1
|
Quan M, Zhang H, Han X, Ba Y, Cui X, Bi Y, Yi L, Li B. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Transcriptional Landscape of Neutrophils and Highlights the Role of TREM-1 in EAE. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200278. [PMID: 38954781 PMCID: PMC11221915 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neutrophils, underestimated in multiple sclerosis (MS), are gaining increased attention for their significant functions in patients with MS and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. However, the precise role of neutrophils in cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), the primary CNS-draining lymph nodes where the autoimmune response is initiated during the progression of EAE, remains poorly understood. METHODS Applying single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we constructed a comprehensive immune cell atlas of CLNs during development of EAE. Through this atlas, we concentrated on and uncovered the transcriptional landscape, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their crosstalk with immune cells within CLNs in the neuroinflammatory processes in EAE. RESULTS Notably, we observed a substantial increase in the neutrophil population in EAE mice, with a particular emphasis on the significant rise within the CLNs. Neutrophils in CLNs were categorized into 3 subtypes, and we explored the specific roles and developmental trajectories of each distinct neutrophil subtype. Neutrophils were found to engage in extensive interactions with other immune cells, playing crucial roles in T-cell activation. Moreover, our findings highlighted the strong migratory ability of neutrophils to CLNs, partly regulated by triggering the receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1). Inhibiting TREM1 with LR12 prevents neutrophil migration both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, in patients with MS, we confirmed an increase in peripheral neutrophils with an upregulation of TREM-1. DISCUSSION Our research provides a comprehensive and precise single-cell atlas of CLNs in EAE, highlighting the role of neutrophils in regulating the periphery immune response. In addition, TREM-1 emerged as an essential regulator of neutrophil migration to CLNs, holding promise as a potential therapeutic target in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moyuan Quan
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huining Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianxian Han
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongbing Ba
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cui
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanwei Bi
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Le Yi
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Li
- From the Department of Neurology (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; the Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.); and the Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, (M.Q., H.Z., L.Y., B.L.), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Neurology (X.H.), Zhongshan People's Hospital, China; OE Biotech Co. (Yongbing Ba), Ltd. Shanghai, China; and School of Basic Medicine (X.C., Yanwei Bi), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Natarajan C, Le LHD, Gunasekaran M, Tracey KJ, Chernoff D, Levine YA. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve ameliorates inflammation and disease activity in a rat EAE model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322577121. [PMID: 38968104 PMCID: PMC11252997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322577121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disorder that is associated with functional impairment and accruing disability. There are multiple U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that effectively dampen inflammation and slow disability progression. However, these agents do not work well for all patients and are associated with side effects that may limit their use. The vagus nerve (VN) provides a direct communication conduit between the CNS and the periphery, and modulation of the inflammatory reflex via electrical stimulation of the VN (VNS) shows efficacy in ameliorating pathology in several CNS and autoimmune disorders. We therefore investigated the impact of VNS in a rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. In this study, VNS-mediated neuroimmune modulation is demonstrated to effectively decrease EAE disease severity and duration, infiltration of neutrophils and pathogenic lymphocytes, myelin damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, fibrinogen deposition, and proinflammatory microglial activation. VNS modulates expression of genes that are implicated in MS pathogenesis, as well as those encoding myelin proteins and transcription factors regulating new myelin synthesis. Together, these data indicate that neuroimmune modulation via VNS may be a promising approach to treat MS, that not only ameliorates symptoms but potentially also promotes myelin repair (remyelination).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY11030
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY11549
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY11549
| | | | - Yaakov A. Levine
- SetPoint Medical, Valencia, CA91355
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY11549
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm171 76, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kupor D, Felder ML, Kodikalla S, Chu X, Eniola-Adefeso O. Nanoparticle-neutrophils interactions for autoimmune regulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115316. [PMID: 38663550 PMCID: PMC11246615 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils play an essential role as 'first responders' in the immune response, necessitating many immune-modulating capabilities. Chronic, unresolved inflammation is heavily implicated in the progression and tissue-degrading effects of autoimmune disease. Neutrophils modulate disease pathogenesis by interacting with the inflammatory and autoreactive cells through effector functions, including signaling, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release. Since the current gold standard systemic glucocorticoid administration has many drawbacks and side effects, targeting neutrophils in autoimmunity provides a new approach to developing therapeutics. Nanoparticles enable targeting of specific cell types and controlled release of a loaded drug cargo. Thus, leveraging nanoparticle properties and interactions with neutrophils provides an exciting new direction toward novel therapies for autoimmune diseases. Additionally, recent work has utilized neutrophil properties to design novel targeted particles for delivery into previously inaccessible areas. Here, we outline nanoparticle-based strategies to modulate neutrophil activity in autoimmunity, including various nanoparticle formulations and neutrophil-derived targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kupor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael L Felder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shivanie Kodikalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xueqi Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Klíčová K, Mareš J, Sobek O, Rous Z, Rous M, Raška M, Hartung HP. Prognostic relevance of the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 and interleukin-8 in predicting the transition from clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2955-2966. [PMID: 38453679 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The initial phase of multiple sclerosis (MS), often known as clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), is a critical period for identifying individuals at high risk of progressing to full-blown MS and initiating timely treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) as potential markers for CIS patients' conversion to MS. Our study encompassed patients with CIS, those with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and control subjects, with sample analysis conducted on both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. Patients were categorized into four groups: CIS-CIS (no MS development within 2 years), CIS-RRMS (conversion to RRMS within 2 years), RRMS (already diagnosed), and a control group (CG) with noninflammatory central nervous system disorders. Results showed significantly elevated levels of CXCL13 in CSF across all patient groups compared with the CG (p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). Although CXCL13 concentrations were slightly higher in the CIS-RRMS group, statistical significance was not reached. Similarly, significantly higher levels of IL-8 were detected in CSF samples from all patient groups compared with the CG (p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). Receiver operating characteristic analysis in the CIS-RRMS group identified both CXCL13 (area under receiver operating characteristic curve = .959) and IL-8 (area under receiver operating characteristic curve = .939) in CSF as significant predictors of CIS to RRMS conversion. In conclusion, our study suggests a trend towards elevated CSF IL-8 and CSF CXCL13 levels in CIS patients progressing to RRMS. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying prognostic markers to guide appropriate treatment strategies for individuals in the early stages of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Klíčová
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sobek
- Laboratory for Cerebrospinal Fluid, Neuroimmunology, Pathology and Special Diagnostics, Topelex, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Rous
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matouš Rous
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raška
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nowaczewska-Kuchta A, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Szpakowski P, Glabinski A. The Role of Neutrophils in Multiple Sclerosis and Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38790402 PMCID: PMC11118671 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in numerous central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Its role is ambiguous-it can induce detrimental effects, as well as repair and recovery. In response to injury or infection, resident CNS cells secrete numerous factors that alter blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and recruit immune cells into the brain, like neutrophils. Their role in the pathophysiology of CNS diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke, is highly recognized. Neutrophils alter BBB permeability and attract other immune cells into the CNS. Previously, neutrophils were considered a homogenous population. Nowadays, it is known that various subtypes of these cells exist, which reveal proinflammatory or immunosuppressive functions. The primary goal of this review was to discuss the current knowledge regarding the important role of neutrophils in MS and stroke development and progression. As the pathogenesis of these two disorders is completely different, it gives the opportunity to get insight into diverse mechanisms of neutrophil involvement in brain pathology. Our understanding of the role of neutrophils in CNS diseases is still evolving as new aspects of their activity are being unraveled. Neutrophil plasticity adds another level to their functional complexity and their importance for CNS pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrzej Glabinski
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (A.N.-K.); (D.K.-W.); (P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shao BZ, Jiang JJ, Zhao YC, Zheng XR, Xi N, Zhao GR, Huang XW, Wang SL. Neutrophil extracellular traps in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16465. [PMID: 38188146 PMCID: PMC10771765 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive induction of inflammatory and immune responses is widely considered as one of vital factors contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Neutrophils are well-studied members of inflammatory and immune cell family, contributing to the innate and adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-released neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play an important role in the regulation of various kinds of diseases, including CNS diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the biological features of NETs will be introduced. In addition, the role of NETs in several popular and well-studied CNS diseases including cerebral stroke, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and neurological cancers will be described and discussed through the reviewing of previous related studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yi-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Ren Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wu Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Illes Z, Jørgensen MM, Bæk R, Bente LM, Lauridsen JT, Hyrlov KH, Aboo C, Baumbach J, Kacprowski T, Cotton F, Guttmann CRG, Stensballe A. New Enhancing MRI Lesions Associate with IL-17, Neutrophil Degranulation and Integrin Microparticles: Multi-Omics Combined with Frequent MRI in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3170. [PMID: 38137391 PMCID: PMC10740934 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-barrier (BBB) breakdown and active inflammation are hallmarks of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS), but the molecular events contributing to the development of new lesions are not well explored. Leaky endothelial junctions are associated with increased production of endothelial-derived extracellular microvesicles (EVs) and result in the entry of circulating immune cells into the brain. MRI with intravenous gadolinium (Gd) can visualize acute blood-barrier disruption as the initial event of the evolution of new lesions. METHODS Here, weekly MRI with Gd was combined with proteomics, multiplex immunoassay, and endothelial stress-optimized EV array to identify early markers related to BBB disruption. Five patients with RMS with no disease-modifying treatment were monitored weekly using high-resolution 3T MRI scanning with intravenous gadolinium (Gd) for 8 weeks. Patients were then divided into three groups (low, medium, or high MRI activity) defined by the number of new, total, and maximally enhancing Gd-enhancing lesions and the number of new FLAIR lesions. Plasma samples taken at each MRI were analyzed for protein biomarkers of inflammation by quantitative proteomics, and cytokines using multiplex immunoassays. EVs were characterized with an optimized endothelial stress EV array based on exosome surface protein markers for the detection of soluble secreted EVs. RESULTS Proteomics analysis of plasma yielded quantitative information on 208 proteins at each patient time point (n = 40). We observed the highest number of unique dysregulated proteins (DEPs) and the highest functional enrichment in the low vs. high MRI activity comparison. Complement activation and complement/coagulation cascade were also strongly overrepresented in the low vs. high MRI activity comparison. Activation of the alternative complement pathway, pathways of blood coagulation, extracellular matrix organization, and the regulation of TLR and IGF transport were unique for the low vs. high MRI activity comparison as well, with these pathways being overrepresented in the patient with high MRI activity. Principal component analysis indicated the individuality of plasma profiles in patients. IL-17 was upregulated at all time points during 8 weeks in patients with high vs. low MRI activity. Hierarchical clustering of soluble markers in the plasma indicated that all four MRI outcomes clustered together with IL-17, IL-12p70, and IL-1β. MRI outcomes also showed clustering with EV markers CD62E/P, MIC A/B, ICAM-1, and CD42A. The combined cluster of these cytokines, EV markers, and MRI outcomes clustered also with IL-12p40 and IL-7. All four MRI outcomes correlated positively with levels of IL-17 (p < 0.001, respectively), and EV-ICAM-1 (p < 0.0003, respectively). IL-1β levels positively correlated with the number of new Gd-enhancing lesions (p < 0.01), new FLAIR lesions (p < 0.001), and total number of Gd-enhancing lesions (p < 0.05). IL-6 levels positively correlated with the number of new FLAIR lesions (p < 0.05). Random Forests and linear mixed models identified IL-17, CCL17/TARC, CCL3/MIP-1α, and TNF-α as composite biomarkers predicting new lesion evolution. CONCLUSIONS Combination of serial frequent MRI with proteome, neuroinflammation markers, and protein array data of EVs enabled assessment of temporal changes in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in RMS related to the evolution of new and enhancing lesions. Particularly, the Th17 pathway and IL-1β clustered and correlated with new lesions and Gd enhancement, indicating their importance in BBB disruption and initiating acute brain inflammation in MS. In addition to the Th17 pathway, abundant protein changes between MRI activity groups suggested the role of EVs and the coagulation system along with innate immune responses including acute phase proteins, complement components, and neutrophil degranulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Lisa-Marie Bente
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.-M.B.); (T.K.)
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jørgen T. Lauridsen
- Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Kirsten H. Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aboo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408 Beijing, China
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.-M.B.); (T.K.)
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Francois Cotton
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, France/CREATIS, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | | | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Clinical Cancer Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riaz B, Sohn S. Neutrophils in Inflammatory Diseases: Unraveling the Impact of Their Derived Molecules and Heterogeneity. Cells 2023; 12:2621. [PMID: 37998356 PMCID: PMC10670008 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases involve numerous disorders and medical conditions defined by an insufficient level of self-tolerance. These diseases evolve over the course of a multi-step process through which environmental variables play a crucial role in the emergence of aberrant innate and adaptive immunological responses. According to experimental data accumulated over the past decade, neutrophils play a significant role as effector cells in innate immunity. However, neutrophils are also involved in the progression of numerous diseases through participation in the onset and maintenance of immune-mediated dysregulation by releasing neutrophil-derived molecules and forming neutrophil extracellular traps, ultimately causing destruction of tissues. Additionally, neutrophils have a wide variety of functional heterogeneity with adverse effects on inflammatory diseases. However, the complicated role of neutrophil biology and its heterogeneity in inflammatory diseases remains unclear. Moreover, neutrophils are considered an intriguing target of interventional therapies due to their multifaceted role in a number of diseases. Several approaches have been developed to therapeutically target neutrophils, involving strategies to improve neutrophil function, with various compounds and inhibitors currently undergoing clinical trials, although challenges and contradictions in the field persist. This review outlines the current literature on roles of neutrophils, neutrophil-derived molecules, and neutrophil heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with potential future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Riaz
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Holm Nielsen S, Karsdal M, Bay-Jensen AC. Neutrophil activity in serum as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:105005. [PMID: 37714096 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Current treatments target neuroinflammation, but only limit the disease progression by reducing brain atrophy and a worsening in neurodegenerative damage. A blood-based biomarker of neutrophil activity, CPa9-HNE, holds the potential as a diagnostic biomarker in MS. We evaluated the CPa9-HNE biomarker in healthy donors, and patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) and relapsing/remitting MS (RRMS). The CPa9-HNE was able to discriminate between the healthy donors and PPMS and RPMS with an AUROC>0.97. The CPa9-HNE biomarker may be used to assess patients' eligibility for targeted treatments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang S, Ma Y, Luo X, Xiao H, Cheng R, Jiang A, Qin X. Integrated Analysis of Immune Infiltration and Hub Pyroptosis-Related Genes for Multiple Sclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4043-4059. [PMID: 37727371 PMCID: PMC10505586 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s422189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies on overall immune infiltration and pyroptosis in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are limited. This study explored immune cell infiltration and pyroptosis in MS using bioinformatics and experimental validation. Methods The GSE131282 and GSE135511 microarray datasets including brain autopsy tissues from controls and MS patients were downloaded for bioinformatic analysis. The gene expression-based deconvolution method, CIBERSORT, was used to determine immune infiltration. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichments were analyzed. We then extracted pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) from the DEGs by using machine learning strategies. Their diagnostic ability for MS was evaluated in both the training set (GSE131282 dataset) and validation set (GSE135511 dataset). In addition, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of PRGs was validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in cortical tissue from an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Moreover, the functional enrichment pathways of each hub PRG were estimated. Finally, co-expressed competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of PRGs in MS were constructed. Results Among the infiltrating cells, naive CD4+ T cells (P=0.006), resting NK cells (P=0.002), activated mast cells (P=0.022), and neutrophils (P=0.002) were significantly higher in patients with MS than in controls. The DEGs of MS were screened. Analysis of enrichment pathways showed that the pathways of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and ion channels associating with pyroptosis. Four PRGs genes CASP4, PLCG1, CASP9 and NLRC4 were identified. They were validated in both the GSE135511 dataset and the EAE model by using qRT-PCR. CASP4 and NLRC4 were ultimately identified as stable hub PRGs for MS. Single-gene Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that they mainly participated in biosynthesis, metabolism, and organism resistance. ceRNA networks containing CASP4 and NLRC4 were constructed. Conclusion MS was associated with immune infiltration. CASP4 and NLRC4 were key biomarkers of pyroptosis in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Al-Kharashi LA, Al-Harbi NO, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Algahtani MM, Ibrahim KE, Bakheet SA, Alanazi MM, Alqarni SA, Alsanea S, Nadeem A. Auranofin Modulates Thioredoxin Reductase/Nrf2 Signaling in Peripheral Immune Cells and the CNS in a Mouse Model of Relapsing-Remitting EAE. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2502. [PMID: 37760943 PMCID: PMC10526216 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. It causes the demyelination of neurons and the subsequent degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). The infiltration of leukocytes of both myeloid and lymphoid origins from the systemic circulation into the CNS triggers autoimmune reactions through the release of multiple mediators. These mediators include oxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines which ultimately cause the characteristic plaques observed in MS. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammation by modulating the transcription of antioxidants and the suppression of inflammatory cytokines. The gold compound auranofin (AFN) is known to activate Nrf2 through the inhibition of TrxR; however, the effects of this compound have not been explored in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Therefore, this study explored the influence of AFN on clinical features, TrxR/Nrf2 signaling [heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1)] and oxidative/inflammatory mediators [IL-6, IL-17A, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrotyrosine] in peripheral immune cells and the CNS of mice with the RR type of EAE. Our results showed an increase in TrxR activity and a decrease in Nrf2 signaling in SJL/J mice with RR-EAE. The treatment with AFN caused the amelioration of the clinical features of RR-EAE through the elevation of Nrf2 signaling and the subsequent upregulation of the levels of antioxidants as well as the downregulation of oxidative/pro-inflammatory mediators in peripheral immune cells and the CNS. These data suggest that AFN may be beneficial in the treatment of RRMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layla A. Al-Kharashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O. Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Algahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E. Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sary Alsanea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ner-Gaon H, Peleg R, Gazit R, Reiner-Benaim A, Shay T. Mapping the splicing landscape of the human immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116392. [PMID: 37711610 PMCID: PMC10499523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human genes code for more than one transcript. Different ratios of transcripts of the same gene can be found in different cell types or states, indicating differential use of transcription start sites or differential splicing. Such differential transcript use (DTUs) events provide an additional layer of regulation and protein diversity. With the exceptions of PTPRC and CIITA, there are very few reported cases of DTU events in the immune system. To rigorously map DTUs between different human immune cell types, we leveraged four publicly available RNA sequencing datasets. We identified 282 DTU events between five human healthy immune cell types that appear in at least two datasets. The patterns of the DTU events were mostly cell-type-specific or lineage-specific, in the context of the five cell types tested. DTUs correlated with the expression pattern of potential regulators, namely, splicing factors and transcription factors. Of the several immune related conditions studied, only sepsis affected the splicing of more than a few genes and only in innate immune cells. Taken together, we map the DTUs landscape in human peripheral blood immune cell types, and present hundreds of genes whose transcript use changes between cell types or upon activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ner-Gaon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ronnie Peleg
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Roi Gazit
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anat Reiner-Benaim
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tal Shay
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kunze R, Fischer S, Marti HH, Preissner KT. Brain alarm by self-extracellular nucleic acids: from neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:64. [PMID: 37550658 PMCID: PMC10405513 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, as well as the neurodegenerative diseases Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease are accompanied or even powered by danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), defined as endogenous molecules released from stressed or damaged tissue. Besides protein-related DAMPs or "alarmins", numerous nucleic acid DAMPs exist in body fluids, such as cell-free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as well as different species of extracellular RNA, collectively termed as self-extracellular nucleic acids (SENAs). Among these, microRNA, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and extracellular ribosomal RNA constitute the majority of RNA-based DAMPs. Upon tissue injury, necrosis or apoptosis, such SENAs are released from neuronal, immune and other cells predominantly in association with extracellular vesicles and may be translocated to target cells where they can induce intracellular regulatory pathways in gene transcription and translation. The majority of SENA-induced signaling reactions in the brain appear to be related to neuroinflammatory processes, often causally associated with the onset or progression of the respective disease. In this review, the impact of the diverse types of SENAs on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Based on the accumulating knowledge in this field, several specific antagonistic approaches are presented that could serve as therapeutic interventions to lower the pathological outcome of the indicated brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hugo H. Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Kerckhoff-Heart-Research-Institute, Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tomečková V, Tkáčiková S, Talian I, Fabriciová G, Hovan A, Kondrakhova D, Zakutanská K, Skirková M, Komanický V, Tomašovičová N. Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid and Its Processing for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115251. [PMID: 37299978 DOI: 10.3390/s23115251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A pilot analysis of the tear fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) collected by glass microcapillary was performed using various experimental methods: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and atomic-force microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy found no significant difference between the tear fluid of MS patients and the control spectra; all three significant peaks were located at around the same positions. Raman analysis showed differences between the spectra of the tear fluid of MS patients and the spectra of healthy subjects, which indicated a decrease in tryptophan and phenylalanine content and changes in the relative contributions of the secondary structures of the polypeptide chains of tear proteins. Atomic-force microscopy exhibited a surface fern-shaped dendrite morphology of the tear fluid of patients with MS, with less roughness on both oriented silicon (100) and glass substrates compared to the tear fluid of control subjects. The results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed downregulation of glycosphingolipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Proteomic analysis identified upregulated proteins in the tear fluid of patients with MS such as cystatine, phospholipid transfer protein, transcobalamin-1, immunoglobulin lambda variable 1-47, lactoperoxidase, and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1; and downregulated proteins such as haptoglobin, prosaposin, cytoskeletal keratin type I pre-mRNA-processing factor 17, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and phospholipase A2. This study showed that the tear proteome in patients with MS is modified and can reflect inflammation. Tear fluid is not a commonly used biological material in clinico-biochemical laboratories. Experimental proteomics has the potential to become a promising contemporary tool for personalized medicine, and it might be applied in clinical practice by providing a detailed analysis of the tear-fluid proteomic profile of patients with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Tomečková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Tkáčiková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Talian
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Fabriciová
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Hovan
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Daria Kondrakhova
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Park Angelinum 9, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Zakutanská
- Department of Magnetism, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miriama Skirková
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Komanický
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Park Angelinum 9, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Natália Tomašovičová
- Department of Magnetism, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ganesh K, Joshi MB. Neutrophil sub-types in maintaining immune homeostasis during steady state, infections and sterile inflammation. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1175-1192. [PMID: 37212866 PMCID: PMC10201050 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophils are component of innate immune system and a) eliminate pathogens b) maintain immune homeostasis by regulating other immune cells and c) contribute to the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophil mediated inflammation has been described in pathogenesis of various diseases. This indicates neutrophils do not represent homogeneous population but perform multiple functions through confined subsets. Hence, in the present review we summarize various studies describing the heterogeneous nature of neutrophils and associated functions during steady state and pathological conditions. METHODOLOGY We performed extensive literature review with key words 'Neutrophil subpopulations' 'Neutrophil subsets', Neutrophil and infections', 'Neutrophil and metabolic disorders', 'Neutrophil heterogeneity' in PUBMED. RESULTS Neutrophil subtypes are characterized based on buoyancy, cell surface markers, localization and maturity. Recent advances in high throughput technologies indicate the existence of functionally diverse subsets of neutrophils in bone marrow, blood and tissues in both steady state and pathological conditions. Further, we found proportions of these subsets significantly vary in pathological conditions. Interestingly, stimulus specific activation of signalling pathways in neutrophils have been demonstrated. CONCLUSION Neutrophil sub-populations differ among diseases and hence, mechanisms regulating formation, sustenance, proportions and functions of these sub-types vary between physiological and pathological conditions. Hence, mechanistic insights of neutrophil subsets in disease specific manner may facilitate development of neutrophil-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Ganesh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chakraborty S, Tabrizi Z, Bhatt NN, Franciosa SA, Bracko O. A Brief Overview of Neutrophils in Neurological Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050743. [PMID: 37238612 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in circulation and are the first line of defense after an infection or injury. Neutrophils have a broad spectrum of functions, including phagocytosis of microorganisms, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, oxidative burst, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Traditionally, neutrophils were thought to be most important for acute inflammatory responses, with a short half-life and a more static response to infections and injury. However, this view has changed in recent years showing neutrophil heterogeneity and dynamics, indicating a much more regulated and flexible response. Here we will discuss the role of neutrophils in aging and neurological disorders; specifically, we focus on recent data indicating the impact of neutrophils in chronic inflammatory processes and their contribution to neurological diseases. Lastly, we aim to conclude that reactive neutrophils directly contribute to increased vascular inflammation and age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynab Tabrizi
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver Bracko
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rousseau BA, Bhaduri-McIntosh S. Inflammation and Epstein-Barr Virus at the Crossroads of Multiple Sclerosis and Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:949. [PMID: 37112929 PMCID: PMC10141000 DOI: 10.3390/v15040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have strengthened the evidence for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) as an important contributing factor in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Chronic inflammation is a key feature of MS. EBV+ B cells can express cytokines and exosomes that promote inflammation, and EBV is known to be reactivated through the upregulation of cellular inflammasomes. Inflammation is a possible cause of the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which allows the infiltration of lymphocytes into the central nervous system. Once resident, EBV+ or EBV-specific B cells could both plausibly exacerbate MS plaques through continued inflammatory processes, EBV reactivation, T cell exhaustion, and/or molecular mimicry. Another virus, SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, is known to elicit a strong inflammatory response in infected and immune cells. COVID-19 is also associated with EBV reactivation, particularly in severely ill patients. Following viral clearance, continued inflammation may be a contributor to post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection (PASC). Evidence of aberrant cytokine activation in patients with PASC supports this hypothesis. If unaddressed, long-term inflammation could put patients at risk for reactivation of EBV. Determining mechanisms by which viruses can cause inflammation and finding treatments for reducing that inflammation may help reduce the disease burden for patients suffering from PASC, MS, and EBV diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Rousseau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dave BP, Shah KC, Shah MB, Chorawala MR, Patel VN, Shah PA, Shah GB, Dhameliya TM. Unveiling the modulation of Nogo receptor in neuroregeneration and plasticity: Novel aspects and future horizon in a new frontier. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115461. [PMID: 36828272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis have emerged as the most dreaded diseases due to a lack of precise diagnostic tools and efficient therapies. Despite the fact that the contributing factors of NDs are still unidentified, mounting evidence indicates the possibility that genetic and cellular changes may lead to the significant production of abnormally misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins lead to damaging effects thereby causing neurodegeneration. The association between Neurite outgrowth factor (Nogo) with neurological diseases and other peripheral diseases is coming into play. Three isoforms of Nogo have been identified Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Among these, Nogo-A is mainly responsible for neurological diseases as it is localized in the CNS (Central Nervous System), whereas Nogo-B and Nogo-C are responsible for other diseases such as colitis, lung, intestinal injury, etc. Nogo-A, a membrane protein, had first been described as a CNS-specific inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Several recent studies have revealed the role of Nogo-A proteins and their receptors in modulating neurite outgrowth, branching, and precursor migration during nervous system development. It may also modulate or affect the inhibition of growth during the developmental processes of the CNS. Information about the effects of other ligands of Nogo protein on the CNS are yet to be discovered however several pieces of evidence have suggested that it may also influence the neuronal maturation of CNS and targeting Nogo-A could prove to be beneficial in several neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavarth P Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashvi C Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vishvas N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Palak A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar 380023, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad-382481, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cambier S, Gouwy M, Proost P. The chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL12: molecular and functional properties, role in disease and efforts towards pharmacological intervention. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:217-251. [PMID: 36725964 PMCID: PMC9890491 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are an indispensable component of our immune system through the regulation of directional migration and activation of leukocytes. CXCL8 is the most potent human neutrophil-attracting chemokine and plays crucial roles in the response to infection and tissue injury. CXCL8 activity inherently depends on interaction with the human CXC chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR1, and glycosaminoglycans. Furthermore, (hetero)dimerization and tight regulation of transcription and translation, as well as post-translational modifications further fine-tune the spatial and temporal activity of CXCL8 in the context of inflammatory diseases and cancer. The CXCL8 interaction with receptors and glycosaminoglycans is therefore a promising target for therapy, as illustrated by multiple ongoing clinical trials. CXCL8-mediated neutrophil mobilization to blood is directly opposed by CXCL12, which retains leukocytes in bone marrow. CXCL12 is primarily a homeostatic chemokine that induces migration and activation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, endothelial cells, and several leukocytes through interaction with CXCR4, ACKR1, and ACKR3. Thereby, it is an essential player in the regulation of embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. However, CXCL12 can also exert inflammatory functions, as illustrated by its pivotal role in a growing list of pathologies and its synergy with CXCL8 and other chemokines to induce leukocyte chemotaxis. Here, we review the plethora of information on the CXCL8 structure, interaction with receptors and glycosaminoglycans, different levels of activity regulation, role in homeostasis and disease, and therapeutic prospects. Finally, we discuss recent research on CXCL12 biochemistry and biology and its role in pathology and pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Probiotic-Fermented Camel Milk Attenuates Neurodegenerative Symptoms via SOX5/miR-218 Axis Orchestration in Mouse Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030357. [PMID: 36986457 PMCID: PMC10059028 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune-mediated myelin damage disorder in the central nervous system that is widespread among neurological patients. It has been demonstrated that several genetic and epigenetic factors control autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS, through CD4+ T-cell population quantity. Alterations in the gut microbiota influence neuroprotectiveness via unexplored mechanisms. In this study, the ameliorative effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fermented in camel milk (BEY) on an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative model using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein/complete fraud adjuvant/pertussis toxin (MCP)-immunized C57BL6j mice is investigated. Anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed in the in vitro cell model, and inflammatory cytokines interleukins IL17 (from EAE 311 to BEY 227 pg/mL), IL6 (from EAE 103 to BEY 65 pg/mL), IFNγ (from EAE 423 to BEY 243 pg/mL) and TGFβ (from EAE 74 to BEY 133 pg/mL) were significantly reduced in BEY-treated mice. The epigenetic factor miR-218-5P was identified and confirmed its mRNA target SOX-5 using in silico tools and expression techniques, suggesting SOX5/miR-218-5p could serve as an exclusive diagnostic marker for MS. Furthermore, BEY improved the short-chain fatty acids, in particular butyrate (from 0.57 to 0.85 µM) and caproic (from 0.64 to 1.33 µM) acids, in the MCP mouse group. BEY treatment significantly regulated the expression of inflammatory transcripts in EAE mice and upregulated neuroprotective markers such as neurexin (from 0.65- to 1.22-fold) (p < 0.05), vascular endothelial adhesion molecules (from 0.41- to 0.76-fold) and myelin-binding protein (from 0.46- to 0.89-fold) (p < 0.03). These findings suggest that BEY could be a promising clinical approach for the curative treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and could promote the use of probiotic food as medicine.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sun X, Zhou C, Zhu J, Wu S, Liang T, Jiang J, Chen J, Chen T, Huang SS, Chen L, Ye Z, Guo H, Zhan X, Liu C. Identification of clinical heterogeneity and construction of a novel subtype predictive model in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: An unsupervised machine learning study. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109879. [PMID: 36822084 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate classification of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the premise of precision medicine so as to perform different medical interventions for different patient types. AS pathology is closely related to the changes in the immune microenvironment. In this study, we used unsupervised machine learning (UML) to classify patients with AS based on clinical characteristics. We then constructed a novel subtype predictive model for AS based on the clinical classification, after which we investigated the difference in the immune microenvironment to unravel the AS pathogenesis. METHODS Overall, 196 patients with AS were enrolled. UML was used to cluster AS patients by similar clinical characteristics. Functional ability, disease status, and grading of radiologic features were assessed to verify the accuracy and heterogeneity of UML clustering. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and Random Forest algorithm were used to screen and identify predictive factors for the novel subtype of AS. Logistic regression was also performed to construct a predictive model of this novel subtype. Datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to assess immune cell infiltration, and the results were validated using data of routine blood tests from 3671 AS patients and 5720 non-AS patients. The differential expression of Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein (FTO), an m6A regulator, between AS patients and healthy control subjects was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS UML clustering identified two clusters. The clinical characteristics of the two clusters were significantly heterogeneous. For the novel subtype of AS identified in UML clustering, a predictive model was built using three predictive factors, namely, C-reactive protein (CRP), absolute value of neutrophils (NEU), and absolute value of monocytes (MONO). The area under the curve of the predictive model was 0.983. Heterogeneity in the neutrophil and monocyte counts in AS was verified through immune cell infiltration analysis. Data from routine blood tests revealed that NEU and MONO were significantly higher in AS patients than in non-AS patients (p < 0.001). FTO expression was negatively correlated with both NEU and MONO. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the downregulated expression of FTO. CONCLUSIONS UML provides an explicable and remarkable classification of a heterogeneous cohort of AS patients. A novel subtype of AS was identified in UML clustering. CRP, NEU, and MONO were the independent predictive factors for the novel subtype of AS. FTO expression was correlated with immune cell infiltration in AS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Sun
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Chenxing Zhou
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Jichong Zhu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Tuo Liang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Jiarui Chen
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Tianyou Chen
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Sheng Sheng Huang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Liyi Chen
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Zhen Ye
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Elgenidy A, Atef M, Nassar A, Cheema HA, Emad A, Salah I, Sonbol Y, Afifi AM, Ghozy S, Hassan A. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio: a Marker of Neuro-inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: a Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2023; 5:68. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-022-01383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
24
|
Choi A, Javius-Jones K, Hong S, Park H. Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems with Innate Homing Capability as a Novel Nanocarrier Platform. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:509-525. [PMID: 36742991 PMCID: PMC9893846 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been designed to treat various diseases. However, many problems remain, such as inadequate tumor targeting and poor therapeutic outcomes. To overcome these obstacles, cell-based drug delivery systems have been developed. Candidates for cell-mediated drug delivery include blood cells, immune cells, and stem cells with innate tumor tropism and low immunogenicity; they act as a disguise to deliver the therapeutic payload. In drug delivery systems, therapeutic agents are encapsulated intracellularly or attached to the surface of the plasma membrane and transported to the desired site. Here, we review the pros and cons of cell-based therapies and discuss their homing mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, different strategies to load therapeutic agents inside or on the surface of circulating cells and the current applications for a wide range of disease treatments are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anseo Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaila Javius-Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Hansoo Park; Seungpyo Hong, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2 820 5804, Fax +82-2 813 8159, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bacillus amyloliquifaciens-Supplemented Camel Milk Suppresses Neuroinflammation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammatory Markers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030550. [PMID: 36771257 PMCID: PMC9921734 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a distinct autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorder, affects millions of people worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. Changes in the gut microbiome are linked to the development of neuroinflammation via mechanisms that are not fully understood. Prebiotics and probiotics in camel milk that has been fermented have a variety of health benefits. In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-supplemented camel milk (BASY) was used to assess its preventive effect on MS symptoms in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-immunized C57BL6J mice model. To this end, MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was established and the level of disease index, pathological scores, and anti-inflammatory markers of BASY-treated mice using macroscopic and microscopic examinations, qPCR and immunoblot were investigated. The results demonstrate that BASY significantly reduced the EAE disease index, increased total microbial load (2.5 fold), and improved the levels of the short-chain fatty acids propionic, butyric and caproic acids in the diseased mice group. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β) were regulated by BASY treatment. Significant suppression of MPO and VCAM levels were noticed in the BASY-treated group (from 168 to 111 µM and from 34 to 27 pg/mL, respectively), in comparison to the EAE group. BASY treatment significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory progression related transcripts, and inflammatory progression protein markers. In conclusion, BASY significantly reduced the symptoms of EAE mice and may be used to develop a probiotic-based diet to promote host gut health. The cumulative findings of this study confirm the significant neuroprotection of BASY in the MOG-induced mice model. They could also suggest a novel approach to the treatment of MS-associated disorders.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shafqat A, Noor Eddin A, Adi G, Al-Rimawi M, Abdul Rab S, Abu-Shaar M, Adi K, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in central nervous system pathologies: A mini review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1083242. [PMID: 36873885 PMCID: PMC9981681 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1083242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cells to be recruited to sites of acute inflammation and contribute to host defense through phagocytosis, degranulation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Neutrophils are rarely found in the brain because of the highly selective blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, several diseases disrupt the BBB and cause neuroinflammation. In this regard, neutrophils and NETs have been visualized in the brain after various insults, including traumatic (traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury), infectious (bacterial meningitis), vascular (ischemic stroke), autoimmune (systemic lupus erythematosus), neurodegenerative (multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease), and neoplastic (glioma) causes. Significantly, preventing neutrophil trafficking into the central nervous system or NET production in these diseases alleviates brain pathology and improves neurocognitive outcomes. This review summarizes the major studies on the contribution of NETs to central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghaith Adi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mylia Abu-Shaar
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem Adi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bissenova S, Ellis D, Mathieu C, Gysemans C. Neutrophils in autoimmunity: when the hero becomes the villain. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:128-140. [PMID: 36208466 PMCID: PMC9750832 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils were long considered to be a short-lived homogenous cell population, limited to their role as first responders in anti-bacterial and -fungal immunity. While it is true that neutrophils are first to infiltrate the site of infection to eliminate pathogens, growing evidence suggests their functions could extend beyond those of basic innate immune cells. Along with their well-established role in pathogen elimination, utilizing effector functions such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophils have recently been shown to possess antigen-presenting capabilities. Moreover, the identification of different subtypes of neutrophils points to a multifactorial heterogeneous cell population with great plasticity in which some subsets have enhanced pro-inflammatory characteristics, while others seem to behave as immunosuppressors. Interestingly, the aberrant presence of activated neutrophils with a pro-inflammatory profile in several systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) could potentially be exploited in novel therapeutic strategies. The full extent of the involvement of neutrophils, and more specifically that of their various subtypes, in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases is yet to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samal Bissenova
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Darcy Ellis
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Duan Z, Jia A, Cui W, Feng J. Correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and severity of myasthenia gravis in adults: A retrospective study. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 106:117-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
29
|
Correlation between the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Multiple Sclerosis: Recent Understanding and Potential Application Perspectives. Neurol Res Int 2022; 2022:3265029. [PMID: 36340639 PMCID: PMC9629953 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3265029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system, which causes demyelination and neuroaxonal damage. Low-grade systemic inflammation has been considered to lead to pathogenesis owing to the amplification of pathogenic immune response activation. However, there is a shortage of reliable systemic inflammatory biomarkers to predict the disease activity and progression of MS. In MS patients, a series of cytokines and chemokines promote the proliferation of neutrophils and lymphocytes and their transfer to the central nervous system. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which combines the information of the inherent and adaptive parts of the immune system, represents a reliable measure of the inflammatory burden. In this review, we aimed to discuss the inflammatory response in MS, mainly the function of lymphocytes and neutrophils, which can be implemented in the utility of NLR as a diagnostic tool in MS patients. The underlying pathophysiology is highlighted to identify new potential targets for neuroprotection and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
30
|
Xing Y, Yang W, Jin Y, Liu Y. Neutrophil count multiplied by D-dimer combined with pneumonia may better predict short-term outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275350. [PMID: 36206250 PMCID: PMC9543623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the predictive value of neutrophil, D-dimer and diseases associated with stroke for short-term outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods By collecting the subitems of laboratory data especially routine blood and coagulation test in AIS patients, and recording their clinical status, the correlation, regression and predictive value of each subitem with the short-term outcomes of AIS were analyzed. The predict model was constructed. Results The neutrophil count multiplied by D-dimer (NDM) had the best predictive value among the subitems, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve reached 0.804. When clinical information was not considered, the Youden index of NDM was calculated to be 0.48, corresponding to an NDM value of 7.78, a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.79, specificity of 0.69, negative predictive value of 96%. NDM were divided into 5 quintiles, the five grade of NDM (quintile) were < = 1.82, 1.83–2.41, 2.42–3.27, 3.28–4.49, 4.95+, respectively. The multivariate regression analysis was conducted between NDM (quintile), Babinski+, pneumonia, cardiac disease and poor outcomes of AIS. Compared with the first grade of NDM (quintile), the second grade of NDM (quintile) was not significant, but the third grade of NDM (quintile) showed 7.061 times, the fourth grade of NDM (quintile) showed 11.776 times, the fifth grade of NDM (quintile) showed 23.394 times in short-term poor outcomes occurrence. Babinski sign + showed 1.512 times, pneumonia showed 2.995 times, cardiac disease showed 1.936 times in short-term poor outcomes occurrence compared with those negative patients. Conclusions NDM combined with pneumonia may better predict short-term outcomes in patients with AIS. Early prevention, regular examination and timely intervention should be emphasized for patients, which may reduce the risk of short-term poor outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinting Xing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (YL)
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yingyu Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (YL)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang MJ, Hou K, Dey KK, Sakaue S, Jagadeesh KA, Weinand K, Taychameekiatchai A, Rao P, Pisco AO, Zou J, Wang B, Gandal M, Raychaudhuri S, Pasaniuc B, Price AL. Polygenic enrichment distinguishes disease associations of individual cells in single-cell RNA-seq data. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1572-1580. [PMID: 36050550 PMCID: PMC9891382 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides unique insights into the pathology and cellular origin of disease. We introduce single-cell disease relevance score (scDRS), an approach that links scRNA-seq with polygenic disease risk at single-cell resolution, independent of annotated cell types. scDRS identifies cells exhibiting excess expression across disease-associated genes implicated by genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We applied scDRS to 74 diseases/traits and 1.3 million single-cell gene-expression profiles across 31 tissues/organs. Cell-type-level results broadly recapitulated known cell-type-disease associations. Individual-cell-level results identified subpopulations of disease-associated cells not captured by existing cell-type labels, including T cell subpopulations associated with inflammatory bowel disease, partially characterized by their effector-like states; neuron subpopulations associated with schizophrenia, partially characterized by their spatial locations; and hepatocyte subpopulations associated with triglyceride levels, partially characterized by their higher ploidy levels. Genes whose expression was correlated with the scDRS score across cells (reflecting coexpression with GWAS disease-associated genes) were strongly enriched for gold-standard drug target and Mendelian disease genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jinye Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kangcheng Hou
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kushal K Dey
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Saori Sakaue
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karthik A Jagadeesh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Weinand
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aris Taychameekiatchai
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Poorvi Rao
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - James Zou
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Wang
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou C, Liang T, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Chen T, Chen L, Sun X, Huang S, Zhu J, Wu S, Zhan X, Liu C. Immune cell infiltration-related clinical diagnostic model for Ankylosing Spondylitis. Front Genet 2022; 13:949882. [PMID: 36263434 PMCID: PMC9575679 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.949882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis and diagnosis of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) has remained uncertain due to several reasons, including the lack of studies on the local and systemic immune response in AS. To construct a clinical diagnostic model, this study identified the micro RNA-messenger RNA (miRNA-mRNA) interaction network and immune cell infiltration-related hub genes associated with AS. Materials and Methods: Total RNA was extracted and purified from the interspinous ligament tissue samples of three patients with AS and three patients without AS; miRNA and mRNA microarrays were constructed using the extracted RNA. Bioinformatic tools were used to construct an miRNA-mRNA network, identify hub genes, and analyze immune infiltration associated with AS. Next, we collected the blood samples and clinical characteristics of 359 patients (197 with AS and 162 without AS). On the basis of the clinical characteristics and results of the routine blood tests, we selected immune-related cells whose numbers were significantly different in patients with AS and patients without AS. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to construct a nomogram. Immunohistochemistry staining analysis was utilized to verify the differentially expression of LYN in AS and controls. Results: A total of 225 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and 406 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) were identified from the microarray. We selected 15 DE miRNAs and 38 DE mRNAs to construct a miRNA-mRNA network. The expression of LYN, an immune-related gene, correlated with the counts of monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Based on the independent predictive factors of sex, age, and counts of monocytes, neutrophils, and white blood cells, a nomogram was established. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the nomogram, with a C-index of 0.835 and AUC of 0.855. Conclusion:LYN, an immune-related hub gene, correlated with immune cell infiltration in patients with AS. In addition, the counts of monocytes and neutrophils were the independent diagnostic factors for AS. If verified in future studies, a diagnostic model based on these findings may be used to predict AS effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinli Zhan
- *Correspondence: Xinli Zhan, ; Chong Liu,
| | - Chong Liu
- *Correspondence: Xinli Zhan, ; Chong Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Citrullination: A modification important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
Mahe J, Wang L, Guo K, Liu X, Zeng X, Jing L. High leukocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with acute relapse in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Res 2022; 44:1044-1051. [PMID: 35946921 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated chronic disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS).As there is limited evidence on whether leukocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios (LLRs) are associated with MS, we carried out an investigation on the association between LLRs and MS as favorable markers and aimed to determine the cut-off LLR for the identification of early-stage MS patients. METHODS A matched case-control study enrolled a total of 120 MS inpatients and 120 age- and sex-matched non-MS inpatients from January 2013 to June 2018. LLRs were tested from peripheral venous blood routinely during hospitalization. Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to explore differences in LLRs between cases and controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic ability of LLRs and determine the best cut-off value. Disease disability was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). RESULTS The LLR was significantly associated with MS in hospitalized patients (OR: 2.372, 95% CI: 1.282 to 4.387, p < 0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. The area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.793 (95% CI: 0.736 to 0.851). The cut-off value for LLR was 3.18, with sensitivity and specificity values of 62.5% (95% CI: 53.2% to 71.2%) and 88.3% (95% CI: 81.2% to 93.5%), respectively. The EDSS scores of the higher LLR group were significantly higher than the lower group. CONCLUSION Systemic inflammation measured using LLRs may be an inflammatory marker among MS inpatients. LLRs may serve as favorable inflammatory markers with which to discriminate MS among Chinese subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Mahe
- School of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- School of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xuejiao Zeng
- School of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lipeng Jing
- School of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mao-Draayer Y, Cohen JA, Bar-Or A, Han MH, Singer B, Williams IM, Meng X, Elam C, Weiss JL, Cox GM, Ziehn M, Cree BAC. Immune cell subset profiling in multiple sclerosis after fingolimod initiation and continued treatment: The FLUENT study. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2022; 8:20552173221115023. [PMID: 35936922 PMCID: PMC9346260 DOI: 10.1177/20552173221115023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fingolimod is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator approved for
relapsing MS. Long-term effects on the immunological profile are not fully
understood. Objective Investigate fingolimod's temporal effects on immune cell subsets, and safety
outcomes. Methods In FLUENT, a 12-month, prospective, non-randomized, open-label, phase IV
study, adult participants received fingolimod 0.5 mg/day. Changes in immune
cell subsets, anti-John Cunningham virus (JCV) antibody index, and serum
neurofilament levels were assessed. Results 165 fingolimod-naive and 217 participants treated for 2–12 years in routine
clinical practice were enrolled. Levels of all monitored peripheral
lymphocyte subsets were reduced from month 3 in fingolimod-naive
participants. Greatest reductions occurred in naive and central memory
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and in naive and memory B cells. Most lymphocyte
subset levels remained stable in the continuous fingolimod group. Components
of the innate immune system remained within reference ranges. No increase in
JCV seropositivity was observed. No single cellular subset correlated with
anti-JCV antibody index at any time point. Neurofilament levels remained
within healthy adult reference limits throughout. No opportunistic
infections were reported; no new or unexpected safety signals were
observed. Conclusion FLUENT provides insights into the utility of immunological profiling to
evaluate therapy response and potential infection risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mao-Draayer
- Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Barry Singer
- Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina Ziehn
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Bruce AC Cree
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zuo M, Fettig NM, Bernier LP, Pössnecker E, Spring S, Pu A, Ma XI, Lee DS, Ward LA, Sharma A, Kuhle J, Sled JG, Pröbstel AK, MacVicar BA, Osborne LC, Gommerman JL, Ramaglia V. Age-dependent gray matter demyelination is associated with leptomeningeal neutrophil accumulation. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e158144. [PMID: 35536649 PMCID: PMC9309059 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience episodic CNS white matter lesions instigated by autoreactive T cells. With age, patients with MS show evidence of gray matter demyelination and experience devastating nonremitting symptomology. What drives progression is unclear and studying this has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. Here, we show that passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by an adoptive transfer of young Th17 cells induced a nonremitting clinical phenotype that was associated with persistent leptomeningeal inflammation and cortical pathology in old, but not young, SJL/J mice. Although the quantity and quality of T cells did not differ in the brains of old versus young EAE mice, an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in B cells were observed in the brains of old mice. Neutrophils were also found in the leptomeninges of a subset of progressive MS patient brains that showed evidence of leptomeningeal inflammation and subpial cortical demyelination. Taken together, our data show that while Th17 cells initiate CNS inflammation, subsequent clinical symptoms and gray matter pathology are dictated by age and associated with other immune cells, such as neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zuo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi M. Fettig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, and
| | - Louis-Philippe Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Pössnecker
- Multiple Sclerosis Center & Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shoshana Spring
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Pu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xianjie I. Ma
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis S.W. Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley A. Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Center & Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John G. Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Multiple Sclerosis Center & Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian A. MacVicar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa C. Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, and
| | | | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Manenti S, Orrico M, Masciocchi S, Mandelli A, Finardi A, Furlan R. PD-1/PD-L Axis in Neuroinflammation: New Insights. Front Neurol 2022; 13:877936. [PMID: 35756927 PMCID: PMC9222696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.877936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) led to an improvement in the treatment of several types of cancer. The main targets of these drugs are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 pathway (PD-1/PD-L1), which are important inhibitory molecules for the immune system. Besides being generally safer than common chemotherapy, the use of ICIs has been associated with several immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Although rare, neurological adverse effects are reported within the irAEs in clinical trials, particularly in patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies or a combination of both anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1 drugs. The observations obtained from clinical trials suggest that the PD-1 axis may play a remarkable role in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Moreover, numerous studies in preclinical models have demonstrated the involvement of PD-1 in several neurological disorders. However, a comprehensive understanding of these cellular mechanisms remains elusive. Our review aims to summarize the most recent evidence concerning the regulation of neuroinflammation through PD-1/PD-L signaling, focusing on cell populations that are involved in this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Manenti
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Orrico
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Masciocchi
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory and Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mandelli
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tanaka A, Anada K, Yasue M, Honda T, Nakamura H, Murayama T. Ceramide kinase knockout ameliorates multiple sclerosis-like behaviors and demyelination in cuprizone-treated mice. Life Sci 2022; 296:120446. [PMID: 35245521 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in sphingolipid metabolism regulate and/or alter many cellular functions in the brain. Ceramide, a central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism, is phosphorylated to ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) by ceramide kinase (CerK). CerK and C1P were reported to regulate many cellular responses, but their roles in immune-related diseases in vivo have not been well elucidated. Thus, we investigated the effects of CerK knockout on the onset/progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a chronic neurodegenerative disease accompanied by the loss of myelin sheaths in the brain. MS-model mice were prepared using a diet containing the copper chelator cuprizone (CPZ). Treatment of 8-week-old mice with 0.2% CPZ for 8 weeks resulted in motor dysfunction based on the Rota-rod test, and caused the loss of myelin-related proteins (MRPs) in the brain and demyelination in the corpus callosum without affecting synaptophysin levels. CerK knockout, which did not affect developmental changes in MRPs, ameliorated the motor dysfunction, loss of MRPs, and demyelination in the brain in CPZ-treated mice. Loss of tail tonus, another marker of motor dysfunction, was detected at 1 week without demyelination after CPZ treatment in a CerK knockout-independent manner. CPZ-induced loss of tail tonus progressed, specifically in female mice, to 6-8 weeks, and the loss was ameliorated by CerK knockout. Activities of ceramide metabolic enzymes including CerK in the lysates of the brain were not affected by CPZ treatment. Inhibition of CerK as a candidate for MS treatment was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Tanaka
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kohei Anada
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masataka Yasue
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takuya Honda
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Korbecki J, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Wójcik J, Szatkowska I, Barczak K, Chlubek M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. The Importance of CXCL1 in Physiology and Noncancerous Diseases of Bone, Bone Marrow, Muscle and the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084205. [PMID: 35457023 PMCID: PMC9024980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the role of CXCL1, a chemokine crucial in inflammation as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases. Due to the vast amount of available information, we focus on the role CXCL1 plays in the physiology of bones, bone marrow, muscle and the nervous system. For this reason, we describe its effects on hematopoietic stem cells, myoblasts, oligodendrocyte progenitors and osteoclast precursors. We also present the involvement of CXCL1 in diseases of selected tissues and organs including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, ischemic stroke, major depression, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain, osteoporosis, prion diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), traumatic spinal cord injury and West Nile fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wójcik
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Mikołaj Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914-661-515
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Blanter M, Cambier S, De Bondt M, Vanbrabant L, Pörtner N, Abouelasrar Salama S, Metzemaekers M, Marques PE, Struyf S, Proost P, Gouwy M. Method Matters: Effect of Purification Technology on Neutrophil Phenotype and Function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820058. [PMID: 35222394 PMCID: PMC8866851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and the first cells responding to infection and injury. Due to their limited ex vivo lifespan and the impossibility to cryopreserve or expand them in vitro, neutrophils need to be purified from fresh blood for immediate use in experiments. Importantly, neutrophil purification methods may artificially modify the phenotype and functional characteristics of the isolated cells. The aim of this study was to expose the effects of ‘classical’ density-gradient purification versus the more expensive but faster immunomagnetic isolation on neutrophil phenotype and functionality. We found that in the absence of inflammatory stimuli, density-gradient-derived neutrophils showed increased polarization responses as well as enhanced release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and granular proteins compared to cells derived from immunomagnetic isolation, which yields mostly quiescent neutrophils. Upon exposure to pro-inflammatory mediators, immunomagnetic isolation-derived neutrophils were significantly more responsive in polarization, ROS production, phagocytosis, NETosis and degranulation assays, in comparison to density-gradient-derived cells. We found no difference in chemotactic response in Multiscreen and under-agarose migration assays, but Boyden assays showed reduced chemotaxis of immunomagnetic isolation-derived neutrophils. Finally, we confirmed that density-gradient purification induces artificial activation of neutrophils, evidenced by e.g. higher expression of CD66b, formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and CD35, and the appearance of a separate neutrophil population expressing surface molecules atypical for neutrophils (e.g. CXCR3, MHC-II and CD14). Based on these results, we recommend using immunomagnetic separation of neutrophils for studying neutrophil polarization, phagocytosis, ROS production, degranulation and NETosis, whereas for Boyden chemotaxis assays, the density-gradient purification is more suitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Blanter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mirre De Bondt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanbrabant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Long MJC, Miranda Herrera PA, Aye Y. Hitting the Bullseye: Endogenous Electrophiles Show Remarkable Nuance in Signaling Regulation. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1636-1648. [PMID: 35394758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our bodies produce a host of electrophilic species that can label specific endogenous proteins in cells. The signaling roles of these molecules are under active debate. However, in our opinion, it is becoming increasingly likely that electrophiles can rewire cellular signaling processes at endogenous levels. Attention is turning more to understanding how nuanced electrophile signaling in cells is. In this Perspective, we describe recent work from our laboratory that has started to inform on different levels of context-specific regulation of proteins by electrophiles. We discuss the relevance of these data to the field and to the broader application of electrophile signaling to precision medicine development, beyond the traditional views of their pleiotropic cytotoxic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J C Long
- National Centre of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pierre A Miranda Herrera
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yimon Aye
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pachner AR. The Neuroimmunology of Multiple Sclerosis: Fictions and Facts. Front Neurol 2022; 12:796378. [PMID: 35197914 PMCID: PMC8858985 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.796378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been tremendous advances in the neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis over the past five decades, which have led to improved diagnosis and therapy in the clinic. However, further advances must take into account an understanding of some of the complex issues in the field, particularly an appreciation of "facts" and "fiction." Not surprisingly given the incredible complexity of both the nervous and immune systems, our understanding of the basic biology of the disease is very incomplete. This lack of understanding has led to many controversies in the field. This review identifies some of these controversies and facts/fictions with relation to the basic neuroimmunology of the disease (cells and molecules), and important clinical issues. Fortunately, the field is in a healthy transition from excessive reliance on animal models to a broader understanding of the disease in humans, which will likely lead to many improved treatments especially of the neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Pachner
- Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Herrero-Cervera A, Soehnlein O, Kenne E. Neutrophils in chronic inflammatory diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:177-191. [PMID: 35039631 PMCID: PMC8803838 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a component of many disease conditions that affect a large group of individuals worldwide. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent, low-grade inflammation and is increased in the aging population. Neutrophils are normally the first responders to acute inflammation and contribute to the resolution of inflammation. However, in chronic inflammation, the role of neutrophils is less well understood and has been described as either beneficial or detrimental, causing tissue damage and enhancing the immune response. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophils are important players in several chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and autoimmune disorders. This review will highlight the interaction of neutrophils with other cells in the context of chronic inflammation, the contribution of neutrophils to selected chronic inflammatory diseases, and possible future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Herrero-Cervera
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Kenne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu X, Zeng H, Cai L, Chen G. Role of the Extracellular Traps in Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:783882. [PMID: 34868063 PMCID: PMC8635093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that several immune cells can release chromatin and granular proteins into extracellular space in response to the stimulation, forming extracellular traps (ETs). The cells involved in the extracellular trap formation are recognized including neutropils, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. With the development of research related to central nervous system, the role of ETs has been valued in neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier, and other fields. Meanwhile, it has been found that microglial cells as the resident immune cells of the central nervous system can also release ETs, updating the original understanding. This review aims to clarify the role of the ETs in the central nervous system, especially in neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingxin Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chan L, Karimi N, Morovati S, Alizadeh K, Kakish JE, Vanderkamp S, Fazel F, Napoleoni C, Alizadeh K, Mehrani Y, Minott JA, Bridle BW, Karimi K. The Roles of Neutrophils in Cytokine Storms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112318. [PMID: 34835125 PMCID: PMC8624379 DOI: 10.3390/v13112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytokine storm is an abnormal discharge of soluble mediators following an inappropriate inflammatory response that leads to immunopathological events. Cytokine storms can occur after severe infections as well as in non-infectious situations where inflammatory cytokine responses are initiated, then exaggerated, but fail to return to homeostasis. Neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer cells are among the innate leukocytes that contribute to the pathogenesis of cytokine storms. Neutrophils participate as mediators of inflammation and have roles in promoting homeostatic conditions following pathological inflammation. This review highlights the advances in understanding the mechanisms governing neutrophilic inflammation against viral and bacterial pathogens, in cancers, and in autoimmune diseases, and how neutrophils could influence the development of cytokine storm syndromes. Evidence for the destructive potential of neutrophils in their capacity to contribute to the onset of cytokine storm syndromes is presented across a multitude of clinical scenarios. Further, a variety of potential therapeutic strategies that target neutrophils are discussed in the context of suppressing multiple inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Chan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Negar Karimi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-4897, Iran;
| | - Solmaz Morovati
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran;
| | - Kasra Alizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Julia E. Kakish
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Sierra Vanderkamp
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Fatemeh Fazel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Christina Napoleoni
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Kimia Alizadeh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-4897, Iran;
| | - Jessica A. Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Foster VS, Rash LD, King GF, Rank MM. Acid-Sensing Ion Channels: Expression and Function in Resident and Infiltrating Immune Cells in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:738043. [PMID: 34602982 PMCID: PMC8484650 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.738043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral and central immune cells are critical for fighting disease, but they can also play a pivotal role in the onset and/or progression of a variety of neurological conditions that affect the central nervous system (CNS). Tissue acidosis is often present in CNS pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, epileptic seizures, and depression, and local pH is also reduced during periods of ischemia following stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. These pathological increases in extracellular acidity can activate a class of proton-gated channels known as acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). ASICs have been primarily studied due to their ubiquitous expression throughout the nervous system, but it is less well recognized that they are also found in various types of immune cells. In this review, we explore what is currently known about the expression of ASICs in both peripheral and CNS-resident immune cells, and how channel activation during pathological tissue acidosis may lead to altered immune cell function that in turn modulates inflammatory pathology in the CNS. We identify gaps in the literature where ASICs and immune cell function has not been characterized, such as neurotrauma. Knowledge of the contribution of ASICs to immune cell function in neuropathology will be critical for determining whether the therapeutic benefits of ASIC inhibition might be due in part to an effect on immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S. Foster
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan D. Rash
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Rank
- Anatomy and Physiology, Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ghasempour G, Zamani-Garmsiri F, Shojaei S, Rahmani-Fard S, Bagherieh M, Rashno S, Najafi M. Vitamin D3 and estradiol alter PAD2 expression and activity levels in C6 glioma cells. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103221. [PMID: 34461573 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is known as a chronic demyelinating disease with multifactorial etiology. It is suggested that the deimination of myelin basic proteins (MBPs) by peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) may increase citrulline residues resulting in the reduction of myelin sheath density and the progression of multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D (25-hydroxy cholecalciferol (D3)) and estradiol on PAD2 gene expression level and its catalytic activity in rat C6 glioma cells. C6 glioma cells were cultured in DMEM medium and were treated with vitamin D (10 and 100 ng/ml) and estradiol (10 and 100 µM) based on the cellular viability. Then, the PAD2 gene expression and catalytic activity were evaluated using real-time qRT-PCR and spectrophotometry techniques, respectively. The PAD2 gene expression level and its catalytic activity increased significantly in estradiol-treated cells (P = 0.0435 and P = 0.0015, respectively). Conversely, vitamin D downregulated significantly the PAD2 gene expression level (P < 0.015) and its activity (P < 0.017). The study results suggested that estradiol conversely with vitamin D increases the activity of the PAD2 enzyme so that it might develop multiple sclerosis, especially in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Ghasempour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Zamani-Garmsiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Soheil Rahmani-Fard
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Molood Bagherieh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Rashno
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Central Nervous System Diseases and Prospects for Clinical Application. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9931742. [PMID: 34336122 PMCID: PMC8294981 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9931742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are complexes of decondensed DNA fibers and antimicrobial peptides that are released by neutrophils and play important roles in many noninfectious diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, and cancer. Recently, the formation of NETs has been detected in many central nervous system diseases and is thought to play different roles in the occurrence and development of these diseases. Researchers have detected NETs in acute ischemic stroke thrombi, and these NETs are thought to promote coagulation and thrombosis. NETs in ischemic brain parenchyma were identified as the cause of secondary nerve damage. High levels of NETs were also detected in grade IV glioma tissues, where NETs were involved in the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by activating a signaling pathway. Extracellular web-like structures have also recently been observed in mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and it was hypothesized that NETs contribute to the development of edema after TBI. This article reviews the effect of NETs on multiple diseases that affect the CNS and explores their clinical application prospects.
Collapse
|
49
|
Alhazzani K, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Sarawi W, Alqarni SA, Algahtani M, Nadeem A. Pharmacological Inhibition of STAT3 by Stattic Ameliorates Clinical Symptoms and Reduces Autoinflammation in Myeloid, Lymphoid, and Neuronal Tissue Compartments in Relapsing-Remitting Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in SJL/J Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070925. [PMID: 34206429 PMCID: PMC8308768 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neuronal loss in the central nervous system. Immune cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin play a significant role in the initiation and amplification of neuronal inflammation in MS. STAT3 signaling plays a pivotal role in both myeloid and lymphoid immune cells, such as neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, through regulation of their inflammatory potential. Dysregulation in STAT3 signaling in myeloid and lymphoid cell compartments has been reported in MS. In this report, we attempted to investigate the effect of a small molecular inhibitor of STAT3, i.e., Stattic, in a relapsing–remitting (RR) model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The effect of Stattic was investigated for clinical features, oxidative stress parameters, and Th17-related signaling in both the periphery and brain of SJL/J mice. Our data report that p-STAT3 expression is elevated in granulocytes, CD4+ T cells, and brain tissue in myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)-immunized SJL/J mice, which is associated with the presence of clinical symptoms and upregulation of inflammatory markers in these cells/tissues. Treatment with Stattic leads to the amelioration of disease symptoms and attenuation of inflammatory markers in neutrophils (iNOS/nitrotyrosine/IL-1β), CD4+ T cells (IL-17A/IL-23R), and brain tissue (IL-17A/iNOS/IL-1β/MPO activity/lipid peroxides) in mice with EAE. These data suggest that the blockade of STAT3 signaling in cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin may cause the attenuation of systemic and neuronal inflammation, which could be responsible for the amelioration of disease symptoms in an RR model of EAE. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 in RRMS could be a potential therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
50
|
Olsson A, Gustavsen S, Gisselø Lauridsen K, Chenoufi Hasselbalch I, Sellebjerg F, Bach Søndergaard H, Bang Oturai A. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and CRP as biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:577-586. [PMID: 33591593 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system, which causes demyelination and neuroaxonal damage. Low-grade systemic inflammation has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis due to amplification of pathogenic immune activation. However, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers of systemic inflammation predicting disease activity and progression in MS. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been identified as biomarkers of severity and disease activity in various disorders. In September 2020, we conducted a systematic literature search on multiple databases on studies reporting NLR values or CRP levels in MS. The aim of this systematic review was to highlight the current knowledge about the potential of NLR and CRP as biomarkers in MS. A total of nineteen articles qualified for inclusion. Data on CRP were included in fourteen studies and NLR in nine studies. The results regarding CRP were inconsistent, and present literature does not support the use of CRP as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in MS. In contrast, NLR values were increased in MS patients compared with healthy controls in all case-control studies. Furthermore, NLR was associated with disease activity in untreated patients. Our systematic review therefore indicates that NLR might serve as a potential biomarker of disease activity. Given that the results of NLR are mainly drawn from retrospective case-control or cross-sectional studies, future prospective studies with long-term follow-up are required to accurately determine optimal timing and cutoff values that may be used in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olsson
- Department of Neurology Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Glostrup Denmark
| | - Stefan Gustavsen
- Department of Neurology Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Glostrup Denmark
| | - Katrine Gisselø Lauridsen
- Department of Neurology Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Glostrup Denmark
| | - Ida Chenoufi Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Glostrup Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Department of Neurology Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Glostrup Denmark
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Department of Neurology Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Glostrup Denmark
| | - Annette Bang Oturai
- Department of Neurology Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Glostrup Denmark
| |
Collapse
|