Tryptophan metabolism and ischemic stroke: An intricate balance

Ischemic stroke, which is characterized by hypoxia and ischemia, triggers a cascade of injury responses, including neurotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and neuronal death. In this context, tryptophan metabolites and enzymes, which are synthesized through the kynurenine and 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways, play dual roles. The delicate balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective substances is a crucial factor influencing the progression of ischemic stroke. Neuroprotective metabolites, such as kynurenic acid, exert their effects through various mechanisms, including competitive blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, modulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, neurotoxic substances such as quinolinic acid can hinder the development of vascular glucose transporter proteins, induce neurotoxicity mediated by reactive oxygen species, and disrupt mitochondrial function. Additionally, the enzymes involved in tryptophan metabolism play major roles in these processes. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan hydroxylase in the 5-hydroxytryptamine pathway influence neuroinflammation and brain homeostasis. Consequently, the metabolites generated through tryptophan metabolism have substantial effects on the development and progression of ischemic stroke. Stroke treatment aims to restore the balance of various metabolite levels; however, precise regulation of tryptophan metabolism within the central nervous system remains a major challenge for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the complex interactions between tryptophan metabolites and enzymes in ischemic stroke and develop targeted therapies that can restore the delicate balance between neurotoxicity and neuroprotection.

Contribution of ferroptosis and SLC7A11 to light-induced photoreceptor degeneration

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202601000-00043/figure1/v/2025-06-09T151831Z/r/image-tiff Progressive photoreceptor cell death is one of the main pathological features of age-related macular degeneration and eventually leads to vision loss. Ferroptosis has been demonstrated to be associated with retinal degenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and photoreceptor cell death in age-related macular degeneration remain largely unexplored. Bioinformatics and biochemical analyses in this study revealed xC - , solute carrier family 7 member 11-regulated ferroptosis as the predominant pathological process of photoreceptor cell degeneration in a light-induced dry age-related macular degeneration mouse model. This process involves the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2-solute carrier family 7 member 11-glutathione peroxidase 4 signaling pathway, through which cystine depletion, iron ion accumulation, and enhanced lipid peroxidation ultimately lead to photoreceptor cell death and subsequent visual function impairment. We demonstrated that solute carrier family 7 member 11 overexpression blocked this process by inhibiting oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo . Conversely, solute carrier family 7 member 11 knockdown or the solute carrier family 7 member 11 inhibitor sulfasalazine and ferroptosis-inducing agent erastin aggravated H 2 O 2 -induced ferroptosis of 661W cells. These findings indicate solute carrier family 7 member 11 may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with retinal degenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration.

Adiponectin as a potential mediator of the pro-cognitive effects of physical exercise on Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is the primary cause of dementia and imposes a significant socioeconomic burden globally. Physical exercise, as an effective strategy for improving general health, has been largely reported for its effectiveness in slowing neurodegeneration and increasing brain functional plasticity, particularly in aging brains. However, the underlying mechanisms of exercise in cognitive aging remain largely unclear. Adiponectin, a cell-secreted protein hormone, has recently been found to regulate synaptic plasticity and mediate the antidepressant effects of physical exercise. Studies on the neuroprotective effects of adiponectin have revealed potential innovative treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Here, we reviewed the functions of adiponectin and its receptor in the brains of human and animal models of cognitive impairment. We summarized the role of adiponectin in Alzheimer's disease, focusing on its impact on energy metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation. We also discuss how exercise increases adiponectin secretion and its potential benefits for learning and memory. Finally, we highlight the latest research on chemical compounds that mimic exercise-enhanced secretion of adiponectin and its receptor in Alzheimer's disease.

Microglial polarization pathways and therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia in traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries. Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury, which involves a complex multicellular cascade. Microglia play an important role in secondary injury and can be activated in response to traumatic brain injury. In this article, we review the origin and classification of microglia as well as the dynamic changes of microglia in traumatic brain injury. We also clarify the microglial polarization pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia. We found that regulating the signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia, such as the Toll-like receptor 4 /nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, Notch, and high mobility group box 1 pathways, can alleviate the inflammatory response triggered by microglia in traumatic brain injury, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects. We also reviewed the strategies developed on the basis of these pathways, such as drug and cell replacement therapies. Drugs that modulate inflammatory factors, such as rosuvastatin, have been shown to promote the polarization of anti-inflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response caused by traumatic brain injury. Mesenchymal stem cells possess anti-inflammatory properties, and clinical studies have confirmed their significant efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury. Additionally, advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-delivery methods-such as combinations of novel biomaterials, genetic engineering, and mesenchymal stem cell exosome therapy-have greatly enhanced the efficiency and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models. However, numerous challenges in the application of drug and mesenchymal stem cell treatment strategies remain to be addressed. In the future, new technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis, can facilitate further experimental studies. Moreover, research involving non-human primates can help translate these treatment strategies to clinical practice.

Oxidation of human mitochondrial RNA strongly potentiates immunostimulation in an interferon-associated manner

Inflammation is associated with a wide range of medical conditions, most leading causes of death, and high healthcare costs. It can thus benefit from new insights. Here we extended previous studies and found that oxidation of human native mtRNA to 'mitoxRNA' strongly potentiated IFNβ and TNFα immunostimulation in human cells, and that this newly identified type 1 interferon potentiation was transcriptional. This potentiation was significantly greater than with mtDNA oxidation, and t-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) oxidation of RNA was more proinflammatory than hydrogen peroxide (HP). mtRNA triggered a modest increase in apoptosis that was not potentiated by oxidation, and mtDNA triggered a much greater increase. For native mtRNA, we found that chloroquine-inhibitable endosomes and MDA5 are key signaling pathways for IFNβ and TNFα production. For mitoxRNAs, RNAseq revealed a major increase in both tBHP- and HP-mitoxRNA modulated genes compared with native mtRNA. This increase was very prominent for interferon-related genes, identifying them as important mediators of this powerful oxidation effect. Moderately different gene modulations and KEGG pathways were observed for tBHP- versus HP-mitoxRNAs. These studies reveal the profound effect that mitochondrial RNA oxidation has on immunostimulation, providing new insights into DAMP inflammation and identifying potential therapeutic targets to minimize DAMP mtRNA/mitoxRNA-mediated inflammation.

METTL14 Mediates Glut3 m6A methylation to improve osteogenesis under oxidative stress condition

OBJECTIVES

Bone remodeling imbalance contributes to osteoporosis. Though current medications enhance osteoblast involvement in bone formation, the underlying pathways remain unclear. This study was aimed to explore the pathways involved in bone formation by osteoblasts, we investigate the protective role of glycolysis and N6-methyladenosine methylation (m6A) against oxidative stress-induced impairment of osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1 cells.

METHODS

We utilized a concentration of 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to establish an oxidative damage model of MC3T3-E1 cells. Subsequently, we examined the alterations in the m6A methyltransferases (METTL3, METTL14), glucose transporter proteins (GLUT1, GLUT3) and validated m6A methyltransferase overexpression in vitro and in an osteoporosis model. The osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis-related molecules and serum bone resorption markers were measured by biochemical analysis, Alizarin Red S staining, Western blot and ELISA.

RESULTS

H2O2 treatment inhibited glycolysis and osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. However, when METTL14 was overexpressed, these changes induced by H2O2 could be mitigated. Our findings indicate that METTL14 promotes GLUT3 expression via YTHDF1, leading to the modulation of various parameters in the H2O2-induced model. Similar positive effects of METTL14 on osteogenesis were observed in an ovariectomized mouse osteoporosis model.

DISCUSSION

METTL14 could serve as a potential therapeutic approach for enhancing osteoporosis treatment.

Inhibition of caspase-1 by ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates d-gal-induced renal aging and injury through suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation

BACKGROUND

The disruption of renal cell homeostasis caused by aging has attracted considerable attention. A traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng, is a potential drug for treating aging-related diseases. The study investigates the effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1, an active component of ginseng, on renal aging and injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The potential targets of ginsenoside Rg1 in relieving renal aging and injury were predicted using network pharmacology. d-Galactose (d-gal) was used to induce aging and mice were randomly divided into six groups: a wild-type control group, a wild-type d-gal group, and a wild-type d-gal with Rg1 group (20 mg/kg/d), a caspase-1-/- control group, a caspase-1-/- d-gal group, and a caspase-1-/- d-gal with Rg1 group (n = 5). The duration of the study was 42 days. The effect of Rg1 was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology revealed that caspase-1 was one of the crucial targets. In vivo experiments, ginsenoside Rg1 treatment resulted in lowered levels of β-Gal, p53, p21, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, tumor necrosis factor-α and renal fibrosis, along with a reduction of caspase-1, interleukin-1 and interleukin-18 in mice induced by d-gal. Additionally, knockout of caspase-1 can improve the above indicators and caspase-1-/- mice treated with Rg1 showed better protective effects in alleviating renal senescence, ameliorating kidney injury, and mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

The findings in this study provide experimental support for the clinical application of ginsenoside Rg1 in kidney aging. The underlying mechanisms require further experimental validation.

Peony seed meal supplementation enhances semen quality in aged Qinchuan bulls

Healthy Qinchuan bulls aged 8.5-9.5 years were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups based on 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% dietary supplementation of peony seed meal for three months. Overall, linear motility (LM), progressive motility (PM), straight-line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and the percentage increase of all sperm grades (A to D) were affected (p<0.05) by the dietary supplementation. LM (29.5 vs. 24.1%), PM (69.4 vs. 60.0%), VLS (38.0 vs. 33.3 μm/s), and VCL (48.3 vs. 44.3 μm/s) were consistently higher in the 6% peony seed meal dietary supplementation groups than in the control group, respectively. A similar pattern was observed in the 8% group. Inversely to sperm grades C and D, grades A and B were higher in all treated groups than the control group, except for the 2% group in sperm grade A. Moreover, the levels of the enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR; except for 2% peony seed group), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were higher than the control group. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in all treated groups than in the control group. Dietary supplementation of 2-8% peony seed meal improves the semen quality of aged Qinchuan bulls.

Molecular signaling pathways in osteoarthritis and biomaterials for cartilage regeneration: a review

Osteoarthritis is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone alterations, leading to chronic pain and joint dysfunction. Conventional treatments provide symptomatic relief but fail to halt disease progression. Recent advancements in biomaterials, molecular signaling modulation, and gene-editing technologies offer promising therapeutic strategies. This review explores key molecular pathways implicated in osteoarthritis, including fibroblast growth factor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, highlighting their roles in chondrocyte survival, extracellular matrix remodeling, and inflammation. Biomaterial-based interventions such as hydrogels, nanoparticles, and chitosan-based scaffolds have demonstrated potential in enhancing cartilage regeneration and targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing holds promise in modifying osteoarthritis-related genes to restore cartilage integrity. The integration of regenerative biomaterials with precision medicine and molecular therapies represents a novel approach for mitigating osteoarthritis progression. Future research should focus on optimizing biomaterial properties, refining gene-editing efficiency, and developing personalized therapeutic strategies. The convergence of bioengineering and molecular science offers new hope for improving joint function and patient quality of life in osteoarthritis management.

Prophylactic effects of nutrition, dietary strategies, exercise, lifestyle and environment on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease and its prevalence has risen sharply. However, whether nutrition, dietary strategies, exercise, lifestyle and environment have preventive value for NAFLD remains unclear.

METHODS

Through searching 4 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library) from inception to January 2025, we selected studies about nutrition, dietary strategies, exercise, lifestyle and environment in the prevention of NAFLD and conducted a narrative review on this topic.

RESULTS

Reasonable nutrient intake encompassing macronutrients and micronutrients have an independent protective relationship with NAFLD. Besides, proper dietary strategies including mediterranean diet, intermittent fasting diet, ketogenic diet, and dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet have their inhibitory effects on the developmental process of NAFLD. Moreover, right exercises including walking, jogging, bicycling, and swimming are recommended for the prevention of NAFLD because they could effectively reduce weight, which is an important risk factor for NAFLD, and improve liver function. In addition, embracing a healthy lifestyle including reducing sedentary behavior, not smoking, sleeping well and brushing teeth regularly is integral since it not only could reduce the risk of NAFLD but also significantly contribute to overall prevention and control. Finally, the environment, including the social and natural environments, plays a potential role in NAFLD prevention.

CONCLUSION

Nutrition, dietary strategies, exercise, lifestyle and environment play an important role in the prevention of NAFLD. Moreover, this review offers comprehensive prevention recommendations for people at high risk of NAFLD.

CD44 and αV-integrins dual-targeting bimetallic nanozymes for lung adenocarcinoma therapy via NIR-enhanced ferroptosis/apoptosis

Combination therapy is a promising strategy for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), due to the advantages of overcoming drug resistance, side effects, and tumor heterogeneity. Herein, we report a novel dual-targeting bimetallic nanozyme (MH-iRGD) consisting of nanosized manganese ferrite (MF) after encapsulating with dopamine and methacrylic anhydride to modify hyaluronic acid, followed by integrin receptor targeting peptide (HS-PEG3400-iRGD) modification for LUAD targeted therapy. Our study confirmed that MH-iRGD combined with near-infrared irradiation (NIR) possessed dramatic photothermal effects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and GSH depletion abilities. Importantly, MH-iRGD possessed dual-targeting capacities for LUAD cells overexpressed CD44 and αV-integrin receptors owing to hyaluronic acid coating and iRGD modification. Inhibitors of CD44 and integrins could impair the uptake of MH-iRGD in LUAD cells. Moreover, MH-iRGD + NIR displayed excellent anti-LUAD effects as a result of the production of intracellular ROS, consumption of glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, NIR robustly strengthened MH-iRGD-induced ferroptosis and apoptosis by down-regulating SLC7A11, GPX4, Bcl-2 levels while up-regulating Bax level. Specifically, ferroptosis and apoptosis were increased while the LUAD progression was inhibited after intravenous injection of MH-iRGD + NIR in xenograft mouse models. Taken together, our results indicate that MH-iRGD + NIR serves as a promising targeted therapy for LUAD, which broadens the applications of highly active dual-targeting bimetallic nanozymes.

Tumor organoids in cancer medicine: from model systems to natural compound screening

CONTEXT

The advent of tissue engineering and biomedical techniques has significantly advanced the development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems, particularly tumor organoids. These self-assembled 3D cell clusters closely replicate the histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of primary tissues, making them invaluable tools in cancer research and drug screening.

OBJECTIVE

This review addresses the challenges in developing in vitro models that accurately reflect tumor heterogeneity and explores the application of tumor organoids in cancer research, with a specific focus on the screening of natural products for antitumor therapies.

METHODS

This review synthesizes information from major databases, including Chemical Abstracts, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and Springer Link. Publications were selected without date restrictions, using terms such as 'organoid', 'natural product', 'pharmacological', 'extract', 'nanomaterial' and 'traditional uses'. Articles related to agriculture, ecology, synthetic work or published in languages other than English were excluded.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The review identifies key challenges related to the efficiency and variability of organoid generation and discusses ongoing efforts to enhance their predictive capabilities in drug screening and personalized medicine. Recent studies utilizing patient-derived organoid models for natural compound screening are highlighted, demonstrating the potential of these models in developing new classes of anticancer agents. The integration of natural products with patient-derived organoid models presents a promising approach for discovering novel anticancer compounds and elucidating their mechanisms of action.

Anthocyanin attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension and associated heart failure via improving mitochondrial function through Nrf2-dependent mechanism

BACKGROUND

Mitochondrial dysfunction of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells is one of the important pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Anthocyanin can protect mitochondrial function, but whether anthocyanin can prevent PAH and its related mechanism has not been reported.

METHODS

Using rodent PAH models induced by chronic hypoxia for 21 days, we investigated the changes of hemodynamics, histopathology and vascular endothelial function after anthocyanin treatment for 21 days.

RESULTS

We found that anthocyanin treatment improved pulmonary endothelial function, vascular remodeling and associated right heart failure. Mechanistically, we found that anthocyanin treatment promoted the nucleus translocation of Nrf2 and improved the impaired mitochondrial function. The beneficial effects of anthocyanin on regulation of mitochondrial function were abolished by inhibition of Nrf2. Finally, in Nrf2 deficient mice, the protective effects of anthocyanin on PAH were largely vanished.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, we showed that anthocyanin attenuated PAH and associated right heart failure via improving mitochondrial function through Nrf2-dependent mechanism, suggesting that anthocyanin may represent a novel therapeutic potential for PAH.

Sodium butyrate alleviates DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting ferroptosis and modulating ERK/STAT3 signaling and intestinal flora

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), can seriously impact patients' quality of life. Sodium butyrate (NaB), a product of dietary fiber fermentation, has been shown to alleviate IBD symptoms. Some studies have shown that it is related to ferroptosis. However, the precise mechanism linking NaB, IBD, and ferroptosis is not clear.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to demonstrate that NaB suppresses ferroptosis, thereby alleviating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through modulation of the extracellular regulated protein kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (ERK/STAT3) signaling pathway and intestinal flora.

METHODS

An IBD model was established using 2.5% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were orally administered low-dose NaB, high-dose NaB , or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). Ferroptosis-related molecules were measured using specific kits, and western blotting (WB) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to determine the levels of the target molecules.

RESULTS

NaB alleviated symptoms in IBD mice, including reduced weight loss, prolonged colon length, reduced disease activity index (DAI), and reduced spleen index and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors. Additionally, NaB reduced the content of Fe2+ and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and increased the content of GSH and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which reflected NaB-inhibited ferroptosis. Moreover, western blotting showed that NaB enhanced STAT3 and ERK phosphorylation. In addition, NaB regulates the composition and functions of flora related to IBD.

CONCLUSION

NaB alleviates IBD by inhibiting ferroptosis and modulating ERK/STAT3 signaling and the intestinal flora.

Lycopene attenuates trimethylamine-N-oxide-induced senescence in endothelial progenitor cells via the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway

Aging-related diseases, which are associated with the senescence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), are consistently accompanied by elevated levels of circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a marker predictive of poor prognosis. Lycopene (Lyc) deficiency has been demonstrated to be linked to these age-related diseases. The AMPK/SIRT1 pathway plays a pivotal role in cellular senescence. In this study, we hypothesize that lycopene could mitigate TMAO-induced EPCs senescence, with involvement of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. EPCs were subjected to treatment with TMAO, Lyc, small interfering RNA targeting AMP-activated protein kinase (siAMPK), or sirtin-1 (siSIRT1). The biological functions of EPCs were evaluated through, CCK-8, transwell and tube formation assays, while their senescence was assessed via SA-β-gal activity assay and Western blotting. ROS generation was measured using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. TMAO-induced suppression of EPCs' functionality was alleviated by Lyc, but this effect was reversed by siAMPK and siSIRT1. TMAO increased SA-β-gal-positive cell number and ROS production, while reducing the expression of AMPK and SIRT1. These effects were attenuated by Lyc. However, the protective effects were diminished by siAMPK and siSIRT1. In conclusion, Lyc ameliorates TMAO-induced EPCs senescence through the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.

A translational review of hyperthermia biology

This review was written to be included in the Special Collection 'Therapy Ultrasound: Medicine's Swiss Army Knife?' The purpose of this review is to provide basic presentation and interpretation of the fundamentals of hyperthermia biology, as it pertains to uses of therapeutic ultrasound. The fundamentals are presented but in the setting of a translational interpretation and a view toward the future. Subjects that require future research and development are highlighted. The effects of hyperthermia are time and temperature dependent. Because intra-tumoral temperatures are non-uniform in tumors, one has to account for differential biologic effects in different parts of a tumor that occur simultaneously during and after hyperthermia.

Labor epidural analgesia and autism spectrum disorder in 3-year-old offspring based on data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study: a prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between labor epidural analgesia (LEA) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in 3-year-old offspring in Japan.

METHODS

Prospective cohort study utilizing the Japan Environment and Children's Study, the largest nationwide birth cohort study. A total of 65,742 live singleton offspring were enrolled between January 2011 and March 2014. Offspring born via cesarean delivery or with confirmed chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), accounting for maternal, paternal, and perinatal covariates. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the sex of the offspring. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of ASD at age 3.

RESULTS

Among the 65,742 offspring (33,684 boys [51.2%]; mean maternal age, 31.1 [4.9] years), 1,324 (2.0%) were exposed to LEA. ASD was diagnosed in 14 (1.1%) offspring exposed to LEA and 257 (0.4%) not exposed to LEA by age 3. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariate logistic regression revealed that LEA was associated with an increased risk of ASD (aOR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.28-3.87). Subgroup analysis indicated that the association was significant in male offspring (aOR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.40-4.65), but not in female offspring (aOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 0.34-5.91).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests a mild association between LEA and ASD in 3-year-old male offspring. However, the findings should be cautiously interpreted given the limited number of ASD cases in this study. Causal relationships cannot be established since this was an observational study.

Flavonoids from Polypodium hastatum as neuroprotective agents attenuate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo via activating Nrf2

OBJECTIVES

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. Though timely reperfusion reduces the infarction size, it exacerbates neuronal apoptosis due to oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Activating Nrf2 gives a therapeutic approach to ischemic stroke.

METHODS

Herein we explored flavonoids identified from Polypodium hastatum as Nrf2 activators and their protective effects on PC12 cells injured by oxygen and glucose deprivation/restoration (OGD/R) as well as middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice.

RESULTS

The results showed among these flavonoids, AAKR significantly improved the survival of PC12 cells induced by OGD/R and activated Nrf2 in a Keap1-dependent manner. Further investigations have disclosed AAKR attenuated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and following apoptosis resulting from OGD/R. Meanwhile, activation of Nrf2 by AAKR was involved in the protective effects. Finally, it was found that AAKR could protect MCAO mice brains against ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating Nrf2.

DISCUSSION

This investigation could provide lead compounds for the discovery of novel Nrf2 activators targeting ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Ophthalmic formulation of methotrexate: a strategy of using the self-assembled LacAC4A nanoparticles for non-invasive drug delivery to the ocular posterior segment

Drug delivery to ocular posterior segment remains difficult due to the challenges imposed by dynamic and static ocular barriers, lesion point targeting, and off-target effect. In this study, a novel approach is demonstrated for non-invasive drug delivery to the ocular posterior segments using lactose-modified azocalix[4] arene (LacAC4A) as a supramolecular ocular drug delivery platform. LacAC4A contains azo groups and is covalently modified by lactose groups, which confers active targeting to the retina, and induces a hypoxic response. The immunomodulator methotrexate (MTX), which is commonly used in ophthalmology to treat immune system diseases such as uveitis, was also selected as a guest to prepare MTX@LacAC4A. The prepared LacAC4A and MTX@LacAC4A systems were characterized, then the internalization mechanisms and hypoxia response abilities were determined through flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging, respectively. Besides, the delivery route and efficiency were verified, and the safety profile of MTX@LacAC4A was evaluated in multiple dimensions. Importantly, it was found that the prepared MTX@LacAC4A exhibits good biocompatibility, can effectively reach the posterior segment, and demonstrates potential ophthalmic applications. These findings lay the grounds for the future development of non-invasive ocular posterior segment disease treatments based on the advanced use of LacAC4A as a drug delivery platform.

Silencing ZIC5 suppresses glycolysis and promotes disulfidptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to explore the effects of silencing Zic family member 5 (ZIC5) on glucose metabolism and disulfidptosis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells.

METHODS

Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to analyze ZIC5 expression in LUAD and its association with patient outcomes. ZIC5 was silenced in A549 and H1299 cells using siRNA. The expression of ZIC5 mRNA and protein was assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation was evaluated through CCK-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, while glucose uptake, lactate production, and ATP levels were measured to assess energy metabolism. Seahorse XF analysis was used to evaluate extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Disulfidptosis was assessed through NADP+/NADPH ratio, glutathione (GSH) content, GSSG/GSH ratio, and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

ZIC5 is highly expressed in LUAD and is associated with poor patient prognosis. Silencing ZIC5 significantly reduced its mRNA and protein levels in A549 and H1299 cells, markedly inhibited cell proliferation, and led to significant decreases in glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP levels, ECAR, and OCR. Additionally, silencing ZIC5 resulted in an increased NADP+/NADPH ratio, decreased GSH levels, and a reduced GSSG/GSH ratio, alongside classic disulfidptosis features.

CONCLUSION

ZIC5 plays a crucial role in promoting LUAD cell proliferation and energy metabolism while inhibiting disulfidptosis. Silencing ZIC5 markedly suppresses these processes, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target in LUAD.

27-Hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and drug resistance

27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC), a cholesterol metabolite, functions both as a selective oestrogen receptor (ER) modulator and a ligand for liver X receptors (LXRs). The discovery of 27HC involvement in carcinogenesis has unveiled new research avenues, yet its precise role remains controversial and context-dependent. In this review, we provide an overview of the biosynthesis and metabolism of 27HC and explore its cancer-associated signalling, with a particular focus on ER- and LXR-mediated pathways. Given the tissue-specific dual role of 27HC, we discuss its differential impact across various cancer types. Furthermore, we sort out 27HC-contributed drug resistance mechanisms from the perspectives of drug efflux, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), antioxidant defence, epigenetic modification, and metabolic reprogramming. Finally, we highlight the chemical inhibitors to mitigate 27HC-driven cancer progression and drug resistance. This review offers an updated role of 27HC in cancer biology, setting the stage for future research and the development of targeted therapeutics.

The effect of acute beetroot juice consumption prior to climbing on lower-body isokinetic and isometric strength, aerobic power, and muscle soreness among mountain climbers

BACKGROUND

Beetroot juice (BRJ) contains various bioactive compounds which can enhance athletes" performance. However, there is a limited number of studies assessing the effects of BRJ on climbers" performance and indicators of muscle soreness (MS). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of consuming beetroot juice acutely before climbing on lower-body isokinetic and isometric strength, aerobic power, and muscle soreness in mountain climbers.

METHODS

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study, 27 climbers (14 males and 13 females) were divided into three groups: Control (CON), Placebo (PLA), and Beetroot Juice (BRJ), with 9 participants in each group. The study evaluated swelling around the thigh (Sw-T), pressure pain threshold (PPT), isokinetic and isometric strength, horizontal jump (HJ), wall-sit, handgrip strength (HGS), flexibility, and the Queen's College Step test. Testing occurred in three sessions: baseline, climbing, and posttest. At baseline, all participants completed the full battery of tests at Shiraz University. One week later, during the climbing session, they consumed 70 mL of BRJ (400 mg nitrate), PLA, or water 2.5 hours before ascending to 3720 meters. Functional tests (HJ, wall-sit, and estimated VO₂max) were performed at the altitude. After completing these tests, participants immediately descended the mountain. DOMS was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) for the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius muscles at the following time points: 2 hours before climbing, and 0 (immediately), 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after descending. The posttest session, held 72 hours after descending, repeated all baseline assessments.

RESULTS

The results revealed a statistically significant decrease in DOMS in the gastrocnemius muscles 24 hours post-descending in the BRJ group compared to the control group (p = 0.003, pEta2 = 0.204). However, no changes in DOMS were observed for the quadriceps (p = 0.090, pEta2 = 0.090) and hamstring (p = 0.254, pEta2 = 0.056) muscles. Moreover, notable improvements were observed in PPT (p = 0.001, pEta2 = 0.374), Estimated VO2max (p = 0.016, pEta2 = 0.291), HGS (p = 0.004, pEta2 = 0.270), flexibility (p = 0.003, pEta2 = 0.407), HJ (p = 0.008, pEta2 = 0.155), and isokinetic (peak torque, average power and rate of force development) and isometric (Maximum voluntary isometric contraction) strength indicators in the BRJ groups compare to the other groups (p˂0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in Sw-T between groups (p = 0.305).

CONCLUSIONS

The study suggested that acute consumption of BRJ before climbing improves climbers' lower-body isokinetic and isometric strength, power, and endurance performance, and it is associated with a reduced perception of muscle soreness.

Ketorolac, melatonin and latanoprost tri-loaded PLGA microspheres for neuroprotection in glaucoma

Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that affects the retina and optic nerve. The aim of this work was to reach different therapeutics targets by co-encapsulating three neuroprotective substances with hypotensive (latanoprost), antioxidant (melatonin) and anti-inflammatory (ketorolac) activity in biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres (MSs) capable of releasing the drugs for months after intravitreal injection, avoiding the need for repeated administrations. Multi-loaded PLGA MSs were prepared using the oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation technique and physicochemically characterized. PLGA 85:15 was the polymer ratio selected for the selected formulation. Tri-loaded MSs including vitamin E as additive showed good tolerance in retinal pigment epithelium cells after 24 h exposure (>90% cell viability). The final formulation (KMLVE) resulted in 33.58 ± 5.44 µm particle size and drug content (µg/mg MSs) of 39.70 ± 5.89, 67.28 ± 4.17 and 7.51 ± 0.58 for melatonin, ketorolac and latanoprost respectively. KMLVE were able to release in a sustained manner the three drugs over 70 days. KMLVE were injected at 2 and 12 weeks in Long-Evans rats (n = 20) after the induction of chronic glaucoma. Ophthalmological tests were performed and compared to not treated glaucomatous (n = 45) and healthy (n = 17) animals. Treated glaucomatous rats reached the lowest intraocular pressure, enhanced functionality of bipolar and retinal ganglion cells and showed greater neuroretinal thickness by optical coherence tomography (p < 0.05) compared to not treated glaucomatous rats at 24 weeks follow-up. According to the results, the tri-loaded microspheres can be considered as promising controlled-release system for the treatment of glaucoma.

Identification of RUVBL2 as a novel biomarker to predict the prognosis and drug sensitivity in multiple myeloma based on ferroptosis genes

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy with the proliferation of malignant plasma cells. Numerous studies have highlighted the critical role of ferroptosis in MM. However, how to use ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) for prognostic prediction and treatment guidance in MM remains unknown.

METHODS

By analysis of GEO databases, the prognostic gene was identified and a therapeutic strategy for MM patients based on FRGs was explored. A total of 12 FRGs were identified, utilizing the STRING database and Cytoscape software, and the PPI networks were constructed to identify hub genes and further functional enrichment analyses. Based on the aforementioned data, this study analyzed the expression of RUVBL2 in MM patients by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. To validate the functional role of RUVBL2 in the MM cells, cellular experiments were ultimately conducted.

RESULTS

The analysis highlighted six hub genes, including TP53, MCM5, TLR4, RUVBL2, GCLM and ITGA6, and functional enrichment analyses indicating enrichment in DNA replication, regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Prognostic analysis indicated that TP53, RUVBL2, and MCM5 are associated with MM prognosis, with RUVBL2 displaying a notable area under the curve (AUC) of 0.823 in ROC analysis. The study first determined that RUVBL2 is highly expressed in MM, siRUVBL2-mediated deletion of RUVBL2 inhibited proliferation, promoted apoptosis and increased the sensitivity of BTZ in MM cells, and also overcame BTZ resistance in CD138+ primary cells from MM patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study first suggested that RUVBL2 may be regarded as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic value in MM.

Myeloperoxidase as a therapeutic target for oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder more common in older adults. One of the leading AD hypotheses involves the amyloid beta (A) production, it is associated to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurovascular damage. The interaction of A with the blood vessel wall contributes to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), allowing neutrophil infiltration containing the myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO), which produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) a potent oxidant. Also, MPO could be released from the microglia cells and interact with the amyloid beta plaques. This review aims to study the role of MPO in the progression of AD, in particular its contribution to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, to explore the MPO-potential as AD-biomarker to evaluate the therapeutic potential of its inhibitors to mitigate the neurotoxicity. Finally, revise MPO inhibitors that could act as dual inhibitors acting on MPO and acetylcholinesterase and or another target involved in AD.

Extracellular thiol isomerase ERp5 regulates integrin αIIbβ3 activation by inhibition of fibrinogen binding

Recent studies have shown that anti-ERp5 antibodies inhibit platelet activation and thrombus formation; Moreover, ERp5-deficient platelets exhibit enhanced platelet reactivity via regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this study, we used a new ERp5-knockout mouse model as well as recombinant ERp5 (rERp5) protein, to examine the role of ERp5 in platelet function and thrombosis. Although platelet-specific ERp5-deficient mice had decreased platelet count, the mice had shortened tail-bleeding times and enhanced platelet accumulation in FeCl3-induced mesenteric artery injury, compared with wild-type mice. Using platelet-specific ERp5-deficient mice, we found that ERp5 deficiency increased platelet aggregation, granule secretion, and integrin αIIbβ3 activation. Wild-type recombinant ERp5 protein (rERp5-wt) and inactive mutant ERp5 protein (rERp5-mut) both inhibited human platelet aggregation and the binding of fibrinogen to human platelets, indicating that ERp5 protein interferes with the interaction between integrin αIIbβ3 and its ligand fibrinogen, and its enzymatic activity is not required for this process. Consistently, wild-type mice injected with rERp5-wt or rERp5-mut protein had prolonged tail-bleeding times. Our results provide important evidence that platelet ERp5 negatively regulates platelet activation and thrombus formation, via steric hindrance interfering with integrin αIIbβ3 ligation.

The integration of metabolites from Forsythia suspensa and gut microbiota ameliorates drug-induced liver injury: network pharmacology and molecular docking studies

This study integrates metabolites from Forsythia suspensa (FS) and gut microbiota GM to assess combined therapeutic efficacy against drug-induced liver injury (DILI) using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Metabolites of FS and GM were retrieved from the NPASS and gutMGene databases, respectively. Relevant targets for metabolites and DILI-related targets were identified through public databases. The PPI network and KEGG pathway analysis were employed to identify hub targets and key signalling pathways. Furthermore, we performed a molecular docking assay on the active metabolites and targets to verify the network pharmacological concept. The physicochemical properties and toxicity of identified key metabolites were assessed using in silico platforms. 19 final targets were recognized as key proteins responsible for the alleviation of DILI by FS and GM metabolites, with ESR1 emerging as a central target in the PPI network. The estrogen signalling pathway, particularly involving ESR1, ESR2 and JUN genes, was identified as a key mediator in the therapeutic effects. Four GM metabolites (baicalein, luteolin, lunularin and 2,3-bis(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone) and two FS metabolites (pinoresinol and isolariciresinol) were identified as non-toxic, promising candidates. In conclusion, metabolites from FS and GM may exert a potent synergistic effect on DILI through modulation of the estrogen signalling pathway.

Update on the correlation between mitochondrial function and osteonecrosis of the femoral head osteocytes

Mitochondrial health is maintained in a steady state through mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy processes. Recent studies have identified healthy mitochondria as crucial regulators of cellular function and survival. This process involves adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), regulation of calcium metabolism and inflammatory responses, and intracellular oxidative stress management. In the skeletal system, they participate in the regulation of cellular behaviors and the responses of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and osteocytes to external stimuli. Indeed, mitochondrial damage or dysfunction occurs in the development of a few bone diseases. For example, mitochondrial damage may lead to an imbalance in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, resulting in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, or poor bone production, and chondrocyte death and inflammatory infiltration in osteoarthritis are the main causes of cartilage degeneration due to mitochondrial damage. However, the opposite exists for osteosarcoma, where overactive mitochondrial metabolism is able to accelerate the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cells, which is a major disease feature. Bone is a dynamic organ and osteocytes play a fundamental role in all regions of bone tissue and are involved in regulating bone integrity. This review examines the impact of mitochondrial physiological function on osteocyte health and summarizes the microscopic molecular mechanisms underlying its effects. It highlights that targeted therapies focusing on osteocyte mitochondria may be beneficial for osteocyte survival, providing a new insight for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases associated with osteocyte death.

Precision nanomedicine for pneumonocyte-targeting: Emerging strategies and clinical prospects in refractory pulmonary disease therapy

Refractory pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis (TB), pose a critical global health challenge due to the limitations of conventional therapies in advanced stages, such as poor drug penetration, systemic side effects, and inability to eradicate pathogens in protected microenvironments. While the lung's complex structure is essential for respiratory function, it also facilitates persistent damage from environmental and infectious agents. Nanomedicine provides a transformative approach by utilizing customizable carriers (e.g., ligand-gated targeting, stimuli-responsive payload release) to bypass physiological barriers through both passive mechanisms such as enhanced vascular permeability and active-targeting. Such platforms achieve hierarchical drug deposition-from organ-level accumulation to pneumonocyte-targeting-thereby addressing the spatial heterogeneity of therapy-resistant lesions. Besides, A unique advantage of nanomedicine lies in its intrinsic interactions with lung immune cells (e.g., macrophages), allowing dual-functional systems that not only deliver therapeutics to disease sites but also modulate local immune responses-such as reducing inflammation in COPD or enhancing bacterial clearance in TB. This targeted approach improves treatment efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Furthermore, nanomedicine ensures the stability of encapsulated drugs, particularly nucleic acid therapeutics (siRNA, mRNA), which are crucial for treating genetic defect-related pulmonary diseases. Building on the relationship between malignant pulmonary conditions and lung cells, this review summarizes nanoplatform-based strategies for precise targeting and examines ongoing clinical trials. By bridging the gap between preclinical research and clinical application, this review aims to guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches and accelerate the clinical translation of nanomedicines for refractory pulmonary diseases.

Effect of replacing commonly consumed fruit in the United States with berries in the USDA healthy Dietary Patterns: a modeling analysis

INTRODUCTION

A recent review of the evidence suggests that berry consumption may have an effect in reducing cardiovascular disease risk.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the nutritional impact of replacing a serving of commonly consumed fruit with a serving of berries in the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Patterns: Healthy US-Style (HUS), Healthy Mediterranean-Style (HMS), and Healthy Vegetarian (HV).

METHODS

Using the USDA's food pattern modeling approach, three 7-day replacement menus were developed for the HUS, HMS, and HV patterns at the 2000-calorie level. The menus included one serving of mixed berries replacing one serving of commonly consumed fruits (apples, bananas, or grapes) while meeting recommendations for other food groups. A total of 2 servings of fruit per day were used in the menus. Nutrient and anthocyanin analyses were conducted on the 7-day menus using ESHA Food Processor: 11.14.x software and the USDA Database for Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3.3.

RESULTS

Replacing a serving of commonly consumed fruit with a serving of berries per day in the 2000 calorie USDA Dietary Patterns resulted in an increase of anthocyanins by 93.8%, with a ≤ 2.0% increase or decrease in calories, macronutrients, fatty acids, and cholesterol. Dietary fiber increased by 4.7% in the HUS and 5.1% in the HMS USDA Dietary Patterns with minimal increases (< 1.5%) in the HV USDA Dietary Patterns. Soluble fiber increased by 10.1%, 5.3%, and 10.2% in the HUS, HMS, and HV USDA Dietary Patterns, respectively. Vitamin C increased by 16% in the HUS, 13.9% in the HMS, and 11.9% in the HV USDA Dietary Patterns.

CONCLUSION

The addition of berries to the USDA Dietary Patterns increased beneficial dietary components and nutrients with minimal change in calories, macronutrients, fatty acids, and cholesterol.

The critical role of ferroptosis in virus-associated hematologic malignancies and its potential value in antiviral-antitumor therapy

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are key infectious agents linked to the development of various hematological malignancies, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. This review highlights the critical knowledge gaps in understanding the role of ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death, in virus-related tumors. We focus on how ferroptosis influences the host cell response to these viral infections, revealing groundbreaking mechanisms by which the three viruses differentially regulate core pathways of ferroptosis, such as iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant systems, thereby promoting malignant transformation of host cells. Additionally, we explore the potential of antiviral drugs and ferroptosis modulators in the treatment of virus-associated hematological malignancies.

High glucose heightens vulnerability to Leishmania braziliensis infection in human macrophages by hampering the production of reactive oxygen species through TLR2 and TLR4

Diabetes increases susceptibility to infections, including Leishmania braziliensis (Lb). Our group previously demonstrated that diabetic patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) take longer to heal lesions compared to non-diabetics. Since macrophages play a critical role in CL pathogenesis, we investigated how high glucose levels impact their response during Lb infection. Macrophages cultured in high glucose conditions showed increased parasite load than those in normal glucose conditions. The production of inflammatory mediators was similar between glucose conditions, but basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was elevated under high glucose conditions and remained unchanged after Lb infection, indicating glucose-induced oxidative stress does not control the parasite. In contrast, macrophages in normal glucose conditions, exhibited increased ROS production only after infection. Additionally, high glucose reduced TLR2 and TLR4 expression, which was also observed after Lb infection. TLR2/4 inhibition increased Lb infection in normal glucose conditions, mediated by TLR-dependent ROS production. However, this mechanism was absent under high glucose conditions, where elevated basal ROS production appeared TLR-independent. Biopsies from diabetic CL patients corroborated these findings, showing decreased TLR2 and TLR4 expression compared to non-diabetics. These findings suggest that high glucose levels induce oxidative stress and reduces TLR expression, impairing macrophage functions and rendering them less effective at controlling Lb infection.

Kaempferol protects against doxorubicin-induced myocardial damage by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS-dependent ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, is limited in clinical application due to its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to explore alternative therapeutic molecules or drugs for mitigating DOX-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC). In this study aimed to explore underlying mechanisms of the cardioprotective effects of Kaempferol (KP) against DIC.

METHODS

H9c2 cell-based DIC model were established to explore the pharmacological mechanism. The levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial Fe2+ and lipid peroxidation were detected using JC-1, TMRE, Mito-SOX, Mito-Ferro Green and C11-BODIPY 581/591 probes. Furthermore, Western blot analysis measured the expression of key regulatory proteins, and NRF2-targeting siRNA was transfected into H9c2 cells. The nuclear translocation of NRF2 was assessed by immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

Data revealed that KP mitigated DOX-induced mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis via reducing membrane potential, mitochondrial ROS/Fe²+, and regulating lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, Western blot analysis revealed that KP inhibited DOX-induced ferroptosis by activating NRF2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis. Moreover, KP promoted the accumulation and nuclear translocation of NRF2 protein.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrated that KP protected against DOX-induced myocardial damage by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS-dependent ferroptosis. This provides novel insights into KP as a promising drug candidate for cardioprotection.

Long nighttime sleep duration and risk of renal tubular damage: evidence from rural China and a Mendelian randomization analysis

OBJECTIVE

Renal tubular damage, a pivotal pathological feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD), predicts disease progression. While extreme nighttime sleep duration is linked to glomerular injury by prior studies, its impact on tubular damage remains unclear. Given that 7-9 h of sleep per night is widely recommended for maintaining overall health, this study aimed to assess whether long nighttime sleep duration is associated with renal tubular damage using both observational and genetic evidence.

METHODS

We analyzed 2,683 adults in rural China to assess the link between nighttime sleep duration and renal tubular damage (measured by retinol-binding protein and β2-microglobulin). Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to assess the causal relationship between prolonged nighttime sleep duration and elevated kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels.

RESULTS

Multivariate logistic regression indicated that sleeping more than 9 h per night was associated with a 1.38-fold increased risk of renal tubular damage (95% CI: 1.11-1.71) compared to 7-9 h of sleep, with particularly pronounced effects observed in elderly individuals and women. MR analysis further supported a causal relationship between genetically predicted long nighttime sleep duration and elevated KIM-1 levels (β: 0.994, 95% CI: 0.282-1.707), suggesting a genetic predisposition linking prolonged sleep duration with renal tubular damage.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide observational and genetic evidence linking prolonged nighttime sleep to increased renal tubular damage risk. Given that 7-9 h of sleep per night is the widely accepted recommendation for maintaining overall health, our results emphasize the potential risks of excessive sleep duration exceeding 9 h.

Tetra-anionic porphyrin mimics protein-protein interactions between regulatory particles and the catalytic core, allosterically activating human 20S proteasome

Decreased proteasome activity is a hallmark of brain and retinal neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases, glaucoma) boosting the search for molecules acting as proteasome activators. Based on the hypothesis of an electrostatic key code driving catalytic core particle (20S) activation by regulatory particles (RPs), we identified the tetra-anionic meso-Tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl)-porphyrin (H2TPPS) as a new activator of human proteasome. By means of an integrated approach, including bioinformatics, enzymatic kinetic analysis, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic docking simulations, we show how binding of H2TPPS affects the closed/open conformational equilibrium of human 20S to ultimately promote substrate gate opening and proteolytic activity. These outcomes support our hypothesis and pave the way to the rational discovery of new proteasome allosteric modulators able to reproduce the key structural elements of regulatory particles responsible for catalytic activation.

Is uric acid a true antioxidant? Identification of uric acid oxidation products and their biological effects

Uric acid (UA), the final product of purine metabolism in humans, exhibits a dual role as an anti or pro-oxidant, depending on the microenvironment. The two-electron oxidation of UA by biological oxidants can neutralize such harmful molecules. Additionally, UA chelates metals and can activate adaptive response against oxidation. However, some products of the reaction between UA and oxidants are not inert and, therefore, do not confer the anticipated antioxidant protection. A direct pro-oxidant effect is favoured in the one-electron oxidation of UA by heme-peroxidases yielding free radical intermediates that can initiate or propagate a radical-chain reaction. Additionally, an indirect pro-oxidant effect has been proposed by eliciting the expression or activation of enzymes that catalyse oxidant production, e.g. NADPH oxidase (NOX). This review brings together fundamental concepts and the molecular mechanisms of the redox reactions involving UA. The signature metabolites from these reactions are discussed to give valuable insights on whether these intermediates are being formed and what role they may play in disease pathogenesis. It proposes that, through identifying specific products, it may be possible to elucidate whether a harmful or protective action is linked to downstream bioactivities.

PCK2 promotes invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in triple-negative breast cancer by promoting TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling through inhibiting TRIM67-mediated SMAD3 ubiquitination

PCK2, which encodes mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M), is upregulated in various cancers. We demonstrated high expression of PEPCK-M in approximately half of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) previously. TNBC is associated with an aggressive phenotype and a high metastasis rate. In this study, we investigated the role of PCK2 in TNBC. PCK2 knockdown suppressed proliferation and mTOR signaling in TNBC cells. In addition, cell invasion/migration ability and the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were positively correlated with PCK2 expression in TNBC cells via regulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD3 signaling. SMAD3 was positively regulated by PCK2 in TNBC cells. Knockdown of SMAD3 in PCK2-overexpressing TNBC cells reduced the expression levels of EMT markers, Snail and Slug, and suppressed cell invasion/migration. In addition, PCK2 knockdown attenuated the stimulatory effect of TGF-β on SMAD3 phosphorylation in TNBC cells. PEPCK-M promotes the protein and mRNA expression of SMAD3 via competitive binding to tripartite motif-containing 67 (TRIM67), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to reduce SMAD3 ubiquitination, which leads to promoting nuclear translocation of SMAD3 and autoregulation of SMAD3 transcription. Moreover, high PCK2 mRNA expression was significantly associated with poor survival in TNBC patients. In conclusion, our study revealed for the first time that PCK2 activates TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling by regulating the expression and phosphorylation of SMAD3 by inhibiting TRIM67-mediated SMAD3 ubiquitination and promoting the stimulatory effect of TGF-β to promote TNBC invasion. The regulatory effect of PCK2 on mTOR and TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling suggests that PCK2 is a potential therapeutic target for suppressing TNBC progression.

The Role of Autophagy and Cell Communication in COPD Progression: Insights from Bioinformatics and scRNA-seq

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by restricted airflow that leads to significant respiratory difficulties. This progressive disease often results in diminished pulmonary function and the onset of additional respiratory conditions. Autophagy, a critical cellular homeostasis mechanism, plays a significant role in the exacerbation of COPD. In this study, we utilized various bioinformatics tools to identify autophagy-related genes activated by smoking in individuals with COPD. Furthermore, we explored the immune landscape of COPD through these genes, analyzing cell communication patterns using scRNA-seq data. This analysis focused on key pathways between epithelial cells and other cellular subpopulations with different autophagy scores, essential for understanding the initiation and progression of COPD.

Incorporation of doxorubicin into plant-derived nanovesicles: process monitoring and activity assessment

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an experimental class of drug carriers. Alternative sources of EVs are currently being explored to overcome limitations related to their manufacturing from mesenchymal stem cells. In this work, Citrus limon-derived EVs were tested as carriers for the widely used chemotherapeutic drug - doxorubicin (DOX). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and nanoplasmonic sensing (NPS) were developed for the quality control of DOX-EV preparations. It was found that the CE method enables simultaneous detection of free and incorporated DOX and allows assessing the stability of the preparations and the drug leakage. NPS, on the other hand, demonstrated that DOX is accumulated in the interfacial region of the carrier. The activity of DOX-loaded EVs was tested on HeLa (cervical cancer cells) and HEK293T (human embryonic kidney cells) cell lines. It was found that DOX incorporation into plant-derived EVs virtually does not affect the drug's cytotoxicity to HeLa cells but significantly decreases DOX activity against HEK293T cell line.

Decarboxylase mediated oxalic acid metabolism is important to antioxidation and detoxification rather than pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae

Oxalic acid (OA), an essential pathogenic factor, has been identified in several plant pathogens, and researchers are currently pursuing studies on interference with OA metabolism as a treatment for related diseases. However, the metabolic route in Magnaporthe oryzae remains unknown. In this study, we describe D-erythroascorbic acid-mediated OA synthesis and its metabolic and clearance pathways in rice blast fungus. By knocking out the D-arabino-1,4-lactone oxidase gene (Moalo1), one-third of oxalic acid remained in M. oryzae, indicating a main pathway for oxalic acid production. M. oryzae OxdC (MoOxdC) is an oxalate decarboxylase that appears to play a role in relieving oxalic acid toxicity. Loss of Mooxdc does not affect mycelial growth, conidiophore development, or appressorium formation in M. oryzae; however, the antioxidant and pathogenic abilities of the mutant were enhanced. This is owing to Mooxdc deletion upregulated a series of OA metabolic genes, including the oxalate oxidase gene (Mooxo) and Moalo1, as well as both OA transporter genes. Simultaneously, as feedback to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the decrease of formic acid in ΔMooxdc leads to the reduction of acetyl-CoA content, and two genes involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids were also upregulated, which enhanced the fatty acid metabolism of the ΔMooxdc. Overall, this work reveals the role of OA in M. oryzae. We found that OA metabolism was mainly involved in the growth and development of M. oryzae, OA as a byproduct of D-erythroascorbic acid after removing H2O2, the OA-associated pathway ensures the TCA process and ATP supply.

Naringenin inhibits ferroptosis to reduce radiation-induced lung injury: insights from network Pharmacology and molecular docking

CONTEXT

Naringenin is a natural flavanone with potent pharmacological properties. It has demonstrated therapeutic potential in treating various diseases and organ injuries, including radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Ferroptosis is a newly type of cell death, and naringenin has been shown to attenuates ferroptosis.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the inhibitory effect and molecular mechanism of naringenin on ferroptosis during RILI process.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Firstly, BEAS-2B and HUVECs cells were pre-incubated with naringenin for 1 h prior to 8 Gy of X-ray irradiation to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammation, and the mRNA levels of ferroptosis-related genes. Next, target genes of naringenin, RILI, and ferroptosis were identified using the TCMSP, SwissTargetPrediction, and GeneCards databases. The target network was constructed with Cytoscape and STRING. Finally, the core target genes were identified through in vitro experiments by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

Naringenin effectively reduced radiation-induced increasement of oxidative stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis markers in both cell lines. Network pharmacology identified 14 target genes, with prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PTGS2) and Valosin-containing protein (VCP) mRNA levels being prominent, which were crucial for ferroptosis regulation. Molecular docking revealed strong binding interactions between naringenin and the two target proteins. Subsequently, experimental validation confirmed that naringenin reduced the elevated levels of PTGS2 and VCP induced by radiation.

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

Naringenin alleviates radiation-induced lung damage by inhibiting ferroptosis, with PTGS2 and VCP emerging as potential therapeutic targets.

Age-related changes in the immune system and challenges for the development of age-specific vaccines

BACKGROUND

A better understanding of how the immune system evolves with age and how vaccines work in older people has led to increasing focus on the development of vaccines aimed specifically at older age groups. We discuss strategies used to improve vaccine immunogenicity for older adults, focusing on licensed adjuvants.

FINDINGS

With age-related immune decline (immunosenescence), older adults face increased vulnerability to infections and severe complications. Immunosenescence affects T-cell and B-cell populations and innate immunity, leading to reduced chemotaxis, cytotoxicity, and altered cytokine production. This contributes to inflammaging-low-grade, chronic inflammation linked to aging. However, immune responses vary due to genetics and life-long exposures, making chronological age an imperfect indicator of immune health. Vaccination remains key to prevention, yet immune dysfunction complicates vaccine efficacy. Strategies to enhance responses in older adults include mRNA vaccines, high-antigen content vaccines, intradermal administration, and adjuvants. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines generated strong immune responses in older adults, though lower than in younger groups. High-antigen content influenza vaccines have shown superior efficacy compared to standard vaccination. Adjuvants offer a well-established approach to boosting vaccine responses by enhancing innate immunity.

CONCLUSIONS

Of various strategies used to improve immunogenicity of vaccines for older adults, adjuvants have been the most consistently effective and practical. More recently, mRNA vaccines have also shown great promise.

Mesenchymal stem cells enchanced by salidroside to inhibit ferroptosis and improve premature ovarian insufficiency via Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling

BACKGROUND

Regenerative medicine researches have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be an effective treatment method for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the efficacy of MSCs is still limited.

PURPOSE

This study aims to explain whether salidroside and MSCs combination is a therapeutic strategy to POI and to explore salidroside-enhanced MSCs inhibiting ferroptosis via Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling.

METHODS

The effect of salidroside and MSCs on ovarian granular cells (GCs) was analyzed. After treatment, hormone levels and -fertility of rats were measured. Lipid peroxidation levels, iron deposition and mitochondrial morphology were detected. The genes and proteins of Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling were examined.

RESULTS

Salidroside and MSCs were found to inhibit cell death of GCs by reducing peroxidation and intracellular ferrous. Salidroside promotes the proliferation of MSCs and supports cell survival in ovary. Salidroside combined with MSCs therapy restored ovarian function, which was better than MSCs monotherapy. Salidroside-enhanced MSCs to inhibit ferroptosis. The results showed activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling and an increase in anti-ferroptosis molecule.

CONCLUSIONS

Salidroside-enhanced MSCs as a ferroptosis inhibitor and provide new therapeutic strategies for POI. The possible mechanisms of MSCs were related to maintaining redox homeostasis via a Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling.

Dietary habits and risk of diabetic kidney disease: a two-sample and multivariate Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

We explored the causal relationship between certain dietary habits and the risk of developing diabetic kidney disease (DKD) using two-sample Mendelian randomization and multivariate Mendelian randomization.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study is based on pooled data from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 83 dietary habits in a European population. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using GAWS data on diabetic nephropathy in a European population. Validation was then performed against positive results (p < 0.05) in different GAWS data on diabetic nephropathy of European origin. Finally, multivariate Mendelian randomization analyses were performed on dietary habits with positive results (p < 0.05) in both datasets and GWAS data on postprandial glucose in the European population.

RESULTS

This study showed causal relationships between 18 dietary habits and the risk of developing DKD. After validation, causal relationships were found between the risk of DKD and two dietary habits: abstaining from sugar consumption (OR 2.86; 95%CI 1.35, 6.08; p = 0.006) and consuming whole grain/multigrain bread (OR 0.53; 95%CI 0.32, 0.89; p = 0.016). Correcting for the effect of postprandial glucose, the multivariate MR results showed that never eating sugar increased the risk of developing DKD (OR 0.08; 95%CI 0.018, 0.36; p = 0.001), whereas eating whole grain/multigrain bread did not reduce the risk of developing DKD (OR 1.37; 95%CI 0.55, 3.41; p = 0.50).

CONCLUSIONS

Our MR results suggest a causal relationship between never eating sugar and an increased risk of developing DKD. Therefore, people with diabetes need a reasonable range of sugar intake.

Apium graveolens L. alleviates acute lung injury in human A-549 cells by reducing NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling

BACKGROUND

Apium graveolens L. (celery) is a dietary vegetable with anti-inflammatory properties. It has the potential to treat acute lung injury (ALI) caused by COVID-19 or other diseases.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of Apium graveolens water extract (AGWE) on ALI in human lung A-549 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A-549 cells were treated with AGWE for 24 h and then stimulated with 10 μg/mL LPS for another 24 h. The effects of AGWE on cell viability, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and their regulatory factors, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling activation were analyzed.

RESULTS

Treatment with 5-50 μg/mL AGWE reversed the decrease in cell viability caused by LPS (p < 0.05). AGWE can reduce interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α levels; their EC50 values are 61.4, 65.7, 37.8, and 79.7 μg/mL, respectively. AGWE can reduce reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in A-549 cells induced by LPS. AGWE also reduced the levels of apoptosis (EC50 of 74.8 μg/mL) and its regulators (Bid; Caspase-9, -8, and -3; Bax) and increased the levels of the mitochondrial membrane potential in A-549 cells induced by LPS. AGWE can also decrease the protein levels of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 and the activation of NF-κB signaling in A-549 cells induced by LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that 10 and 50 μg/mL AGWE can reduce the acute inflammation induced by LPS by reducing NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways.

Effect of curcumin on methotrexate-induced ovarian damage and follicle reserve in rats: the role of PARP-1 and P53

BACKGROUND

Methotrexate (MTX) is an agent used in the treatment of many neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases and is known to cause oxidative damage in normal tissues. Curcumin (Cur) is a natural polyphenol compound with powerful antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. In this study we investigate the effects of Cur on MTX-induced ovarian damage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-two young adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control (n = 8): only vehicle group, (2) Cur (n = 8): Cur-only group (200 mg/kg/day), (3) MTX (n = 8): MTX-only group (0.35 mg/kg/day), (4) MTX+Cur (n = 8): The group was given MTX (0.35 mg/kg/day) and Cur (200 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Then, SOD, CAT, MDA, AMH levels were measured using ELISA kits. Follicle count was performed on H&E stained slides. In addition, the expressions of P53 and PARP-1 were analysed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

MDA levels were seen to be higher in the MTX group than in the MTX+Cur group (p < 0.05). Cur treatment lowered MDA levels and increased SOD and CAT levels (p < 0.05 for all). In the MTX+Cur group, atretic follicle count decreased (p < 0,05), however, primordial follicle count increased (p < 0,01). Secondary follicle count and AMH levels were higher in MTX-treated groups (p < 0,05 and p < 0,01, respectively). Expressions of p53 and Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) increased significantly in the MTX group compared to the other groups (p < 0,05).

CONCLUSION

Cur pretreatment prior to MTX administration may be an effective option in preserving the ovarian follicle pool by regulating P53 and PARP-1 expressions with its antioxidant effect.

The role of cisplatin in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment and its combination therapy strategies: a new approach to enhance anti-tumor efficacy

Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug that is frequently used to treat multiple tumors. The anti-tumor effect of cisplatin is closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which includes several immune cell types, such as the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and natural killer (NK) cells. The interaction between these immune cells can promote tumor survival and chemoresistance, and decrease the efficacy of cisplatin monotherapy. Therefore, various combination treatment strategies have been devised to enhance patient responsiveness to cisplatin therapy. Cisplatin can augment anti-tumor immune responses in combination with immune checkpoint blockers (such as PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA4 inhibitors), lipid metabolism disruptors (like FASN inhibitors and SCD inhibitors) and nanoparticles (NPs), resulting in better outcomes. Exploring the interaction between cisplatin and the TIME will help identify potential therapeutic targets for improving the treatment outcomes in cancer patients.

The role of DUOXA2 in the clinical diagnosis of paediatric congenital hypothyroidism

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a common metabolic disorder in children that can impact growth and neurodevelopment, particularly during infancy and early childhood. DUOXA2, a DUOX maturation factor, plays a crucial role in the maturation and activation of dual oxidase DUOX2 (a member of the NADPH oxidase family). DUOX2 can correctly migrate to the plasma membrane from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the help of DUOXA2, and the two proteins together form a stable complex that promotes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Genetic alterations in DUOXA2 lead to defects function of DUOX2 protein causing inherited CH.

Objectives: This review discusses the relationship between DUOXA2 and CH, including the pathogenic mechanisms of CH in children caused by DUOXA2 mutations and the possibility or promise of DUOXA2 gene screening as a diagnostic marker for CH in the clinic.

Methods: The review synthesizes current research on the biological role of DUOXA2 and DUOX2 in thyroid hormone synthesis, the molecular impact of DUOXA2 mutations, and the clinical implications of genetic screening for CH.

Results: Mutations in DUOXA2 disrupt this process of H2O2 generation in the synthesis of thyroid hormones , leading to inherited CH. Early identification through DUOXA2 gene screening could improve diagnostic accuracy, which facilitates early intervention and personalized treatment.

Conclusions: DUOXA2 gene screening holds promise for enhancing diagnostic accuracy in CH. However, it cannot be used as a sole diagnostic indicator, and to optimize diagnostic sensitivity, it should be combined with the screening of other relevant genetic mutations and diagnostic tools. Further research is needed to refine screening protocols and explore therapeutic options.