Immunotoxicological disruption of pregnancy as a new research area in immunotoxicology

Immune mechanisms associated with normal pregnancy have only been being substantively investigated since the early 1990s. In parallel with the progress in that area of research, in the past few years it has become increasingly clear that several xenobiotics - including a variety of environmental chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and metals are considered to be both generally immunotoxic and specifically able to affect pregnancy. Among these, there is intense interest regarding potential effects from synthetic cannabinoids, immune checkpoint inhibitors, nanometals, and microplastics, with immunotoxic events that impact on pregnancy being shown for these agents. For instance, phytocannabinoids have been shown to interfere with reproduction in mice through effects on the endocannabinoid system. Because of effects of immune enhancement, as a requirement for regulatory submission, co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule inhibitors were also evaluated for effects on pregnancy. Similarly, because of increasing use and concerns about incidental environmental exposures, nanometals, and micro-plastics have also been examined for effects. Several studies in humans or mice showed that exposures to each during gestation increased the risk/rate of fetal loss, in part, by disruption of the placenta-associated immune system. Furthermore, signaling by endogenous danger molecules and/or impairment of physiological intercellular mediators may have contributed to the pregnancy loss. As there are clearly a variety of immunotoxic effects that can impact on a pregnancy, this review attempts to briefly introduce immune mechanisms associated with pregnancy as well as reasons for its loss, and proposes that 'immunotoxicological disruption of pregnancy' be accepted as a new research area in immunotoxicology.

The role of cisplatin in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment and its combination therapy strategies: a new approach to enhance anti-tumor efficacy

Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug that is frequently used to treat multiple tumors. The anti-tumor effect of cisplatin is closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which includes several immune cell types, such as the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and natural killer (NK) cells. The interaction between these immune cells can promote tumor survival and chemoresistance, and decrease the efficacy of cisplatin monotherapy. Therefore, various combination treatment strategies have been devised to enhance patient responsiveness to cisplatin therapy. Cisplatin can augment anti-tumor immune responses in combination with immune checkpoint blockers (such as PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA4 inhibitors), lipid metabolism disruptors (like FASN inhibitors and SCD inhibitors) and nanoparticles (NPs), resulting in better outcomes. Exploring the interaction between cisplatin and the TIME will help identify potential therapeutic targets for improving the treatment outcomes in cancer patients.

Pharmacogenomic heterogeneity of N-acetyltransferase 2: a comprehensive analysis of real world data in Indian tuberculosis patients and from literature and database review

BACKGROUND

Isoniazid is primarily metabolized by the arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NAT2 gene could classify an individual into three distinct phenotypes: rapid, intermediate and slow acetylators. NAT2 SNPs and the slow acetylator phenotype have been implicated as risk factors for the development of antitubercular drug-induced liver injury (AT-DILI) in several tuberculosis (TB) populations.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a prospective observational study to characterize and compare the NAT2 SNPs, genotypes and phenotypes among patients with TB and AT-DILI from the Southern and Western regions of India. The NAT2 pharmacogenomic profile of patients from these regions was compared with the reports from several geographically diverse TB populations and participants of different genetic ancestries extracted from literature reviews and the 'All of Us' Research Program database, respectively.

RESULTS

The TB patients of Southern and Western regions of India and several other geographically closer regions exhibited near similar NAT2 MAF characteristics. However significant heterogeneity in NAT2 SNPs was observed within and between countries among AT-DILI populations and the participants of different genetic ancestry from the 'All of Us' Research Program database. The MAF of the NAT2 SNPs rs1041983, rs1801280, rs1799929, rs1799930 and rs1208 of the TB patients from Southern and Western Indian Sites were in near range to that of the South Asian genetic ancestry of 'All of Us' Research Program database. About one-third of the total TB patients from the Southern and Western regions of India were NAT2 slow acetylators, among whom a relatively higher proportion experienced AT-DILI.

CONCLUSION

Further studies exploring the risk of NAT2 SNPs in different AT-DILI patients with larger sample sizes and a population-specific approach are required to establish a policy for NAT2 genotyping as a pre-emptive biomarker for AT-DILI monitoring for personalized isoniazid therapy in clinics.

Delivery of small interfering RNA through lyophilized natural lipid nanoparticles: effects of natural lipid selection

CONTEXT

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the primary non-viral vectors for siRNA delivery. However, synthetic lipids face issues, such as low lysosomal escape efficiency and high cost.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to use three natural lipids to construct LNPs, optimize their preparation and freeze-drying processes, and evaluate their siRNA delivery efficiency in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Coix seed lipid [Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. mayuen (Roman.) Stapf (Poaceae), CSL], Brucea javanica seed lipid [Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Simaroubaceae), BJL], and Soybean oil [Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae), SO] were used to construct LNPs. The Z-average size, zeta potential, Polymer Dispersity Index, and N/P ratio of the LNPs were characterized. Transmission electron microscope was used for morphology observation and the MTS assay for cytotoxicity. Confocal laser scanning microscope assessed cell uptake, lysosomal escape, and co-localization of lipid droplets. The efficiency of siRNA knockdown was evaluated in three cells using qPCR and Western blot. The freeze-drying processes were optimized.

RESULTS

The optimal LNPs exhibited a size of 160-180 nm, zeta of 44-50 mV, and PDI of <0.2. At 200 μg/mL, the LNPs did not affect cell viability. CSL-LNPs, BJL-LNPs, and SO-LNPs reduced KRASG12D mRNA levels in AsPC-1 cells by 67.87 ± 3.89, 47.18 ± 7.65, and 42.52 ± 8.90%, respectively. Freeze-dried LNPs retained their basic physical properties and the three LNPs reducing KRASG12D mRNA levels by 58.47 ± 4.00, 51.83 ± 4.57, and 38.00 ± 4.89%, respectively.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Natural lipids are promising components for LNPs construction, offering new avenues for siRNA delivery in gene therapy.

A pyrene based novel di-Schiff base colorimetric and turn-on fluorescent-chemosensor for selective and sensitive detection of Hg2+ ion: Biological, logic gate and real sample applications

Following a simple synthetic process, a new pyrene derivative with a benzildihydrazone moiety has been synthesised and used for selective detection of Hg2+ across four distinct channels (colorimetric, absorption, emission, and bio-imaging). When Hg2+ was present, the chemosensor L exhibited a noticeable increase in fluorescence, changing colour from yellow to colourless, while other metal ions only caused slight variations in fluorescence intensity as well as colour. The fluorescent-based assay's sensitivity for Hg2+ is 1.04 × 10-6 M and colorimetric detection limit is 7.83 × 10-6 M, which are significantly lower than the threshold specified in the World Health Organization's (WHO) drinking water guidelines. The 1:1 stoichiometric complexation between L and Hg2+ is demonstrated by the Job plot, and the ESI-MS spectra data. L has practical applications in real sample analysis, molecular logic gate and biology. Confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging in MCF 7 and human lymphocyte cells (HLCs) showed that L could be used as an effective fluorescent probe for detecting Hg2+ in living cells. Moreover L may be employed as anticancer drug without causing any harmful consequences at the given concentrations and incubation duration. L has also real sample and logic gate application.

Comparative assessment of thyroid disrupting effects of ethiprole and its metabolites: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo study

Ethiprole is widely used as a second-generation phenyl pyrazole insecticide. Previous studies indicated that ethiprole exhibited thyroid toxicity while two main metabolites (ethiprole sulfone (M1) and ethiprole sulfide (M2)) of ethiprole showed higher acute toxicity than ethiprole. Therefore, assessing the thyroid toxicity of its metabolites is crucial for safety assessment. In this study, the thyroid toxicity and underlying mechanisms of ethiprole and its metabolites were explored using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays, with the aim of conducting a comparative study on thyroid toxicity. Molecular docking analysis showed that ethiprole, M1 and M2 could bind with thyroid receptor isoforms and exhibited higher binding affinity compared to 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3). GH3 cell proliferation assays revealed that ethiprole, M1 and M2 all served as thyroid hormone antagonists to hinder the T3-induced cell proliferation. Using the zebrafish model, we further investigated that exposure to ethiprole, M1, and M2 disrupted thyroid hormone levels and the transcriptional expressions of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis-related genes. Ethiprole induced thyroid disrupting effects by binding with the thyroid receptor beta, M1 mainly through binding with the corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1, and M2 exposure firstly inhibited the thyroid peroxidase enzyme activity. M2 showed the highest developmental toxicity and thyroid disrupting effects, which significantly reducing hatching rates, increasing deformity rates, exhibiting the lowest lethal concentration 50 value and showing the most serious transcription inhibitory effects on the HPT axis. This study suggested the risk assessment of metabolites should be considered in assessing potential environmental risk of ethiprole.

Carbon black induced pulmonary fibrosis through piR-713551/PIWIL4 targeting THBS2 signal pathway

Carbon black (CB) is a vital constituent of airborne pollutants, comprising diesel exhaust and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as well as a prevalent manufacturing material. CB was known to cause pulmonary dysfunction and fibrosis. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying fibrosis development are poorly understood. In this study, 18 C57BL/6 mice were randomized into two groups and exposed to CB and filtered air (FA) for 28 days, with 6 hr/day and 7 days per week exposure regimen, respectively. The human normal bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) was subjected to CB treatment for 24 h in vitro, with CB concentrations in 0, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL. Our study indicated that exposure to CB resulted in a reduction in lung function and the development of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Furthermore, our results showed cytoskeleton rearrangement and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in BEAS-2B cells were happened, after CB exposure. Subsequent studies revealed that elevated expression of THBS2 after CB primarily contributed to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. The research findings from both in vivo and in vitro studies provided evidence that piR-713551 was involved in CB exposure-induced EMT by targeting the THBS2 gene and activating the β-catenin pathway. Mechanically, piR-713551/PIWIL4 complex activated the THBS2 transcription by recruitment of histone demethyltransferase KDM4A to reduce H3K9me3 modification at the THBS2 gene promoter. Conclusively, our research showed that CB exposure could activate EMT and lead pulmonary fibrosis which was modulated by piR-713551/PIWIL4 targeting THBS2.

HPLC method for novel cannabinoid separation with electrochemical detection on boron-doped diamond electrode

In this study, we developed a novel and environmentally friendly method for the determination of selected cannabinoids - cannabidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol, JWH 073 synthetic cannabinoid, hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), and hexahydrocannabinol-O-acetate - using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The method employs a boron-doped diamond working electrode, which offers significant advantages in comparison with commonly used materials. Its main strengths include low background currents, reduced fouling, and an extended potential window, making it suitable for detecting compounds that are not readily oxidizable. The chromatographic system utilized a reversed-phase Gemini C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 4.4) in step-gradient mode from 68 % to 88 % acetonitrile. The separation and determination of cannabinoids were optimized to be completed in less than 25 min. Hydrodynamic voltammetry was performed to identify the optimal potential for the amperometric detection, with a working potential of + 1400 mV (vs. Pd/H₂) providing the best analytical response based on S/N ratio. Under these optimal separation and detection conditions, the limits of detection were within the range of 6.1-666 nM (for cannabidiol and 9(R)-hexahydrocannabinol-O-acetate), while the response was linear within the concentration range measured up to 10 μM. The method demonstrated good linearity, precision, and sensitivity, with limits of detection and quantitation reaching nanomolar levels. The developed method was successfully applied to commercial samples of HHC jelly bears and HHC distillate.

Rapid and sensitive detection of wood smoke exposure biomarkers using europium fluorescent nanoparticle label/lateral flow immunoassay

Exposure to wood smoke is associated with various adverse health problems. Biomonitoring of smoke exposure-associated biomarkers provides accurate measurements of personally absorbed doses. As a specific metabolite of benzene, the quantitative measurement of S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) plays a vital role in evaluating human exposure to wood smoke. In this study, we developed an efficient lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) approach for accurately and rapidly measuring S-PMA levels. Europium chelate nanoparticles (EuNPs) conjugated with purified polyclonal sheep anti-S-PMA antibodies were employed as the fluorescent detection probe. This work is based on a competitive immunoassay, where the target S-PMA competes with the immobilized antigen on the test lines for the limited antigen-binding sites on EuNP-conjugated antibodies. Due to this competition, the fluorescent intensity of the EuNPs is inversely proportional to the concentration of the target S-PMA in the sample, enabling quantitative measurement. Owing to the large Stokes shift, superior fluorescent brightness, and saturation of the EuNPs, S-PMA levels can be measured with a limit of detection of 0.32 ng/mL, a detectable range of 0.10-30 ng/mL, and a linear detection range of 0.25-30 ng/mL under optimized conditions. Stability testing revealed that the LFIA strips can be stored at room temperature for up to one year while maintaining excellent detection performance for S-PMA. These results demonstrate that the EuNP-based LFIA is a promising tool for accurate preclinical and point-of-care evaluation of wood smoke exposure. A major advantage of this approach is its ability to accurately analyze smoke biomarkers at anticipated low concentrations. The sensor system allows low-cost, rapid, and on-site data collection and quantification of wood smoke exposure.

A functional human liver tissue model: 3D bioprinted co-culture discoids

To reduce costs and delays related to developing new and effective drugs, there is a critical need for improved human liver tissue models. Here we describe an approach for 3D bioprinting functional human liver tissue models, in which we fabricate disc-shaped structures (discoids) 200 μm in thickness and 1-3 mm in diameter from mixtures of cells and collagen-1, embedded in a highly permeable support medium made from packed polyethylene glycol (PEG) microgels. We demonstrate that the method is precise, accurate, and scalable; up to 100 tissues/h can be manufactured with a variability and error in diameter of about 4 %. Histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of printed discs reveal self-organization, cell cohesion, and key liver marker expression. Over the course of three weeks in culture, the tissues stably synthesize albumin and urea at high levels, outperforming spheroid tissue models. We find the tissues express >100 genes associated with molecular absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) at levels within the range of human liver. The liver tissue models exhibit enzymatic formation of metabolites after exposure to multiple test compounds. Together, these results demonstrate the promise of 3D printed discoids for pharmacological and toxicological applications.

Whole-cell redox biosensor for triclosan detection: Integrating spectrophotometric and electrochemical detection

Organic pollutants like bisphenol, acetaminophen, and triclosan, widely used in healthcare products, pose environmental risks and act as endocrine disruptors. These pollutants can alter the intracellular redox balance, making engineered whole-cell redox biosensors valuable for their detection. This study utilized the SoxRS regulatory system in bacteria, which responds to oxidative stress through NADP+/NADPH levels by modulating gene expression of SoxS through the SoxS promoter (pSoxS). A plasmid containing SoxR-pSoxS and the LacZ reporter gene was constructed and introduced into E. coli BL21 (ΔLacZ SoxRS+). The LacZ gene enabled dual detection using O-nitrophenyl-β-galactopyranoside (ONPG) for spectrophotometric detection or p-aminophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (PAPG) for electrochemical detection. The whole-cell pRUSL12 redox biosensor was activated by redox inducers such as pyocyanin and methyl viologen, measurable via β-galactosidase assays. Among pollutants tested, triclosan specifically repressed SoxR:pSoxS::lacZ activity in the presence of pyocyanin or methyl viologen. Optimization identified pyocyanin as the more effective inducer for triclosan detection, with the biosensor capable of detecting triclosan in the 100-400 µg/L range. These redox-based biosensors offer a powerful tool for monitoring metabolic redox changes and identifying specific organic pollutants in the environment.

Study on the content and profile of MOSH and MOAH in unprocessed meat by LC/GC × GC-FID/MS

Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) contamination was evaluated in 30 samples of various unprocessed meats. Preliminary tests showed that a saponification method with a 2 M KOH solution was the most adequate for sample treatment for meat. Most of the meat samples showed saturated MOH (MOSH) in a carbon chain length range that could have accumulated by the animals. However, the highest contamination found in two beef rib samples occurred probably during slaughter or handling prior to commercialization. This was suggested by the MOSH profile (i.e. high molecular weight), the presence of aromatic MOH (MOAH), hopanes and alkylbenzenes. The primary type of MOSH found in the meat was generally paraffins, and the MOAH in beef ribs were exclusively composed of 1-2 ring compounds. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the types of MOH that can be found in animal food products, addressing a gap in the existing literature.

Fast unmasking toxicity of safe personal care products

Personal care products are used several times a day and come into contact with the skin for many hours. As hazard-related data on products are rare, an imaging safety screening was developed. For the first time, it detected known and unknown hazardous compounds in 140 personal care products from 20 different product segments, including beauty and lifestyle products. The evidence-based chromatographic-hazard-related profiling detected genotoxic, cytotoxic, and estrogenic compounds, which were assigned to structural groups, and revealed that personal care products are not as safe as stated. Wound-healing and nipple creams in contact with babies as well as lipsticks used by adolescents were shown to contain highly toxic compounds able to enter the bloodstream via wounds, micro-injuries or bleeding gums and contaminate nature when washed off. Dose-response curves pointed to half-maximal genotoxic effect doses (EC50) of around 60 µg of such products which can easily be exceeded by a factor of 100,000 for only 6 g product applied or for an aggregated use of various products increasing genotoxic exposure, as observed in consumer profiles. Simulated metabolization via S9 liver enzymes did not lead to detoxification. The new safety screening not only unmasked quickly the toxicity of personal care products but also provided an understanding of how to produce hazard-free products. It empowers industries to produce future products in compliance with their standards and claims in terms of consumer health, ethics, environmental compatibility, and sustainability, and authorities to control the safety of products on the market and tackle the current underregulation.

Endocrine disrupters affect the immune system of fish: The example of the European seabass

An organism's fitness critically relies on its immune system to provide protection against parasites and pathogens. The immune system has reached its highest complexity in vertebrates, combining the highly specific adaptive with the non-specific innate immunity. In vertebrates, a complex system of steroid hormones regulates major physiological functions comprising energy metabolism, growth, reproduction and immune system performance. This allows the organism to allocate available energy according to life-history traits and environmental conditions, thus maintaining homeostasis and survival of the individual and of the population. Immune system activation must take into account the developmental stage and the nutritional state of the organism. It should respond adequately to different pathogens, but should not overperform or consume all resources for other physiological functions. This important trade-off between immunity and reproduction is balanced by oestrogen. Many of the thousands of chemicals released by humans into the environment, so-called xenobiotics, have the ability to disrupt normal endocrine function. Such endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been demonstrated to impair reproductive functions and to be responsible for numerous diseases in humans and wild life. Given that oestrogens are established modulators of immune cell populations, exogenous oestrogens and oestrogen mimics can modulate immune functions in aquatic animals, such as fish, potentially affecting wildlife and aquaculture. This review highlights the interaction of xenoestrogens with fish immunity. It particularly focusses on the thymus, a major primary immune organ, in the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax an important species, both for fisheries and aquaculture.

Historical trends of polychlorinated biphenyls and alkylphenols recorded in core sediments from the intertidal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea

Historical records of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and alkylphenols (APs) were reconstructed from intertidal zones of the Yellow and Bohai Seas over the past 80 years. Concentrations of PCBs (1.50-6.47 ng g-1 organic carbon (OC)) and APs (8.42-13.8 ng g-1 OC) in Dangjin, South Korea, peaked in the 1970s and subsequently declined. Conversely, levels in Tianjin and Dandong, China, have continued to increase in recent decades (PCBs: 0.53-6.1 ng g-1 OC; APs: 2.61-42.7 ng g-1 OC). These divergent trends align with regulatory enforcement: levels in South Korea declined following the implementation of regulations in 1979 and 2003, while the continued increase in China, despite regulation in 1974 and 2011, points to unregulated sources. Estimated fluxes of PCBs and APs from the intertidal zone to offshore areas decreased by approximately 83% and 57%, respectively. This study provides baseline data for assessing long-term pollution trends in intertidal environments.

Technical approaches for breath aldehyde biomarker detection and disease diagnosis: A review

Exhaled breath analysis holds promise as a non-invasive approach for disease diagnosis. Aldehydes represent a class of volatile organic compounds with diagnostic potential as breath biomarkers for cancers and other conditions. However, aldehydes exist at low concentrations in breath and have stability challenges. This review summarizes recent studies on breath aldehyde analysis, focusing on sample collection methodology, analytical techniques implemented, and key findings regarding aldehyde alterations in disease. Breath collection methods examined include commercial bags, end-tidal sampling devices, condensates, and direct analysis. Analytical techniques evaluated gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and microextraction approaches. Emerging microextraction and sensing technologies are advancing real-time, non-invasive aldehyde detection. Overall, breath aldehyde biomarkers offer immense potential for diagnosis and screening, but continued research is needed to address current limitations. This review provides insights to guide future efforts focused on exhaled aldehyde analysis and disease detection.

Establishment of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) spermatogonial stem cell line: A potential tool for immunological research

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can differentiate into sperm and are important for studying on genetic information transmission of animals. However, the establishment of the SSC line in crustaceans is still in its infancy. This study aimed to establish a method for the isolation, culture, and identification of SSCs derived from the gonad of a marine crustacean (mud crab, Scylla paramamosain), and evaluate their differentiation ability and potential application in immunological research, in vitro. SSCs showed robust growth, proliferation, and passaging ability (up to 35 passages) in germ cell culture medium. Proteomic analysis showed that the protein expression profile of SSC was closely related to the gonadal tissue. SSCs were found to be able to express male-specific and pluripotent markers, such as CD9, PIWI, DDX4, DAZL, NANOG, SOX2, and EPHA1. Furthermore, SSCs were differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes under in vitro induction. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), packaged by lentivirus, was able to be overexpressed in SSCs after infection. In addition, the infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) simulated the expression of inflammation-associated factors, including TRAF6, TNF-α, MyD88, Dorsal, and Relish, and apoptosis-related genes (BAX and Bcl2) in SSCs. Thus, SSCs were initially isolated and characterized from mud crabs for the first time. Our results proved that SSCs can be used in reproduction technology, germplasm conservation, and immunological studies in crustaceans.

Stress-driven dynamic regulation of multiple genes to reduce accumulation of toxic aldehydes

Aldehydes are ubiquitous metabolites in living cells. As reactive electrophiles, they have the capacity to form adducts with cellular protein thiols and amines, leading to potential toxicity. Dynamic regulation has proven to be an effective strategy for addressing the accumulation of toxic metabolites. However, there are limited reports on applying dynamic control specifically to mitigate aldehyde accumulation. In this study, the cinnamaldehyde accumulation in the biosynthesis of cinnamylamine was used as a model to evaluate a two-way dynamic regulation strategy. First, we utilized whole-genome transcript arrays to identify the cinnamaldehyde-responsive promoters: the upregulated promoter P4 and the downregulated promoter Pd. They were then employed as biosensors to dynamically regulate the synthesis and consumption of cinnamaldehyde, mitigating its toxic effects on the host. This strategy successfully reduced cinnamaldehyde accumulation by 50 % and increased the production of cinnamylamine by 2.9 times. This study demonstrated a cinnamaldehyde-induced autoregulatory system that facilitated the conversion of cinnamic acid into cinnamylamine without the need for costly external inducers, presenting a promising and economically viable approach. The strategy also serves as a reference for alleviating the inhibitory effects of other toxic aldehydes on microorganisms. Additionally, the biosensors (Pd and P4) can respond to a range of aldehyde compounds, offering a rapid and sensitive method for detecting toxic aldehydes in both environmental samples and microorganisms, thus provide a valuable tool for screening strains enhanced aldehyde yield.

Anti-hypertensive effect of enriched white melon seed protein concentrate biscuit on sodium fluoride exposed rats

BACKGROUND

Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a daily necessity consumed as the major ingredient of fluorinated drinking water, milk, salts, mouthwashes, toothpaste, and dentistry medications. However, the use of NaF products has also been associated with increased fluoride anion distribution in the body, leading to hypertension.

AIM

This study evaluated the antihypertensive effect of sweet orange peels-enriched white melon seed protein concentrate (WSP) biscuit meal in eight-week-old albino rats exposed to NaF for 14 days.

METHODS

Forty-two (42) male Wistar albino rats were assigned at random into 7 groups of 6 rats per group (control group and six experimental groups). The experimental groups received various treatments that lasted for two weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, hemodynamic parameters were evaluated, rats were sacrificed, blood samples were collected, and the heart was harvested. Blood serum was assessed for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At the same time, the heart homogenate was assayed for angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) activity, proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide concentrations, and antioxidant status. Cardiac tissues were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, and cTnI. Also, the safety of the WSP biscuit diet was evaluated.

RESULTS

Results obtained showed that NaF administration elevated the collagen content of cardiac tissues, activities of ACE, and concentrations of cTnI, CK-MB, LDH, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin 1 beta, while there was a reduction in the concentration of nitric oxide and antioxidants; however, their alterations were significantly prevented in WSP-biscuit-fed rats. The WSP biscuit meal is safe for consumption and possesses dose-dependent antihypertensive ability at 10% and 20% inclusion.

CONCLUSION

The WSP biscuit diet may be recommended in diet formulation for the management of individuals or communities that are predisposed to NaF contaminations.

Bioenergetic responses mediate interactive effects of pharmaceuticals and warming on freshwater arthropod populations and ecosystem functioning

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly impacted by pharmaceutical contaminants (PhACs) and climate change-induced warming. Yet, their joint effects on freshwater taxa remain unclear. This is partly due to poorly understood mechanisms linking the effects on (sub)individual scales to higher levels of ecological organisation. We investigated the responses of two aquatic arthropods, Asellus aquaticus and Cloeon dipterum, to environmentally realistic levels of a 15-PhAC mixture (total concentration: 2.9 µg/L) and warming (+4 °C above ambient) in outdoor pond mesocosms (1000 L) across winter and summer. We measured physiological traits (bioenergetic responses based on quantification of energy consumption and energy stored in proteins, sugars and lipids, and oxidative damage based on malondialdehyde [MDA] levels), population density and ecosystem functions (leaf litter decomposition and insect emergence). In winter, PhACs reduced energy availability and increased MDA levels. In contrast, PhACs increased energy availability and decreased MDA levels in summer. The stressors reduced Asellus abundance, leading to reduced leaf litter decomposition, while Cloeon emergence in summer declined due to a PhAC-induced decline in larval abundance. Warming alone consistently decreased arthropod abundances and emergence, except for Asellus abundance in winter. The stressor effects through changes in bioenergetics were stronger than their direct effects on population abundances and ecosystem functions. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of aquatic arthropods to PhAC pollution and warming, emphasising the need for effective management strategies to mitigate the effects of emerging contaminants and climate change on freshwater biota.

Human breath analysis; Clinical application and measurement: An overview

Human breath has been recognized as a complex yet predictive mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gas species that can be utilized to non-invasively diagnose common diseases. Current laboratory techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are capable of VOC detection down to ppm concentrations. However, these methods are expensive, non-portable, require pre-processing of the exhaled VOCs, and expert operators, making them unsuitable for wide-spread use. Portable gas sensors have various advantages over other methods used in gas analysis, including ease of transportation, reduced treatment costs, fast results, and improved patient experience. Recent advancements in gas sensing technologies have enabled such devices to be used to diagnose, predict, and monitor a wide range of diseases and conditions, however, many challenges need still need to be addressed (i.e., sensitivity and selectivity) before they can be employed for such applications. Although nanotechnology has greatly improved the performance of gas sensor materials and their capacity to detect VOCs in human breath, issues around repeatability and accuracy remain, as well as adequateness due to the close proximity of the human body and the sensor device. This review focuses on how recent advancements in nanotechnology and solid-state materials have enabled VOC gas sensors to evolve into miniaturized, sensitive and selective devices for monitoring human breath in clinical applications. An introduction to the key aspects of breath analysis, including sources of VOCs in human breath and their role in disease diagnosis, is discussed. Furthermore, the current limitations and future prospects of such gas sensors for breath monitoring applications are also discussed in detail.

Tracing impacts of prenatal exposure to bisphenol analogues on child anogenital distance development: A birth-cohort study

Prenatal exposure to bisphenol analogues (BPs) is increasingly common and may affect children's reproductive development. However, human evidence is limited and inconsistent. Based on the Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study that enrolled participants in 2012 at Minhang Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Shanghai, China, we measured BPs in maternal urine samples collected during late pregnancy and children's anogenital distance (AGD: boys, AGDAP (anus-penis), AGDAS (anus-scrotum); girls, AGDAC (anus-clitoris), AGDAF (anus-fourchette)) from birth to 48 months as an indicator of reproductive development. A total of 545 mother-child pairs were included. Boys with detected maternal bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) tended to have increased AGDAP at 6 months, while at 12 months, BPA, BPS, and BPAF were associated with a marginal decrease in AGDAP. In girls, higher levels of BPA, BPF and BPS were associated with longer AGD at 48 months and higher risks of rapid AGD growth. Bayesian kernel machine regression models showed significant associations between BPs mixtures and AGD in both sexes, with BPF and BPS identified as major contributors. Our study revealed the lasting, sex-specific impacts of prenatal exposure to BPA and its alternatives on children's reproductive development.

Maternal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and placental DNA methylation of thyroid hormone-related genes

Studies suggested that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may have adverse effects on fetus by altering placental DNA methylation. In the study, we explored associations of maternal PFAS concentrations with placental DNA methylation of thyroid hormone (TH)-related genes and the potential mediating role of DNA methylation levels in PFAS-fetal TH associations. We measured PFAS concentrations in maternal plasma in early pregnancy and levels of total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in cord plasma. We assessed DNA methylation in 345 placental samples for five TH-related genes, i.e., iodothyronine deiodinase 3 (DIO3), solute carrier family 16 member 2 (SLC16A2), solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1 (SLCO1C1), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and transthyretin (TTR). We found the associations of PFDA with increased SLC16A2 methylation, PFOA with decreased SLCO1C1 methylation, PFOS with increased TRH methylation, and PFDoA with decreased TRH methylation, and these associations showed sex-specific patterns. Mediation analyses suggested placental SLCO1C1 and SLC16A2 methylation as potential mediators in the associations of PFOA with FT3 and PFUdA with TT4, respectively. These findings provided evidence for associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and epigenetic changes in placental TH-related genes.

Carbon nanomaterials for co-removal of antibiotics and heavy metals from water systems: An overview

Pollution resulting from the combination of antibiotics and heavy metals (HMs) poses a significant threat to human health and the natural environment. Adsorption is a promising technique for removing antibiotics and HMs owing to its low cost, simple procedures, and high adsorption capacity. In recent years, various novel carbon nanomaterials have been developed, demonstrating outstanding performance in simultaneously removing antibiotics and HMs. This work presents a comprehensive review of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., carbon nanotubes, graphene, resins, and other nanocomposites) for the co-removal of antibiotics and HMs in water systems. The mechanisms influencing the simultaneous removal of antibiotics and HMs include the bridging effect, electrostatic shielding, competition, and spatial site-blocking effects. These mechanisms can promote, inhibit, or have no impact on the adsorption capacity for antibiotics or HMs. Additionally, environmental factors such as pH, inorganic ions, natural organic matter, and microplastics affect the adsorption efficiency. This review also covers adsorbent regeneration and cost estimation. On the laboratory scale, the cost of the adsorption process primarily depends on the chemical and energy costs of adsorbent production. Our assessment highlights that the carbon-nanomaterial-mediated simultaneous removal of antibiotics and HMs warrants comprehensive consideration from both economic and environmental perspectives.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals tissue-specific transcriptomic changes induced by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) elicits adverse effects on numerous organs and developmental processes but the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. Here, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing to assess tissue-specific transcriptomic changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to 16 µM PFOS or dimethylsulfoxide (0.01 %) from 3-72 h post fertilization (hpf). Data analysis was multi-pronged and included pseudo-bulk, untargeted clustering, informed pathway queries, and a cluster curated for hepatocyte biomarkers (fabp10a, and apoa2). Overall, 8.63 % (2390/27698) genes were significantly differentially expressed. Results from untargeted analysis revealed 22 distinct clusters that were manually annotated to specific tissues using a weight-of-evidence approach. The clusters with the highest number of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were digestive organs, muscle, and otolith. Additionally, we assessed the distribution of pathway-specific genes known to be involved in PFOS toxicity: the PPAR pathway, β-oxidation of fatty acids, the Nfe2l2 pathway, and epigenetic modifications by DNA methylation, across clusters and identified the blood-related tissue to be the most sensitive. The curated hepatocyte cluster showed 220 significant DEGs and was enriched for the Notch signaling pathway. These findings provide insights into both established and novel sensitive target tissues and molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity of PFOS.

Identification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and PCB metabolites associated with changes in the gut microbiome of female mice exposed to an environmental PCB mixture

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are neurotoxic hazardous materials that may cause toxicity via the gut-liver-brain axis. This study investigated PCB × microbiome interactions in adult female mice exposed orally to an environmental PCB mixture. Female mice (6-week-old) were exposed daily for 7 weeks to peanut butter containing 0, 0.1, 1, or 6 mg/kg/day of PCBs. Twenty hours after the final exposure, the cecal content was collected to characterize the microbiome composition and predicted function. PCB and its metabolites in feces were analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), while cecal content was assessed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). PCB exposure influenced the abundance of microbial taxa and predicted functions within the cecal content. Complex PCB and metabolite mixtures were detected in the gastrointestinal tract. Network analysis revealed associations between specific parent PCBs and metabolites with changes in the abundance of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. These findings demonstrate that individual PCBs and their metabolites significantly influence the abundance of specific bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract following oral PCB exposure. These findings inform further research targeting the microbiome to attenuate the adverse health outcomes of PCB exposure.

Environmental fate and ecotoxicity of diclofenac degradation products generated by photo-assisted advanced oxidation processes

Diclofenac (DCF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), poses environmental concerns due to its persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and transformation into toxic byproducts during oxidative and chlorination processes. This study investigated the photodegradation of DCF, both directly and in the presence of oxidants, to characterize the resulting degradation products and assess their potential environmental impact. The highest efficiency for direct UV photodegradation of DCF was observed at pH 5, while the addition of oxidants significantly accelerated the degradation rate. Among the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) examined, the H₂O₂/UV system, with a DCF:H₂O₂ molar ratio of 1:30, exhibited the most effective performance in terms of DCF removal and total organic carbon (TOC) reduction. However, ecotoxicity assessments using Alivibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, and Lemna minor revealed that AOPs generally increased the toxicity of the resulting solutions compared to untreated DCF. Toxicity analyses showed that post-reaction mixtures from AOPs involving NaOCl exhibited the highest toxic effects, consistent with forming specific transformation products identified as highly toxic by ECOSAR modeling. Additionally, the analysis of the physicochemical properties of DCF and its transformation products, including solubility and organic matter affinity, suggests a limited potential for long-range transport. These compounds are more likely to bind to sediments, reducing their mobility in groundwater.

Ambient air pollution and the risk of cancer: Evidence from global cohort studies and epigenetic-related causal inference

The correlation between air pollution and cancer incidence has been a longstanding concern, understanding the need to elucidate the specifics of this relationship. Thus, this study aimed to assess the association between exposure to air pollution and cancer incidence, and to identify the possible biological links between the two. We examined global cohort studies investigating the association between air pollution and cancer and performed a univariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Our analysis revealed that the presence of particulate matter (PM)2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx substantially impacted the risk of developing cancer. MR analysis identified 130 CpGs sites associated with three ambient air pollutants that have significant casual effects on the risk of 14 cancer sites (false discovery rate<0.05). Gene annotation was conducted using g-Profiler by screening for single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with outcome, followed by analysis of the gene interaction network using GeneMANIA, and visualization using igraph. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that air pollution has a significant impact on cancer incidence, provides strong evidence for an epigenetic causal link between the two, and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which air pollution affects cancer development.

Cigarette butt leachates induce alterations in gene expression and damage in health status of tropical oysters

Cigarette butts (CB) are among the most frequent debris in marine litter collected in coastal areas. They are potential sources of chemical contamination by leaching process, posing risks to biota. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term impacts of CB leachates on the oyster Crassostrea brasiliana. The animals were exposed in the laboratory to different leached dilutions and assessed for bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their general health status by neutral red retention time (NRRT), and variation in expression of genes related to xenobiotic biotransformation. The results showed that CB leachates at very low dilutions impaired the general health status of oysters, with significant reductions in NRRT at 24 h (dilution 0.1 %), and that persisted at 96 h (dilution 0.01 %). Therefore, a single cigarette butt was able to make toxic 250 l of seawater after 24 h release, and 2500 l after 96hs. The gene expression indicated a decrease in gill transcripts (CYP2-like, GSTΩ, and HSP70) of C. brasiliana exposed for 24 h, with no marked trend at 96 h. Despite the low PAHs bioaccumulation, the damages observed in lysosomal membranes followed by the decreased expression of key genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation, and the protection of protein stability, represent evidence of early effects caused by cigarette residues on marine organisms from tropical environments.

One year respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcome of premature neonates after exposure to plasticizers in the neonatal intensive care unit - A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Premature neonates have an increased risk of long-term effects, including impaired respiratory and neurodevelopment. During NICU admission, they are exposed to endocrine-disrupting phthalates and alternative plasticizers. The objective was to study the association between cumulative NICU-based plasticizer exposure and respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcome during the first year of life.

METHODS

Premature neonates (gestational age <31 weeks and/or birth weight <1500 g) were prospectively enrolled at the Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium. Outcome was assessed at 12 months corrected age, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III and validated questionnaires for respiratory outcome. Urinary concentrations of plasticizers' biomarkers were measured weekly during NICU stay. Weighted quantile sum regression was utilized to assess associations between plasticizer biomarkers' mixtures and outcome.

RESULTS

Exposure of premature neonates (n = 110) to specific plasticizer mixtures correlated with worse fine motor (ß -0.96; 95%-CI -1.76, -0.15; p = 0.02) and receptive language development (ß -0.77; 95%-CI -1.23, -0.32; p = 0.001), and better gross motor (ß 2.24; 95%-CI 0.62, 3.86; p = 0.01) and expressive language development (ß 1.50; 95%-CI 0.33, 2.67; p = 0.02). NICU exposure to different plasticizer mixtures was associated with eczema (aOR 3.12; 95%-CI 1.23, 9.11; p = 0.02), repeated ear infections (aOR 5.53; 95%-CI 1.87, 23.14; p = 0.01), and respiratory-related healthcare visits during the first year of life (aOR 8.50; 95%-CI 2.05-55.91; p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Cumulative NICU exposure to phthalates and alternative plasticizers was associated with increased respiratory morbidity and eczema during the first year of life. Exposure to specific plasticizer mixtures correlated with worse or better neurodevelopment at one year of age.

Association of prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances with fetal growth trajectories

BACKGROUND

Maternal perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure during pregnancy is linked to adverse birth outcomes; however, its impact on fetal growth trajectories remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the relationship between prenatal PFAS exposure and fetal growth trajectories.

METHODS

We included 352 mother-infant pairs from a prospective study conducted at Changsha Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Hunan Province, China. Maternal blood samples at 11-13 weeks gestation were analyzed for 25 PFAS. Fetal growth indicators-estimated fetal weight (EFW), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL)-were measured at 14-41 weeks of gestation and expressed as Z-scores using INTERGROWTH-21st standards. Linear mixed-effects models assessed associations between PFAS levels and growth trajectories, with subgroup analyses performed by infant sex.

RESULTS

Early pregnancy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentration was negatively associated with EFW (β = -0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.33, -0.01) Z-scores, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) concentration was negatively associated with BPD (β = -0.13, 95% CI: -0.26, -0.002) and AC (β = -0.12 95% CI: -0.23, -0.004) Z-scores; perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) concentration was negatively associated with EFW (β = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.26, -0.02) and BPD (β = -0.18, 95% CI: -0.30, -0.06) Z-scores, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) concentration was negatively associated with AC (β = -0.13, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.01) Z-scores. In contrast, N-ethylperfluoro-1-octanesulfonamide (N-EtFOSA-M) concentration was positively associated with EFW (β = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.19), BPD (β = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20) and FL (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22) Z-scores and potassium11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-I-sulfonate (8:2CI-PFESA) concentration was positively associated with HC (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.16) Z-scores. Subgroup analyses revealed that PFDA, PFUdA, and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) concentrations were negatively associated with EFW Z-scores in female infants, and 8:2CI-PFESA concentrations was positively associated with HC and FL Z-scores in male infants.

CONCLUSION

Legacy PFAS exposure may impede fetal growth, especially in female infants; whereas, novel PFAS may be positively associated with fetal growth, particularly in male infants.

Effects of sunlight exposure on tire tread particle leachates: Chemical composition and toxicity in aquatic systems

Tire tread particles (TTP) are small micro- or nano-particles resulting from the friction of tire tread against roadways. These secondary microplastics have been found in waterways, arriving through airborne means or runoff. Due to their abundance and persistence in aquatic environments, TTP pose a potential hazard to wildlife. Natural degradation processes like photoirradiation can potentially worsen this by transforming leached TTP chemicals. In this study, we assessed the toxicity and chemical composition of TTP leachates produced over 1 or 6 days in either dark or photoirradiated conditions. For toxicity studies, zebrafish embryos were exposed to leachates over a range of concentrations and from 0 to 4 days post fertilization. TTP exposures impaired survival and hatching, induced embryonic defects, and modulated detoxification by the enzyme ethyoxyresorufin-O-deethylase. RNA sequencing revealed divergent effects based on photoirradiation, including impacts on glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. For chemical analysis, leachates were assessed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) and chromatographic features were annotated. In total, 546 chromatographic features were detected across all samples, and clustering showed unique chemical profiles based on photoirradiation during leaching. Several compounds were in high abundance in 1-day irradiated leachates, including 1,3-diphenylguanidine, aniline, and 1H-benzotriazole, though their relative abundance was reduced in 6-day leachates. Overall, this research compounds on the existing literature defining TTPs as toxic microplastics in the environment, and we show novel chemical and toxicological data that demonstrates how photoirradiation in the natural environment may exacerbate toxicity.

Comparison between pediatric and adult acute natural cannabinoids toxicity: A 5-year retrospective study with special consideration of acute synthetic cannabinoids toxicity

Acute cannabinoids toxicity is an alarming toxicological problem. The current study aimed to compare children and adults with acute natural cannabinoids toxicity and highlight cases with acute synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) toxicity. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with acute cannabinoids toxicity admitted to Tanta University Poison Control Center from January 2019 to December 2023. Socio-demographic, toxicological, clinical, and laboratory data were retrieved from patients' medical records. Patients were divided into a pediatric group (≤ 18 years) and an adult group (> 18 years). Out of 106 patients, 68 were children and 38 were adults. Impaired consciousness level and bradypnea were more significantly reported in children (P < 0.001, 0.007, respectively). Low oxygen saturation, tachycardia, hypokalemia, and leukocytosis were more significantly reported in adults (P < 0.001, for each). Delay time from exposure to medical intervention and potassium level were significantly valid to predict complications in children (Adjusted odds ratio: 1.393 and 4.139, respectively). Delay time to medical intervention and oxygen saturation were significant risk factors for prolonged hospital stay in children (Adjusted odds ratio: 1.255 and 0.677, respectively). Acute SCs toxicity was observed only in four cases presented mainly with seizures, tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. It could be concluded that natural cannabinoids toxicity is more prevalent than SCs. Presentation of acute natural cannabinoids toxicity exhibits variations between children and adults. Delay time to medical intervention, as well as potassium and oxygen saturation levels are significant risk factors for complications and prolonged hospitalization in children.

NAM-based analysis of contaminant short-term organ toxicity in HepaRG and RPTEC/TERT1 cells

New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), including cell culture and multi-level omics analyses, are promising alternatives to animal testing. To become useable for risk assessment purposes, they have to be applicable for different substance groups. One important group of substances is food contaminants, including synthetic chemicals, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and natural compounds, such as mycotoxins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. We tested five known contaminants affecting the liver and/or the kidney - PFOS, PFOA, Aflatoxin B1 (AB1), lasiocarpine (Las), and cadmium chloride - using HepaRG and RPTEC/TERT1 cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations for 36 and 72 h. Our NAM-based testing protocol included marker protein analysis for cellular functions and targeted transcriptomics followed by bioinformatics pathway analysis. The effects observed were compared with established in vivo results. Protein analysis indicated various affected pathways in HepaRG cells, with generally fewer effects in RPTEC/TERT1 cells. The strongest transcriptional impact was noted for Las in HepaRG cells. This study demonstrated the test protocol's applicability across different substances, revealing significant differences between HepaRG and RPTEC/TERT1 cell lines. RPTEC/TERT1 cells, while expressing renal-specific CYP enzymes, were less suitable for detecting effects of substances requiring hepatic metabolic activation, like Las and AB1. Our data supports the concept of specific pathway toxicity, with pathway analysis enabling the prediction of effects based on mechanism rather than target organ. Employing multiple omics techniques provided comprehensive insights into various compound effects, including steatosis, reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage, highlighting the potential of an extended omics approach for advancing toxicological assessments.

Involuntary intoxication caused by vaping the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA: A case report

Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly available. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. He confirmed that he had been vaping an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) earlier that day just before the onset of his symptoms. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Clinicians should be aware that besides the harmful effects of nicotine and toxic metals in e-cigarettes, e-cigarettes may also contain synthetic cannabinoids or other recreational drugs including new psychoactive substances (NPS), which can cause involuntary intoxication with potentially severe adverse effects. When clinical presentation and/or initial recreational drugs testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oxidative stress biomarkers in fish: a meta-analytic review

Drug residues have been detected in aquatic environments around the world and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most used classes. Therefore, it is important to verify the physiological effects of these products on exposed non-target organisms such as fish. Through a meta-analytic review, we evaluated the effects of NSAIDs on oxidative stress biomarkers in fish. Overall, Diclofenac was the most frequently tested drug in the systematically selected studies while acute and hydric exposure types were the most prevalent among these studies. The meta-analysis revealed that (1) chronic and subchronic exposures to NSAIDs decreased catalase (CAT) activity, and acute exposure increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity; (2) hydric exposure increased GPx activity; (3) exposure to low concentrations of NSAIDs increased GPx and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; (4) Paracetamol exposure increased GPx and SOD activity and lipid peroxidation levels, but reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity; (5) Diclofenac exposure increased GPx activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that fish are sensitive to NSAIDs exposure presenting significant alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers, especially in the GPx enzyme. This enzyme exhibits strong potential as a biomarker of NSAIDs exposure in fish. Paracetamol stood out as the NSAID that altered the largest number of oxidative stress biomarkers, drawing attention to its risk to fish. In contrast, ibuprofen did not change the biomarkers evaluated. These data demonstrate the important impact of emerging contaminants such as NSAIDs on aquatic organisms and the need for strategies to mitigate these effects.

Subacute exposure of male adolescent rats to 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4-ol via a polymeric implant causes gene expression changes in the brain and metabolomic disruption in serum

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remain an environmental health concern due to their persistence and ongoing release from legacy and emerging sources. 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52), a PCB congener frequently detected in the environment and human blood, is oxidized to 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4-52). The neurotoxicity of this hydroxylated (OH-PCB) metabolite remains poorly characterized. In this study, we exposed 4-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats to 4-52 via a polymeric implant drug delivery system grafted in the subcutaneous cavity at 4-52 concentrations of 0 %, 1 %, 5 %, and 10 % in the implant (w/w) for 28 days. Metabolomic analyses were performed in the serum. RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and dopamine (DA) measurement with electrochemical detection were used to characterize the effects of 4-52 on the striatum and cerebellum, brain regions implicated in PCB neurotoxicity. Serum metabolomic analysis revealed disruptions in the "arginine biosynthesis" pathway following 4-52 exposure. Exposure to 4-52 caused moderate transcriptomic changes in pathways related to "oxidative phosphorylation" and "neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions." Immunofluorescence showed no significant alterations in microglial, astrocytic, or apoptotic biomarkers. In the medium dose group, the levels of the DA metabolite DOPAL (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) were significantly reduced in the striatum. Subsequent multi-omics network analysis identified interactions among OH-PCBs, endogenous metabolites, and the transcriptome. For example, levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, choline, and glycerophosphocholine negatively correlated with 4-52 in the striatum. Expression levels of heat shock protein (HSP) family genes, Hsp90b1, Hspa8, and Hspa5, positively correlated with serum metabolites, including proline, 1-methylguanidine, and methionine sulfoxide. These findings identify novel biomarkers and targets of 4-52-induced neurotoxicity.

Gene expression profiles of Chinese medaka (Oryzias sinensis) primary hepatocytes in response to estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3)

The natural estrogens, including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), are frequently detected in aquatic environment at relatively high levels. The most commonly used biomarkers for estrogens are mainly expressed in the liver of fish. Analyses of the global gene profiling in fish liver cells under estrogens treatment will provide precise toxicogenomic information of the natural estrogens which is still not well known. In this study, we developed methods for isolation and culture of primary hepatocytes from liver tissue of male Chinese medaka (Oryzias sinensis), and analyzed the global gene expression profiling in the primary hepatocytes treated with E1 (1, 10, and 100 nmol/L), E2 (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 nmol/L), and E3 (1, 10, and 100 nmol/L) using RNA-seq. It was found that 175, 248, and 218 genes were differentially expressed in the E1, E2, and E3 groups, respectively. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms of "response to estradiol", "response to estrogen", and "lipid transport". Of the DEGs, vitellogenin genes, including vtg1, vtg2, and vtg3, were the mostly up-regulated and followed by zona pellucida genes which include zp2.3, zp2l1 and zp3a.2. In addition, genes of slc41a1, zp2.1, esr1, pkd1l1, fam20ca, best3, etc. were also obviously up-regulated by the estrogens in concentration-dependent patterns. RT-qPCR was used to validate the results of RNA-seq and found that vtg2 should be the best biomarker gene for estrogen study, which could well response to natural estrogens and weak estrogenic chemical, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate.

Both carvedilol and cimetidine alleviate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via downregulating OCT2

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin is a common chemotherapy agent for solid tumors but severe nephrotoxicity limits its application, with no effective pharmacological treatments. Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) is involved in cisplatin uptake in kidneys. This study aimed to find drugs with promising clinical applications that could prevent cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (Cis-AKI) by inhibiting OCT2.

METHODS

The mRNA level of OCT2 was examined in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from Cis-AKI patients and paired non-AKI patients. The association between OCT2 and Cis-AKI was investigated by HEK293FT cells and kidney organoids. We screened potential compounds exhibiting protective effects against Cis-AKI in US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs through virtual screening and activity screening. Subsequently, we determined the effects of these compounds on OCT2 expression, cisplatin uptake, and apoptosis in cells, kidney organoids and mice. A549 and HeLa cells were adopted to observe the influence of drugs on the anti-tumor function of cisplatin.

RESULTS

Compared to non-AKI patients, the OCT2 mRNA levels of iPSCs from Cis-AKI patients were elevated. OCT2 exhibits similar expression patterns in kidney organoids and human kidney tissues. Furthermore, the overexpression of OCT2 in kidney organoids and HEK293FT cells exacerbated the injury caused by cisplatin. Carvedilol and cimetidine were identified as potent OCT2 inhibitors by drug screening. Further analysis revealed that the pretreatment of carvedilol or cimetidine downregulated OCT2, reduced cisplatin uptake, and alleviated cisplatin-induced apoptosis, but the combination of the two drugs didn't further improve these outcomes. Additionally, carvedilol and cimetidine didn't compromise the cisplatin-induced cell death in A549 and HeLa cells.

CONCLUSION

Our study confirmed that carvedilol and cimetidine exert protective effects against Cis-AKI by inhibiting OCT2, without altering the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin.

Identification and chemical structure elucidation of synthetic cannabinoids samples seized in Kuwait during 2019-2023 using GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy

Cannabinoids, a class of chemical compounds, interact with cannabinoid receptors and are categorized into endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) based on their origin. Among these, SCs constitute the largest and most structurally diverse group of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), with around 280 compounds identified globally. They exhibit a high binding affinity to cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, which are distributed throughout the central nervous and immune systems, leading to more potent psychoactive and toxic effects compared with their natural counterparts. Various adverse effects associated with SCs include hypothermia, analgesia, catalepsy, psychosis, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest, nephrotoxicity, acute cerebral ischemia, seizures, and mortality. In a previous study, we reported the detection of several NPS in Kuwait using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques. However, the identification was tentative, highlighting a limitation of these methods. To address this, the current study aimed to fully identify 17 seized SC samples. Thin-layer chromatography was initially employed to assess the purity of the samples. Twelve pure samples (AKM-1-AKM-12) underwent nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, including 1H, 13C, DEPT 45°, 90°, 135°, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. The identities of five samples (AKM-1, 5, 6, 8, 10) were confirmed as MDMB-4en-PINACA, one sample (AKM-2) as 4F-MDMB-BUTICA, one sample (AKM-3) as MPHP-2201, and three samples (AKM-4, 9, 11) as MMB-022. Additionally, two samples (AKM-7, 12) were identified as FUB-144. This comprehensive approach enhances the accuracy of SCs identification compared with previous studies, emphasizing the importance of employing nuclear magnetic resonance alongside other spectral methods for a more robust analysis.

Biomagnification of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic food species from a tropical lagoon ecosystem

We investigated the occurrence, species-specific distribution, accumulation, and biomagnification of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in three teleost fish species (Sarotherodon melanotheron, Clarias gariepinus, and Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus), as well as molluscs (Pachymelania aurita), earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris), and sediment samples from the Ologe Lagoon in Nigeria, which receives complex mixtures of anthropogenic effluents from various sources. Total ∑PFAS concentrations (ng/g) were significantly highest in earthworms (16.2), compared to teleost species (S. melanotheron (1.8), C. gariepinus (1.2), and C. nigrodigitatus (1.8)) and molluscs (0.4). The novel precursor diSAMPAP was the dominant PFAS congener in S. melanotheron and C. gariepinus, while PFOS and diSAMPAP were highest in C. nigrodigitatus. In earthworms, molluscs, and sediment, diSAMPAP, PFBS, and PFOS were the dominant PFAS. We calculated the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), revealing that diSAMPAP in S. melanotheron and 8:2 FTS in earthworms exhibited the highest BSAF values. Species-specific differences in PFAS biomagnification factor (BMF) suggest varying exposure routes among the examined fish species. Notably, PFOS concentrations in the liver were significantly higher than in flesh tissues for C. gariepinus and C. nigrodigitatus, indicating organ-specific accumulation. Risk analysis using the Risk21 tool showed that S. melanotheron had the highest public health risk, while C. gariepinus had the least risk. Our results highlight significant food safety concerns and public health risks associated with the occurrence, species-specific distribution, accumulation, and biomagnification of diSAMPAP, 8:2 FTS, and PFOS in the Ologe Lagoon and its aquatic food webs. This study contributes valuable insights to global PFAS monitoring efforts, particularly in fluvial tropical ecosystems such as those found in Nigeria.

Heatwave conditions increase the toxicity of phthalates in marine organisms

Climate change- driven marine heatwaves are major risk for marine organisms already facing other anthropogenic hazards, such as chemical contamination in coastal areas. In this study we analyzed the impacts of marine heatwaves and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) pollution as single and combined stressors on development of the sea urchin Arbacia lixula. We tested whether the temperature suggested as optimal for development (24 °C) of this thermophilus species would enhance tolerance to PAEs pollution compared to that showed under ambient temperature (18 °C). Embryo-larval bioassays were conducted in exposures to two temperatures (control: 18 °C, heatwave condition: 24 °C) and ten PAEs concentrations (control: 0 mg L-1; treated: range 0.1-50 mg L-1) in all combinations. Ecotoxicological responses were investigated at three functional levels: i) exposure-response relationships, finding that heatwave exposure increased PAEs- induced toxicity and mortality rates with an EC50 lower by 76 %; ii) morphological, finding combined temperature and PAEs increased abnormality and stunted skeleton growth; iii) biochemical, showing that temperature was the main driver for the modulation of activity of stress response enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, esterase and peroxidase). We show that heatwave conditions negatively impacted sea urchin embryos facing pollution and decreased their tolerance to PAEs. Our results indicate that 24 °C is not the optimal temperature for development of A. lixula from the southwestern Mediterranean and highlight that assays based on just one biological level or single stressor can be misleading to deduce health risks to marine organisms and their thermal optimum, indicating the need for more integrative approaches.

Promising impacts of Achillea spp., beyond A medicinal plant, against toxins, toxicities, and injuries: In vivo and in vitro mechanisms

Natural toxins produced by various living organisms pose significant risks to health, food security, and environmental balance through inhalation, ingestion, and other exposure routes. This review focuses on the ameliorative effects of different Achillea species, which comprise over 130 perennial herbs known for their therapeutic properties. A systematic examination of data from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science was conducted, encompassing various studies without date restrictions, ensuring a comprehensive selection of articles based on full-text availability. The results of this study indicate that Achillea millefolium exhibits anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, enhances collagen proliferation regulation, suppresses inflammatory responses, and displays significant antioxidant activity. Similarly, A. wilhelmsii has been shown to have hepatoprotective effects, as evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased total thiol concentrations. A. fragrantissima has also been demonstrated to have cardioprotective effects, with a decrease in inflammatory markers and edema levels. The protective benefits of other species within the Achillea genus extend to various toxins. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of Achillea species as natural remedies for combating toxicities and promoting health.

AI-assisted exposure-response data analysis: Quantifying heterogeneous causal effects of exposures on survival times

AI-assisted data analysis can help risk analysts better understand exposure-response relationships by making it relatively easy to apply advanced statistical and machine learning methods, check their assumptions, and interpret their results. This paper demonstrates the potential of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, to facilitate statistical analyses, including survival data analyses, for health risk assessments. Through AI-guided analyses using relatively recent and advanced methods such as Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) plots using Random Survival Forests and Heterogeneous Treatment Effects (HTEs) estimated using Causal Survival Forests, population-level exposure-response functions can be disaggregated into individual-level exposure-response functions. These reveal the extent of heterogeneity in risks across individuals for different levels of exposure, holding other variables fixed. By applying these methods to an illustrative dataset on blood lead levels (BLL) and mortality risk among never-smoker men from the NHANES III survey, we show how AI can clarify inter-individual variations in exposure-associated risks. The results add insights not easily obtained from traditional parametric or semi-parametric models such as logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models, illustrating the advantages of non-parametric approaches for quantifying heterogeneous causal effects on survival times. This paper also suggests some practical implications of using AI in regulatory health risk assessments and public policy decisions.

Jatropha curcas seed oil for possible human consumption: A toxicological assessment of its phorbol esters

Jatropha curcas seeds are known for their high oil content, and the oil extracted from these seeds has been traditionally utilized in biodiesel production. The presence of toxic compounds, specifically phorbol esters (PEs), in Jatropha curcas seed oil (JCSO) has blocked its use for human consumption. This article presents a thorough literature review that summarizes the latest research on the toxicological effects, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and chronic toxicity associated with Jatropha curcas phorbol esters (JCPEs). It also provides an overview of current detoxification strategies. A quantitative risk assessment was performed using the Benchmark Dose (BMD) approach, revealing an Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) of 139.64 μg kg-1 body weight for JCPEs (expressed as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate equivalent). Moreover, a Health-Based Guidance Value (HBGV) for JCPEs in a sub-chronic exposure context was established at 0.0105 mg kg-1 body weight per day. These results have guided the formulation of detoxification goals for JCSO, targeting a detoxification rate of 99.5 %, along with recommendations for future research to investigate the feasibility of using JCSO in food products.

Innovative multiplex qPCR method for rapid and reliable detection of microcystin-producing genes during harmful algal blooms: Insights from Utah Reservoirs

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) have the potential to produce cyanotoxins, which pose significant health risks to both humans and animals. The gold standard methods for monitoring cyanoHABs involve enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and manual cell counting under microscopy. However, these techniques, while effective, are costly and time-consuming, which may not be optimal for timely decision-making to safeguard public health. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) offers a complementary approach that serves as an indicator of the potential for toxin production. It provides accurate results with a rapid turnaround time and high throughput capacity, and greater affordability. To assess the reliability of qPCR in predicting toxin production and determining when toxin levels exceed recreational advisory thresholds, we conducted experiments utilizing two DNA extraction methods for qPCR testing: RapidDNA and ClassicDNA. Sampling was conducted across nine water bodies in Utah throughout the recreational season from June 1 to October 31, 2023. We targeted cyanotoxin-encoding genes mainly associated with microcystins, the dominant cyanotoxin reported for these water bodies, for qPCR analysis. Toxin levels were measured using both ELISA and LC-MS/MS with cyanobacteria cell counting conducted as a reference. Out of nine water bodies studied, cyanoHABs were detected in five (i.e., Utah Lake, and Deer Creek, Echo, Schofield, and Pineview Reservoirs). Analysis of the data revealed a significant linear relationship between both the qPCR results of mcyE (associated with microcystin production) obtained from RapidDNA and ClassicDNA methods, and the levels of microcystins measured by ELISA and LC-MS/MS. RapidDNA qPCR methods offer a potential warning tool for indicating toxin production during blooming events, though this method is not suitable for determining risk during the pre-blooming period. Conversely, ClassicDNA methods can be utilized during the pre-blooming period to prepare for potential blooms. These results provide insight into the genetic potential of blooms around the state to produce microcystins. Findings can be implemented in both Recreational Water Quality and Drinking Water programs nationally.

Next generation risk assessment of hair dye HC yellow no. 13: Ensuring protection from liver steatogenic effects

This study employs animal-free Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) principles to evaluate the safety of repeated dermal exposure to 2.5% (w/w) HC Yellow No. 13 (HCY13) hair dye. As multiple in silico tools consistently flagged hepatotoxic potential, likely due to HCY13's trifluoromethyl group, which is known to interfere with hepatic lipid metabolism, liver steatosis was chosen as the primary mode of action for evaluation. AOP-guided in vitro tests were conducted, exposing human stem cell-derived hepatic cells to varying HCY13 concentrations over 72 h. The expression of 11 lipid metabolism-related marker genes (AHR, PPARA, LXRA, APOB, ACOX1, CPT1A, FASN, SCD1, DGAT2, CD36, and PPARG) and triglyceride accumulation, a phenotypic hallmark of steatosis, were measured. PROAST software was used to calculate in vitro Points of Departure (PoDNAM) for each biomarker. Using GastroPlus 9.9, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models estimated internal liver concentrations (Cmax liver) of HCY13, ranging from 4 to 20 pM. All PoDNAM values significantly exceeded the predicted Cmax liver, indicating that HCY13 at 2.5% (w/w) is unlikely to induce liver steatosis under the assumed conditions. This research demonstrates the utility of NGRA, integrating AOP-based in vitro assays and computational models to protect human health and support regulatory decision-making without animal testing.

Crystal structure and biochemical characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase isolated from Rhodococcus sp. PAMC28705

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a widely recognized oxidoreductase that converts toxic aldehydes into harmless carboxylic acids, making it highly valuable for industrial applications. However, the effectiveness of ALDHs derived from Rhodococcus species in processing a range of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes is still largely unexamined. Therefore, we cloned the ALDH gene from the cold-adapted strain Rhodococcus sp. PAMC28705 to address this gap and subsequently identified the crystal structure of rhALDH. By analyzing the unique structural features of the rhALDH active site, we evaluated its ability to process a wide range of aldehydes, with a focus on substrate specificity. Biochemical characterization revealed that at an optimal temperature of 30 °C and a pH of 8.0, it exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency, with a kcat/Km value of 1.12 μM-1 s-1 for propionaldehyde, which was higher than that of its homologous ALDHs. This indicates a strong affinity for this substrate, as demonstrated by a low Km of 321.9 μM and a rapid turnover rate kcat of 359.2 s-1. Adding disulfide reductants, such as dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, and the metal ion Mg2+, further enhanced its activity. Working at mesophilic temperatures with good stability and substrate-specific catalytic efficiency, this novel rhALDH, which favors the conversion of propionaldehyde and benzaldehyde, provides a promising catalyst for biotechnological and sustainable bio-aldehyde elimination technologies. Thus, this study lays a foundation for future structure-function analyses of rhALDH, facilitating molecular modifications, the generation of mutants for improved stability, and the development of ALDH-targeted antibiotics.