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Narattil NR, Maroun M. Differential role of NMDA receptors in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and plasticity in juvenile male and female rats. Hippocampus 2024. [PMID: 39143939 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Early life, or juvenility, stands out as the most pivotal phase in neurodevelopment due to its profound impact over the long-term cognition. During this period, significant changes are made in the brain's connections both within and between different areas, particularly in tandem with the development of more intricate behaviors. The hippocampus is among the brain regions that undergo significant postnatal remodeling, including dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis, the formation of complex spines and neuron proliferation. Given the crucial role of the hippocampus in spatial memory processing, it has been observed that spatial memory abilities continue to develop as the hippocampus matures, particularly before puberty. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptor channel is crucial for the induction of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and spatial memory formation in both rodents and humans. Although extensive evidence shows the role of NMDA receptors (NMDAr) in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity, the studies addressing the role of NMDAr in spatial memory of juveniles are sparse and mostly limited to adult males. In the present study, we, therefore, aimed to investigate the effects of systemic NMDAr blockade by the MK-801 on spatial memory (novel object location memory, OLM) and hippocampal plasticity in the form of long-term potentiation (LTP) of both male and female juvenile rats. Our results show the sex-dimorphic role of NMDAr in spatial memory and plasticity during juvenility, as systemic NMDAr blockade impairs the OLM and LTP in juvenile males without an effect on juvenile females. Taken together, our results demonstrate that spatial memory and hippocampal plasticity are NMDAr-dependent in juvenile males and NMDAr-independent in juvenile females. These sex-specific differences in the mechanisms of spatial memory and plasticity may imply gender-specific treatment for spatial memory disorders even in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Rajan Narattil
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mouna Maroun
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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2
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Kok M, Hartnett-Scott K, Happe CL, MacDonald ML, Aizenman E, Brodsky JL. The expression system influences stability, maturation efficiency, and oligomeric properties of the potassium-chloride co-transporter KCC2. Neurochem Int 2024; 174:105695. [PMID: 38373478 PMCID: PMC10923169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The neuron-specific K+/Cl- co-transporter 2, KCC2, which is critical for brain development, regulates γ-aminobutyric acid-dependent inhibitory neurotransmission. Consistent with its function, mutations in KCC2 are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. KCC2 possesses 12 transmembrane spans and forms an intertwined dimer. Based on its complex architecture and function, reduced cell surface expression and/or activity have been reported when select disease-associated mutations are present in the gene encoding the protein, SLC12A5. These data suggest that KCC2 might be inherently unstable, as seen for other complex polytopic ion channels, thus making it susceptible to cellular quality control pathways that degrade misfolded proteins. To test these hypotheses, we examined KCC2 stability and/or maturation in five model systems: yeast, HEK293 cells, primary rat neurons, and rat and human brain synaptosomes. Although studies in yeast revealed that KCC2 is selected for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), experiments in HEK293 cells supported a more subtle role for ERAD in maintaining steady-state levels of KCC2. Nevertheless, this system allowed for an analysis of KCC2 glycosylation in the ER and Golgi, which serves as a read-out for transport through the secretory pathway. In turn, KCC2 was remarkably stable in primary rat neurons, suggesting that KCC2 folds efficiently in more native systems. Consistent with these data, the mature glycosylated form of KCC2 was abundant in primary rat neurons as well as in rat and human brain. Together, this work details the first insights into the influence that the cellular and membrane environments have on several fundamental KCC2 properties, acknowledges the advantages and disadvantages of each system, and helps set the stage for future experiments to assess KCC2 in a normal or disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kok
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen Hartnett-Scott
- Department of Neurobiology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra L Happe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew L MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology and the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Ghosh A, Quinlan S, Forcelli PA. Anti-seizure medication-induced developmental cell death in neonatal rats is unaltered by history of hypoxia. Epilepsy Res 2024; 201:107318. [PMID: 38430668 PMCID: PMC11018699 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many anti-seizure medications (ASMs) trigger neuronal cell death when administered during a confined period of early life in rodents. Prototypical ASMs used to treat early-life seizures such as phenobarbital induce this effect, whereas levetiracetam does not. However, most prior studies have examined the effect of ASMs in naïve animals, and the degree to which underlying brain injury interacts with these drugs to modify cell death is poorly studied. Moreover, the degree to which drug-induced neuronal cell death differs as a function of sex is unknown. METHODS We treated postnatal day 7 Sprague Dawley rat pups with vehicle, phenobarbital (75 mg/kg) or levetiracetam (200 mg/kg). Separate groups of pups were pre-exposed to either normoxia or graded global hypoxia. Separate groups of males and females were used. Twenty-four hours after drug treatment, brains were collected and processed for markers of cell death. RESULTS Consistent with prior studies, phenobarbital, but not levetiracetam, increased cell death in cortical regions, basal ganglia, hippocampus, septum, and lateral thalamus. Hypoxia did not modify basal levels of cell death. Females - collapsed across treatment and hypoxia status, displayed a small but significant increase in cell death as compared to males in the cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex, and the CA1 and CA3 hippocampus; these effects were not modulated by hypoxia or drug treatment. CONCLUSION We found that a history of graded global hypoxia does not alter the neurotoxic profile of phenobarbital. Levetiracetam, which does not induce cell death in normal developing animals, maintained a benign profile on the background of neonatal hypoxia. We found a sex-based difference, as female animals showed elevated levels of cell death across all treatment conditions. Together, these data address several long-standing gaps in our understanding of the neurotoxic profile of antiseizure medications during early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjik Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean Quinlan
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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García-Peña P, Ramos M, López JM, Martinez-Murillo R, de Arcas G, Gonzalez-Nieto D. Preclinical examination of early-onset thalamic-cortical seizures after hemispheric stroke. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2499-2514. [PMID: 37277947 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide and currently has limited treatment options. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are significantly affected in stroke patients during the acute stage. In this study, we preclinically characterized the brain electrical rhythms and seizure activity during the hyperacute and late acute phases in a hemispheric stroke model with no reperfusion. METHODS EEG signals and seizures were studied in a model of hemispheric infarction induced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (pMCAO), which mimics the clinical condition of stroke patients with permanent ischemia. Electrical brain activity was also examined using a photothrombotic (PT) stroke model. In the PT model, we induced a similar (PT group-1) or smaller (PT group-2) cortical lesion than in the pMCAO model. For all models, we used a nonconsanguineous mouse strain that mimics human diversity and genetic variation. RESULTS The pMCAO hemispheric stroke model exhibited thalamic-origin nonconvulsive seizures during the hyperacute stage that propagated to the thalamus and cortex. The seizures were also accompanied by progressive slowing of the EEG signal during the acute phase, with elevated delta/theta, delta/alpha, and delta/beta ratios. Cortical seizures were also confirmed in the PT stroke model of similar lesions as in the pMCAO model, but not in the PT model of smaller injuries. SIGNIFICANCE In the clinically relevant pMCAO model, poststroke seizures and EEG abnormalities were inferred from recordings of the contralateral hemisphere (noninfarcted hemisphere), emphasizing the reciprocity of interhemispheric connections and that injuries affecting one hemisphere had consequences for the other. Our results recapitulate many of the EEG signal hallmarks seen in stroke patients, thereby validating this specific mouse model for the examination of the mechanistic aspects of brain function and for the exploration of the reversion or suppression of EEG abnormalities in response to neuroprotective and anti-epileptic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Peña
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Ramos
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M López
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guillermo de Arcas
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Neuroacústica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Karst H, Droogers WJ, van der Weerd N, Damsteegt R, van Kroonenburg N, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Joëls M. Acceleration of GABA-switch after early life stress changes mouse prefrontal glutamatergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2023; 234:109543. [PMID: 37061088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) alters the excitation-inhibition-balance (EI-balance) in various rodent brain areas and may be responsible for behavioral impairment later in life. The EI-balance is (amongst others) influenced by the switch of GABAergic transmission from excitatory to inhibitory, the so-called "GABA-switch". Here, we investigated how ELS affects the GABA-switch in mouse infralimbic Prefrontal Cortex layer 2/3 neurons, using the limited-nesting-and-bedding model. In ELS mice, the GABA-switch occurred already between postnatal day (P) 6 and P9, as opposed to P15-P21 in controls. This was associated with increased expression of the inward chloride transporter NKCC1, compared to the outward chloride transporter KCC2, both of which are important for the intracellular chloride concentration and, hence, the GABA reversal potential (Erev). Chloride transporters are not only important for regulating chloride concentration postsynaptically, but also presynaptically. Depending on the Erev of GABA, presynaptic GABAA receptor stimulation causes a depolarization or hyperpolarization, and thereby enhanced or reduced fusion of glutamate vesicles respectively, in turn changing the frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). In accordance, bumetanide, a blocker of NKCC1, shifted the Erev GABA towards more hyperpolarized levels in P9 control mice and reduced the mEPSC frequency. Other modulators of chloride transporters, e.g. VU0463271 (a KCC2 antagonist) and aldosterone -which increases NKCC1 expression-did not affect postsynaptic Erev in ELS P9 mice, but did increase the mEPSC frequency. We conclude that the mouse GABA-switch is accelerated after ELS, affecting both the pre- and postsynaptic chloride homeostasis, the former altering glutamatergic transmission. This may considerably affect brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Karst
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Wouter J Droogers
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Nelleke van der Weerd
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth Damsteegt
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky van Kroonenburg
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - R Angela Sarabdjitsingh
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Dept Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Using SuperClomeleon to Measure Changes in Intracellular Chloride during Development and after Early Life Stress. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0416-22.2022. [PMID: 36635254 PMCID: PMC9797207 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0416-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal chloride concentrations ([Cl-]i) decrease during development resulting in a shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA responses via chloride-permeable GABAA receptors. This GABA shift plays a pivotal role in postnatal brain development, and can be strongly influenced by early life experience. Here, we assessed the applicability of the recently developed fluorescent SuperClomeleon (SClm) sensor to examine changes in [Cl-]i using two-photon microscopy in brain slices. We used SClm mice of both sexes to monitor the developmental decrease in neuronal chloride levels in organotypic hippocampal cultures. We could discern a clear reduction in [Cl-]i between day in vitro (DIV)3 and DIV9 (equivalent to the second postnatal week in vivo) and a further decrease in some cells until DIV22. In addition, we assessed alterations in [Cl-]i in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of postnatal day (P)9 male SClm mouse pups after early life stress (ELS). ELS was induced by limiting nesting material between P2 and P9. ELS induced a shift toward higher (i.e., immature) chloride levels in layer 2/3 cells in the mPFC. Although conversion from SClm fluorescence to absolute chloride concentrations proved difficult, our study underscores that the SClm sensor is a powerful tool to measure physiological changes in [Cl-]i in brain slices.
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7
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Kubová H, Mikulecká A, Mareš P. The outcome of early life status epilepticus—lessons from laboratory animals. Epilepsia Open 2022; 8 Suppl 1:S90-S109. [PMID: 36352789 PMCID: PMC10173850 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is the most common neurologic emergency in children. Both clinical and laboratory studies have demonstrated that SE in early life can cause brain damage and permanent behavioral abnormalities, trigger epileptogenesis, and interfere with normal brain development. In experimental rodent models, the consequences of seizures are dependent upon age, the model used, and seizure duration. In studies involving neonatal and infantile animals, the model used, experimental design, conditions during the experiment, and manipulation of animals can significantly affect the course of the experiments as well as the results obtained. Standardization of laboratory approaches, harmonization of scientific methodology, and improvement in data collection can improve the comparability of data among laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kubová
- Developmental Epileptology Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Science Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mikulecká
- Developmental Epileptology Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Science Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mareš
- Developmental Epileptology Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Science Prague Czech Republic
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8
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Medel-Matus JS, Orozco-Suárez S, Escalante RG. Factors not considered in the study of drug-resistant epilepsy: Psychiatric comorbidities, age, and gender. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 34967149 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12576.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In basic research and clinical practice, the control of seizures has been the most important goal, but it should not be the only one. There are factors that remain poorly understood in the study of refractory epilepsy such as the age and gender of patients and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. It is known that in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), the comorbidities contribute to the deterioration of the quality of life, increase the severity, and worsen the prognosis of epilepsy. Some studies have demonstrated that patients diagnosed with a co-occurrence of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders are more likely to present refractory seizures and the probability of seizure remission after pharmacotherapy is reduced. The evidence of this association suggests the presence of shared pathogenic mechanisms that may include endocrine disorders, neuroinflammatory processes, disturbances of neurotransmitters, and mechanisms triggered by stress. Additionally, significant demographic, clinical, and electrographic differences have been observed between women and men with epilepsy. Epilepsy affects the female gender in a greater proportion, although there are no studies that report whether refractoriness affects more females. The reasons behind these sex differences are unclear; however, it is likely that sex hormones and sex brain differences related to chromosomal genes play an important role. On the other hand, it has been shown in industrialized countries that prevalence of DRE is higher in the elderly when compared to youngsters. Conversely, this phenomenon is not observed in developing regions, where more cases are found in children and young adults. The correct identification and management of these factors is crucial in order to improve the quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Servando Medel-Matus
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", National Medical Center S.XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruby G Escalante
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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9
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Medel‐Matus JS, Orozco‐Suárez S, Escalante RG. Factors not considered in the study of drug-resistant epilepsy: Psychiatric comorbidities, age, and gender. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S81-S93. [PMID: 34967149 PMCID: PMC9340311 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In basic research and clinical practice, the control of seizures has been the most important goal, but it should not be the only one. There are factors that remain poorly understood in the study of refractory epilepsy such as the age and gender of patients and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. It is known that in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), the comorbidities contribute to the deterioration of the quality of life, increase the severity, and worsen the prognosis of epilepsy. Some studies have demonstrated that patients diagnosed with a co-occurrence of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders are more likely to present refractory seizures and the probability of seizure remission after pharmacotherapy is reduced. The evidence of this association suggests the presence of shared pathogenic mechanisms that may include endocrine disorders, neuroinflammatory processes, disturbances of neurotransmitters, and mechanisms triggered by stress. Additionally, significant demographic, clinical, and electrographic differences have been observed between women and men with epilepsy. Epilepsy affects the female gender in a greater proportion, although there are no studies that report whether refractoriness affects more females. The reasons behind these sex differences are unclear; however, it is likely that sex hormones and sex brain differences related to chromosomal genes play an important role. On the other hand, it has been shown in industrialized countries that prevalence of DRE is higher in the elderly when compared to youngsters. Conversely, this phenomenon is not observed in developing regions, where more cases are found in children and young adults. The correct identification and management of these factors is crucial in order to improve the quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Servando Medel‐Matus
- Department of PediatricsNeurology DivisionDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sandra Orozco‐Suárez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological DiseasesSpecialty Hospital “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda”National Medical Center S.XXIMexico CityMexico
| | - Ruby G. Escalante
- Department of PediatricsNeurology DivisionDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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10
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Hui KK, Chater TE, Goda Y, Tanaka M. How Staying Negative Is Good for the (Adult) Brain: Maintaining Chloride Homeostasis and the GABA-Shift in Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:893111. [PMID: 35875665 PMCID: PMC9305173 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.893111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) imbalance has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. GABA neurotransmission, the principal inhibitory signal in the mature brain, is critically coupled to proper regulation of chloride homeostasis. During brain maturation, changes in the transport of chloride ions across neuronal cell membranes act to gradually change the majority of GABA signaling from excitatory to inhibitory for neuronal activation, and dysregulation of this GABA-shift likely contributes to multiple neurodevelopmental abnormalities that are associated with circuit dysfunction. Whilst traditionally viewed as a phenomenon which occurs during brain development, recent evidence suggests that this GABA-shift may also be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders due to the "dematuration" of affected neurons. In this review, we will discuss the cell signaling and regulatory mechanisms underlying the GABA-shift phenomenon in the context of the latest findings in the field, in particular the role of chloride cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2, and furthermore how these regulatory processes are altered in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. We will also explore the interactions between GABAergic interneurons and other cell types in the developing brain that may influence the GABA-shift. Finally, with a greater understanding of how the GABA-shift is altered in pathological conditions, we will briefly outline recent progress on targeting NKCC1 and KCC2 as a therapeutic strategy against neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with improper chloride homeostasis and GABA-shift abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K. Hui
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas E. Chater
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity and Connectivity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Yukiko Goda
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity and Connectivity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Synapse Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute for Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Motomasa Tanaka
- Laboratory for Protein Conformation Diseases, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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NKCC1 Deficiency in Forming Hippocampal Circuits Triggers Neurodevelopmental Disorder: Role of BDNF-TrkB Signalling. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040502. [PMID: 35448033 PMCID: PMC9030861 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The time-sensitive GABA shift from excitatory to inhibitory is critical in early neural circuits development and depends upon developmentally regulated expression of cation-chloride cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2. NKCC1, encoded by the SLC12A2 gene, regulates neuronal Cl− homeostasis by chloride import working opposite KCC2. The high NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratio decreases in early neural development contributing to GABA shift. Human SLC12A2 loss-of-function mutations were recently associated with a multisystem disorder affecting neural development. However, the multisystem phenotype of rodent Nkcc1 knockout models makes neurodevelopment challenging to study. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)-NTRK2/TrkB signalling controls KCC2 expression during neural development, but its impact on NKCC1 is still controversial. Here, we discuss recent evidence supporting BDNF-TrkB signalling controlling Nkcc1 expression and the GABA shift during hippocampal circuit formation. Namely, specific deletion of Ntrk2/Trkb from immature mouse hippocampal dentate granule cells (DGCs) affects their integration and maturation in the hippocampal circuitry and reduces Nkcc1 expression in their target region, the CA3 principal cells, leading to premature GABA shift, ultimately influencing the establishment of functional hippocampal circuitry and animal behaviour in adulthood. Thus, immature DGCs emerge as a potential therapeutic target as GABAergic transmission is vital for specific neural progenitors generating dentate neurogenesis in early development and the mature brain.
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12
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Sex-specific differences in KCC2 localisation and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3186. [PMID: 35210456 PMCID: PMC8873453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual differentiation of the brain is influenced by testosterone and its metabolites during the perinatal period, when many aspects of brain development, including the maturation of GABAergic transmission, occur. Whether and how testosterone signaling during the perinatal period affects GABAergic transmission is unclear. Here, we analyzed GABAergic circuit functional markers in male, female, testosterone-treated female, and testosterone-insensitive male rats after the first postnatal week and in young adults. In the hippocampus, mRNA levels of proteins associated with GABA signaling were not significantly affected at postnatal day (P) 7 or P40. Conversely, membrane protein levels of KCC2, which are critical for determining inhibition strength, were significantly higher in females compared to males and testosterone-treated females at P7. Further, female and testosterone-insensitive male rats at P7 showed higher levels of the neurotrophin BDNF, which is a powerful regulator of neuronal function, including GABAergic transmission. Finally, spontaneous GABAergic currents in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells were more frequent in females and testosterone-insensitive males at P40. Overall, these results show that perinatal testosterone levels modulate GABAergic circuit function, suggesting a critical role of perinatal sex hormones in regulating network excitability in the adult hippocampus.
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13
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Kloc ML, Marchand DH, Holmes GL, Pressman RD, Barry JM. Cognitive impairment following experimental febrile seizures is determined by sex and seizure duration. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 126:108430. [PMID: 34902661 PMCID: PMC8748413 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures in children. While in most children the outcome is favorable, children with febrile status epilepticus may exhibit modest cognitive impairment. Whether children with other forms of complex febrile seizure, such as repetitive febrile seizures within the same illness are at risk of cognitive deficits is not known. In this study, we used a well-established model of experimental febrile seizures in rat pups to compare the effects of febrile status epilepticus and recurrent febrile seizures on subsequent spatial cognition and anxiety. METHODS Male and female rat pups were subjected to hyperthermic seizures at postnatal day 10 and were divided into groups of rats with continuous seizures for ≥40 min or recurrent febrile seizures. They were then tested as adults in the active avoidance and spatial accuracy tests to assess spatial learning and memory and the elevated plus maze to measure anxiety. RESULTS Febrile status epilepticus rats demonstrated impaired spatial cognition in active avoidance and spatial accuracy and exhibited reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. Rats with recurrent febrile seizures did not differ significantly from the controls on any measures. There were also significant sex-related differences with females with FSE performing far better than males with FSE in active avoidance but demonstrating a navigational learning impairment relative to CTL females in spatial accuracy. However, once learned, females with FSE performed the spatial accuracy task as well as CTL females. CONCLUSION There is a duration-dependent effect of febrile seizures on subsequent cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Febrile status epilepticus resulted in spatial cognitive deficits and reduced anxiety-related behaviors whereas rats with recurrent febrile seizures did not differ from controls. Sex had a remarkable effect on spatial cognitive outcome where males with FSE fared worse than females with FSE. The results demonstrate that sex should be considered as a biological variable in studies evaluating the effects of seizures on the developing brain.
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14
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. Dysregulation of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Cholesterol Crosstalk in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:744597. [PMID: 34803605 PMCID: PMC8604044 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.744597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of complex neurodevelopmental diseases that include impaired social interaction, delayed and disordered language, repetitive or stereotypic behavior, restricted range of interests, and altered sensory processing. The underlying causes of the core symptoms remain unclear, as are the factors that trigger their onset. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of the clinical phenotypes, a constellation of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and immunological factors may be involved. The lack of appropriate biomarkers for the evaluation of neurodevelopmental disorders makes it difficult to assess the contribution of early alterations in neurochemical processes and neuroanatomical and neurodevelopmental factors to ASD. Abnormalities in the cholinergic system in various regions of the brain and cerebellum are observed in ASD, and recently altered cholesterol metabolism has been implicated at the initial stages of the disease. Given the multiple effects of the neutral lipid cholesterol on the paradigm rapid ligand-gated ion channel, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, we explore in this review the possibility that the dysregulation of nicotinic receptor-cholesterol crosstalk plays a role in some of the neurological alterations observed in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Upaganlawar AB, Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Umare MD, Sehgal A, Singh S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Najda A, Nurzyńska-Wierdak R, Bungau S, Behl T. Interweaving epilepsy and neurodegeneration: Vitamin E as a treatment approach. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112146. [PMID: 34507113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder, affecting nearly 50 million people worldwide. The condition can be manifested either due to genetic predisposition or acquired from acute insult which leads to alteration of cellular and molecular mechanisms. Evaluating the latest and the current knowledge in regard to the mechanisms underlying molecular and cellular alteration, hyperexcitability is a consequence of an imbalanced state wherein enhance excitatory glutamatergic and reduced inhibitory GABAergic signaling is considered to be accountable for seizures associated damage. However, neurodegeneration contributing to epileptogenesis has become increasingly appreciated. The components at the helm of neurodegenerative alterations during epileptogenesis include GABAergic neuronal and receptor changes, neuroinflammation, alteration in axonal transport, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and other cellular as well as functional changes. Targeting neurodegeneration with vitamin E as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective may prove to be one of the therapeutic approaches useful in managing epilepsy. In this review, we discuss and converse about the seizure-induced episodes as a link for the development of neurodegenerative and pathological consequences of epilepsy. We also put forth a summary of the potential intervention with vitamin E therapy in the management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohit D Umare
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
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16
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Niedecker RW, Kloc ML, Holmes GL, Barry JM. Effects of early life seizures on coordination of hippocampal-prefrontal networks: Influence of sex and dynamic brain states. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1701-1714. [PMID: 34002378 PMCID: PMC8260466 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early life seizures (ELSs) alter activity-dependent maturation of neuronal circuits underlying learning and memory. The pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning seizure-induced cognitive impairment are not fully understood, and critical variables such as sex and dynamic brain states with regard to cognitive outcomes have not been explored. We hypothesized that in comparison to control (CTL) rats, ELS rats would exhibit deficits in spatial cognition correlating with impaired dynamic neural signal coordination between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). METHODS Male and female rat pups were given 50 flurothyl-induced seizures over 10 days starting at postnatal Day 15. As adults, spatial cognition was tested through active avoidance on a rotating arena. Microwire tetrodes were implanted in the mPFC and CA1 subfield. Single cells and local field potentials were recorded and analyzed in each region during active avoidance and sleep. RESULTS ELS males exhibited avoidance impairments, whereas female rats were unaffected. During avoidance, hippocampus-mPFC coherence was higher in CTL females than CTL males across bandwidths. In comparison to CTL males, ELS male learners exhibit increased coherence within theta bandwidth as well as altered burst-timing in mPFC cell activity. Hippocampus-mPFC coherence levels are predictive of cognitive outcome in the active avoidance spatial task. SIGNIFICANCE Spatial cognitive outcome post-ELS is sex-dependent, as females fare better than males. ELS males that learn the task exhibit increased mPFC coherence levels at low-theta frequency, which may compensate for ELS effects on mPFC cell timing. These results suggest that coherence may serve as a biomarker for spatial cognitive outcome post-ELS and emphasize the significance of analyzing sex and dynamic cognition as variables in understanding seizure effects on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys W Niedecker
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Michelle L Kloc
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jeremy M Barry
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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17
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Rahmati N, Normoyle KP, Glykys J, Dzhala VI, Lillis KP, Kahle KT, Raiyyani R, Jacob T, Staley KJ. Unique Actions of GABA Arising from Cytoplasmic Chloride Microdomains. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4957-4975. [PMID: 33903223 PMCID: PMC8197632 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3175-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental, cellular, and subcellular variations in the direction of neuronal Cl- currents elicited by GABAA receptor activation have been frequently reported. We found a corresponding variance in the GABAA receptor reversal potential (EGABA) for synapses originating from individual interneurons onto a single pyramidal cell. These findings suggest a similar heterogeneity in the cytoplasmic intracellular concentration of chloride ([Cl-]i) in individual dendrites. We determined [Cl-]i in the murine hippocampus and cerebral cortex of both sexes by (1) two-photon imaging of the Cl--sensitive, ratiometric fluorescent protein SuperClomeleon; (2) Fluorescence Lifetime IMaging (FLIM) of the Cl--sensitive fluorophore MEQ (6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium); and (3) electrophysiological measurements of EGABA by pressure application of GABA and RuBi-GABA uncaging. Fluorometric and electrophysiological estimates of local [Cl-]i were highly correlated. [Cl-]i microdomains persisted after pharmacological inhibition of cation-chloride cotransporters, but were progressively modified after inhibiting the polymerization of the anionic biopolymer actin. These methods collectively demonstrated stable [Cl-]i microdomains in individual neurons in vitro and in vivo and the role of immobile anions in its stability. Our results highlight the existence of functionally significant neuronal Cl- microdomains that modify the impact of GABAergic inputs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Microdomains of varying chloride concentrations in the neuronal cytoplasm are a predictable consequence of the inhomogeneous distribution of anionic polymers such as actin, tubulin, and nucleic acids. Here, we demonstrate the existence and stability of these microdomains, as well as the consequence for GABAergic synaptic signaling: each interneuron produces a postsynaptic GABAA response with a unique reversal potential. In individual hippocampal pyramidal cells, the range of GABAA reversal potentials evoked by stimulating different interneurons was >20 mV. Some interneurons generated postsynaptic responses in pyramidal cells that reversed at potentials beyond what would be considered purely inhibitory. Cytoplasmic chloride microdomains enable each pyramidal cell to maintain a compendium of unique postsynaptic responses to the activity of individual interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negah Rahmati
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kieran P Normoyle
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Joseph Glykys
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Volodymyr I Dzhala
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kyle P Lillis
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Rehan Raiyyani
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Theju Jacob
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kevin J Staley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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18
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Reddy DS, Thompson W, Calderara G. Molecular mechanisms of sex differences in epilepsy and seizure susceptibility in chemical, genetic and acquired epileptogenesis. Neurosci Lett 2021; 750:135753. [PMID: 33610673 PMCID: PMC7994197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a succinct overview of sex differences in epilepsy and putative molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in seizure susceptibility in chemical, genetic, and acquired epileptogenesis. The susceptibility to excitability episodes and occurrence of epileptic seizures are generally higher in men than women. The precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear, but differences in regional morphology and neural circuits in men and women may explain differential vulnerability to seizures and epileptogenic cascades. Changes in seizure sensitivity can be attributed to steroid hormones, including fluctuations in neurosteroids as well as neuroplasticity in their receptor signaling systems. Other potential neurobiological bases for sex differences in epilepsies include differences in brain development, neurogenesis, neuronal chloride homeostasis, and neurotrophic and glial responses. In catamenial epilepsy, a gender-specific neuroendocrine condition, epileptic seizures are most often clustered around a specific menstrual period in adult women. A deeper understanding of the molecular and neural network basis of sex differences in seizures and response to antiepileptic drugs is highly warranted for designing effective, sex-specific therapies for epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States.
| | - Wesley Thompson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Gianmarco Calderara
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
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19
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Synaptic Reshaping and Neuronal Outcomes in the Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083860. [PMID: 33917911 PMCID: PMC8068229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common types of focal epilepsy, characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures originating in the temporal lobe(s), with mesial TLE (mTLE) as the worst form of TLE, often associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Abnormal epileptiform discharges are the result, among others, of altered cell-to-cell communication in both chemical and electrical transmissions. Current knowledge about the neurobiology of TLE in human patients emerges from pathological studies of biopsy specimens isolated from the epileptogenic zone or, in a few more recent investigations, from living subjects using positron emission tomography (PET). To overcome limitations related to the use of human tissue, animal models are of great help as they allow the selection of homogeneous samples still presenting a more various scenario of the epileptic syndrome, the presence of a comparable control group, and the availability of a greater amount of tissue for in vitro/ex vivo investigations. This review provides an overview of the structural and functional alterations of synaptic connections in the brain of TLE/mTLE patients and animal models.
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20
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Peerboom C, Wierenga CJ. The postnatal GABA shift: A developmental perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:179-192. [PMID: 33549742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances excitation in the mature brain. The inhibitory action of GABA relies on the inflow of chloride ions (Cl-), which hyperpolarizes the neuron. In early development, GABA signaling induces outward Cl- currents and is depolarizing. The postnatal shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA is a pivotal event in brain development and its timing affects brain function throughout life. Altered timing of the postnatal GABA shift is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we argue that the postnatal shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA represents the final shift in a sequence of GABA shifts, regulating proliferation, migration, differentiation, and finally plasticity of developing neurons. Each developmental GABA shift ensures that the instructive role of GABA matches the circumstances of the developing network. Sensory input may be a crucial factor in determining proper timing of the postnatal GABA shift. A developmental perspective is necessary to interpret the full consequences of a mismatch between connectivity, activity and GABA signaling during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn Peerboom
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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21
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Christian CA, Reddy DS, Maguire J, Forcelli PA. Sex Differences in the Epilepsies and Associated Comorbidities: Implications for Use and Development of Pharmacotherapies. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 72:767-800. [PMID: 32817274 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies are common neurologic disorders characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Boys, girls, men, and women of all ages are affected by epilepsy and, in many cases, by associated comorbidities as well. The primary courses of treatment are pharmacological, dietary, and/or surgical, depending on several factors, including the areas of the brain affected and the severity of the epilepsy. There is a growing appreciation that sex differences in underlying brain function and in the neurobiology of epilepsy are important factors that should be accounted for in the design and development of new therapies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on sex differences in epilepsy and associated comorbidities, with emphasis on those aspects most informative for the development of new pharmacotherapies. Particular focus is placed on sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of various focal and generalized epilepsies; psychiatric, cognitive, and physiologic comorbidities; catamenial epilepsy in women; sex differences in brain development; the neural actions of sex and stress hormones and their metabolites; and cellular mechanisms, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling and neuronal-glial interactions. Further attention placed on potential sex differences in epilepsies, comorbidities, and drug effects will enhance therapeutic options and efficacy for all patients with epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that often presents together with various comorbidities. The features of epilepsy and seizure activity as well as comorbid afflictions can vary between men and women. In this review, we discuss sex differences in types of epilepsies, associated comorbidities, pathophysiological mechanisms, and antiepileptic drug efficacy in both clinical patient populations and preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Christian
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
| | - Jamie Maguire
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
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22
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Najafian SA, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Ghafouri S. FTY720 administration following hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure reverse cognitive impairments and severity of seizures in male and female adult rats: The role of inflammation. Neurosci Lett 2021; 748:135675. [PMID: 33516800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure mainly leads to deleterious effects on brain function, especially cognitive impairments and increased susceptibility to epilepsy later in life. Early inflammation plays an important role in the pathology of these consequences. Therefore, we explored the long-term outcomes of Fingolimod treatment as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent in a rat model of HINS. Seizures were induced in rats (postnatal day 10) by 5% O2 exposure for 15 min. Sixty minutes after the onset of hypoxia, pups received FTY720 (0.3 mg.kg-1) or normal saline for 12 consecutive days (lactation period), and they were used at P60-P63 for behavioral tests, ELISA and Pentylenetetrazole kindling model. The results of open field, novel object recognition and elevated plus maze tasks showed that Fingolimod prevents hippocampal memory dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior in both male and female hypoxic groups, which was accompanied with decreased TNF-α level in hippocampus. In addition, FTY720 postponed epileptogenesis just in female hypoxic + FTY group and decreased severity of seizures in both genders. Our results suggest that, FTY720 treatment in immature rats, which were previously subjected to HINS, prevented the long-lasting deficits, like cognitive impairments, decreased the severity of seizures and related inflammation. In addition, FTY720 did not show significant interaction with gender in most of the experiments, except the average day to reach fully kindled state. Taken together, FTY720 has therapeutic potential for long lasting effects of HINS in both male and female animals at puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ahmad Najafian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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23
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Lechner CR, McNally MA, St Pierre M, Felling RJ, Northington FJ, Stafstrom CE, Chavez-Valdez R. Sex specific correlation between GABAergic disruption in the dorsal hippocampus and flurothyl seizure susceptibility after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105222. [PMID: 33309937 PMCID: PMC7864119 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) disrupts the hippocampal (Hp) GABAergic network in the mouse and Hp injury in this model correlates with flurothyl seizure susceptibility only in male mice, we hypothesized that GABAergic disruption correlates with flurothyl seizure susceptibility in a sex-specific manner. C57BL6 mice were exposed to HI (Vannucci model) versus sham procedures at P10, randomized to normothermia (NT) or therapeutic hypothermia (TH), and subsequently underwent flurothyl seizure testing at P18. Only in male mice, Hp atrophy correlated with seizure susceptibility. The number of Hp parvalbumin positive interneurons (PV+INs) decreased after HI in both sexes, but TH attenuated this deficit only in females. In males only, seizure susceptibility directly correlated with the number of PV+INs, but not somatostatin or calretinin expressing INs. Hp GABAB receptor subunit levels were decreased after HI, but unrelated to later seizure susceptibility. In contrast, Hp GABAA receptor α1 subunit (GABAARα1) levels were increased after HI. Adjusting the number of PV+ INs for their GABAARα1 expression strengthened the correlation with seizure susceptibility in male mice. Thus, we identified a novel Hp sex-specific GABA-mediated mechanism of compensation after HI that correlates with flurothyl seizure susceptibility warranting further study to better understand potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Lechner
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Melanie A McNally
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark St Pierre
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Frances J Northington
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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24
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Age-dependent shift in spontaneous excitation-inhibition balance of infralimbic prefrontal layer II/III neurons is accelerated by early life stress, independent of forebrain mineralocorticoid receptor expression. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108294. [PMID: 32882227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we tested the hypothesis i) that age-dependent shifts in the excitation-inhibition balance of prefrontal neurons are accelerated by early life stress, a risk factor for the etiology of many psychiatric disorders; and if so, ii) that this process is exacerbated by genetic forebrain-specific downregulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor, a receptor that was earlier found to be a protective factor for negative effects of early life stress in both rodents and humans. In agreement with the literature, an age-dependent downregulation of the excitation-inhibition balance was found both with regard to spontaneous and evoked synaptic currents. The age-dependent shift in spontaneous excitatory relative to inhibitory currents was significantly accelerated by early life stress, but this was not exacerbated by reduction in mineralocorticoid receptor expression. The age-dependent changes in the excitation-inhibition balance were mirrored by similar changes in receptor subunit expression and morphological alterations, particularly in spine density, which could thus potentially contribute to the functional changes. However, none of these parameters displayed acceleration by early life stress, nor depended on mineralocorticoid receptor expression. We conclude that, in agreement with the hypothesis, early life stress accelerates the developmental shift of the excitation-inhibition balance but, contrary to expectation, there is no evidence for a putative protective role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in this system. In view of the modest effect of early life stress on the excitation-inhibition balance, alternative mechanisms potentially underlying the development of psychiatric disorders should be further explored.
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Androgenic Modulation of the Chloride Transporter NKCC1 Contributes to Age-dependent Isoflurane Neurotoxicity in Male Rats. Anesthesiology 2020; 133:852-866. [PMID: 32930727 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits after perinatal anesthetic exposure are well established outcomes in animal models. This vulnerability is sex-dependent and associated with expression levels of the chloride transporters NKCC1 and KCC2. The hypothesis was that androgen signaling, NKCC1 function, and the age of isoflurane exposure are critical for the manifestation of anesthetic neurotoxicity in male rats. METHODS Flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, was administered to male rats on postnatal days 2, 4, and 6 before 6 h of isoflurane on postnatal day 7 (ntotal = 26). Spatial and recognition memory were subsequently tested in adulthood. NKCC1 and KCC2 protein levels were measured from cortical lysates by Western blot on postnatal day 7 (ntotal = 20). Bumetanide, an NKCC1 antagonist, was injected immediately before isoflurane exposure (postnatal day 7) to study the effect of NKCC1 inhibition (ntotal = 48). To determine whether male rats remain vulnerable to anesthetic neurotoxicity as juveniles, postnatal day 14 animals were exposed to isoflurane and assessed as adults (ntotal = 30). RESULTS Flutamide-treated male rats exposed to isoflurane successfully navigated the spatial (Barnes maze probe trial F[1, 151] = 78; P < 0.001; mean goal exploration ± SD, 6.4 ± 3.9 s) and recognition memory tasks (mean discrimination index ± SD, 0.09 ± 0.14; P = 0.003), unlike isoflurane-exposed controls. Flutamide changed expression patterns of NKCC1 (mean density ± SD: control, 1.49 ± 0.69; flutamide, 0.47 ± 0.11; P < 0.001) and KCC2 (median density [25th percentile, 75th percentile]: control, 0.23 [0.13, 0.49]; flutamide, 1.47 [1.18,1.62]; P < 0.001). Inhibiting NKCC1 with bumetanide was protective for spatial memory (probe trial F[1, 162] = 6.6; P = 0.011; mean goal time, 4.6 [7.4] s). Delaying isoflurane exposure until postnatal day 14 in males preserved spatial memory (probe trial F[1, 140] = 28; P < 0.001; mean goal time, 6.1 [7.0] s). CONCLUSIONS Vulnerability to isoflurane neurotoxicity is abolished by blocking the androgen receptor, disrupting the function of NKCC1, or delaying the time of exposure to at least 2 weeks of age in male rats. These results support a dynamic role for androgens and chloride transporter proteins in perinatal anesthetic neurotoxicity. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Raol YH, Joksimovic SM, Sampath D, Matter BA, Lam PM, Kompella UB, Todorovic SM, González MI. The role of KCC2 in hyperexcitability of the neonatal brain. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135324. [PMID: 32860887 PMCID: PMC7584761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperpolarizing activity of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors depends on the intracellular chloride gradient that is developmentally regulated by the activity of the chloride extruder potassium (K) chloride (Cl) cotransporter 2 (KCC2). In humans and rodents, KCC2 expression can be detected at birth. In rodents, KCC2 expression progressively increases and reaches adult-like levels by the second postnatal week of life. Several studies report changes in KCC2 expression levels in response to early-life injuries. However, the functional contribution of KCC2 in maintaining the excitation-inhibition balance in the neonatal brain is not clear. In the current study, we examined the effect of KCC2 antagonism on the neonatal brain activity under hyperexcitable conditions ex vivo and in vivo. METHODS Ex vivo electrophysiology experiments were performed on hippocampal slices prepared from 7 to 9 days-old (P7-P9) male rats. Excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons bathed in zero-Mg2+ buffer was measured using single-unit extracellular (loose) or cell-attach protocol before and after application of VU0463271, a specific antagonist of KCC2. To examine the functional role of KCC2 in vivo, the effect of VU0463271 on hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced ictal (seizures and brief runs of epileptiform discharges - BREDs), and inter-ictal spike and sharp-wave activity was measured in P7 male rats. A highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method was used to determine the distribution and the concentration of VU0463271 in the brain. RESULTS Ex vivo blockade of KCC2 by VU0463271 significantly increased the frequency of zero-Mg2+-triggered spiking in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Similarly, in vivo administration of VU0463271 significantly increased the number of ictal events, BREDs duration, and spike and sharp-wave activity in HI rats. LC-MS/MS data revealed that following systemic administration, VU0463271 rapidly reached brain tissues and distributed well among different brain regions. CONCLUSION The results suggest that KCC2 plays a critical functional role in maintaining the balance of excitation-inhibition in the neonatal brain, and thus it can be used as a therapeutic target to ameliorate injury associated with hyperexcitability in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra H Raol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Srdjan M Joksimovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dayalan Sampath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brock A Matter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Philip M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Slobodan M Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marco I González
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Environmental regulation of the chloride transporter KCC2: switching inflammation off to switch the GABA on? Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:349. [PMID: 33060559 PMCID: PMC7562743 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride homeostasis, the main determinant factor for the dynamic tuning of GABAergic inhibition during development, has emerged as a key element altered in a wide variety of brain disorders. Accordingly, developmental disorders such as schizophrenia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Down syndrome, epilepsy, and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have been associated with alterations in the expression of genes codifying for either of the two cotransporters involved in the excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA switch, KCC2 and NKCC1. These alterations can result from environmental insults, including prenatal stress and maternal separation which share, as common molecular denominator, the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this review we report and systemize recent research articles indicating that different perinatal environmental perturbations affect the expression of chloride transporters, delaying the developmental switch of GABA signaling, and that inflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin 1β, may represent a key causal factor for this phenomenon. Based on literature data, we provide therefore a unifying conceptual framework, linking environmental hits with the excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA switch in the context of brain developmental disorders.
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Premachandran H, Zhao M, Arruda-Carvalho M. Sex Differences in the Development of the Rodent Corticolimbic System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:583477. [PMID: 33100964 PMCID: PMC7554619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.583477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a growing body of research has shown sex differences in the prevalence and symptomatology of psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and fear-related disorders, all of which show high incidence rates in early life. This has highlighted the importance of including female subjects in animal studies, as well as delineating sex differences in neural processing across development. Of particular interest is the corticolimbic system, comprising the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. In rodents, these corticolimbic regions undergo dynamic changes in early life, and disruption to their normative development is believed to underlie the age and sex-dependent effects of stress on affective processing. In this review, we consolidate research on sex differences in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex across early development. First, we briefly introduce current principles on sexual differentiation of the rodent brain. We then showcase corticolimbic regional sex differences in volume, morphology, synaptic organization, cell proliferation, microglia, and GABAergic signaling, and explain how these differences are influenced by perinatal and pubertal gonadal hormones. In compiling this research, we outline evidence of what and when sex differences emerge in the developing corticolimbic system, and illustrate how temporal dynamics of its maturational trajectory may differ in male and female rodents. This will help provide insight into potential neural mechanisms underlying sex-specific critical windows for stress susceptibility and behavioral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudi Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maithe Arruda-Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kipnis PA, Sullivan BJ, Carter BM, Kadam SD. TrkB agonists prevent postischemic emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136007. [PMID: 32427585 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory neonatal seizures do not respond to first-line antiseizure medications like phenobarbital (PB), a positive allosteric modulator for GABAA receptors. GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition is dependent upon electroneutral cation-chloride transporter KCC2, which mediates neuronal chloride extrusion and its age-dependent increase and postnatally shifts GABAergic signaling from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. Brain-derived neurotropic factor-tyrosine receptor kinase B activation (BDNF-TrkB activation) after excitotoxic injury recruits downstream targets like PLCγ1, leading to KCC2 hypofunction. Here, the antiseizure efficacy of TrkB agonists LM22A-4, HIOC, and deoxygedunin (DG) on PB-refractory seizures and postischemic TrkB pathway activation was investigated in a mouse model (CD-1, P7) of refractory neonatal seizures. LM, a BDNF loop II mimetic, rescued PB-refractory seizures in a sexually dimorphic manner. Efficacy was associated with a substantial reduction in the postischemic phosphorylation of TrkB at Y816, a site known to mediate postischemic KCC2 hypofunction via PLCγ1 activation. LM rescued ischemia-induced phospho-KCC2-S940 dephosphorylation, preserving its membrane stability. Full TrkB agonists HIOC and DG similarly rescued PB refractoriness. Chemogenetic inactivation of TrkB substantially reduced postischemic neonatal seizure burdens at P7. Sex differences identified in developmental expression profiles of TrkB and KCC2 may underlie the sexually dimorphic efficacy of LM. These results support a potentially novel role for the TrkB receptor in the emergence of age-dependent refractory neonatal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Kipnis
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brennan J Sullivan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon M Carter
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
The hippocampus is central to spatial learning and stress responsiveness, both of which differ in form and function in males versus females, yet precisely how the hippocampus contributes to these sex differences is largely unknown. In reproductively mature individuals, sex differences in the steroid hormone milieu undergirds many sex differences in hippocampal-related endpoints. However, there is also evidence for developmental programming of adult hippocampal function, with a central role for androgens as well as their aromatized byproduct, estrogens. These include sex differences in cell genesis, synapse formation, dendritic arborization, and excitatory/inhibitory balance. Enduring effects of steroid hormone modulation occur during two developmental epochs, the first being the classic perinatal critical period of sexual differentiation of the brain and the other being adolescence and the associated hormonal changes of puberty. The cellular mechanisms by which steroid hormones enduringly modify hippocampal form and function are poorly understood, but we here review what is known and highlight where attention should be focused.
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Joshi S, Beenhakker M. The Frail Male: Early Life Inflammation Promotes Chloride Loading in Adult Male Mice. Epilepsy Curr 2020; 20:168-170. [PMID: 32347118 PMCID: PMC7281908 DOI: 10.1177/1535759720917964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Life Inflammation Increases CA1 Pyramidal Neuron Excitability in a Sex and
Age-Dependent Manner Through a Chloride Homeostasis Disruption Gomez CD, Read J, Acharjee S, Pittman QJ. J Neurosci.
2019;39(37):7244. Early life, systemic inflammation causes long-lasting changes in behavior. To unmask
possible mechanisms associated with this phenomenon, we asked whether the intrinsic
membrane properties in hippocampal neurons were altered as a consequence of early life
inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were bred in-house and both male and female pups from
multiple litters were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 g/kg,
intraperitoneally.) or vehicle at postnatal day (P)14, and kept until adolescence
(P35-P45) or adulthood (P60-P70), when brain slices were prepared for whole-cell and
perforated-patch recordings from CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In neurons of
adult male mice pretreated with LPS, the number of action potentials elicited by
depolarizing current pulses was significantly increased compared with control neurons,
concomitant with increased input resistance, and a lower action potential threshold.
Although these changes were not associated with changes in relevant sodium channel
expression or differences in capacitance or dendritic architecture, they were linked
to a mechanism involving intracellular chloride overload, revealed through a
depolarized γ aminobutyric acid reversal potential and increased expression of the
chloride transporter, NKCC1. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in
neurons of adult female mice pretreated with LPS, nor in adolescent mice of either
sex. These data uncover a potential mechanism involving neonatal inflammation induced
plasticity in chloride homeostasis, which may contribute to early life
inflammation-induced behavioral alterations.
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Auvin S, Avbersek A, Bast T, Chiron C, Guerrini R, Kaminski RM, Lagae L, Muglia P, Cross JH. Drug Development for Rare Paediatric Epilepsies: Current State and Future Directions. Drugs 2020; 79:1917-1935. [PMID: 31734883 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases provide a challenge in the evaluation of new therapies. However, orphan drug development is of increasing interest because of the legislation enabling facilitated support by regulatory agencies through scientific advice, and the protection of the molecules with orphan designation. In the landscape of the rare epilepsies, very few syndromes, namely Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and West syndrome, have been subject to orphan drug development. Despite orphan designations for rare epilepsies having dramatically increased in the past 10 years, the number of approved drugs remains limited and restricted to a handful of epilepsy syndromes. In this paper, we describe the current state of orphan drug development for rare epilepsies. We identified a large number of compounds currently under investigation, but mostly in the same rare epilepsy syndromes as in the past. A rationale for further development in rare epilepsies could be based on the match between the drug mechanisms of action and the knowledge of the causative gene mutation or by evidence from animal models. In case of the absence of strong pathophysiological hypotheses, exploratory/basket clinical studies could be helpful to identify a subpopulation that may benefit from the new drug. We provide some suggestions for future improvements in orphan drug development such as promoting paediatric drug investigations, better evaluation of the incidence and the prevalence, together with the natural history data, and the development of new primary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Auvin
- PROTECT, INSERM U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier, 75935, Paris Cedex 19, France.
| | | | - Thomas Bast
- The Kork Epilepsy Center, Kehl-Kork, Germany.,Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Chiron
- PROTECT, INSERM U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfanst Malades, Paris, France
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Anna Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rafal M Kaminski
- UCB Pharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lieven Lagae
- Department Development and Regeneration, Section Paediatric Neurology, University Hospitals, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - J Helen Cross
- UCL NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Asisipo M, Gwladys NT, Musa MV. Effect of a novel prolonged febrile seizure model on GABA associated ion channels. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:441-449. [PMID: 31691144 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged febrile seizures are usually modelled in animals using hyperthermia as an inducer. In this study, a modified simple febrile seizure model using a combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and kainic acid (KA) was used to develop a prolonged febrile seizure animal model, which we used to assess effects on the expression of the sodium- potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and their possible role in seizure exacerbation. At post-natal day (PND) 14, rat pups were divided into a saline (S), simple febrile seizure (FSA-), prolonged febrile seizure (FSB-), saline A (SA+) and saline B (SB+) groups. SA+ and SB+ groups received different concentrations of KA (1.75 mg/kg, 1.83 μg/kg respectively) but no LPS. Changes in temperature, seizure activity and duration were recorded. Gene and protein expression of NKCC1, KCC2 and KCC2 phosphorylated serine (KCC2 ser) 940 were measured 1 h post seizure termination and on PND 15 using RT- PCR and western blot. There was an initial increase in temperature that was immediately followed by a temperature decrease and an increase in seizure severity and duration in the FSB- group. There was a decrease in KCC2 ser 940 protein expression. NKCC1 protein expression was increased in both FS groups suggesting decreased GABA receptor functionality. Therefore, the novel FSB- model resulted in more severe and sustained seizure activity by altering cotransporter gene and protein expression. This suggests that this model can be used to mimic prolonged febrile seizures and hence can be used to investigate the physiological changes accompanying this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asisipo
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ngoupaye Temkou Gwladys
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Mabandla Vuyisile Musa
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Liu R, Wang J, Liang S, Zhang G, Yang X. Role of NKCC1 and KCC2 in Epilepsy: From Expression to Function. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1407. [PMID: 32010056 PMCID: PMC6978738 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As a main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activates chloride-permeable GABAa receptors (GABAa Rs) and induces chloride ion (Cl−) flow, which relies on the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl−]i) of the postsynaptic neuron. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) and the K-Cl cotransporter isoform 2 (KCC2) are two main cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) that have been implicated in human epilepsy. NKCC1 and KCC2 reset [Cl−]i by accumulating and extruding Cl−, respectively. Previous studies have shown that the profile of NKCC1 and KCC2 in neonatal neurons may reappear in mature neurons under some pathophysiological conditions, such as epilepsy. Although increasing studies focusing on the expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 have suggested that impaired chloride plasticity may be closely related to epilepsy, additional neuroelectrophysiological research aimed at studying the functions of NKCC1 and KCC2 are needed to understand the exact mechanism by which they induce epileptogenesis. In this review, we aim to briefly summarize the current researches surrounding the expression and function of NKCC1 and KCC2 in epileptogenesis and its implications on the treatment of epilepsy. We will also explore the potential for NKCC1 and KCC2 to be therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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Molinero I, Galanopoulou AS, Moshé SL. Rodent models: Where it all started with these "truths". Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 24:61-65. [PMID: 31875833 PMCID: PMC7179510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Molinero
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology and Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, and Comprehensive Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA; 111 East 210th Street, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology and Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, and Comprehensive Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Kennedy Center Rm 306, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology and Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, and Comprehensive Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Kennedy Center Rm 316, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Borjini N, Sivilia S, Giuliani A, Fernandez M, Giardino L, Facchinetti F, Calzà L. Potential biomarkers for neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration at short and long term after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic insult in rat. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:194. [PMID: 31660990 PMCID: PMC6819609 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy causes life-long morbidity and premature mortality in term neonates. Therapies in addition to whole-body cooling are under development to treat the neonate at risk for HI encephalopathy, but are not a quickly measured serum inflammatory or neuronal biomarkers to rapidly and accurately identify brain injury in order to follow the efficacy of therapies. METHODS In order to identify potential biomarkers for early inflammatory and neurodegenerative events after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, both male and female Wistar rat pups at postnatal day 7 (P7) were used and had their right carotid artery permanently doubly occluded and exposed to 8% oxygen for 90 min. Sensory and cognitive parameters were assessed by open field, rotarod, CatWalk, and Morris water maze (MWM) test. Plasma and CSF biomarkers were investigated on the acute (24 h and 72 h) and chronic phase (4 weeks). Brains were assessed for gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR Array. RESULTS We found a delay of neurological reflex maturation in HI rats. We observed anxiolytic-like baseline behavior in males more than females following HI injury. HI rats held on the rotarod for a shorter time comparing to sham. HI injury impaired spatial learning ability on MWM test. The CatWalk assessment demonstrated a long-term deficit in gait parameters related to the hind paw. Proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 in plasma and CCL2 and TNF-α in CSF showed an upregulation at 24 h after HI while other cytokines, such as IL-17A and CCL5, were upregulated after 72 h in CSF. At 24 h post-injury, we observed an increase of Edn1, Hif1-α, and Mmp9 mRNA levels in the ipsilateral vs the contralateral hemisphere of HI rats. An upregulation of genes involved with clotting and hematopoietic processes was observed 72 h post-injury. CONCLUSIONS Our work showed that, in the immature brain, the HI injury induced an early increased production of several proinflammatory mediators detectable in plasma and CSF, followed by tissue damage in the hypoxic hemisphere and short-term as well as long-lasting neurobehavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozha Borjini
- Corporate Pre-clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Largo Belloli 11/A, 43122, Parma, Italy. .,Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, I-40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy. .,IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Sandra Sivilia
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Mercedes Fernandez
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, I-40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Corporate Pre-clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Largo Belloli 11/A, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, I-40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
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37
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Leung LS. Long-lasting changes in hippocampal GABA B-receptor mediated inhibition following early-life seizures in kindling-prone but not kindling-resistant rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:231-239. [PMID: 31200097 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypotheses that hippocampal GABAB receptor dysfunction is a long-lasting consequence of early-life seizures, and its dependence on genetic background, were tested. Two strains of rats bred to be prone (FAST) or resistant (SLOW) to amygdala kindling were used. On postnatal day (PND) 10, control rats were injected with saline, and seizure rats with kainic acid to induce status epilepticus (SE) for 2 h. A significantly lower dose of kainic acid was found to induce SE in FAST as compared to SLOW rats. Population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (pEPSPs) and population spikes (PSs) were recorded in CA1 of hippocampal slices of adult rats in vitro, following stimulation of stratum radiatum. Input-output relation of the single-pulse pEPSP and PS did not show a significant difference between seizure and control rats, sex, or strain (FAST and SLOW). Paired-pulse PSs were significantly enhanced at 10-50 ms interpulse intervals, in FAST seizure male rats compared to FAST male controls, but not in other groups. In adult FAST but not SLOW rats, significantly lower suppression of pEPSPs at 250-300 ms following heterosynaptic burst stimulation was found in seizure rats compared to control rats; the heterosynaptic suppression of the pEPSP was blocked by selective GABAB receptor antagonist CGP55845A. The results provide evidence that an early-life SE has a long-lasting effect in decreasing GABAB receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition in the hippocampus, in FAST but not in SLOW rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stan Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Science Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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38
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Arambula SE, Reinl EL, El Demerdash N, McCarthy MM, Robertson CL. Sex differences in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:168-179. [PMID: 30831070 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The response of the developing brain to traumatic injury is different from the response of the mature, adult brain. There are critical developmental trajectories in the young brain, whereby injury can lead to long term functional abnormalities. Emerging preclinical and clinical literature supports the presence of significant sex differences in both the response to and the recovery from pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). These sex differences are seen at all pediatric ages, including neonates/infants, pre-pubertal children, and adolescents. As importantly, the response to neuroprotective therapies or treatments can differ between male and females subjects. These sex differences can result from several biologic origins, and may manifest differently during the various phases of brain and body development. Recognizing and understanding these potential sex differences is crucial, and should be considered in both preclinical and clinical studies of pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl E Arambula
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Erin L Reinl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nagat El Demerdash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Courtney L Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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39
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McNally MA, Chavez-Valdez R, Felling RJ, Flock DL, Northington FJ, Stafstrom CE. Seizure Susceptibility Correlates with Brain Injury in Male Mice Treated with Hypothermia after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:1-10. [PMID: 30820019 PMCID: PMC9109068 DOI: 10.1159/000496468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a common neonatal brain injury associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite the administration of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Neonatal seizures and subsequent chronic epilepsy are frequent in this patient population and current treatments are partially effective. We used a neonatal murine hypoxia-ischemia (HI) model to test whether the severity of hippocampal and cortical injury predicts seizure susceptibility 8 days after HI and whether TH mitigates this susceptibility. HI at postnatal day 10 (P10) caused hippocampal injury not mitigated by TH in male or female pups. TH did not confer protection against flurothyl seizure susceptibility at P18 in this model. Hippocampal (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.001) and cortical (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.003) injury directly correlated with seizure susceptibility in male but not female pups. Thus, there are sex-specific consequences of neonatal HI on flurothyl seizure susceptibility in a murine neonatal HI model. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sex dimorphism in seizure susceptibility after neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A McNally
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra L Flock
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frances J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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40
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Akman O, Raol YH, Auvin S, Cortez MA, Kubova H, de Curtis M, Ikeda A, Dudek FE, Galanopoulou AS. Methodologic recommendations and possible interpretations of video-EEG recordings in immature rodents used as experimental controls: A TASK1-WG2 report of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:437-459. [PMID: 30525114 PMCID: PMC6276777 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immature rodents to study physiologic aspects of cortical development requires high‐quality recordings electroencephalography (EEG) with simultaneous video recording (vEEG) of behavior. Normative developmental vEEG data in control animals are fundamental for the study of abnormal background activity in animal models of seizures or other neurologic disorders. Electrical recordings from immature, freely behaving rodents can be particularly difficult because of the small size of immature rodents, their thin and soft skull, interference with the recording apparatus by the dam, and other technical challenges. In this report of the TASK1 Working Group 2 (WG2) of the International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force, we provide suggestions that aim to optimize future vEEG recordings from immature rodents, as well as their interpretation. We focus on recordings from immature rodents younger than 30 days old used as experimental controls, because the quality and correct interpretation of such recordings is important when interpreting the vEEG results of animals serving as models of neurologic disorders. We discuss the technical aspects of such recordings and compare tethered versus wireless approaches. We also summarize the appearance of common artifacts and various patterns of electrical activity seen in young rodents used as controls as a function of behavioral state, age, and (where known) sex and strain. The information herein will hopefully help improve the methodology of vEEG recordings from immature rodents and may lead to results and interpretations that are more consistent across studies from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akman
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Bilim University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yogendra H Raol
- Division of Neurology Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Translational Epilepsy Research Program University of Colorado Aurora Colorado U.S.A
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- PROTECT, INSERM UMR1141 APHP University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France.,University Hospital Robert-Debré Service of Pediatric Neurology Paris France
| | - Miguel A Cortez
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Program of Neurosciences and Mental Health Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning SickKids Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada.,Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hana Kubova
- Department of Developmental Epileptology Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit Carlo Besta Neurological Institute Foundation Milan Italy
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - F Edward Dudek
- Department of Neurosurgery University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah U.S.A
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A
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41
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Moshé SL. The 2017 Sachs Lecture: Kindling Knowledge in Epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2018; 85:5-12. [PMID: 29958806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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42
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting 65 million people worldwide. The etiologies of seizures can often be identified as genetic, metabolic, structural, immunologic or infectious, but in many cases the cause is unknown with the current diagnostic tools. Epileptogenesis is a process during which genetic or other acquired etiologies/insults lead to functional, structural, or network reorganization changes in the brain that may lead to the development of, or progression of, spontaneous seizures. During development, there are continuous changes in the structure, function, and network operation that also show sex specificity, which may alter the mechanisms underlying the generation of seizures (ictogenesis) and epileptogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms of early life epileptogenesis will enable the development of rationally designed age- and sex-appropriate therapies that would improve the overall quality of patients' lives. Here, we discuss some of these processes that may affect seizure generation and epileptogenesis in the neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Katsarou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aristea S. Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Solomon L. Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Corresponding author. Address: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Rm 316, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Tel.: +1 718-430-2447; fax: +1 718-430-8899. (S.L. Moshé)
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43
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Developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA polarity switch is delayed in Ts65Dn mice, a genetic model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 115:1-8. [PMID: 29550538 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of developmental abnormalities leading to intellectual disability. One notable phenomenon affecting the formation of nascent neural circuits during late developmental periods is developmental switch of GABA action from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing mode. We examined properties of this switch in DS using primary cultures and acute hippocampal slices from Ts65Dn mice, a genetic model of DS. Cultures of DIV3-DIV13 Ts65Dn and control normosomic (2 N) neurons were loaded with FURA-2 AM, and GABA action was assessed using local applications. In 2 N cultures, the number of GABA-activated cells dropped from ~100% to 20% between postnatal days 3-13 (P3-P13) reflecting the switch in GABA action polarity. In Ts65Dn cultures, the timing of this switch was delayed by 2-3 days. Next, microelectrode recordings of multi-unit activity (MUA) were performed in CA3 slices during bath application of the GABAA agonist isoguvacine. MUA frequency was increased in P8-P12 and reduced in P14-P22 slices reflecting the switch of GABA action from excitatory to inhibitory mode. The timing of this switch was delayed in Ts65Dn by approximately 2 days. Finally, frequency of giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs), a form of primordial neural activity, was significantly increased in slices from Ts65Dn pups at P12 and P14. These experimental evidences show that GABA action polarity switch is delayed in Ts65Dn model of DS, and that these changes lead to a delay in maturation of nascent neural circuits. These alterations may affect properties of neural circuits in adult animals and, therefore, represent a prospective target for pharmacotherapy of cognitive impairment in DS.
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44
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Di Cristo G, Awad PN, Hamidi S, Avoli M. KCC2, epileptiform synchronization, and epileptic disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 162:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Furukawa M, Tsukahara T, Tomita K, Iwai H, Sonomura T, Miyawaki S, Sato T. Neonatal maternal separation delays the GABA excitatory-to-inhibitory functional switch by inhibiting KCC2 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1243-1249. [PMID: 28962859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The excitatory-to-inhibitory functional switch of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA; GABA switch), which normally occurs in the first to the second postnatal week in the hippocampus, is necessary for the development of appropriate central nervous system function. A deficit in GABAergic inhibitory function could cause excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) neuron imbalance that is found in many neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we examined whether neonatal stress can affect the timing of the GABA functional switch and cause disorders during adolescence. Neonatal stress was induced in C57BL/6J male mouse pups by maternal separation (MS) on postnatal days (PND) 1-21. Histological quantification of K+-Cl- co-transporter (KCC2) and Ca2+ imaging were performed to examine the timing of the GABA switch during the MS period. To evaluate the influence of neonatal MS on adolescent hippocampal function, we quantified KCC2 expression and evaluated hippocampal-related behavioral tasks at PND35-38. We showed that MS delayed the timing of the GABA switch in the hippocampus and inhibited the increase in membrane KCC2 expression, with KCC2 expression inhibition persisting until adolescence. Behavioral tests showed impaired cognition, declined attention, hyperlocomotion, and aggressive character in maternally separated mice. Taken together, our results show that neonatal stress delayed the timing of the GABA switch, which could change the E/I balance and cause neurodegenerative disorders in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Furukawa
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takao Tsukahara
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sonomura
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0226, Japan
| | - Shouichi Miyawaki
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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46
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Raimondo JV, Heinemann U, de Curtis M, Goodkin HP, Dulla CG, Janigro D, Ikeda A, Lin CCK, Jiruska P, Galanopoulou AS, Bernard C. Methodological standards for in vitro models of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. A TASK1-WG4 report of the AES/ILAE Translational Task Force of the ILAE. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 4:40-52. [PMID: 29105075 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro preparations are a powerful tool to explore the mechanisms and processes underlying epileptogenesis and ictogenesis. In this review, we critically review the numerous in vitro methodologies utilized in epilepsy research. We provide support for the inclusion of detailed descriptions of techniques, including often ignored parameters with unpredictable yet significant effects on study reproducibility and outcomes. In addition, we explore how recent developments in brain slice preparation relate to their use as models of epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Uwe Heinemann
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Epilepsy and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, The Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Howard P Goodkin
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Damir Janigro
- Flocel Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chou-Ching K Lin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Einstein/Montefiore Epilepsy Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, U.S.A
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systemes UMRS 1106, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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47
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Kight KE, McCarthy MM. Sex differences and estrogen regulation of BDNF gene expression, but not propeptide content, in the developing hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:345-354. [PMID: 27870444 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in adult brain function are frequently determined developmentally through the actions of steroid hormones during sensitive periods of prenatal and early postnatal life. In rodents, various cellular end points of the developing brain are affected by estradiol that is derived from the aromatization of circulating testosterone and/or synthesized within the brain. We have previously described a sex difference in neurogenesis in the hippocampus of neonatal rats that is modulated by estradiol. In this report, we examined a potential downstream regulator of the effects of estradiol on hippocampal cell proliferation by measuring gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophin (BDNF) in male and female neonatal rats in response to estradiol. Males had higher baseline BDNF gene expression in dentate gyrus and CA1 regions of the hippocampus compared with females. Neonatal administration of exogenous estradiol resulted in opposite effects on BDNF expression in these areas of the neonatal hippocampus, such that BDNF transcripts increased in CA1 but decreased in dentate. Blocking endogenous estradiol signaling by antagonizing estrogen receptors decreased BDNF expression in the dentate of males, but not females, and had no effect in CA1. Interestingly, this sex difference and response to estradiol was not mirrored by translational output, as no differences in BDNF precursor peptide were observed. The sex- and region-specific effects of estradiol on BDNF expression in the neonatal hippocampus suggest a complex functional relationship between these pleiotropic factors in regulating developmental neurogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Kight
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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48
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Samba Reddy D. Sex differences in the anticonvulsant activity of neurosteroids. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:661-670. [PMID: 27870400 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the leading causes of chronic neurological morbidity worldwide. Acquired epilepsy may result from a number of conditions, such as brain injury, anoxia, tumors, stroke, neurotoxicity, and prolonged seizures. Sex differences have been observed in many seizure types; however, some sex-specific seizure disorders are much more prevalent in women. Despite some inconsistencies, substantial data indicates that sensitivity to seizure stimuli differs between the sexes. Men generally exhibit greater seizure susceptibility than women, whereas many women with epilepsy experience a cyclical occurrence of seizures that tends to center around the menstrual period, which has been termed catamenial epilepsy. Some epilepsy syndromes show gender differences with female predominance or male predominance. Steroid hormones, endogenous neurosteroids, and sexually dimorphic neural networks appear to play a key role in sex differences in seizure susceptibility. Neurosteroids, such as allopregnanolone, reflect sex differences in their anticonvulsant activity. This Review provides a brief overview of the evidence for sex differences in epilepsy and how sex differences influence the use of neurosteroids in epilepsy and epileptogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
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Katsarou A, Moshé SL, Galanopoulou AS. INTERNEURONOPATHIES AND THEIR ROLE IN EARLY LIFE EPILEPSIES AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. Epilepsia Open 2017; 2:284-306. [PMID: 29062978 PMCID: PMC5650248 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons control the neural circuitry and network activity in the brain. The advances in genetics have identified genes that control the development, maturation and integration of GABAergic interneurons and implicated them in the pathogenesis of epileptic encephalopathies or neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, mutations of the Aristaless-Related homeobox X-linked gene (ARX) may result in defective GABAergic interneuronal migration in infants with epileptic encephalopathies like West syndrome (WS), Ohtahara syndrome or X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG). The concept of "interneuronopathy", i.e. impaired development, migration or function of interneurons, has emerged as a possible etiopathogenic mechanism for epileptic encephalopathies. Treatments that enhance GABA levels, may help seizure control but do not necessarily show disease modifying effect. On the other hand, interneuronopathies can be seen in other conditions in which epilepsy may not be the primary manifestation, such as autism. In this review, we plan to outline briefly the current state of knowledge on the origin, development, and migration and integration of GABAergic interneurons, present neurodevelopmental conditions, with or without epilepsy, that have been associated with interneuronopathies and discuss the evidence linking certain types of interneuronal dysfunction with epilepsy and/or cognitive or behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Solomon L. Moshé
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Department of PediatricsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Aristea S. Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
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50
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Stakišaitis D, Mozūraitė R, Kavaliauskaitė D, Šlekienė L, Balnytė I, Juodžiukynienė N, Valančiūtė A. Sex-related differences of urethane and sodium valproate effects on Ki-67 expression in urethane-induced lung tumors of mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2741-2750. [PMID: 28587335 PMCID: PMC5450691 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate sex differences in tumorigenesis by assessing the number of Ki-67-positive cells [Ki-67(+)] in urethane-induced mice lung tumors and the effect of sodium valproate (NaVP) in BALB/c mice. Gonad-intact and gonadectomized female and male mice were divided into the following groups: i) Treated with urethane, ii) treated with urethane and NaVP and iii) gonad-intact or gonadectomized control. Urethane (total 50 mg/mouse) was injected intraperitoneally. The NaVP 0.4% solution was administered orally for 6 months. Histologically, lung tumors were divided into adenomas and adenocarcinomas and assessed immunohistochemically using antibodies against Ki-67. The Ki-67(+) was calculated per one mm2 of a tumor. In adenomas, Ki-67(+) in the urethane-treated gonad-intact males was significantly higher than in females (P=0.001) and in castrated males (P<0.01); Ki-67(+) in adenomas of the urethane-treated gonad-intact males was significantly higher than in urethane-NaVP-treated ones (P<0.04). No significant differences were found in analogous female groups. In adenocarcinomas, Ki-67(+) in urethane-treated gonad-intact males was significantly higher than in females and gonadectomized mice of both sexes (P<0.001), and in ovariectomized females was significantly higher than in ovary-intact group (P=0.01). A significantly higher number of Ki-67(+) cells were observed in gonad-intact adenocarcinomas of the urethane-NaVP-treated females compared with the urethane-treated ones (P<0.001). Comparing between urethane-NaVP-treated gonadectomized males and females in adenocarcinomas, determined that Ki-67(+) was significantly lower in females (P=0.005). In adenocarcinomas, Ki-67(+) in urethane-NaVP-treated gonadectomized males and females was significantly lower than in gonad-intact mice of the same sex (P<0.001). In summary, gonadectomy with NaVP treatment decreased Ki-67(+) in adenocarcinomas for mice of both sexes. The results of the present study indicate sex-related differences in mice lung tumorigenesis, and a sex-related effect of NaVP on progression in urethane-induced BALB/c mice lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatas Stakišaitis
- Laboratory of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Raminta Mozūraitė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Kavaliauskaitė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Šlekienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nomeda Juodžiukynienė
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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