Transcriptome analysis of regenerated dermis stimulated by mechanical stretch

BACKGROUND

Mechanical stretch is utilized in the process of tissue expansion to promote skin regeneration, which is crucial for wound healing and organ reconstruction purposes. Enlarged dermal area is one of the significant histological characteristics of the expanded skin. However, the underlying biological processes and molecular pathways associated with dermal regeneration triggered by mechanical stretch are still not well understood.

METHODS

Twelve male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into the expansion group and sham group randomly. Upon creating a rat scalp expansion model, the dermis was isolated from the full-thickness skin in both experimental groups for RNA sequencing. This process led to the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, we conducted Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to identify the essential biological processes associated with dermal regeneration induced by mechanical stretch, leveraging data from the DEGs. A network of protein-protein interactions (PPI) was built to detect the critical modules and central genes. The expression levels of these hub genes were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

RESULTS

Increased expanded skin area and dermal thinning which represent the typical changes of expanded skin were observed in the expansion group. A total of 782 DEGs were identified in the expansion group relative to the sham group. The DEGs were associated with several biological processes, including the organization of the extracellular matrix, the enhancement of macrophage activation, and the promotion of angiogenesis, among others. Cell components encompassing Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 protein complex, interstitial matrix, extracellular matrix (ECM), and collagen trimer were discovered. Molecular function categories including integrin binding, insulin-like growth factor binding, and fatty acid elongase activity were involved. The KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated the significant enrichment of pathways including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism, and extracellular matrix-receptor interactions. GSEA results displayed that mechanical stretch correlated with the regulation of cell activation processes, cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, and immune system processes. PPI network resulted in the identification of 598 nodes along with a total of 5,304 interaction pairs between proteins. And ten hub genes containing Ccl2, Cxcl10, Fasn, Itgad, Cd163, Mmp9, Cd36, Tlr2, Igf1, and Wnt2 were identified by bioinformatics analysis and validated by qPCR.

CONCLUSIONS

This in vivo study for the first time revealed the DEGs related to mechanical stretch stimulated dermal regeneration and identified the involved pathways and hub genes correlated with macrophage recruitment and polarization, fibroblast proliferation and ECM production and angiogenesis, which may benefit further studies aimed at developing therapeutic strategies for facilitating expanded skin regeneration.

Unraveling the interplay between cardiovascular diseases and alcohol use disorder: A bioinformatics and network-based exploration of shared molecular pathways and key biomarkers validation via western blot analysis

Clinical observations indicate a pronounced exacerbation of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in individuals grappling with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), suggesting an intricate interplay between these maladies. Pinpointing shared risk factors for both conditions has proven elusive. To address this, we pioneered a sophisticated bioinformatics framework and network-based strategy to unearth genes exhibiting aberrant expression patterns in both AUD and CVDs. In heart tissue samples from patients battling both AUD and CVDs, our study identified 76 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) further used for retrieving important Gene Ontology (GO) keywords and metabolic pathways, highlighting mechanisms like proinflammatory cascades, T-cell cytotoxicity, antigen processing and presentation. By using Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis, we were able to identify key hub proteins that have a significant impact on the pathophysiology of these illnesses. Several hub proteins were identified include PTGS2, VCAM1, CCL2, CXCL8, IL7R, among these only CDH1 was covered in 10 algorithms of cytoHubba plugin. Furthermore, we pinpointed several Transcription Factors (TFs), including SOD2, CXCL8, THBS2, GREM1, CCL2, and PTGS2, alongside potential microRNAs (miRNAs) such as hsa-mir-203a-3p, hsa-mir-23a-3p, hsa-mir-98-5p, and hsa-mir-7-5p, which exert critical regulatory control over gene expression… In vitro study investigates the effect of alcohol on E-cadherin (CDH1) expression in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, showing a significant decrease in expression following ethanol treatment. These findings suggest that alcohol exposure may disrupt cell adhesion, potentially contributing to cellular changes associated with cardiovascular diseases. Our innovative approach has unveiled distinctive biomarkers delineating the dynamic interplay between AUD and various cardiovascular conditions for future therapeutic exploration.

Role of activating transcription factor 3 as a mediator of the protective effects of berberine against lipopolysaccharide-stimulated SW982 cells and in rheumatoid arthritis animal models

This study aimed to explore the protective effects of berberine against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and clarify the role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the mechanism of action of berberine, using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated SW982 human synovial cell line. Berberine treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in SW982 cells. These inhibitory effects were associated with increased ATF3 expression, reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and diminished phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In contrast, ATF3 knockdown reversed the suppressive effects of berberine on proinflammatory cytokines and MMP production, leading to enhanced MAPK phosphorylation; however, it had minimal impact on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, AMPK knockdown negated the protective effects of berberine and reduced ATF3 levels, whereas treatment with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, an AMPK activator, replicated the beneficial effects of berberine. In an in vivo collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model, intraperitoneal administration of berberine significantly reduced paw edema and arthritis severity, accompanied by ATF3 induction and increased AMPK phosphorylation in the synovial tissue. These findings highlighted the pivotal role of ATF3 in mediating the protective effects of berberine in RA- and LPS-activated synoviocytes, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for RA management.

Role of Thrombosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Intricate Mechanism of Neurovascular Complications

Thrombosis, the formation of blood clots in arteries or veins, poses a significant health risk by disrupting the blood flow. It can potentially lead to major cardiovascular complications such as acute myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke (arterial thrombosis) and deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (venous thrombosis). Nevertheless, over the course of several decades, researchers have observed an association between different cardiovascular events and neurodegenerative diseases, which progressively harm and impair parts of the nervous system, particularly the brain. Furthermore, thrombotic complications have been identified in numerous clinical instances of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Substantial research indicates that endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, and platelet hyperactivation are commonly observed in these conditions, collectively contributing to an increased risk of thrombosis. Thrombosis can, in turn, contribute to the onset, pathogenesis, and severity of these neurological disorders. Hence, this concise review comprehensively explores the correlation between cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of thrombosis in these neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, a detailed discussion is provided on the commonly employed antithrombotic medications in the context of these neuronal diseases.

Systematic review: The gut microbiota as a link between colorectal cancer and obesity

Microbiome modulation is one of the novel strategies in medicine with the greatest future to improve the health of individuals and reduce the risk of different conditions, including metabolic, immune, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases, as well as cancer. Regarding the latter, many studies have reported the role of the gut microbiome in carcinogenesis, formation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as its response to different systemic therapies. Likewise, obesity, one of the most important risk factors for CRC, is also well known for its association with gut dysbiosis. Moreover, obesity and CRC display, apart from microbial dysbiosis, chronic inflammation, which participates in their pathogenesis. Although human and murine studies demonstrate the significant impact of the microbiome in regulating energy metabolism and CRC development, little is understood about the contribution of the microbiome to the development of obesity-associated CRC. Therefore, this systematic review explores the evidence for microbiome changes associated with these conditions and hypothesizes that this may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related CRC. Two databases were searched, and different studies on the relationship among obesity, intestinal microbiota and CRC in clinical and preclinical models were selected. Data extraction was carried out by two reviewers independently, and 101 studies were finally considered. Findings indicate the existence of a risk association between obesity and CRC derived from metabolic, immune, and microbial disorders.

Self-assembled nanoparticles of hybrid elastin-like and Oncostatin M polymers for improved wound healing

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can significantly enhance wound healing. Here, we report on the use of nanoparticles (NPs) formulated from a genetically engineered A200_hOSM protein polymer, which combines an elastin-like recombinamer (A200) with human OSM (hOSM) in the same molecule, aiming at enhancing wound healing processes. A200_hOSM NPs were obtained by self-assembly and evaluated for their bioactivity in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The NPs demonstrated superior efficacy in promoting cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, exhibiting nearly threefold greater proliferation at 48 and 72 h, compared to cells treated with commercial hOSM. Moreover, the NPs stimulated cell migration and collagen production through activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling. They also promoted the production of IL-6 and IL-8, pro-inflammatory cytokines with a critical role for wound healing. Promotion of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation were further validated in non-commercial 3D skin equivalents. The A200_hOSM NPs revealed potential in accelerating wound healing, evidenced by reduced wound size and a thicker epidermal layer. This system represents a significant advancement in the field of bioinspired biomaterials by improving cytokine bioavailability, allowing for localized therapy and offering a cost-effective strategy for employing hOSM in wound healing management.

In-situ-forming zwitterionic hydrogel does not ameliorate osteoarthritis in vivo, despite protective effects ex vivo

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases, with no effective therapeutic options available. In this study, we aimed to develop an interpenetrating, in-situ-forming hydrogel based on biocompatible and anti-fouling zwitterionic (ZI) polymers for early-stage OA treatment. We hypothesized that the anti-fouling properties of zwitterions could provide tissue protection, and the high charge density of these polymers would enhance tissue penetration and lubrication. The hydrogel comprises carboxybetaine acrylamide as the ZI backbone and tyramine acrylamide as a functional comonomer to enable enzymatic and tissue-adhesive crosslinking. The hydrogel demonstrated exceptional tissue penetration and long-term retention in bovine cartilage explants. Moreover, hydrogel application protected cartilage in inflammatory media, enhanced lubrication, and decreased permeability. However, ZI hydrogel injection in collagenase-induced osteoarthritis model in rats did not prevent cartilage degeneration, and similar levels of tissue degradation and surface roughness were observed in rats injected with the ZI hydrogel and in OA controls. Additionally, ZI polymer without in-situ crosslinking resulted in increased cartilage degradation compared to both hydrogel and OA control. Furthermore, synovial tissue inflammation and significantly increased immune cell infiltration were observed in response to ZI materials. This study highlights the potential immunogenicity effect of ZI polymers in our disease model, contributing to impaired protective effects as well as exacerbated degeneration.

Targeting GPX4 alleviates ferroptosis and retards abdominal aortic aneurysm formation

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially fatal cardiovascular disease, closely related to inflammation and loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death associated with peroxidation of lipids. However, the direct role of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) itself determined ferroptosis in the course of AAA pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we reported that ferroptosis was triggered in human AAA, elastase- and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced mouse AAA, and Ang II-incubated VSMCs. Inhibition of ferroptosis via global genetic overexpression of GPX4, a critical anti-ferroptosis molecule, markedly prevented both vascular remodeling and inflammatory response. Mechanistically, GPX4 changed the migration and activation of macrophages/monocytes in AAA tissues in mice. Experiments in vitro demonstrated that overexpression of GPX4 prevented the JAK1/STAT3 signaling activation in VSMCs induced by IL-6, production of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Finally, the role of ferroptosis was confirmed on an Ang II-induced mice AAA model. These results emphasized the significance of ferroptosis in AAA, and provided novel insights that therapy focusing on GPX4 might be a promising strategy for treatment of AAA in the clinic.

REDD1 is a determinant of the sensitivity of renal cell carcinoma cells to autophagy inhibition that can be therapeutically exploited by targeting PIM activity

Repurposing FDA approved drugs with off-target autophagy inhibition such as chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ, HCQ) has produced modest anticancer activity in clinical trials, due in part, to a failure to define predictive biomarkers that enable the selection of patients that best respond to this treatment strategy. We identified a new role for REDD1 as a determinant of sensitivity to autophagy inhibition in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, gene silencing, knockout and overexpression studies revealed that REDD1 expression is a key regulator of cell death stimulated by autophagy inhibitors. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the selectivity, tolerability, and efficacy of the PIM kinase inhibitor TP-3654 and CQ in preclinical models of RCC. Markers of autophagy inhibition and cell death were evaluated in tumor specimens. Transcriptomic analyses identified REDD1 (DDIT4) as a highly induced gene in RCC cells treated with the PIM kinase inhibitor TP-3654. Focused studies confirmed that PIM1 inhibition was sufficient to induce REDD1 and stimulate autophagy through the AMPK cascade. DDIT4 knockout and overexpression studies established its mechanistic role as a regulator of sensitivity to autophagy inhibition. Inhibition of autophagy with CQ synergistically enhanced the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of TP-3654. Our findings identify REDD1 as a novel determinant of the sensitivity of RCC cells to autophagy inhibition and support further investigation of PIM kinase inhibition as a precision strategy to drive sensitivity to autophagy-targeted therapies through REDD1 upregulation.

Novel neutrophil targeting platforms in treating Glioblastoma: Latest evidence and therapeutic approaches

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal type of primary brain tumor, characterized by its rapid growth, resistance to conventional therapies, and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of neutrophils in the progression of GBM, where they contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. As a result, neutrophils have emerged as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in GBM. Various strategies are being investigated to specifically target neutrophils within the GBM environment, including using small molecules, antibodies, and nanoparticle-based methods. These approaches aim to regulate neutrophils' recruitment, activation, and functions. This study reviews the latest findings regarding the involvement of neutrophils in GBM, explores potential techniques targeting neutrophils for therapeutic purposes, and discusses current clinical studies and prospects in this rapidly evolving field. By studying the diverse functions of neutrophils in GBM, these innovative therapeutic strategies can help address some of the most significant challenges in treating this malignancy.

Insights into expression and localization of HPV16 LCR-associated transcription factors and association with LCR activity in HNSCC

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompasses a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. Notably, HPV-positive HNSCC exhibits a more favorable prognosis, particularly when the virus is transcriptionally active. This study aimed to elucidate the role of key transcription factors in activating the HPV long control region (LCR), responsible for its oncogenic potential. Utilizing immunoblotting and immunofluorescence techniques, we analyzed the expression and nuclear localization of LCR-associated transcription factors in HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC cell lines. High expression of JunB and low expression of Fra-1, pSTAT3(S727), SP1, and SOX2 were observed in HPV-positive HNSCC cells. Transcriptomic analysis corroborated these findings, revealing differential expression of transcription factors in HPV-positive lesions. Moreover, the study identified strong correlation of LCR-specific transcription factors with HNSCC patient survival. Evaluation of HPV16 LCR reporter activity further underscored the heterogeneous nature of HNSCC, with some HPV-negative cell lines exhibiting comparable LCR activity to HPV-positive counterparts. These findings elucidate the intricate regulatory mechanisms underlying HPV-associated HNSCC and provide insights into potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.

Frequently arising ESX-1-associated phase variants influence Mycobacterium tuberculosis fitness in the presence of host and antibiotic pressures

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exhibits an impressive ability to adapt to rapidly changing environments, despite its genome's apparent stability. Recently, phase variation through indel formation in homopolymeric tracts (HT) has emerged as a potentially important mechanism promoting adaptation in Mtb. This study examines the impact of common phase variants associated with the ESX-1 type VII secretion system, focusing on a highly variable HT upstream of the ESX-1 regulatory factor, espR. By engineering this frequently observed indel into an isogenic background, we demonstrate that a single nucleotide insertion in the espR 5'UTR causes post-transcriptional upregulation of EspR protein abundance and corresponding alterations in the EspR regulon. Consequently, this mutation increases the expression of ESX-1 components in the espACD operon and enhances ESX-1 substrate secretion. We find that this indel specifically increases isoniazid resistance without impacting the effectiveness of other drugs tested. Furthermore, we show that two distinct observed HT indels that regulate either espR translation or espACD transcription increase bacterial fitness in a mouse infection model. The presence of multiple ESX-1-associated HTs provides a mechanism to combinatorially tune protein secretion, drug sensitivity, and host-pathogen interactions. More broadly, these findings support emerging data that Mtb utilizes HT-mediated phase variation to direct genetic variation to certain sites across the genome in order to adapt to changing pressures.

IMPORTANCE

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious agent. Understanding how this pathogen adapts to the varied environmental pressures imposed by host immunity and antibiotics has important implications for the design of more effective therapies. In this work, we show that the genome of Mtb contains multiple contingency loci that control the activity of the ESX-1 secretion system, which is critical for interactions with the host. These loci consist of homopolymeric DNA tracts in gene regulatory regions that are subject to high-frequency reversible variation and act to tune the activity of ESX-1. We find that variation at these sites increases the fitness of Mtb in the presence of antibiotic and/or during infection. These findings indicate that Mtb has the ability to diversify its genome in specific sites to create subpopulations of cells that are preadapted to new conditions.

The role of IL-8 in cancer development and its impact on immunotherapy resistance

Tumors are structures of high complexity. Plurality of their structural and functional components - heterogeneity, diversity, directionality, interdependence and integration of signaling pathways - seem to follow isolated local rules, whereby a superordinate structure remains largely unknown. Understanding the complexity of cancer is the mainstay in finding determinants and developing effective therapies. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a potent pro-inflammatory chemokine that is significantly elevated in many different tumor entities. In contrast to its initially postulated anti-tumor properties, an increasing number of studies have been published in recent years linking this chemokine with tumor-promoting features and poor prognosis. This review summarizes the current state and diversity of the role of IL-8 in the development of cancer.

HCC-derived CX3CL1 affects hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis and CX3CR1 + MDSC infiltration

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, largely because of its ability to reshape the tumor microenvironment and evade immune surveillance.

METHODS

CX3CL1 expression in HCC tumor tissues was assessed via immunohistochemistry, while plasma levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). CX3CR1-positive immune cell infiltration was analyzed by immunofluorescence. The associations among CX3CL1 expression, CX3CR1-positive cell infiltration, and patient prognosis were examined. Additionally, cell-based assays were conducted to evaluate the impact of CX3CL1 amplification on the expression of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-recruiting factors.

RESULTS

Elevated CX3CL1 levels were significantly correlated with increased MDSC infiltration in the tumor microenvironment and poorer patient prognosis. CX3CL1 amplification led to the upregulation of MDSC-recruiting factors, suggesting a potential mechanism for immune evasion.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the possible involvement of CX3CL1 in HCC progression via MDSC recruitment, suggesting that it is a promising therapeutic target for promoting antitumor immunity. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore potential therapeutic strategies.

Hepatic TM6SF2 activates antitumour immunity to suppress metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma and boosts immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) has a protective role against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

OBJECTIVE

We aim to investigate the mechanistic role and therapeutic potential of hepatic TM6SF2 in MASLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

DESIGN

Hepatocyte-specific Tm6sf2 knockout (Tm6sf2 ∆hep) mice were fed with high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet or diethylnitrosamine plus HFHC diet to induce MASLD-HCC. TM6SF2 function was also evaluated in orthotopic MASLD-HCC mice. Human MASLD-HCC specimens were included to evaluate clinical significance.

RESULTS

TM6SF2 was downregulated in tumours compared with adjacent normal tissues from MASLD-HCC patients. Hepatocyte-specific Tm6sf2 knockout exacerbated tumour formation in mice with diet-induced or diet-induced and carcinogen-induced MASLD-HCC. The tumour-promoting effect of Tm6sf2 knockout was verified in orthotopic MASLD-HCC mice, while mice bearing Tm6sf2-overexpressing tumours had opposite phenotypes. We observed the reduction of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)+CD8+ T cells in the tumours of Tm6sf2 ∆hep mice and orthotopic Tm6sf2 knockout mice, while the tumour-suppressive effect of Tm6sf2 was abolished after depleting CD8+ T cells. The correlation between TM6SF2 and CD8+ T cells was confirmed in human MASLD-HCC tissues, inferring that TM6SF2 could promote antitumour immunity. Mechanistically, TM6SF2 directly bound to IKKβ and inhibited NF-κB signalling pathway to reduce interleukin (IL)-6 secretion, thereby activating cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. IL-6 neutralisation abolished the tumour-promoting and immunosuppressive effects of Tm6sf2 knockout in mice. Moreover, introducing Tm6sf2 by adenovirus improved immunotherapy response against MASLD-HCC in mice.

CONCLUSION

Hepatic TM6SF2 protects against MASLD-HCC and activates cytotoxic CD8+ T cells via NF-κB-IL-6 axis. TM6SF2 is a promising strategy for sensitising MASLD-HCC to immunotherapy.

A comprehensive pan-cancer examination of transcription factor MAFF: Oncogenic potential, prognostic relevance, and immune landscape dynamics

AIMS

Previous studies indicate that MAF BZIP Transcription Factor F (MAFF) facilitates ectopic metastasis and tumor cell migration. While its role in neoplasm progression is recognized, a thorough pan-cancer analysis of MAFF's impact remains pending.

MAIN METHODS

MAFF expression across normal and tumor tissues was analyzed using transcriptomic data from Genomic Data Commons (GDC) and UCSC XENA, with protein details from Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and GeneMANIA. Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub (TISCH) and Spatial Transcriptomics Omics DataBase (STOmics DB) identified MAFF expression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). MAFF's prognostic significance and immune-related gene associations were evaluated through univariate Cox regression, TIMER2.0 immune cell infiltration analysis, and Spearman correlation. Critical pathways were identified using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA), while molecular docking explored anticancer agent interactions.

KEY FINDINGS

MAFF expression varies across cancers, affecting tumor prognosis, notably in monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells. Copy number variation (CNV) positively correlates with MAFF expression, while methylation shows inverse correlation. MAFF mutations significantly affect LGG patient prognosis and correlate with immune therapy responses. ESTIMATE and immune profiling linked MAFF to immunosuppression pathways. Molecular docking identified MAFF-targeted drugs, with validated effects on breast cancer and endometrial cancer cell survival and migration in vitro.

SIGNIFICANCE

Multi-omics analysis identified MAFF as a potential prognostic marker correlating with tumor immunity and microenvironment, suggesting its value for personalized cancer immunotherapy, particularly in BRCA and UCEC.

The intervention of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor: oridonin against azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer in male BALB/c mice

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third globally in cancer diagnoses. The dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is prominently linked to several types of cancers. Oridonin, a principal component of Rabdosia rubescens, exhibits inhibitory activity against NLRP3 and is well-recognized for its diverse pharmacological benefits. However, its role in an animal model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CACC) remains unexplored. In the present study, the effectiveness of oridonin was investigated against CACC, developed using azoxymethane (AOM), a tumour initiator, and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS), a tumour promoter, in male BALB/c mice. The two-stage murine model of inflammation-associated cancer was established by administering AOM (10 mg/kg b.w.; i.p., once) followed by DSS (2% w/v) in drinking water (3 cycles, 7 days/cycle). Over a span of 10 weeks, the dose-dependent (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, b.w.; i.p.) effects of oridonin were investigated in BALB/c mice. Oridonin significantly alleviated CACC severity, as evidenced by reduced DAI scores and restored body weight. Moreover, it attenuated surrogate markers of inflammation, including myeloperoxidase, nitrite, plasma LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and DNA damage. Histopathological examination revealed diminished tumorigenesis and apoptotic cells, corroborated by reduced Ki-67 and TNF-α, along with increased p53 expression in the colon. Following oridonin treatment, IHC/immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated a significantly reduced expression of the components of NLRP3 inflammasome including NLRP3, ASC-1, and caspase-1. Notably, the high dose of oridonin (10 mg/kg) consistently exhibited significant protective effects against CACC by modulating various molecular targets. Present findings confirmed the potential of oridonin in the protection of colitis-associated colorectal cancer, providing valuable insights into its mechanism of action and clinical significance.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the impaired epidermal differentiation and pathological microenvironment in diabetic foot ulcer

Background

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most common and complex complications of diabetes, but the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been conducted to explore novel cell types or molecular profiles of DFU from various perspectives. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the potential mechanisms underlying impaired re-epithelization of DFU in a single-cell perspective.

Methods

We conducted scRNA-seq on tissues from human normal skin, acute wound, and DFU to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying impaired epidermal differentiation and the pathological microenvironment. Pseudo-time and lineage inference analyses revealed the distinct states and transition trajectories of epidermal cells under different conditions. Transcription factor analysis revealed the potential regulatory mechanism of key subtypes of keratinocytes. Cell-cell interaction analysis revealed the regulatory network between the proinflammatory microenvironment and epidermal cells. Laser-capture microscopy coupled with RNA sequencing (LCM-seq) and multiplex immunohistochemistry were used to validate the expression and location of key subtypes of keratinocytes.

Results

Our research provided a comprehensive map of the phenotypic and dynamic changes that occur during epidermal differentiation, alongside the corresponding regulatory networks in DFU. Importantly, we identified two subtypes of keratinocytes: basal cells (BC-2) and diabetes-associated keratinocytes (DAK) that might play crucial roles in the impairment of epidermal homeostasis. BC-2 and DAK showed a marked increase in DFU, with an inactive state and insufficient motivation for epidermal differentiation. BC-2 was involved in the cellular response and apoptosis processes, with high expression of TXNIP, IFITM1, and IL1R2. Additionally, the pro-differentiation transcription factors were downregulated in BC-2 in DFU, indicating that the differentiation process might be inhibited in BC-2 in DFU. DAK was associated with cellular glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, increased CCL2 + CXCL2+ fibroblasts, VWA1+ vascular endothelial cells, and GZMA+CD8+ T cells were detected in DFU. These changes in the wound microenvironment could regulate the fate of epidermal cells through the TNFSF12-TNFRSF12A, IFNG-IFNGR1/2, and IL-1B-IL1R2 pathways, which might result in persistent inflammation and impaired epidermal differentiation in DFU.

Conclusions

Our findings offer novel insights into the pathophysiology of DFU and present potential therapeutic targets that could improve wound care and treatment outcomes for DFU patients.

The association between fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis with IgA vasculitis and nephritis

BACKGROUND

The study investigated whether the fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis is associated with the presence and severity of IgA vasculitis (IgAV) and IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN) in children.

METHODS

We included 59 children with IgAV, 42 children with IgAVN (including 18 children with kidney biopsy), 26 plasma controls and 8 kidney controls. Clinical pathological data were collected, and the fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis and macrophage expression in the circulation and kidneys were detected.

RESULTS

Circulating fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis expression was significantly upregulated in children with IgAV and IgAVN compared to healthy controls. Plasma fractalkine levels and the proportion of CX3CR1+ monocytes were significantly higher in children with IgAVN than in those with IgAV, and the kidney expression of fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis and CD68 were significantly increased in the IgAVN group relative to normal controls, especially in children with IgAVN with more severe ISKDC pathological grading. Additionally, kidney levels of fractalkine, CX3CR1, and CD68 exhibited significant positive correlations with tubulointerstitial grading and serum creatinine levels.

CONCLUSION

The expression of fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis is associated with the presence and severity of IgAV and IgAVN. Our findings support further investigation of fractalkine/CX3CR1 as a target for future therapies in IgAV and IgAN.

IMPACT

The expression of plasma fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis is associated with the presence and severity of IgAV and IgAVN. The expression of kidney fractalkine/CX3CR1 axis and macrophage are upregulated in IgAVN, which is closely associated with poorer kidney function and more severe kidney pathology. Our findings support further investigation of fractalkine/CX3CR1 as a target for future therapies in IgAV and IgAVN.

RNase T2 deficiency promotes TLR13-dependent replenishment of tissue-protective Kupffer cells

Lysosomal stress due to the accumulation of nucleic acids (NAs) activates endosomal TLRs in macrophages. Here, we show that lysosomal RNA stress, caused by the lack of RNase T2, induces macrophage accumulation in multiple organs such as the spleen and liver through TLR13 activation by microbiota-derived ribosomal RNAs. TLR13 triggered emergency myelopoiesis, increasing the number of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow and spleen. Splenic macrophages continued to proliferate and mature into macrophages expressing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In the liver, TLR13 activated monocytes/macrophages to proliferate and mature into monocyte-derived KCs (moKCs), in which, the liver X receptor (LXR) was activated. In accumulated moKCs, tissue clearance genes such as MerTK, AXL, and apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) were highly expressed, while TLR-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines was impaired. Consequently, Rnaset2-/- mice were resistant to acute liver injuries elicited by acetaminophen (APAP) and LPS with D-galactosamine. These findings suggest that TLR13 activated by lysosomal RNA stress promotes the replenishment of tissue-protective Kupffer cells.

Genetic Loss of HIF-Prolyl-Hydroxylase 1, but Not Pharmacological Inhibition, Mitigates Hepatic Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix due to chronic inflammation of the liver. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) become activated and produce increased amounts of extracellular matrix. Loss of HIF-prolyl-hydroxylase 1 (PHD1) attenuates HSC activation and fibrotic tissue remodeling in a murine model of biliary liver fibrosis. Herein, the protective effect of PHD1 deficiency (PHD1-/-) in an additional (toxic) model of liver fibrosis was validated and the effect of dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), a pan-HIF-prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, on the development of liver fibrosis, was evaluated. Liver fibrosis was induced utilizing carbon tetrachloride in wild-type (WT) and PHD1-/- mice treated with either vehicle or DMOG. To assess fibrosis development, expression of profibrotic genes in the livers was analyzed by Sirius red staining. When compared with WT mice, PHD1-/- mice developed less-severe liver fibrosis. DMOG treatment did not prevent this liver fibrosis. PHD1-/- mice had fewer α-SMA+ cells and less macrophage infiltration compared with WT mice. Expression of profibrogenic and proinflammatory genes was reduced in livers from carbon tetrachloride-exposed PHD1-/- mice. In vitro analyses of PHD1-deficient human HSCs revealed attenuated mRNA levels of profibrotic genes, as well as impaired migration and invasion. Although PHD1 deficiency attenuated activation of HSCs, pharmacologic PHD inhibition did not ameliorate fibrosis development. These data indicate that selective PHD1 inhibitors could prove effective in preventing and treating liver fibrosis.

Non-coding transcriptome profiles in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common urological malignancy with an increasing incidence. The development of molecular biomarkers that can predict the response to treatment and guide personalized therapy selection would substantially improve patient outcomes. Dysregulation of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has been shown to have a role in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. Thus, an increasing number of studies are being carried out with a focus on the identification of ncRNA biomarkers in ccRCC tissue samples and the connection of these markers with patients' prognosis, pathological stage and grade (including metastatic potential), and therapy outcome. RNA sequencing analysis led to the identification of several ncRNA biomarkers that are dysregulated in ccRCC and might have a role in ccRCC development. These ncRNAs have the potential to be prognostic and predictive biomarkers for ccRCC, with prospective applications in personalized treatment selection. Research on ncRNA biomarkers in ccRCC is advancing, but clinical implementation remains preliminary owing to challenges in validation, standardization and reproducibility. Comprehensive studies and integration of ncRNAs into clinical trials are essential to accelerate the clinical use of these biomarkers.

A3AR antagonism mitigates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by exploiting monocyte-derived Kupffer cell necroptosis and inflammation resolution

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver (MASLD) progression is driven by chronic inflammation and fibrosis, largely influenced by Kupffer cell (KC) dynamics, particularly replenishment of pro-inflammatory monocyte-derived KCs (MoKCs) due to increased death of embryo-derived KCs. Adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) plays a key role in regulating metabolism and immune responses, making it a promising therapeutic target. This study aimed to investigate the impact of selective A3AR antagonism for regulation of replenished MoKCs, thereby improving MASLD.

APPROACH & RESULTS

A3AR expression was significantly elevated in KCs from both patients with MASLD and fast-food diet (FFD)-fed mice. A3AR knockout (KO) mice displayed marked improvements in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis along with a reduction in CLEC4F-positive KCs. The spatial transcriptomics of these KCs revealed disrupted mitochondrial integrity, increased oxidative stress, and enhanced cell death due to A3AR deletion. Similarly, in vivo FM101 treatment, a highly potent and selective antagonist of A3AR with a truncated 4'-thioadenosine structure, mitigated FFD-induced MASLD in mice. Mechanistically, FM101 induces β-arrestin2-mediated A3AR degradation, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated necroptosis in KCs. Consistently, A3AR was highly expressed in monocyte-derived macrophages in MASLD patients, with strong correlations with macrophage activation and monocyte chemoattractant gene sets. Thus, FM101 induced necroptosis in pro-inflammatory MoKCs, facilitating anti-inflammatory effects.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that inhibiting A3AR via FM101 or genetic deletion alleviates MASLD by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent necroptosis in MoKCs, establishing FM101 as a promising therapeutic strategy for MASLD.

The multifaceted roles of macrophages in the transition from hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Macrophages are central to the progression from hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with their remarkable plasticity and ability to adapt to the changing liver microenvironment. Chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately tumorigenesis are driven by macrophage activation, making them key regulators of liver disease progression. This review explores the diverse roles of macrophages in the transition from hepatitis to HCC. In the early stages of hepatitis, macrophages are essential for pathogen clearance and tissue repair. However, chronic activation leads to prolonged inflammation, which exacerbates liver damage and promotes fibrosis. As the disease progresses to liver fibrosis, macrophages interact with hepatic stellate cells, fostering a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment that supports HCC development. In hepatocarcinogenesis, macrophages contribute to tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, immune evasion, cancer stem cell maintenance, and angiogenesis. Their functional plasticity enables them to adapt to the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Targeting macrophages represents a promising strategy for preventing and treating HCC. Therapeutic approaches, including reprogramming macrophage phenotypes to enhance anti-tumor immunity, blocking macrophage recruitment and activation, and utilizing nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, may provide new avenues for combating HCC by modulating macrophage functions and tumor microenvironment dynamics.

M1 polarization of hepatic macrophages in cows with subclinical ketosis is an important cause of liver injury

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is highly prevalent and easily overlooked, with insidious and slow progression of hepatic injury, often characterized by an imbalance in immune homeostasis. In nonruminants, macrophage polarization plays an important regulatory role in hepatic lipid accumulation, fibrosis, and inflammatory processes. Thus, we aimed to investigate the status of hepatic macrophage polarization in SCK cows and to corroborate its association with liver injury and inflammation. Twelve Holstein dairy cows (parity 2-4) were selected, and liver biopsy and blood were collected on the second week postpartum (10-14 d DIM). On the basis of serum beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentrations, selected cows were categorized into healthy (n = 6; BHBA <1.0 mM) and SCK (n = 6; 1.2 mM ≤ BHBA < 3.0 mM) groups. Serum biochemical parameters were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer, which indicated higher serum levels of BHBA and nonesterified fatty acids and an upregulation of liver injury indicators (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], total protein, globulin) in SCK cows compared with healthy cows. The ELISA assays revealed that SCK cows displayed systemic low-grade inflammation, as demonstrated by increased serum levels of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-1β. Liver biopsies revealed pathological histological alterations, hepatic inflammation, and macrophage polarization status. Oil Red staining indicated steatosis, whereas Sirius red staining demonstrated mild extracellular matrix deposition in the liver of SCK cows. The expression of inflammatory response-related proteins (TLR4, p-NFκB, p-I-κB, NLRP3, and Caspase 1) was elevated in the liver of SCK cows, with the increased mean fluorescence intensity of NFκB further confirming the activation of the inflammatory pathway. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IFN-γ, were elevated in the tissue homogenate. Macrophage phenotypic changes in SCK cows were further explored based on the results of liver injury and inflammation. Compared with healthy cows, the protein and mRNA abundance of the macrophage marker CD68 in the liver of SCK cows was higher, along with an increased mean fluorescence intensity of CD68. The SCK cows also exhibited reduced mRNA expression of the Kupffer cell marker CLEC4F and elevated chemokine levels (CXCL1 and CCL2). As evidenced by greater protein and mRNA abundance of macrophage M1 polarization markers (iNOS, IL-1β, CD86, IL-6, IL-12b, and CCL3), higher fluorescence intensity of iNOS and CD86, and an increased number of CD68+/CD86+-positive cells observed via immunofluorescence, the macrophage polarization phenotype in the liver of SCK cows was predominantly M1. In contrast, the protein and mRNA abundances of M2 polarization markers (CD206, IL-10, and Arg1) were lower in SCK cows, accompanied by a reduced fluorescence intensity of CD206 and a lower number of CD68+/CD206+-positive cells. Overall, the present study revealed that the number of macrophages in liver is enhanced during subclinical ketosis and is dominated by pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1 macrophages). This could partly explain the increased risk of steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammatory response processes in these cows.

DEFA1, Primarily Expressed at the Invasive Tumor Front, Promotes OSCC Cell Invasion and Tumor Growth

BACKGROUND/AIM

The tumor microenvironment greatly influences cancer occurrence, progression, and treatment resistance, making it a key target alongside cancer cells. In squamous cell carcinoma, the invasive front is crucial for studying invasion mechanisms driven by the surrounding microenvironment and for identifying biomarkers to diagnose and predict invasive cancer. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulation of cancer characteristics through the interactions between factors at the invasive tumor front and the surrounding tumor microenvironment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The invasive tumor front (ITF) and tumor center (TC) of collective cancer invasion were analyzed using microarray to compare gene expression. A stable cell line with depleted DEFA1 expression was established, and its effect on cancer growth was observed using a mouse tongue xenograft model. Invasive activity was assessed using Transwell assays. Gene profiling of cancer cells and analysis of secreted proteins interacting with U937 monocytic cells during co-culture were conducted using QuantSeq 3' mRNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis.

RESULTS

DEFA1 was overexpressed at the ITF of collective cancer invasion. YD10B cells with depleted DEFA1 expression exhibited significantly reduced invasiveness and tumor growth without changes in the cell cycle distribution. Co-culture with U937 cells significantly enhanced the invasiveness of YD10B cells, which was inhibited by anti-DEFA1 treatment. QuantSeq 3' mRNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS analyses confirmed that DEFA1 derived from U937 cells increased the invasiveness of YD10B cells. Recombinant DEFA1 (rDEFA1) significantly enhanced the invasiveness of YD10B cells via the JNK MAPK/NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathway, independent of changes in DEFA1 expression within YD10B cells.

CONCLUSION

DEFA1 is crucial for cancer invasion and growth, and monocyte-derived DEFA1 exacerbates these traits. This study highlights DEFA1's role in promoting invasion at the tumor front, where interactions with the microenvironment are active.

Plasma inflammatory and angiogenic protein profiling of patients with sickle cell disease

In this study, we aimed to explore the inflammatory and angiogenic pathways in sickle cell disease (SCD). We used proximity extension assay technology (Olink) to measure 92 plasma proteins involved in inflammation and angiogenesis. Plasma samples were collected from 57 SCD patients (sickle cell anaemia/HbS-β0 thalassaemia-thalassaemia) in steady-state and 13 healthy ethnicity-matched healthy controls (HCs). From 15 patients, paired samples were collected during both steady-state and vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) and from 23 SCD patients longitudinal samples were collected before and after treatment with either voxelotor (n = 10), hydroxyurea (n = 8) or allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (n = 5). Fifty plasma proteins were differentially expressed in steady-state SCD patients as compared to HC. These included proteins involved in angiogenesis (i.e. ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and VEGFA), the IL-18 signalling pathway (i.e. IL-6, IL-10, IL-18), T-cell activation (i.e. LAG3, PDCD1) and natural killer (NK)-cell activation (CD244, NCR1, GZMB). While proteins involved in angiogenesis and the IL-18 signalling pathway were further upregulated during VOE, levels of several proteins involved in the IL-18 pathway, T-cell and NK-cell activation and angiogenesis, restored towards levels detected in HCs after curative or disease-modifying treatment. These findings might contribute to a better understanding of SCD pathophysiology and identifying potential new targets for therapeutic interventions.

Modulation of monocyte activity by hepatocellular MicroRNA delivery through HBsAg particles: Implications for pathobiology of chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

HBsAg serves as an important immune-modulatory factor in chronic hepatitis B. One aspect of such modulation may act through monocytes, which are the major Ag-presenting cells taking up HBsAg. There is evidence for the encapsulation of hepatocellular microRNAs (miRNAs) by HBsAg particles, while its pathobiological significance is unclear. Here, we characterized the miRNA profile in patients with chronic hepatitis B and probed their association with liver inflammation.

APPROACHES AND RESULTS

We collected plasma from patients that are treatment-naive with chronic hepatitis B (n = 110) and quantified total/HBsAg-enveloped miRNAs by qRT-PCR and plasma cytokines by ELISA. The biological effects of HBsAg-delivered miRNAs in monocytes were evaluated using multiple approaches. The clinical significance of candidate miRNAs and cytokines was corroborated in patients with HBV-associated advanced liver diseases. The plasma miRNA profile showed 2 major clusters, one significantly associated with HBsAg titer and the other correlated with liver inflammation. Among HBsAg-carried miRNAs, miR-939 displayed the most significant correlation with IL-8. Mechanistically, miR-939 in subviral particles enters monocytes and significantly augments IL-8 production through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 signaling pathway. Finally, the findings that miR-939 positively correlated with IL-8 level and inflammation/fibrosis stage in the cohort of HBV-associated advanced liver diseases support its causative role in the progression of liver diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

HBsAg particles carry hepatocellular miRNAs, including miR-939, which enter monocytes and alter their functional status, such as IL-8 secretion. Our findings demonstrate that the HBsAg-miR-939-IL-8 axis may play a crucial role in HBV-induced hepatic necro-inflammation and the progression of advanced liver diseases.

Comparing oral versus intravenous calcium administration on alleviating markers of production, metabolism, and inflammation during an intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge in mid-lactation dairy cows

Animals, including dairy cows, develop hypocalcemia during infection. Prior independent research suggests supplementing oral Ca, but not i.v. Ca, improves multiple health metrics after immune activation. Therefore, study objectives were to directly compare the effects of administering an oral Ca bolus versus i.v. Ca on mineral and energetic metabolism variables and inflammatory parameters following an i.v. LPS challenge. Mid-lactation cows (124 ± 43 DIM) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) saline control (CON; 4 mL of saline; n = 4), (2) LPS control (CON-LPS; 0.375 µg/kg BW; n = 6), (3) LPS with oral Ca bolus (OCa-LPS; 0.375 µg/kg BW and a 192-g bolus of Bovikalc [Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., Duluth, GA] containing 43 g of Ca [71% CaCl2 and 29% CaSO4] supplemented at -0.5 and 6 h relative to LPS administration; n = 8), and (4) LPS with i.v. Ca (IVCa-LPS; 0.375 µg/kg BW and 500 mL of Ca-gluconate, 23% [VetOne, Boise, ID]) supplemented at -0.5 and 6 h relative to LPS infusion; n = 8). During period (P) 1 (4 d), baseline data were obtained. At the initiation of P2 (5 d), LPS and Ca supplements were administered. As anticipated, CON-LPS became hypocalcemic, but OCa-LPS and IVCa-LPS had increased ionized Ca compared with CON-LPS cows (1.11 and 1.28 vs. 0.95 ± 0.02 mmol/L, respectively). Rectal temperature increased after LPS and was additionally elevated in IVCa-LPS from 3 to 4 h (38.9 and 39.8 ± 0.1°C in CON-LPS and IVCa-LPS, respectively). Administering LPS decreased DMI and milk yield relative to CON. Circulating glucose was decreased in OCa-LPS compared with CON-LPS and IVCa-LPS during the initial hyperglycemic phase at 1 h (75.1 vs. 94.9 and 95.7 ± 3.4 mg/dL, respectively, but all LPS infused cows regardless of treatment had similar glucose concentrations thereafter, which were decreased relative to baseline during the first 12 h. Blood urea nitrogen increased after LPS but this was attenuated in OCa-LPS compared with CON-LPS and IVCa-LPS cows (8.7 vs. 10.0 and 10.4 ± 0.3 mg/dL). Glucagon increased in OCa-LPS and IVCa-LPS compared with CON-LPS cows (459 and 472 vs. 335 ± 28 pg/mL, respectively), and insulin markedly increased over time regardless of LPS treatment. Lipopolysaccharide substantially increased serum amyloid A, LPS-binding protein (LBP), and haptoglobin in all treatments, but OCa-LPS tended to have increased LBP concentrations relative to IVCa-LPS (10.7 vs. 8.6 ± 0.7 µg/mL, respectively). Several cytokines increased after LPS administration, but most temporal cytokine profiles did not differ by treatment. In summary, LPS administration intensely activated the immune system and both Ca delivery routes successfully ameliorated the hypocalcemia. The i.v. and oral Ca treatments had differential effects on multiple metabolism variables and appeared to mildly influence production responses to LPS.

Potential applications of gene expression profiles obtained from circulating extracellular vesicles in breast cancer

Background

Liquid biopsy-based biomarkers offer several advantages since they are minimally invasive, can be useful in longitudinal monitoring of the disease and have higher patient compliance. We describe a protocol using minimal volumes of archival and prospective serum/plasma samples to define the RNA contents of EVs and discuss its benefits and limitations.

Methods

RNA-seq analysis of matched tumor biopsy, circulating EVs from breast cancer patients (EV-C, n = 26) and healthy donors (EV-H, n = 4) was performed and differentially expressed genes were validated by RT-PCR in a separate series of samples (EV-C, n = 32 and EV-H, n = 22). A total of 84 samples were studied.

Results

RNA-seq data from 500 μl serum samples yielded more than 17000 genes, of which 320 were DEGs (adjusted p value ≤ 0.05) between EV-C and EV-H samples. Pathways for Myc V1, reactive oxygen species, angiogenesis, allograft rejection and Interferon regulated genes were over-represented in EV-C samples. Computational deconvolution algorithms for cell signatures identified immune cells such as Th1 and memory T-cells, endothelial cells, and osteoblasts from the stromal compartment as significant. Top 6 genes were validated by qRT-PCR in all samples (n = 84) and they consistently and correctly classified cancer and healthy groups. An independent set of 374 and 640 DEGs could segregate ER positive/ER negative and non-metastatic versus metastatic samples, respectively. EVs from metastatic samples had higher variability in gene expression patterns whereas those from non-metastatic samples showed a better correlation.

Conclusion

By using low serum amounts successfully for EV transcriptomics, we demonstrate that a minimally invasive technique could be converted to a microinvasive format. These data lay the foundation for EV RNA based biomarker discovery for segregating breast cancers.

Kidney lesions and risk of cardiovascular events in biopsy-proven diabetic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

This study assessed the association of pathological kidney lesions with cardiovascular events in biopsy-proven diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

This multicenter, retrospective study involved 244 patients with no previous cardiovascular events before biopsy, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 at biopsy (baseline), and ≥ 1 year of observation after biopsy. The outcomes were the first occurrence of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary intervention, or non-fatal stroke), and non-cardiovascular deaths before cardiovascular events were considered competing events. The association between the severity of each pathological lesion and cardiovascular events was investigated.

RESULTS

During follow-up (median: 6.4 years), 43 patients experienced cardiovascular events. The baseline clinical characteristics did not differ according to cardiovascular events. The cumulative incidence of cardiovascular events was higher in patients with mesangiolysis, global glomerulosclerosis ≥ 50%, moderate/severe interstitial inflammation, and moderate/severe arteriolar hyalinosis than in those having less advanced each lesion. Fine-Gray regression models revealed that global glomerulosclerosis ≥ 50% (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR]: 3.85; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.28-11.52), moderate/severe interstitial inflammation (SHR: 2.49; 95% CI 1.18-5.29), and moderate/severe arteriolar hyalinosis (SHR: 3.51; 95% CI 1.15-10.69) were linked to increased risk of cardiovascular events, after adjusting for clinical variables including RAAS inhibitors use at baseline. Adding the severity of these lesions to clinical variables improved the predictive value for cardiovascular events.

CONCLUSIONS

In DKD with type 2 diabetes, advanced glomerulosclerosis, interstitial inflammation, and arteriolar hyalinosis were associated with cardiovascular events, adding predictive value to clinical features.

Screening effective-component compatibility from Jinshui Chenfei formula for silicosis treatment by serum-pharmacochemistry and feedback system control

BACKGROUND

The unclear chemical composition and mechanisms of action pose challenges for new drug development and quality control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas. To address this, the concept of effective-component compatibility (ECC) was proposed to represent drug combination with equivalent efficacy to TCM formulas, along with clear composition and dosage. However, previous strategies for screening ECC have often overlooked the synergistic effects of its components.

PURPOSE

This study proposed a strategy integrating serum pharmacochemistry and feedback system control (FSC) to identify synergistic combinations as ECC of TCM formulas. The strategy was applied to identify the ECC of Jinshui Chenfei formula (JCF) for silicosis treatment.

METHODS

A chemical library of JCF was constructed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole extractive orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap MS). The library was then used to identify absorbed prototype compounds of JCF, and the serum levels of its main components were analyzed. Based on the primary absorbed prototypes, FSC was employed to screen the most effective synergistic combinations from JCF for inhibiting LPS- and IL-4-induced macrophage polarization. The pharmacological effects of ECC-JCF were further validated using a silica-induced silicosis mouse model, and its synergistic mechanisms were investigated through transcriptomics and molecular dynamic simulations.

RESULTS

A total of 437 compounds were identified in JCF, with 203 absorbed prototypes detected following oral administration. After three rounds of FSC iterative screening, a synergistic combination of isoliquiritin (180 μg/ml/0.43 mM), glycyrrhizic acid (180 μg/ml/0.22 mM), and gallic acid (3.75 μg/ml/0.02 mM) significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CD206, and Arg-1 mRNA in mouse alveolar macrophages. This combination also protected lung tissues from alveolar collapse, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, and fibrous nodule formation. In addition, the combination improved alveolitis and fibrosis scores in silicosis mice, outperforming both the original JCF formula and the sum of individual components. The synergistic effects of these compounds may regulate targets in inflammation and fibrosis formation pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study identified an ECC of JCF with a well-defined composition and mechanism of action, facilitating the future development of JCF as a new drug. Compared with traditional ECC screening methods, this strategy reduces experimental workload while accounting for synergistic effects.

Unveiling the link between chronic inflammation and cancer

The highly nuanced transition from an inflammatory process to tumorigenesis is of great scientific interest. While it is well known that environmental stimuli can cause inflammation, less is known about the oncogenic modifications that chronic inflammation in the tissue microenvironment can bring about, as well as how these modifications can set off pro-tumorigenic processes. It is clear that no matter where the environmental factors come from, maintaining an inflammatory microenvironment encourages carcinogenesis. In addition to encouraging angiogenesis and metastatic processes, sustaining the survival and proliferation of malignant transformed cells, and possibly altering the efficacy of therapeutic agents, inflammation can negatively regulate the antitumoral adaptive and innate immune responses. Because chronic inflammation has multiple pathways involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis, it has gained recognition as a marker of cancer and a desirable target for cancer therapy. Recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that drive cancer's progression demonstrate that inflammation promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis while suppressing anti-tumor immunity. In many solid tumor types, including breast, lung, and liver cancer, inflammation stimulates the activation of oncogenes and impairs the body's defenses against the tumor. Additionally, it alters the microenvironment of the tumor. As a tactical approach to cancer treatment, these findings have underscored the importance of targeting inflammatory pathways. This review highlights the role of inflammation in cancer development and metastasis, focusing on its impact on tumor progression, immune suppression, and therapy resistance. It examines current anti-inflammatory strategies, including NSAIDs, cytokine modulators, and STAT3 inhibitors, while addressing their potential and limitations. The review emphasizes the need for further research to unravel the complex mechanisms linking inflammation to cancer progression and identify molecular targets for specific cancer subtypes.

Altered expression of systemic and ovarian factors involved in the recruitment and activation of immune cells in bovine cystic ovarian disease

Despite the involvement of both immune cells and soluble factors in the etiopathogenesis of cystic ovarian disease (COD), the precise interplay between these components in this reproductive condition remains unclear. Based on this, in the present study we aimed to evaluate the expression of key molecules involved both locally and systemically in the recruitment, infiltration and activation of immune cells in Holstein cows diagnosed with follicular cysts (N = 5). For this, animals from commercial dairy farms located in the milk-productive region of Santa Fe, Argentina were included after their diagnosis were confirmed by ultrasonographic examination and hormonal evaluation. Healthy animals in proestrus, after G6G-Ovsynch hormonal synchronization, were used as controls (N = 5). Protein expression of adhesion molecules, along with mRNA expression of chemokine receptors and cytokines were evaluated. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, gene expression analysis of inflammatory markers showed that TNF and TGFB1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in COD animals. Also, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule was lower in endothelial cells of medullary blood vessels in the COD group. These changes support the hypothesis that alterations in the expression patterns of immune factors, both at systemic and local level, could contribute to the etiopathogenesis of this anovulatory condition.

Enhancement of wound healing in diabetic mice by topical use of a peptide-ionic liquid conjugate

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the most devastating complications of diabetes, with high impact on patient's quality of life. In worst scenarios, DFU can lead to severe amputation or even death. DFUs are an easy target for microbial pathogens and their effective healing is hampered by the galloping increase of microbial resistance to antibiotics, including from the most prevalent pathogens in DFU, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus. As such, available antibiotics show poor efficacy in the treatment of DFU, leading to a chronic condition that is exacerbated by poor healing rates due to the persistent inflammation, poor oxygenation and low angiogenesis, leading to high risk of ischemia, among other conditions that typically affect patients with diabetes. Our group has recently designed new peptide-based strategies towards the topical treatment of DFU, whereby peptide-ionic liquid conjugates emerged as highly promising agents. One of the best such conjugates, C16-Im-PP4, results from coupling an imidazolium-based ionic liquid with intrinsic antimicrobial activity to the N-terminus of a collagen boosting peptide used in cosmetics, the pentapeptide-4. C16-Im-PP4 showed excellent in vitro properties, namely, wide-spectrum antimicrobial action and collagen-boosting effect on human dermal fibroblasts, prompting the in vivo study here reported. The peptide-ionic liquid conjugate was applied topically on wounds of mice with diabetes. The results show multitargeted actions, at a dose of 1 µg/wound including: i) anti-inflammatory; ii) antioxidant; iii) pro-collagenic; vi) pro-angiogenic; v) antimicrobial; and vi) improved wound maturation effects. Altogether, these results identify this technology as a novel topical treatment for DFU.

Protection of glutamine: The NF-κB/MLCK/MLC2 signaling pathway mediated by tight junction affects oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in snakehead (Channa argus)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) destroys intestinal mechanical barrier and causes apoptosis by triggering oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Glutamine (Gln) can maintain normal intestinal function under various stressed or pathological conditions. Thereby, this study aims to evaluate the protection of glutamine on intestinal health of snakehead (Channa argus), specifically regarding the NF-κB/MLCK/MLC2 signaling pathway mediated by tight junction affecting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. In this work, a model of intestinal tight junction injury in intestine of snakehead was constructed by injecting 4 mg/mL LPS into anus for 96 h. Before constructing the model, fish were treated with different levels of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) (0 %, 0.3 %, 0.6 %, 0.9 %, 1.2 % and 1.5 %) for 56 days. Microstructure and ultra microstructure showed that LPS-induced obvious intestinal damage and tight connection destruction, while Gln effectively alleviated these phenomena. In addition, results also showed that Gln can effectively inhibit LPS-induced damage to intestinal tight junction (zo-1, occludin, claudin5, claudin1, nf-κb p65, mlck and mlc2), alleviate oxidative stress (nrf2, sod, gsh, gpx and cat), ameliorate intestinal inflammation (tnf-α, il-1β, il-8, tlr5 and tlr2), thereby reduce apoptosis (p38mapk, caspase9, caspase8, caspase3 and bax). Crucially, the above results were related to NF-κB/MLCK/MLC2 signaling pathway mediated by tight junction. In conclusion, Gln has a good protective effect on LPS-induced intestinal injury in northern snakehead, providing a new perspective for regulating fish intestinal health.

Stress-experienced monocytes/macrophages lose anti-inflammatory function via β2-adrenergic receptor in skin allergic inflammation

BACKGROUND

Psychological stress can exacerbate the development of allergies; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. IgE-mediated cutaneous allergic inflammation (IgE-CAI) is a basophil-dependent skin allergy with eosinophil infiltration at inflammatory sites. Its resolution involves anti-inflammatory programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2)-positive macrophages.

OBJECTIVE

This study sought to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which psychological stress exacerbates IgE-CAI.

METHODS

Neural tissue involved in stress-induced IgE-CAI exacerbation was identified by performing denervation and brain destruction experiments in mice. Immune cell transplantation, RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and ELISA were used to identify and characterize immune cells with stress-altered functioning, followed by identification of key factors involved in IgE-CAI exacerbation.

RESULTS

Stress-induced exacerbation of IgE-CAI was found to be sympathetic and β2-adrenergic receptor (Adrb2)-dependent. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that stress diminished the anti-inflammatory functions of PD-L2-positive macrophages through Adrb2, exacerbating the inflammation. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that PD-L2-positive macrophages in stressed mice exhibit reduced expression of efferocytosis-related genes, including Gas6 and MerTK. Consequently, the efferocytic capacity of these macrophages decreased, resulting in increased numbers of dead cells in the lesions. The exacerbation and upregulation of Ccl24 expression in IgE-CAI skin lesions were countered by a Caspase-1 inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS

Psychological stress diminishes the efferocytotic capacity of PD-L2-positive macrophages, causing an accumulation of dead cells. This, in turn, heightens eosinophil infiltration through Caspase-1-dependent production of CCL24, exacerbating IgE-CAI.

Cationic liposomes encapsulating IL-2 selectively induce apoptosis and significantly reduce the secretion of cytokines on M1-murine polarized macrophages

Inflammatory diseases pose a global challenge due to the critical role of macrophages in their pathogenesis. This study evaluated the effects of cationic liposomes encapsulating IL-2 (LIP-IL-2) on murine peritoneal macrophages (MP) polarized towards M1 and M2 phenotypes. M1 MP (CD86+), which overexpressed IL-2Rα and CD14 receptors, underwent apoptosis following LIP-IL-2 treatment, whereas M2 MP (CD206+) were unaffected. Furthermore, LIP-IL-2 significantly reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12, exclusively in M1 macrophages. These findings suggest that LIP-IL-2 could serve as a promising therapeutic tool for chronic inflammatory diseases by selectively inducing apoptosis in pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages without affecting M2 ones, opening avenues for targeted therapies in diseases where chronic macrophage-mediated inflammation is a key factor.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil depletion in ileal tissues reduces the immunopathology induced by Clostridioides difficile toxins

INTRODUCTION

Clostridioides difficile, a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections, causes significant morbidity and mortality. Its pathogenesis centers on TcdA and TcdB toxins, which disrupt intestinal integrity, trigger inflammation, and promote extensive neutrophil infiltration.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the role of PMNs in CDI using neutrophil depletion using a murine-ileal-ligated loop.

METHODS

Mice were treated with C. difficile toxins TcdA, TcdB, and TcdBv, with PMN depletion achieved via intraperitoneal injections of Ly6G/Ly6C antibody. Histopathological analysis, cytokine quantification, and MPO activity assays were performed to assess the inflammatory and tissue damage responses.

RESULTS

PMN depletion significantly reduced histopathological damage and proinflammatory responses. TcdA induced the highest inflammation and epithelial damage, while TcdB showed lower activity, except for MPO. TcdBvNAP1's activity was comparable to that of TcdBNAP1 but less than TcdA. The findings indicate that TcdA's enterotoxin effects are more damaging than TcdBs from different strains and confirm the critical role of PMNs in CDI pathogenesis.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that PMN depletion reduced inflammatory responses and tissue damage, highlighting potential therapeutic strategies targeting PMN regulation. Further research on PMN extracellular traps (NETs) and their role in CDI is necessary to develop comprehensive treatments. Future studies should focus on combined in vivo and in vitro approaches to fully understand the pathological mechanisms and identify effective biomarkers for CDI therapy.

Secreted chemokines reveal diverse inflammatory and degenerative processes in the intervertebral disc of the STZ-HFD mouse model of Type 2 diabetes

The chronic inflammation resultant from type 2 diabetes (T2D) causes many comorbidities, such as cardiovascular, renal, and neuropathic complications. T2D is also associated with several spinal pathologies, including intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and chronic neck and back pain. Although confounding factors, such as increased weight gain in obesity, increase the physiological loads experienced by the musculoskeletal system and subsequent mechanical damage, studies have shown that even after adjusting age, body mass index, and genetics (e.g. twins), patients with T2D suffer from disproportionately more IVD degeneration and back pain; despite this, the tissue-specific responses of the IVD during T2D remain relatively unknown. We hypothesize that chronic T2D fosters a proinflammatory microenvironment within the IVD that promotes degeneration and disrupts disc homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated two commonly used mouse models of T2D -the leptin-receptor deficient mouse (db/db) and the chronic high-fat diet in mice with impaired beta-cell function (STZ-HFD). The db/db is a genetic model that spontaneous develop T2D through hyperphagia, while the STZ-HFD mouse first exhibits rapid obesity development under high-fat diet (HFD) and pronounced insulin resistance following streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Both animal models were allowed to develop sustained T2D for at least twelve weeks, as defined by elevated hemoglobin A1C, hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance. Following the twelve-week period, the IVDs were extracted and evaluated for tissue-specific secreted cytokines, viscoelastic mechanical behavior, structural composition, and histopathologic degeneration. Although there were no differences in mechanical function or the overall structure of the IVD, the STZ-HFD IVDs were more degenerated. More notably, the STZ-HFD model shows a significantly higher fold increase for eight cytokines: CXCL2, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL12 (monocyte/macrophage associated), IL-2, CXCL9 (T-cell associated), and CCL5 (pleiotropic). Correlative network analyses revealed that the expression of cytokines is differentially regulated between the db/db and the STZ-HFD models. Moreover, the RNAseq analysis revealed vast transcriptional dysregulation of many pathways in the STZ-HFD but not in the db/db tissues. Taken together, the STZ-HFD may better recapitulates the complexities of the chronic inflammatory processes in the IVD during T2D.

Single-cell and spatial genomic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases

Brain metastases frequently develop in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are a common cause of cancer-related deaths, yet our understanding of the underlying human biology is limited. Here we performed multimodal single-nucleus RNA and T cell receptor, single-cell spatial and whole-genome sequencing of brain metastases and primary tumors of patients with treatment-naive NSCLC. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a distinguishing genomic feature of brain metastases compared with primary tumors, which we validated through integrated analysis of molecular profiling and clinical data in 4,869 independent patients, and a new cohort of 12,275 patients with NSCLC. Unbiased analyses revealed transcriptional neural-like programs that strongly enriched in cancer cells from brain metastases, including a recurring, CINhigh cell subpopulation that preexists in primary tumors but strongly enriched in brain metastases, which was also recovered in matched single-cell spatial transcriptomics. Using multiplexed immunofluorescence in an independent cohort of treatment-naive pairs of primary tumors and brain metastases from the same patients with NSCLC, we validated genomic and tumor-microenvironmental findings and identified a cancer cell population characterized by neural features strongly enriched in brain metastases. This comprehensive analysis provides insights into human NSCLC brain metastasis biology and serves as an important resource for additional discovery.

Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disease. Without effective interventions, NAFLD can gradually develop to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fatty liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. It is still to investigate the precise molecular mechanism behind the pathophysiology of NAFLD. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) can sense tissue injury and mediate immune remodeling, thereby inducing phagocytosis, lipid metabolism, and metabolic transfer, promoting cell survival and combating inflammatory activation. NAFLD might develop as a result of TREM2's regulatory role. We here briefly summarize the biological characteristics of TREM2 and its functions in the disease progression of NAFLD. Moreover, we propose to broaden the therapeutic strategy for NAFLD by targeting TREM2.

Hyaluronic acid: Function and location in the urothelial barrier for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis, an in vitro study

Disruption of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-layer and urothelial barrier is an important aspect of the pathophysiology of bladder pain syndrome/ interstitial cystitis. Intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) is often used in treatments for IC/BPS, however the role in the urothelial barrier is unknown. This study aims to clarify the location and functional contribution of HA in the urothelium, using an in vitro model. Immunohistochemistry was performed on human and porcine biopsies and on porcine cell cultures to evaluate the location of HA. Functional contribution was assessed through transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and the effects on gene expression in a differentiated primary porcine urothelial cell model. HA was found throughout in the urothelium and most abundant around the basal layer. Digestion of HA increased impermeability of the urothelium, contrasting with the effect of protamine sulfate (PS). After HA digestion, quantitative PCR analysis revealed upregulation of HA-synthesizing gene (HAS3) and the inflammatory marker (IL8). Treatment with HA and/or chondroitin sulfate therapy in undamaged cells upregulated genes related to GAG synthesis, barrier markers and inflammation. In PS-damaged cells, GAG therapy only upregulated genes associated with HA synthesis and inflammation, without affecting barrier recovery speed. These results emphasize the interaction of HA on urothelial cell inflammation and barrier repair physiology. HA seems to not directly restore the urothelial luminal GAG layer but influences barrier integrity through its interactions with urothelial cells.

The potential of curcumin in mitigating acetaminophen-induced liver damage

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used over-the-counter medication for pain and fever, but its overuse can lead to liver toxicity, hepatocyte apoptosis, and necrosis. Despite therapeutic advances in drug-induced hepatotoxicity, APAP-induced liver damage still poses a medical challenge. Recently, natural products have emerged as potential options for mitigating the effects of APAP hepatotoxicity. Curcumin, a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown promising results in drug-induced hepatotoxicity. However, further investigations are needed to assess the clinical benefits of curcumin. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of APAP-induced liver damage and the role of curcumin in preventing liver necrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by APAP overdose. Through its ability to scavenge free radicals, prevent lipid peroxidation, restore glutathione (GSH) levels, and inhibit apoptosis, curcumin has been found to significantly reduce oxidative stress and protect liver tissue from APAP toxicity in various studies. This paper also reviews the potential of novel nanoformulations to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin for improved therapeutic outcomes. Overall, the evidence suggests that curcumin could be a promising intervention to mitigate the harmful effects of APAP overdose and improve liver health. However, further research is required to assess the optimal dosing and timing of curcumin administration in APAP toxicity.

BALF editome profiling reveals A-to-I RNA editing associated with severity and complications of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important human respiratory pathogen that causes mild-to-moderate community-acquired M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), particularly in children. RNA editing plays a vital role in pathogen infection and host immune response, but it remains largely unknown how it could be involved in the epigenetic regulation of host response to M. pneumoniae infection. In the present study, we performed an epitranscriptomic analysis of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editing in 39 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from the severe side (SS) and the opposite side (OS) of patients with MPP. Our editome profiling identified 87 differential RNA editing (DRE) events in 50 genes, especially missense editing events that recoded C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2, p.K147R) and cyclin I (CCNI, p.R75G). The expression of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) significantly increased on SS compared to OS and positively correlated with the average RNA editing level and individual DRE events. Meanwhile, functional enrichment analysis showed that DRE was observed in genes primarily associated with the negative regulation of innate immune response, type I interferon production, and cytokine production. Further comparison of SS between complicated MPP (CMPP) and non-complicated MPP (NCMPP) revealed RNA editing events associated with MPP complications, with a higher ADAR expression in CMPP than NCMPP. By identifying DRE events as biomarkers associated with MPP severity and complications, our editome profiling provides new insight into the potential role played by A-to-I RNA editing in modulating the host's immune system during M. pneumoniae infection.IMPORTANCEOur research investigates how Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common respiratory pathogen, influences how our cells modify their genetic instructions. By studying RNA editing changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, we aim to investigate how M. pneumoniae infection alters epigenetics and contributes to the disease severity and complications. Understanding such epigenetic alterations not only sheds light on the mechanisms underlying M. pneumoniae infection but also holds potential implications for developing better diagnostic tools and therapies. Ultimately, this work may facilitate the design of more targeted treatments to alleviate the impact of respiratory infections caused by the pathogen. Our findings may also offer broader insights into how microbial infections reshape immune processes, highlighting the importance of RNA editing in host-pathogen interactions.

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells; mechanisms, functional significance, and targeting in cancer therapy

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs), which encompass tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs), are of great importance in tumor microenvironment (TME) and are integral to both pro- and anti-tumor immunity. Nevertheless, the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity of TIMs have posed challenges in fully understanding their complexity roles within the TME. Emerging evidence suggested that the presence of TIMs is frequently linked to prevention of cancer treatment and improvement of patient outcomes and survival. Given their pivotal function in the TME, TIMs have recently been recognized as critical targets for therapeutic approaches aimed at augmenting immunostimulatory myeloid cell populations while depleting or modifying those that are immunosuppressive. This review will explore the important properties of TIMs related to immunity, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We will also document the latest therapeutic strategies targeting TIMs in preclinical and clinical settings. Our objective is to illustrate the potential of TIMs as immunological targets that may improve the outcomes of existing cancer treatments.

The role of cytokines in shaping the future of Cancer immunotherapy

As essential immune system regulators, cytokines are essential for modulating both innate and adaptive immunological responses. They have become important tools in cancer immunotherapy, improving the immune system's capacity to identify and destroy tumor cells. This article examines the background, workings, and therapeutic uses of cytokines, such as interleukins, interferons, and granulocyte-macropHage colony-stimulating factors, in the management of cancer. It examines the many ways that cytokines affect immune cell activation, signaling pathways, tumor development, metastasis, and prognosis by modifying the tumor microenvironment. Despite the limited effectiveness of cytokine-based monotherapy, recent developments have concentrated on new fusion molecules such as immunocytokines, cytokine delivery improvements, and combination techniques to maximize treatment efficacy while reducing adverse effects. Current FDA-approved cytokine therapeutics and clinical trial results are also included in this study, which offers insights into how cytokines might be used with other therapies including checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to address cancer treatment obstacles. This study addresses the intricacies of cytokine interactions in the tumor microenvironment, highlighting the possibility for innovative treatment methods and suggesting fresh techniques for enhancing cytokine-based immunotherapies. PEGylation, viral vector-mediated cytokine gene transfer, antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines), and other innovative cytokine delivery techniques are among the novelties of this work, which focuses on the most recent developments in cytokine-based immunotherapy. Additionally, the study offers a thorough examination of the little-reviewed topic of cytokine usage in conjunction with other treatment techniques. It also discusses the most recent clinical studies and FDA-approved therapies, providing a modern perspective on the developing field of cancer immunotherapy and suggesting creative ways to improve treatment effectiveness while lowering toxicity. BACKGROUND: Cytokines are crucial in cancer immunotherapy for regulating immune responses and modifying the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, challenges with efficacy and safety have driven research into advanced delivery methods and combination therapies to enhance their therapeutic potential.

Effects of Chlorella protothecoides-derived polydeoxyribonucleotides on skin regeneration and wound healing

The skin acts as a crucial barrier and, upon injury, initiates complex wound-healing processes involving various cell types. Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) are well-known for their efficacy in enhancing skin regeneration and wound healing. This study sought to investigate the effectiveness of PDRNs derived from Chlorella protothecoides, a sustainable and scalable microalgal source, in promoting skin regeneration and wound healing. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were used for assessing the impact of PDRNs on cell proliferation, migration, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis. Gene expression and associated signaling pathways were also examined using RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses. Our findings demonstrated that PDRNs significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of skin cells, upregulated growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression, and increased collagen synthesis by modulating collagen type I alpha 1 (COLIA1) expression. Additionally, PDRNs enhanced angiogenesis by promoting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and activation of ERK, AKT, β-catenin and STAT3 pathways via an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)-dependent mechanism. These findings suggest that microalgal-derived PDRNs have significant potential as sustainable and effective agents for clinical and cosmetic applications aimed at improving skin health and wound healing.

Relationship of posterior peripheral corneal layers and the trabecular meshwork: an immunohistological and anatomical study

BACKGROUND/AIM

With the popularity of endothelial keratoplasty (EK) procedures, Descemet membrane (DM) EK and pre-Descemet EK, considerable work has been done on understanding the posterior corneal anatomy. Most of the information available relates to the central cornea. We evaluated the peripheral cornea to explore the immunohistological and anatomical relationship between the pre-Descemet layer (PDL), DM and trabecular meshwork (TM).

METHODS

Six donor human sclerocorneal discs were studied. PDL, DM and TM were examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistology. The DM was peeled from the centre to the limit of its peripheral attachment, to reach the transition zone (TZ) between TM and peripheral cornea. Ten-micron sections were stained with antibodies against collagens 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, elastin, myocilin, wnt-1, aquaporin, tenascin C, laminin and integrin alpha 3.

RESULTS

Collagens 2, 3, 4, laminin and myocilin were predominantly seen in the TZ between TM and peripheral cornea. Wnt-1, integrin alpha 3 and tenascin C were highly concentrated in TM. Collagen 1 was present predominantly in the corneal stroma. On TEM; DM was thinner with a denser banded structure spread throughout its thickness in the periphery compared with the central cornea where it presents as the distinct anterior banded layer.

CONCLUSION

The TZ between DM, PDL and TM shows a unique histological structure at the periphery. The collagen and elastin fibres of the TM are continuous with the PDL. The structures are firmly attached to each other. These findings provide structural information that is relevant to the preparation of DMEK donor tissue.

Correlation Between Periodontal Disease and Oral, Oropharyngeal, and Parapharyngeal Cancers

Background

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, and contributes to several inflammatory conditions, such as cancer. The relationship between periodontal disorders and different human malignancies is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to assess the association of periodontitis severity with cancers in the oral cavity, oropharyngeal and parapharyngeal regions.

Methods

The sample comprised 300 participants divided into four case groups: 75 oral, oropharyngeal, or parapharyngeal cancer patients with periodontitis (CA-with-P); 75 oral, oropharyngeal, or parapharyngeal cancer patients without periodontitis (CA-without-P); 75 periodontitis (P) patients without cancers; and a control (C) group of 75 healthy individuals. All participants were subjected to a periodontal examination that considered parameters such as bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The type of tumours was identified via a histological analysis of a biopsy sample. Saliva samples were also collected, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used to determine interleukin 8 (IL-8) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels.

Results

The research findings indicated a significant increase in the number of sites with clinical observations of BOP (85.11,73.84), PI (87.23.88.14), PPD (8.03,6.82), and CAL (8.67,7.34) in groups CA-with-P and P. The CA-with-P, CA-without-P, and P groups had higher levels of salivary IL-8 (192.03, 121.89,89.22) and NF-κB (10.242, 8.172, 6.324) than the C group. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the severity of periodontitis and the malignancies in the oral, oropharynx, and parapharyngeal regions.

Conclusion

This study assessed the mechanisms underlying the correlation between these two disorders, as elucidated by higher levels of salivary IL-8, NF-κB and an increase in clinical periodontal parameters. Periodontal bacteria, which contributes to the development of periodontal disorders, could have a major impact on the onset of oral cancers.