT, in particular, among patients over 10years old. This prompted speculation that ghrelin may play an important role in RTT. OBJECTIVES Four patients, including two adults, with severe dystonia and tremor, were recruited. METHODS Ghrelin was intravenously administered at a dose of 3μg/kg, once-daily for 3days, followed by once every 3weeks. Objective evaluation was performed, including scoring for different clinical features (SDCF), the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). RESULTS The SDCF, BFMDRS, autonomic dysfunction and VAS scores were markedly improved in two patients with severe dystonia and head tremor. CONCLUSION Ghrelin may improve extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with RTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yuge
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Munetsugu Hara
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Rumiko Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Okamura
- Cognitive and Molecular Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nagamitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yushiro Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Orimoto
- Department of General Medicine, Fureai Higashitotuka Hospital, 16-8 Totukaku Kamishinano, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University School of Medicine, Hyakunen-kouen 1-1, Kurume 839-0864, Japan
| | - Toyojiro Matsuishi
- Research Center for Children and Research Center for Rett syndrome, St. Mary's Hospital, 422 Tsubukuhonmachi, Kurume 830-8543, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aghdam Shahryar H, Lotfi A. Effect of Ghrelin Administration on Serum Corticostrone, T3, T4 and Some Biochemical Indices in the Turkey (Meleagridis gallopova). Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
Ghrelin is a small peptide released primarily from the stomach. It is a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland and is well known for its regulation of metabolism and appetite. There is also a strong relationship between ghrelin and the cardiovascular system. Ghrelin receptors are present throughout the heart and vasculature and have been linked with molecular pathways, including, but not limited to, the regulation of intracellular calcium concentration, inhibition of proapoptotic cascades, and protection against oxidative damage. Ghrelin shows robust cardioprotective effects including enhancing endothelial and vascular function, preventing atherosclerosis, inhibiting sympathetic drive, and decreasing blood pressure. After myocardial infarction, exogenous administration of ghrelin preserves cardiac function, reduces the incidence of fatal arrhythmias, and attenuates apoptosis and ventricular remodeling, leading to improvements in heart failure. It ameliorates cachexia in end-stage congestive heart failure patients and has shown clinical benefit in pulmonary hypertension. Nonetheless, since ghrelin's discovery is relatively recent, there remains a substantial amount of research needed to fully understand its clinical significance in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
43
|
Churm R, Davies JS, Stephens JW, Prior SL. Ghrelin function in human obesity and type 2 diabetes: a concise review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:140-148. [PMID: 27899023 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 28 amino acid hormone, ghrelin, has been found to have various effects on metabolism. This review will focus on the pathways integrated into ghrelin's effect within the hypothalamus, pancreas and adipocytes. The identification of molecules and pathways that regulate ghrelin-mediated lipid retention could establish new mechanisms underlying cellular energy homeostasis. The impact of acyl-ghrelin on glucose metabolism and lipid homeostasis may allow for novel preventative or early intervention therapeutic strategies to treat obesity related type 2 diabetes and associated metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Churm
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S L Prior
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
From Belly to Brain: Targeting the Ghrelin Receptor in Appetite and Food Intake Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020273. [PMID: 28134808 PMCID: PMC5343809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known peripherally-derived orexigenic hormone, increasing appetite and subsequent food intake. The ghrelinergic system has therefore received considerable attention as a therapeutic target to reduce appetite in obesity as well as to stimulate food intake in conditions of anorexia, malnutrition and cachexia. As the therapeutic potential of targeting this hormone becomes clearer, it is apparent that its pleiotropic actions span both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Despite a wealth of research, a therapeutic compound specifically targeting the ghrelin system for appetite modulation remains elusive although some promising effects on metabolic function are emerging. This is due to many factors, ranging from the complexity of the ghrelin receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, GHSR-1a) internalisation and heterodimerization, to biased ligand interactions and compensatory neuroendocrine outputs. Not least is the ubiquitous expression of the GHSR-1a, which makes it impossible to modulate centrally-mediated appetite regulation without encroaching on the various peripheral functions attributable to ghrelin. It is becoming clear that ghrelin’s central signalling is critical for its effects on appetite, body weight regulation and incentive salience of food. Improving the ability of ghrelin ligands to penetrate the blood brain barrier would enhance central delivery to GHSR-1a expressing brain regions, particularly within the mesolimbic reward circuitry.
Collapse
|
45
|
Neale JPH, Pearson JT, Katare R, Schwenke DO. Ghrelin, MicroRNAs, and Critical Limb Ischemia: Hungering for a Novel Treatment Option. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:350. [PMID: 29326658 PMCID: PMC5733488 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the most severe manifestation of peripheral artery disease. It is characterized by chronic pain at rest, skin ulcerations, and gangrene tissue loss. CLI is a highly morbid condition, resulting in a severely diminished quality of life and a significant risk of mortality. The primary goal of therapy for CLI is to restore blood flow to the affected limb, which is only possible by surgery, but is inadvisable in up to 50% of patients. This subset of patients who are not candidates for revascularisation are referred to as "no-option" patients and are the focus of investigation for novel therapeutic strategies. Angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis are the processes whereby new blood vessel networks form from the pre-existing vasculature and primordial cells, respectively. In therapeutic angiogenesis, exogenous stimulants are administered to promote angiogenesis and augment limb perfusion, offering a potential treatment option for "no option" patients. However, to date, very few clinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with CLI have reported clinically significant results, and it remains a major challenge. Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide, is emerging as a potential novel therapeutic for CLI. In pre-clinical models, exogenous ghrelin has been shown to induce therapeutic angiogenesis, promote muscle regeneration, and reduce oxidative stress via the modulation of microRNAs (miRs). miRs are endogenous, small, non-coding ribonucleic acids of ~20-22 nucleotides which regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by either translational inhibition or by messenger ribonucleic acid cleavage. This review focuses on the mounting evidence for the use of ghrelin as a novel therapeutic for CLI, and highlights the miRs which orchestrate these physiological events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. H. Neale
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James T. Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Rajesh Katare, ; Daryl O. Schwenke,
| | - Daryl O. Schwenke
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Rajesh Katare, ; Daryl O. Schwenke,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Malnutrition is the result of an inadequate balance between energy intake and energy expenditure that ultimately leads to either obesity or undernutrition. Several factors are associated with the onset and preservation of malnutrition. One of these factors is the gut microbiota, which has been recognized as an important pathophysiologic factor in the development and sustainment of malnutrition. However, to our knowledge, the extent to which the microbiota influences malnutrition has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms via which the gut microbiota may influence energy homeostasis in relation to malnutrition. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic modalities to ameliorate obesity or undernutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolien C de Clercq
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; and
- Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kunath N, Müller NCJ, Tonon M, Konrad BN, Pawlowski M, Kopczak A, Elbau I, Uhr M, Kühn S, Repantis D, Ohla K, Müller TD, Fernández G, Tschöp M, Czisch M, Steiger A, Dresler M. Ghrelin modulates encoding-related brain function without enhancing memory formation in humans. Neuroimage 2016; 142:465-473. [PMID: 27402596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin regulates energy homeostasis in various species and enhances memory in rodent models. In humans, the role of ghrelin in cognitive processes has yet to be characterized. Here we show in a double-blind randomized crossover design that acute administration of ghrelin alters encoding-related brain activity, however does not enhance memory formation in humans. Twenty-one healthy young male participants had to memorize food- and non-food-related words presented on a background of a virtual navigational route while undergoing fMRI recordings. After acute ghrelin administration, we observed decreased post-encoding resting state fMRI connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the insula, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, brain activity related to subsequent memory performance was modulated by ghrelin. On the next day, however, no differences were found in free word recall or cued location-word association recall between conditions; and ghrelin's effects on brain activity or functional connectivity were unrelated to memory performance. Further, ghrelin had no effect on a cognitive test battery comprising tests for working memory, fluid reasoning, creativity, mental speed, and attention. In conclusion, in contrast to studies with animal models, we did not find any evidence for the potential of ghrelin acting as a short-term cognitive enhancer in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kunath
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - N C J Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Tonon
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - B N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pawlowski
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Kopczak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - I Elbau
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Repantis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Ohla
- German Institute for Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ghrelin accelerates wound healing through GHS-R1a-mediated MAPK-NF-κB/GR signaling pathways in combined radiation and burn injury in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27499. [PMID: 27271793 PMCID: PMC4895129 DOI: 10.1038/srep27499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of ghrelin on wound healing was assessed using a rat model of combined radiation and burn injury (CRBI). Rat ghrelin, anti-rat tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α polyclonal antibody (PcAb), or selective antagonists of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) 1a (SB203580, SP600125, and [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, respectively), were administered for seven consecutive days. Levels of various signaling molecules were assessed in isolated rat peritoneal macrophages. The results showed that serum ghrelin levels and levels of macrophage glucocorticoid receptor (GR) decreased, while phosphorylation of p38MAPK, JNK, and p65 nuclear factor (NF) κB increased. Ghrelin inhibited the serum induction of proinflammatory mediators, especially TNF-α, and promoted wound healing in a dose-dependent manner. Ghrelin treatment decreased phosphorylation of p38MAPK, JNK, and p65NF-κB, and increased GR levels in the presence of GHS-R1a. SB203580 or co-administration of SB203580 and SP600125 decreased TNF-α level, which may have contributed to the inactivation of p65NF-κB and increase in GR expression, as confirmed by western blotting. In conclusion, ghrelin enhances wound recovery in CRBI rats, possibly by decreasing the induction of TNF-α or other proinflammatory mediators that are involved in the regulation of GHS-R1a-mediated MAPK-NF-κB/GR signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
49
|
Yang WL, Ma G, Zhou M, Aziz M, Yen HT, Marvropoulos SA, Ojamaa K, Wang P. Combined Administration of Human Ghrelin and Human Growth Hormone Attenuates Organ Injury and Improves Survival in Aged Septic Rats. Mol Med 2016; 22:124-135. [PMID: 26835699 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major healthcare concern, especially in the elderly population. The use of an animal model closely resembling clinical conditions in this population may provide a better prediction in translating bench studies to the bedside. Ghrelin inhibits sympathetic nerve activity and inflammation in young septic animals; however, aged animals become hyporesponsive to ghrelin. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of combined human ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) for sepsis treatment in the elderly utilizing a clinically relevant animal model of sepsis. Male Fischer 344 rats 22 to 24 months old were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Human ghrelin plus GH or vehicle (normal saline) was administered subcutaneously at 5 h after CLP. At 20 h after CLP, blood and tissue samples were collected for various analyses. Combined treatment attenuated serum levels of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in aged septic rats. The integrity of the microscopic structure in the lungs, liver and kidneys was well preserved after treatment. Expression of IL-6, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine as well as myeloperoxidase activity and caspase-3 activation were significantly reduced in the lungs and liver of treated rats. Moreover, treated rats showed an improvement in cardiovascular function and increased expression of ghrelin receptor and c-fos in the brainstem. Finally, the 10-d survival of aged septic rats was increased from 29% to 64% after combined treatment and was associated with less body weight loss. Our findings warrant the development of combined human ghrelin and GH for sepsis treatment in the geriatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Lang Yang
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Gaifeng Ma
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Mian Zhou
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Hao-Ting Yen
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Kaie Ojamaa
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ghrelin Actions on Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Function in Humans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 138:3-25. [PMID: 26940384 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28 amino-acid octanoylated peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, was discovered to be the natural ligand of the type 1a GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). It was thus considered as a natural GHS additional to GHRH, although later on ghrelin has mostly been considered a major orexigenic factor. The GH-releasing action of ghrelin takes place both directly on pituitary cells and through modulation of GHRH from the hypothalamus; some functional antisomatostatin action has also been shown. However, ghrelin is much more than a natural GH secretagogue. In fact, it also modulates lactotroph and corticotroph secretion in humans as well as in animals and plays a relevant role in the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function. Several studies have indicated that ghrelin plays an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin pulsatility, is involved in the regulation of puberty onset in animals, and may regulate spermatogenesis, follicular development and ovarian cell functions in humans. In this chapter ghrelin actions on the GH/IGF-I and the gonadal axes will be revised. The potential therapeutic role of ghrelin as a treatment of catabolic conditions will also be discussed.
Collapse
|