Efficacy of Hypoglycemic Agents in Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

AIMS

Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a universal hepatic disease, and many recent randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have explored whether hypoglycemic agents may be beneficial for its treatment. This study aimed to assess the relative effectiveness of each hypoglycemic agent for MASLD.

METHODS

China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）, WanFang, Weipu, PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched for RCTs on the efficacy of hypoglycemic agents in MASLD published up to December 31, 2024. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.3.3. The network meta-analysis was conducted using Bayesian statistical methods.

RESULTS

A total of 26 hypoglycemic agents for treating MASLD in 37 studies with 2406 participants were included. Empagliflozin was most effective in improving liver stiffness measurement (LSM), whereas liraglutide showed significant benefits in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Both sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (e.g., empagliflozin) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide) improved liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]), glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose [FPG], and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), and lipid profiles. Pioglitazone had limited benefits in these outcomes. Secondary outcomes such as inflammatory markers and fibrosis showed minimal changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Several hypoglycemic agents can improve laboratory and imaging indicators in adult patients with MASLD. Liraglutide is more effective than other agents, whereas empagliflozin emerged as the most effective for reducing LSM. However, different agents have different effects on the indicators; therefore, the relevant agents must be selected according to the specific patient condition.

Network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the molecular mechanisms of Astragaloside IV against diabetic encephalopathy

PURPOSE

Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a neurological complication caused by diabetes mellitus, and its underlying mechanism has not been fully clarified. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been demonstrated to have treatment effects on multiple neurologic diseases. The objective of this research is to explore the role and underlying mechanism of AS-IV in the treatment of DE, utilizing the methods of network pharmacology and experimental validation.

METHODS

Multiple public databases were used to search for the targets of AS-IV. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset (GSE16135) was analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in DE. The Venn diagram was employed to determine the intersecting genes. These genes were considered potential therapeutic targets of AS-IV in DE and were annotated using bioinformatics techniques. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed utilizing Cytoscape software to identify the core targets of action. Additionally, molecular docking was conducted to validate the binding affinity of AS-IV to the main targets. Finally, we validated the predictive outcomes of network pharmacology in a DE rat model induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ).

RESULTS

Through the application of network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses, we discovered the top two hub targets (EGFR and JAK2). Subsequent molecular docking analysis showed that AS-IV was precisely located within the binding sites of both EGFR and JAK2, with binding energies of -8.18 kJ/mol and -10.94 kJ/mol, respectively. Behavioral experiments demonstrated that the treated rats showed improvements in cognitive impairment. Following AS-IV treatment, there was a significant reduction in amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques deposition and neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampal tissue of DE rats. Furthermore, TUNEL staining and Western blot analyses demonstrated that AS-IV suppressed neuronal apoptosis and inhibited the activation of the EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrated that the AS-IV has the potential to improve cognitive impairment in DE rats by mitigating neuronal apoptosis through the EGFR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, which provides important implications for the treatment of DE.

Natural Compounds Exert Anti-Obesity Effects by Regulating Cytokines

Obesity, along with its associated health risks such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Type 2 diabetes, stroke, metabolic syndrome, asthma, and cancer, constitutes a significant global health burden, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Cytokines, a group of secreted signaling proteins, are crucial in initiating, maintaining, and resolving immune and metabolic responses. Although cytokines have unique advantages in regulating immune and metabolic functions, their therapeutic application for obesity remains limited in clinical practice. Natural compounds, known for their structural diversity and low toxicity, have become a valuable resource for drug development. Many natural compounds have shown anti-obesity effects. This review comprehensively examines the mechanisms underlying obesity, with a specific focus on the roles of cytokines, such as inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and growth factors. Additionally, it highlights the regulatory interactions between gut microbiota and cytokines in obesity. The review critically analyzes current anti-obesity pharmacological interventions and summarizes advanced methodologies for identifying potential natural compounds. Finally, it identifies promising natural compounds that modulate cytokine activity to prevent or treat obesity and assesses their potential as complementary or alternative therapies.

Embelin improves alcoholic steatohepatitis in alcohol-associated liver disease via ATF6-mediated P2X7r-NLRP3 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) manifests with impaired lipid metabolism and inflammation within the liver. Embelin (EB), a natural para-benzoquinone compound derived from the Embelia ribes Burm.f. has several pharmacological properties.

OBJECTIVE

This research examines how EB influences the inflammatory milieu of the liver in ALD.

METHODS

In vivo, we created an ALD model by subjecting mice to the Lieber-DeCarli diet for ten days, supplemented by a solitary binge, and subsequent ATF6 silencing. We employed RNA sequencing to analyze the ALD-related signaling pathways. In vitro experiments involved treating AML12 with EB and ethanol, and administering a siRNA-ATF6 to HepG2 cells. We investigated the ATF6 and P2 × 7r promoter interaction through a dual-luciferase assay. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were also treated with lipopolysaccharide/adenosine triphosphate (LPS/ATP) and EB to produce a conditioned medium.

RESULTS

EB effectively mitigated lipid synthesis and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during ALD. RNA sequencing revealed significant alterations in the ATF6/NOD-like receptor pathway in alcohol-induced mice. EB up-regulated ATF6 while down-regulating P2 × 7r-NLRP3 and its target genes. shRNA-mediated ATF6 knockdown markedly increased P2 × 7r protein and mRNA levels in mouse livers and exacerbated lipid accumulation. The absence of ATF6 in hepatocytes impaired the inhibitory effect of EB on the P2 × 7r-NLRP3 pathway. It was demonstrated that ATF6 directly binds to the P2 × 7r promoter. Moreover, EB reduced pyroptosis in BMDMs, thereby diminishing the inflammatory response.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that EB ameliorates alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) by modulating the ATF6-P2 × 7r/NLRP3 signaling pathway in ALD. EB might be a prospective therapeutic candidate, and its mechanism would be a new direction or strategy for alcoholic liver disease.

Identification of oxidative stress-related subgroups and signature genes for the prediction of prognosis and immune microenvironment in thyroid cancer

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in cancer progression and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) modulation. However, its impact on thyroid cancer (THCA) subtypes and prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to identify oxidative stress-related subgroups and construct a prognostic gene signature to enhance personalized treatment strategies in THCA. Using consensus clustering analysis, we categorized TCGA-THCA patients into two subgroups based on oxidative stress-related genes (OSRGs) expression. Cluster 1 had a poorer prognosis, higher BRAF mutation rates, and a suppressive TIME with fewer CD8 T cells. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis confirmed these findings. Six key OSRGs (BMI1, CDK5, IL1RN, PDP1, TP53, UCN) that significantly predicted THCA prognosis were identified. A risk model based on these genes accurately stratified patients into high and low-risk groups, with the high-risk group showing significantly worse outcomes. The model's predictive performance was validated by ROC analysis. Nomogram revealed that higher OSRG-related risk score indicated lower survival probability in THCA patients. In vitro validation confirmed the high expression of six OSRGs in THCA cells and tissues, with most being associated with the Wnt signaling pathway. Additionally, IL1RN knockdown significantly inhibited THCA cell malignant characteristics and reduced ROS generation. This study provided a novel oxidative stress-related classification system for THCA, highlighting key signature genes with prognostic and therapeutic relevance. These results may guide future research on oxidative stress-targeted therapies and immune modulation in THCA.

Targeting AMPK as a potential treatment for hepatic fibrosis in MASLD

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and often progresses to hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. Despite its increasing prevalence, effective pharmacological treatments for MASLD-related fibrosis remain limited. Recent research has highlighted AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a key regulator of the processes that promote fibrogenesis, and AMPK activation shows potential in mitigating fibrosis. Advances in AMPK activators and deeper insights into their role in fibrotic pathways have recently revitalized interest in targeting AMPK for fibrosis treatment. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms linking AMPK to hepatic fibrosis and evaluates emerging AMPK-directed therapies. Furthermore, it addresses challenges in clinical translation. Importantly, we combine the latest mechanistic discoveries with recent therapeutic developments to provide a comprehensive perspective on AMPK as a target for hepatic fibrosis treatment.

The oncogenic role of FOXM1 in hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanisms, clinical significance, and therapeutic potentials

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health challenge due to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. This review aims to clarify the oncogenic role of FOXM1 in HCC and its potential as a therapeutic target. We examine how FOXM1 drives cancer development by regulating key cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, metastasis, and therapy resistance. The review details mechanisms that control FOXM1 activity, including transcriptional regulation by upstream factors, post-transcriptional modulation via non-coding RNAs, and epigenetic modifications. We also explore how FOXM1 interacts with critical signaling pathways, such as AKT, p53, ERK, Hedgehog, STAT3, and Wnt/β-catenin, to promote metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and the maintenance of cancer stem cell properties. In the therapeutic section, we assess emerging strategies that target FOXM1, including small-molecule inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic approaches, to improve treatment outcomes for HCC patients. This comprehensive review highlights the pivotal role of FOXM1 in HCC pathogenesis and provides novel avenues for targeted intervention.

Plant Terpenoids in Combination with Conventional Therapeutics in Colorectal Cancer: A Promising Option

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Colorectal cancer accounts for approximately 10% of cancer-related mortality in Western countries. The plant-derived terpenoids represent the largest and most diverse class of natural products which possess potent anti-cancer properties in various tumor types. Combination therapy interacts with multiple targets in the molecular networks of colorectal cancer and may achieve synergistic or additive efficacy but reduce adverse side effects. The purpose of this review, mainly based on available preclinical data, is to summarize various plant terpenoids as potential sensitizers to conventional colorectal cancer therapies, along with the challenges and opportunities of these combinations in the clinical application for colorectal cancer treatment.

RECENT FINDINGS

A total of 33 relevant articles were considered for review. This review provided a comprehensive overview of the current state of combining plant terpenoids with conventional therapeutics for colorectal cancer treatment, and discussed the associated therapeutic challenges and opportunities for successfully translating the preclinical findings into clinical settings.. We concluded that plant terpenoids as potential adjuvants potentiate the antitumor efficacy of conventional colorectal cancer therapies by inducing apoptosis, reducing senescence, and inhibiting angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation through multiple pathways. Hopefully, the knowledge gained from this review will shape future research directions in this field.

Prevalence and Clinical Impact of BRAF p.V600E Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Identifying risk factors in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) that warrant more aggressive treatment is paramount. Importantly, the prevalence and clinical significance of BRAF p.V600E mutation in PTC remain debatable. This study aims to determine the association of BRAF p.V600E with demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics, including recurrence. Single institution data from consecutive PTC patients with BRAF p.V600E immunohistochemistry and/or molecular testing was collected between 2018 and 2022, including BRAF status, morphologic subtype, TN category, tumor size, nodal disease burden, tumor multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, treatment, follow-up time, loco-regional and distant recurrence, and mortality. This study included 301 patients, 30% male. The majority had BRAF p.V600E mutation (78.7%), and BRAF p.V600E was associated with morphologic subtype (p < 0.001), with 88% of classic subtype PTCs, 38% of PTCs with extensive follicular growth, and 100% of tall cell subtype expressing BRAF p.V600E. BRAF p.V600E was not associated with tumor size (p = 0.696) or nodal disease burden (p = 0.962). On multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model, large volume nodal disease burden (HR 3.37, 95%CI 1.49-7.64, p = 0.004) and male gender (HR 2.29, 95%CI 1.23-4.26, p = 0.009) were significantly associated with recurrence. BRAF p.V600E (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.31-1.65, p = 0.4) was not significantly associated with recurrence. In conclusion, presence of BRAF p.V600E in the absence of high risk histologic features does not have an impact on PTC recurrence, and thus, its utility in risk stratification is questionable in the setting of other clinicopathologic risk factors.

Exploring the role of EBV ZEBRA antibody levels in papillary thyroid cancer risk and drug resistance

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most prevalent thyroid malignancy worldwide, exhibits an increasing incidence globally despite its generally favorable prognosis. Although its etiology remains partially elucidated, recent investigations have implicated specific pathogens-notably Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-in PTC pathogenesis. To rigorously evaluate the causal relationship between EBV ZEBRA antibody levels and PTC risk, we conducted a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis leveraging large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. For instrumental variable selection, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly associated with EBV ZEBRA antibody levels (exposure traits) using a discovery GWAS of 8191 White British individuals. The outcome analysis was performed against a Finnish cohort comprising 1472 PTC cases and 314,193 controls. Our primary analysis via inverse variance-weighting (IVW) revealed a significant positive association between genetically predicted higher EBV ZEBRA antibody levels and PTC risk (p = 0.0003; odds ratio [OR] = 1.19). Notably, the intercept term analysis showed no evidence of systematic level effect bias (p = 0.46). Sensitivity analyses using the weighted median method corroborated the main findings (p = 0.01; OR = 1.21), suggesting robustness against potential confounding factors. However, inherent limitations such as residual pleiotropy, genetic linkage disequilibrium, and population-specific allele frequencies necessitate cautious interpretation. These results collectively indicate that EBV ZEBRA antibody elevation may represent a biological marker for PTC susceptibility, offering novel mechanistic insights and potential targets for early detection and preventive strategies. Further translational studies are warranted to delineate the precise molecular pathways underlying this association.

Hidden in the Fat: Unpacking the Metabolic Tango Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are closely related, with rapidly increasing prevalence globally, driving significant public health concerns. Both conditions share common pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, which contribute to their co-occurrence and progression. While the clinical implications of this overlap, including increased cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic risk, are well recognized, current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain insufficient due to the clinical and individuals' heterogeneity and complexity of these diseases. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and MASLD, identify critical gaps in our understanding, and highlight existing challenges in early detection and treatment. Despite advancements in biomarkers and therapeutic interventions, the need for a comprehensive, integrated approach remains. The review also discusses emerging therapies targeting specific pathways, the potential of precision medicine, and the growing role of artificial intelligence in enhancing research and clinical management. Future research is urgently needed to combine multi-omics data, precision medicine, and novel biomarkers to better understand the complex interactions between MetS and MASLD. Collaborative, multidisciplinary efforts are essential to develop more effective diagnostic tools and therapies to address these diseases on a global scale.

Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures among Patients with Thyroid Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

BACKGRUOUND

The associations between thyroid cancer and skeletal outcomes have not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to investigate the risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients with thyroid cancer compared to that in a matched control group.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included 2,514 patients with thyroid cancer and 75,420 matched controls from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC, 2006-2019). The rates of osteoporotic fractures were analyzed, and associations with the levothyroxine dose were evaluated.

RESULTS

Patients with thyroid cancer had a significantly lower risk of fracture than did the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.94; P=0.006). Patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer after the age of 50 years (older cancer group) had a significantly lower risk of fracture than did those in the control group (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.6 to 0.85; P<0.001), especially those diagnosed with spinal fractures (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.85; P=0.001). Patients in the older cancer group started osteoporosis treatment earlier than did those in the control group (65.5±7.5 years vs. 67.3±7.6 years, P<0.001). Additionally, a lower dose of levothyroxine was associated with a reduced risk of fractures.

CONCLUSION

In the clinical setting, the risk of fracture in women diagnosed with thyroid cancer after the age of 50 years was lower than that in the control group, which was caused by more proactive osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer.

GLP-1RAs regulate lipid metabolism and induce autophagy through AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to improve NAFLD

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of cirrhosis and a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death. Diabetes medications have been studied as potential treatments for NAFLD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been rarely reported in the treatment of NAFLD alone as an anti-diabetic drug, and its specific mechanism of action is unknown. We investigated whether the therapeutic effect of liraglutide (LRG, a representative drug of GLP-1RAs) on hepatic steatosis is related to regulating lipid metabolism and enhancing autophagy in the hepatocytes.

METHODS

We examined the effect of LRG on fat accumulation in fatty hepatocytes, and discussed its effects on enzymes related to lipid metabolism and autophagy. Meanwhile, knockdown of SIRT1 in free fatty acids(FFA)-treated cells was used to detected the influence of LRG on lipid metabolism and autophagy by regulating of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling.

RESULTS

Our findings showed that free fatty acids (FFA) induced hepatocyte steatosis, which was significantly reversed by LRG. Meanwhile, LRG significantly regulated the expression of hepatocyte lipogenesis and cytosolic lipolysis-related proteins (FAS, ACC1, ATGL, HSL, LAL). Furthermore, LRG enhanced FFA-induced suppression of autophagy and SIRT1 expression, reducing intracellular lipid accumulation. It is evident that LRG regulates lipid metabolism and induces autophagy in an (AMPK)-dependent manner. Moreover, SIRT1 knockdown inhibited the autophagy-inducing and lipid-lowering effects of LRG.

CONCLUSION

GLP-1RAs may lower hepatic steatosis by regulating lipid metabolism and enhancing autophagy in an AMPK/SIRT1-dependent manner, providing a new target for the treatment of NAFLD.

Bioassay-guided and DeepSAT + SMART-driven identification of hepatoprotective phenolics from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica

To explore potential protective effects of natural products against alcohol-induced liver disease, a bioactivity-driven approach and HSQC-based DeepSAT and SMART were employed. Twelve phenolics, including four previously uncharacterized compounds (1-4), were identified from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica. Their structures were elucidated as gallic acid analogs through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, including HRESIMS and NMR methods. Network pharmacology predicted that compounds 1-12 may target on AKT1, TNF, and NFKB1, with potential to improve alcohol-induced liver injury, as suggested by Swiss Target Prediction. Compounds 1-4, 6, 8, and 9 exhibited significant protective effects against alcohol-induced liver damage in NCTC-1469 cells at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. Notably, compound 4 was found to exert its anti-alcoholic liver injury effect via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Identification of the associations between co-exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and thyroid dysfunction and exposure risk factors in residents of Shanghai, China

Toxicological studies indicate that organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) may cause thyroid dysfunction. However, population epidemiologic evidence is still limited and little is known about the effects of mixed exposures to OPFRs. This study included 436 community residents from Shanghai, China. We measured the levels of 9 OPFRs in 3 categories and 5 commonly used thyroid function indicators (TFIs) in serum samples from all participants. Multiple linear regression and restricted cubic spline model were used to examine the association between exposure to individual OPFRs and TFIs. Weighted quantile sum regression and Bayesian kernel-machine regression models were used to elucidate the joint impact of mixed OPFRs on thyroid function and the dose-response relationship. Machine learning combined with the SHapley Additive exPlanations algorithm identified important risk factors for exposure to OPFRs in the population. The results indicated that the residents were generally exposed to OPFRs. Exposure to either single or mixed OPFRs was significantly associated with TFI levels, particularly free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP), Tris-2-butoxy ethyl-phosphate (TBEP), and Tris-2-chloroethyl-phosphate (TCEP) were major contributors to the co-exposure effect. The dose-response relationship further revealed the trend in the impact of OPFRs on thyroid function. Education, occupation, age, body mass index, personal annual income, indoor time, and mollusk intake are noteworthy risk characteristics for population exposure to OPFRs. These findings suggest that OPFRs are environmental drivers of thyroid dysfunction in humans and provide clues for further risk management.

Syringin: Plant Source, Traditional Uses, Anti-Cancer, Brain Protection, and Related Pharmacological Properties

Traditional herbal medicines, containing syringin in different parts of the world, have been used to enhance memory, relieve pain, cough, clear fever, treat psoas tension, tonsillitis, sore throat, acute gastroenteritis, and anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and so on. In this article, the extraction, analytical method, pharmacological action, and research progress of syringin-containing plants were reviewed. Various extraction methods and detection methods of syringin were summarized, especially the ultrasonic-assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography, which were recommended for the extraction and determination of syringin. We spotlighted the anti-cancer, brain-protective, and anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects of syringin. An in-depth analysis of four plants contains syringin-Eleutherococcus senticosus, Codonopsis pilosula, Daphne tangutica Maxim, and Syringa reticulata subsp. amurensis. In addition, the safety and efficacy of these four plants and preparations containing syringin (Shugan Jieyu Capsule, compound Coginseng tablet, hyoscyamine ointment, and Qinfenghong Zhike capsule) were analyzed. Although syringin has been widely used in traditional medicine, its specific mechanism of action and clinical efficacy are still not completely understood, and further research is needed to explore and verify it. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis and potential research direction for the research and development of new drugs such as anti-cancer and brain protection.

The mechanism study of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim. inhibiting ferroptosis and alleviating MAFLD through p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathway based on lipidomics and transcriptomics

Background

As a resource with a variety of medicinal and edible values, Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim has been found to improve high-fat diet-induced metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to predict the main active metabolites in Z. bungeanum Maxim. Based on network analysis, and to explore and validate their potential mechanisms of action through lipidomics and transcriptomic techniques.

Materials and Methods

MAFLD mouse model and cell model were established to evaluate the effect of active components in Z. bungeanum Maxim. on MAFLD. Serum biochemical indexes, pathological staining observation, lipid group and transcriptome were used to verify the mechanism of action of active components in Z. bungeanum Maxim. on MAFLD.

Results

Quercetin can regulate the liver lipid metabolites of MAFLD mice through the Glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway, thereby improving liver lipid accumulation and liver injury. At the same time, quercetin can also improve MAFLD by reducing oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, and inhibit ferroptosis through the p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, thereby alleviating the progression of MAFLD.

Conclusion

Quercetin isolated from Z. bungeanum Maxim. has ameliorative effects on MAFLD, probably mainly by affecting lipid metabolic pathways and MAPK signaling pathways.

Future directions in the treatment of pelvic fractures with abdominal organ injury: the potential of combined endovascular embolization and external fixation techniques

Pelvic fractures with abdominal organ injuries are complex and life-threatening conditions that pose significant challenges in trauma care. Current management strategies, including external fixation and interventional radiology techniques such as embolization, have shown promise in stabilizing the pelvis and controlling hemorrhage. However, these approaches face challenges such as the lack of standardized protocols, variability in patient selection, and the need for robust multidisciplinary collaboration. Additionally, the combined use of these modalities may lead to improved outcomes, including reduced mortality and shorter hospital stays, but further research is needed to optimize their application. This review aims to comprehensively explore the potential synergies between endovascular embolization and external fixation in managing these complex injuries. It critically assesses the latest clinical evidence, identifies gaps in current practices, and proposes future directions to enhance treatment effectiveness and patient outcomes.

Systematically investigate the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of emodin in treatment of prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE

To systematically investigate the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of emodin in treatment of prostate cancer.

METHODS

Combine network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and experimental verification to explored the mechanism. Using the network pharmacology method, through the TCMSP, DisGeNET and Genecards database, the corresponding targets and related signaling pathways of emodin were screened, and emodin and core targets were studied by molecular docking and molecular dynamics uasing Cytoscape 3.7.2 and other software. The biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions of the key targets were determined by GO enrichment analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis identified signaling pathways associated with key targets. GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier database were used to determine the relationship between the expression of core genes in normal people and prostate cancer patients and the prognosis of patients. Cell proliferation inhibition experiment was carried out by MTT method. The mRNA and protein levels of CASP3, TNF, IL1B, TP53, PPARG, and MYC in PC-3 cells were evaluated by RT-PCR and WB method respectively.

RESULTS

There were 31 common targets which closely related to emodin in the treatment of prostate cancer. PPI network analysis showed that MYC, PPARG, TP53, TNF, CASP3, IL1B were the core targets. Go and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that pathways in cancer and IL-17 signaling pathway were the key pathways. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics results indicated that emodin had good binding to prostate cancer and 6 core proteins, and the binding force with TP53 protein was the strongest and most stable. The expression of CASP3 protein in normal people was stronger than that in patients with prostate cancer, and the expression of TP53 protein was closely related to the survival rate of patients with prostate cancer. Experimental verification result revealed that EM significantly increased mRNA expressions of CASP3, PPARG and decreased protein expressions of TNF, TP53, MYC at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.6 μmol/L. Emodin significantly increased protein expressions of CASP3, PPARG and decreased protein expressions of TNF, TP53, MYC, IL1B at concentrations ranging from 10 to 160 µmol/L.

CONCLUSION

Emodin and TP53 have the best binding and stable conformation among core genes. Emodin exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on PC-3 cells at concentration 0.4 ~ 1.6 μmol/L. It showed that anti-prostate cancer properties by regulating cancer and 1L-17 signaling pathway through up-regulating the expressions of CASP3, PPARG genes/proteins, down-regulating IL1B, TP53, TNF, MYC genes/proteins.

Hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants, their phytochemistry, and safety concerns: a systematic review

Medicinal plants and their derivatives represent a promising reservoir of remedies for various ailments. Especially secondary metabolites of these plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones, play crucial roles in hepatoprotection. Studies have identified several prominent phytoconstituents, such as silymarin, quercetin, luteolin, glycyrrhizin, curcumin, gallic acid, chebulic acid, catechin, aloin, emodin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, cudraflavone B, and karaviloside, as effective agents for addressing hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying their efficacy include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, and the ability to block oxidative stress, cytokine production, and stabilize liver cell membranes. The application of natural products derived from medicinal plants in treating liver injuries is rooted in their efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety profile, contributing to their popularity. Many studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, preclinical, and clinical investigations, have demonstrated that the extracts of medicinal plants mitigate chemical-induced liver damage using animal models. However, intensive research efforts regarding the safety, regulatory standard, and quality control issues for using medicinal plants as hepatoprotective agents remain the strong task of scholars. The primary focus of this systematic review is to analyze the current state of the literature regarding treating liver ailments using extracts from medicinal plants, examining their phytochemical composition, and addressing associated safety considerations.

Genome-wide chromatin accessibility and selective signals of meat rabbits reveal key Cis-regulatory elements and variants during postnatal development of skeletal muscles in rabbits

BACKGROUND

The development of skeletal muscles is intricately modulated by multiple genetic factors and significantly impacts the economic value of meat rabbits. However, our knowledge of epigenetics in rabbit skeletal muscles remains largely unknown.

RESULTS

In this study, we collected leg skeletal muscles of rabbits and performed assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with high throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) to detect open chromatin across three developmental stages: birth (D1), weaning (D35), and adulthood (D75). A total of 126,959 accessible chromatin regions (ACRs) were identified across samples, and a broad increase and decrease in chromatin accessibility were found from D1 to D35 and D35 to D75, respectively. Integrative analysis of chromatin accessibility and transcriptome data revealed ACRs that were nearly closed at D1 but highly accessible at D35 and D75 were significantly enriched in skeletal muscle development. Cis-regulation analysis further revealed that genes dominated by enhancers mainly play roles in the neuron development of rabbit skeletal muscles. Moreover, the detection of selection signals of meat rabbits and the footprinting analysis of transcription factor at open chromatin revealed that both base transversion (Chr13:12144967 A-> G) and the dynamics of chromatin accessibility at the PRDM1 binding site might regulate ZSWIM5 during the development of skeletal muscles in rabbits.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provided a category of potential cis-regulatory elements for understanding the development of skeletal muscles at the tissue level and might facilitate potential insights into growth regulation in rabbits.

Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by hepatic steatosis in conjunction with at least one cardiometabolic risk factor, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. As global rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome continue to rise, MASLD is becoming a major public health concern, with projections indicating a substantial increase in prevalence over the coming decades. The disease spectrum ranges from simple steatosis to metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms driving MASLD pathogenesis, including dysregulation of lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gut microbiota alterations. Recent advances in research have highlighted the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in disease progression, as well as novel therapeutic targets such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), fibroblast growth factors, and thyroid hormone receptor beta agonists. Given the multifaceted nature of MASLD, a multidisciplinary approach integrating early diagnosis, molecular insights, lifestyle interventions, and personalized therapies is critical. This review underscores the urgent need for continued research into innovative treatment strategies and precision medicine approaches to halt MASLD progression and improve patient outcomes.

Puerarin combined with Hericium erinaceus insoluble dietary fiber alleviates obesity induced by high-fat diet through regulating the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway influenced by gut microbiota

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of puerarin (Pue) and insoluble dietary fiber from Hericium erinaceus (HEIDF) on obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice, focusing on their effects on lipid and glucose metabolism, gut microbiota (GM), and serum metabolites. Glucose tolerance, tissue pathology, and serum biochemical levels were conducted to assess the effects of puerarin combined with Hericium Erinaceus insoluble dietary fiber (LH) on glucose and lipid metabolism. 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabonomics were employed to explore the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the LH group significantly reduced body weight and hepatic and adipose lipid accumulation, and improved glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia compared to the Pue or HEIDF groups alone. Moreover, the LH group exhibited enhanced regulation of GM, including increased microbial diversity, higher abundance of beneficial bacteria such as g__Lactobacillus and g__Bacillus, and a decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidota ratio. In addition, the LH group ameliorated HFD-induced serum metabolite changes and promoted the activation of tryptophan and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways. The combination of Pue and HEIDF exhibits a synergistic anti-obesity effect by modulating specific GM (g__Lactobacillus and g__Bacillus) and serum metabolites.IMPORTANCEThe combination of HEIDF and Pue holds significant importance in the context of obesity. This synergistic effect not only aids in weight management but may also enhance metabolic health through various mechanisms, including increased satiety and promotion of fat oxidation. Therefore, incorporating these two components into the daily diet could offer effective strategies for the prevention and intervention of obesity and its related diseases.

Tetrahydrocurcumin-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells involves the TP53 signaling pathway, as determined by network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant disease with high incidence and mortality worldwide. This study focuses on the TP53 target protein to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) on HCC and its mechanism of action. The research hypothesis is that THC can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells, and promote their apoptosis by regulating the TP53 target protein.

AIM

To explore the mechanism by which THC inhibits HCC cell proliferation via the TP53 signaling pathway.

METHODS

Potential targets of THC and HCC were identified from multiple databases. The core targets were subjected to analyses using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, and visualization processing, using the online platform Metascape to identify the key molecules and signaling pathways involved in the action of THC against HCC. The molecular mechanisms of action of THC against TP53 in the inhibition of HCC cells were verified using cell counting kit-8, Transwell, apoptosis, and western blotting assays.

RESULTS

Molecular docking results showed that THC had a high score for the TP53 target protein. In vitro experiments indicated that THC effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCC cells, and affected the expression levels of TP53, MDM2, cyclin B, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-9, and caspase-3.

CONCLUSION

THC induces the apoptosis of HCC cells through the TP53 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting their proliferation and migration.

Prognostic risk modeling of endometrial cancer using programmed cell death-related genes: a comprehensive machine learning approach

BACKGROUND

Endometrial cancer represents a significant health challenge, with rising incidence and complex prognostic challenges. This study aimed to develop a robust predictive model integrating programmed cell death-related genes and advanced machine learning techniques.

METHODS

Utilizing transcriptomic data from TCGA-UCEC and GSE119041 datasets, we employed a comprehensive approach involving 117 machine learning algorithms. Key methodologies included differential gene expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, functional enrichment studies, immune landscape evaluation, and multi-dimensional risk stratification.

RESULTS

We identified 10 critical genes (PTGIS, TIMP3, SRPX, SNCA, HIC1, BAK1, STXBP2, TRIB3, RTKN2, E2F1) and constructed a prognostic model with superior predictive performance. The StepCox[forward] + plsRcox algorithm combination demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy (AUC > 0.8). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significant survival differences between high- and low-risk groups in both training (HR = 3.37, p < 0.001) and validation cohorts (HR = 2.05, p = 0.021). The model showed strong correlations with clinical characteristics, immune cell infiltration patterns, and potential therapeutic responses.

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents a novel, comprehensive approach to endometrial cancer prognosis, integrating machine learning and molecular insights to provide a more precise risk stratification tool with potential clinical translation.

A Comprehensive Review of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Its Mechanistic Development Focusing on Methylglyoxal and Counterbalancing Treatment Strategies

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in the liver which dysregulates the organ's function. The key contributor to MASLD development is insulin resistance (IR) which affects many organs (including adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and the liver), whereas the molecular background is associated with oxidative, nitrosative, and carbonyl stress. Among molecules responsible for carbonyl stress effects, methylglyoxal (MGO) seems to play a major pathological function. MGO-a by-product of glycolysis, fructolysis, and lipolysis (from glycerol and fatty acids-derived ketone bodies)-is implicated in hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Its causative effect in the stimulation of prooxidative and proinflammatory pathways has been well documented. Since metabolic dysregulation leading to these pathologies promotes MASLD, the role of MGO in MASLD is addressed in this review. Potential MGO participation in the mechanism of MASLD development is discussed in regard to its role in different signaling routes leading to pathological events accelerating the disorder. Moreover, treatment strategies including approved and potential therapies in MASLD are overviewed and discussed in this review. Among them, medications aimed at attenuating MGO-induced pathological processes are addressed.

A Network Pharmacology Study and In Vitro Evaluation of the Bioactive Compounds of Kadsura coccinea Leaf Extract for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Kadsura coccinea is a traditional Chinese medicine whose roots have long been used to treat various ailments, but little is known about the efficacy of its leaves. In this study, the antidiabetic activity of K. coccinea leaf extract (KCLE) was determined, the main components of KCLE were identified using UPLC-TOF-MS, and network pharmacology and molecular docking were integrated to elucidate the antidiabetic mechanism of KCLE. The results showed that KCLE effectively increased the glucose consumption of IR-HepG2 cells through pyruvate kinase (PK) and hexokinase (HK), promoted glycogen synthesis, and inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. KCLE also improves diabetes by regulating AKT1, TNF, EGFR, and GSK3β. These targets (especially AKT1 and TNF) have a high binding affinity with the main active ingredients of KCLE (rutin, luteolin, demethylwedelolactone, maritimetin, and polydatin). Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the antidiabetic effect of KCLE was closely related to the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway. These findings provide a theoretical basis for promoting the pharmacodynamic development of K. coccinea and its application in treating diabetes.

Mechanism of PI3K/Akt‑mediated mitochondrial pathway in obesity‑induced apoptosis (Review)

Obesity is a pervasive global health challenge that substantially reduces the quality of life of millions of individuals and impedes social and economic advancement. Obesity is an independent risk factor that contributes to a range of chronic non-communicable metabolic diseases, significantly affecting energy metabolism, mental health, cancer susceptibility, sleep quality, and other physiological processes. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, a significant glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism regulator, is integral to cellular growth, survival, and apoptosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of programmed cell death that is critical for immune cell maturation and tissue repair. The present review examines the association between obesity, the PI3K/AKT pathway, and mitochondrial apoptosis to elucidate the potential mechanisms by which obesity may activate apoptotic pathways. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for mitigating obesity-related complications by targeting these critical pathways.

Characterization of microRNA-223-3p as a novel promoter of cell proliferation and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common thyroid cancer, has been linked to various molecular alterations. This study focuses on microRNA-223-3p, whose upregulated expression in PTC tissues appears to enhance tumor growth and cellular dysfunctions. Our findings demonstrate that microRNA-223-3p significantly promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is identified as a direct target, suggesting that microRNA-223-3p could be crucial in PTC pathogenesis and may offer a target for therapeutic intervention.

Heterocyclic pseudoguaianolide oligomers and seco-pseudoguaianolide derivatives from the inflorescence of Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Two heterocyclic sesquiterpenoid oligomers (1, 2) and four previously undescribed seco-pseudoguaianolide derivatives (3-6) were isolated from the inflorescence of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Ambrosiadimer A (1) is an unprecedented dimer featuring a hexahydropyrrolizine core scaffold and two pseudoguaianolide units. Ambrosiatrimer A (2) is a trimer formed from three pseudoguaianolide units via a pyrrolidine ring. The structures and absolute configurations of these compounds were determined through NMR, MS, and Cu Kα X-ray crystallographic analysis. A plausible cycloaddition reaction was proposed for 1 and 2. Moreover, compounds 2 and 7 exhibited moderate cytotoxicities in human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 7.22 to 27.45 μM and 9.32-33.45 μM, respectively.

A guide to pathophysiology, signaling pathways, and preclinical models of liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is potentially a reversible form of liver disease that evolved from the early stage of liver scarring as a consequence of chronic liver injuries. Recurrent injuries in the liver without any appropriate medication cause the injuries to get intense and deeper, which gradually leads to the progression of irreversible cirrhosis or carcinoma. Unfortunately, there are no approved treatment strategies for reversing hepatic fibrosis, making it one of the significant risk factors for developing advanced liver disorders and liver disease-associated mortality. Consequently, the interpretation of the fundamental mechanisms, etiology, and pathogenesis is crucial for identifying the potential therapeutic target as well as evaluating novel anti-fibrotic therapy. However, despite innumerable research, the functional mechanism and disease characteristics are still obscure. To accelerate the understanding of underlying disease pathophysiology, molecular pathways and disease progression mechanism, it is crucial to mimic human liver disease through the formation of precise disease models. Although various in vitro and in vivo liver fibrotic models have emerged and developed already, a perfect clinical model replicating human liver diseases is yet to be established, which is one of the major challenges in discovering proper therapeutics. This review paper will shed light on pathophysiology, signaling pathways, preclinical models of liver fibrosis, and their limitations.

Clinical Assessment of Common Medications for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

With a steadily rising prevalence, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was a leading global cause of liver-related health problems. In the clinical management of NAFLD, various western pharmaceuticals were widely utilized. This network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of common western medications for NAFLD patients.

METHODS

We systematically reviewed and screened articles based on predesigned criterion about western medications for NAFLD, which were from Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CNKI, WanFang, and China Science and Technology Journal Database until August 1, 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials of patients aged 18 or older with NAFLD, comparing Western medicines to placebos or other Western medicine treatments. The risk of bias assessment tool 2.0 from the Cochrane system was used to assess the quality of the included articles. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted using WinBUGS 1.4.3 with a random-effects model and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. Treatment rankings were based on Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) values, and heterogeneity was assessed with I2 and Q statistics. The outcomes were analyzed in WinBUGS and visualized using Stata 14.0, generating network plots and cumulative probability rankings to compare treatment effects. The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024509176).

RESULTS

Based on 37 included articles involving 7673 patients, pioglitazone demonstrated the most significant effects in resolving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis without worsening fibrosis, increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and achieving a ≥ 2-point reduction in NAFLD activity scores (odds ratio [OR] = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 0.81), with a SUCRA probability of 91.4%. Aldafermin showed remarkable effects in improving liver function markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, with cumulative probabilities of 90% for ALT and 69.8% for AST. Cluster analysis revealed that Resmetirom and Aldafermin were superior options for enhancing liver function, while pioglitazone emerged as the best treatment for the comprehensive improvement of NAFLD.

CONCLUSIONS

Pioglitazone outperformed other western medicines in terms of overall efficacy when treating NAFLD, but Aldafermin and Resmetirom showed superior improvement in liver function. This study provided a certain level of support for the use of specific clinical medications.

Costunolide normalizes neuroinflammation and improves neurogenesis deficits in a mouse model of depression through inhibiting microglial Akt/mTOR/NF-κB pathway

Neuroinflammation is crucial for the pathogenesis of major depression. Preclinical studies have shown the potential of anti-inflammatory agents, specifically costunolide (COS), correlate with antidepressant effects. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of COS. Chronic restraint stress (CRS) was induced in male mice. The mice were treated with either intra-DG injection of COS (5 μM, 1 μL per side) or COS (20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 1 week. We showed that administration of COS through the both routes significantly ameliorated the depressive-like behavior in CRS-exposed mice. Furthermore, administration of COS significantly improved chronic stress-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis deficits in the mice through attenuating microglia-derived neuroinflammation. We demonstrated that COS (5 μM) exerted anti-neuroinflammatory effects in LPS-treated BV2 cells via inhibiting microglial Akt/mTOR/NF-κB pathway; inactivation of mTOR/NF-κB/IL-1β pathway was required for the pro-neurogenic action of COS in CRS-exposed mice. Our results reveal the antidepressant mechanism of COS that is normalizing neuroinflammation to improve neurogenesis deficits, supporting anti-inflammatory agents as a potential therapeutic strategy for depression.

Mechanistic link between long noncoding RNA and stability of oncogene reveals stemness and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma

This letter comments on the recently published manuscript by Yu et al, in which the authors revealed a novel mechanism by which the m6A-modified long noncoding RNA kinesin family member 9-antisense RNA 1 promotes stemness and sorafenib resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1-mediated deubiquitination of oncogene short stature homeobox 2. Given the high mortality rate and poor prognosis of HCC, the findings by Yu et al open a new avenue for overcoming HCC burden by focusing on kinesin family member 9-antisense RNA 1 and short stature homeobox 2 as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.

Comparison of Major Compounds in Essential Oils Steam Distilled from Fresh Plant Material of South African Hop Varieties

Apart from the importance of bittering acids in the brewing sector, hops also produce terpene-rich essential oils, recognised for their therapeutic benefits. Agri-processing practices of this crop in South Africa produce tonnes of discarded (waste) plant material that could still contain sufficient bioactive compounds to justify upcycling. This research aimed to determine the chemical composition of steam distilled essential oils from fresh hop plant material destined for disposal. Essential oils from eight hop varieties unique to South Africa were produced on industrial scale using steam distillation. Chemical profiling was performed using GC-FID and MS. A total of 208 compounds were identified and oil consisted largely of terpenes (89.04 ± 1.89%) as well as aliphatic esters and -ketones (6.1 ± 1.15%). Myrcene (27.8-48.15%) was the most abundant monoterpene and α-humulene (19.52-24.98%), β-caryophyllene (8.47-13.73%) and β-farnesene (2.08-7.57%) constituted the majority of the sesquiterpenes fraction. Experimental variety XJA2/436 had the highest myrcene fraction (48.15%) and its chemical composition was markedly different from the other varieties. The major compounds in African Queen hop oil were methyl (4Z) decanoate (0.74%), 2-tridecanone (0.77%) and β-farnesene (7.57%). Southern Dawn hop oil contained the highest fractions of 2-undecanone (1.21%) and α-humulene (24.89%) and Southern Passion hop oil contained the highest β-caryophyllene fraction (13.73%). These findings established that fresh hop vegetative biomass shows promise to be transformed into a valuable resource.

Genotyping-by-sequencing derived SNP markers reveal genetic diversity and population structure of Dactylis glomerata germplasm

Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), a widely cultivated cool-season perennial, is an important forage crop due to its adaptability, high nutritional value, and substantial biomass. Understanding its genetic diversity and population structure is crucial for developing resilient cultivars that can withstand climate change, diseases, and resource limitations. Despite its global significance in fodder production, the genetic potential of many regional accessions remains unexplored, limiting breeding efforts. This study investigates the genetic diversity (GD) and population structure of 91 accessions of D. glomerata from Turkey and Iran using genotyping-by-sequencing based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 2913 high-quality SNP markers revealed substantial genetic variability across provinces. Notably, accessions from Erzurum exhibited the highest GD (mean GD: 0.26; He: 0.5328), while provinces such as Bursa and Muğla demonstrated lower GD (mean GD: 0.15; He < 0.22), suggesting potential genetic bottlenecks. Population structure analysis using Bayesian clustering, PCoA and UPGMA dendrograms divided the accessions into three distinct clusters, with cluster membership largely reflecting geographical origins, and dry biomass content. Cluster II revealed higher GD, associated with enhanced biomass production (128 g/plant), the most important agronomic trait in forage species, supporting the notion of heterosis in breeding programs. The majority of the genetic variation (85.8%) was observed within clusters, with minimal differentiation among clusters (FST = 0.007). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant marker-trait associations for dry biomass weight, a critical agronomic trait, with markers DArT-100715788, DArT-101043591, and DArT-101171265 and DArT-101090822 located on Chromosomes 1, 6, and 7 respectively. These findings highlight the importance of regional diversity for maintaining adaptive potential in future breeding programs.

Systemic investigation of the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of Astragalus membranaceus in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Whether Astragalus membranaceus is an effective drug in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) is unknown and how it exhibits activity in UC is unclear.

METHODS

TCMSP, GeneCards, String, and DAVID databases were used to screen target genes in PPI network and we performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking and animal experiments were performed. The body weight and disease activity index (DAI) of mice were recorded. ELISA kits were used to detect the levels of CAT, SOD, MDA and IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α in the blood of mice. Western blot kits were utilized to measure the expression of MAPK14, RB1, MAPK1, JUN, ATK1, and IL2 proteins.

RESULTS

The active components of Astragalus membranaceus mainly include 7-O-methylisomucronulatol, quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin and isrhamnetin. Astragalus membranaceus may inhibit the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, while promoting the expression of CAT, SOD, and IL-10. The expression levels of MAPK14, RB1, MAPK1, JUN and ATK1 proteins were significantly decreased while IL2 protein increased after administration of Astragalus membranaceus.

CONCLUSIONS

Astragalus membranaceus may be an effective drug in the treatment of UC by acting on targets with anti-UC effect via its antioxidant action and by regulating the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.

Combining Thyroglobulin Levels in Lymph Node Wash-out Fluid with TI-RADS to Predict Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Objective

This study was aimed at investigating if the lymph node aspirated wash-out liquid thyroglobulin level and thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) nodule score can be the predictive factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods

The study included 251 patients with surgically confirmed PTC. All the patients underwent preoperative thyroid and cervical ultrasound examination using ACR TI-RADS classification, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for BRAF V600E gene detection, and thyroglobulin (Tg) detection in lymph node aspiration fluid. The results of these examinations and tests were statistically analyzed. A binary logistic regression model was used to determine the predictive impact of Tg levels, gene mutation status, and TI-RADS nodule score on lymph node metastasis.

Results

Among the enrolled patients, 219/251 (87.25%), had BRAF V600E gene mutations and 132/251 (52.59%) had cervical lymph node metastasis. The Tg level in the lymph node aspiration fluid of patients with metastasis was significantly higher than in those without metastasis (324.94 ± 192.52 ng/mL vs 67.93 ± 136.62 ng/mL, P = 0.000), but there was no significant difference in serum Tg levels between the two groups (27.08 ± 71.60 ng/mL vs 20.73 ± 55.21 ng/mL, P = 0.276). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for lymph node aspiration fluid Tg was 0.858. Thyroglobulin level has a significant positive effect on lymph node metastasis, with a regression coefficient of 0.003 and P = 0.000 < 0.001. BARF V600E mutation status and TI-RADS nodule score do not have a significant effect on lymph node metastasis, with P-values greater than 0.05.

Conclusion

Thyroglobulin levels of lymph node aspiration fluid has a good predictive value for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in PTC patients with larger nodules.

Therapeutics of bitter plants from Northeast region of India and their pharmacological and phytochemical perspectives

Natural resources have been used for food and medicine since the beginning of human civilization, and they have always been a low-cost, easily accessible source for individuals. Northeast region of India (NER) represents a significant portion of India's flora and fauna. Marginality, fragility, inaccessibility, ethnicity, and cultural diversity thrived in the region, resulting in the richest reservoir of genetic variation of bioresources. Several bitter plants are used by the locals as both food and medicine to treat a variety of diseases. These medicinal plants are an excellent source of chemically diverse biologically active phytometabolites. There have been few efforts to raise awareness about health benefits of bitter plant resources abound in this region that may provides opportunities for their sustainable utilization. Understanding the structural features of plant derived bitterants in relationship with specific bitter receptor will provide research prospects to identify biomolecules with health benefits. In this context the present review is intended to deliver phyto-pharmacological aspects of bitter plant resources of NER together with detailed understanding of possible association between plant derived phytometabolites as bitter agonists with extraoral bitter receptors.

Integrated multiomics approach and pathological analyses provide new insights into hepatic injury and metabolic alterations in Saanen goats after dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1

Exploring the toxicity and metabolic mechanisms of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in ruminants can help to develop strategies to prevent or reduce the transfer of the toxin and its metabolites to milk and meat. This study aimed to explore the effects of 3 concentrations of dietary AFB1 (0, 50, and 500 μg/kg) on hepatic injury and metabolism in Saanen goats via histological examination, western blot analysis, as well as integrated multiomics techniques. Eighteen Saanen goats were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments and the AFB1 challenge lasted for 14 d. Results showed that the liver tissue was enlarged and the relative organ index of the liver was linearly increased with elevated AFB1 levels. The hepatocyte apoptosis rate was significantly increased after AFB1 exposure, and the western blotting results revealed that both the external apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway might be involved in AFB1-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. We identified 251, 269, and 154 significant differentially expressed genes (DEG) and 340, 596, and 127 significant differential metabolites in comparisons between the control (CON; 0 μg/kg) and low-dose (LO; 50 μg/kg) groups, the CON and high-dose (HI; 500 μg/kg) groups, and the LO and HI groups, respectively. The DEG annotated were mainly involved in the cell part, cell, single-organism process, cellular process, binding, and other functional categories. The identified metabolites primarily belonged to glycerophospholipids, prenol lipids, carboxylic acids, and derivatives. Integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that glycerophospholipids metabolism and choline metabolism in cancer were the most affected pathways related to AFB1 exposure. The identified differential metabolites, DEG, and pathways might have played a crucial role in the hepatic injury induced by AFB1 in goats.

Metformin Treatment With or Without Mediterranean Diet for the Prevention of Age-Related Diseases in People With Metabolic Syndrome: The MeMeMe Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVE

The Metformin and Dietary Restriction to Prevent Age-Related Morbid Events in People With Metabolic Syndrome (MeMeMe) trial tested whether 1,700 mg/day metformin (MET) with or without a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) intervention could reduce the cumulative incidence of major noncommunicable diseases in people with metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 1,442 participants were randomly assigned to one of four interventions: 1) MET (1,700 mg/day) plus MedDiet intervention (MET+MedDiet); 2) placebo plus MedDiet intervention; 3) MET (1,700 mg/day) alone; and 4) placebo alone. Participants were followed up for 3 years on average. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of major noncommunicable diseases (including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer). Secondary outcomes were the incidence of type 2 diabetes and the changing prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS

The crude incidence of the major noncommunicable diseases was 6.7 cases per 100 person-years in the MET+MedDiet group, 6.9 in the MET alone group, 13.3 in the placebo plus MedDiet group, and 11.3 in the placebo group. The differences were fully explained by the reduction of type 2 diabetes, which was 80% and 92% lower in the MET and MET+MedDiet groups, respectively, compared with placebo.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of 1,700 mg/day MET is effective to prevent diabetes in people selected on the basis of metabolic syndrome.

Action of Carduus marianus 6cH on Hepatopathy and Gallstone in Ambystoma mexicanum (Axolotl): Case Report

BACKGROUND

 Carduus marianus is a Mediterranean plant used for treating liver diseases. One of its properties is that it inhibits fat peroxidation, which can contribute toward the prevention of metabolites that are harmful to the liver.

OBJECTIVE

 The aim of this study was to describe the treatment of fatty liver disease in an axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum).

METHODS

 An approximately 6-year-old female specimen of A. mexicanum, of length 21 cm and weight 153 g, presented edema in the rostral region and inappetence. Ultrasound showed hepatopathy and a gallbladder stone. A globule of C. marianus 6cH was diluted in 30 mL distilled water and administered in spray form over the animal twice a day.

RESULTS

 Twenty days after the beginning of the treatment, improvement of the facial edema and return of appetite were observed. Ultrasound showed improvement in the appearance of the liver and reduction in the size of the gallstone. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy score was +9 in this case, thus suggesting a causal relationship between the use of homeopathic medicine and the clinical outcome.

CONCLUSION

 C. marianus 6cH appeared to be effective in treating fatty liver disease and gallstone in this specimen of A. mexicanum.

Ge-Zhi-Jie-Jiu decoction alleviates alcoholic liver disease through multiple signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a growing public health concern caused by excessive alcohol consumption, but effective treatments are limited. Ge-Zhi-Jie-Jiu decoction (JJY) is a modified traditional Chinese herbal remedy that aims to alleviate ALD. This formula contains various components such as Ge Hua, Ge Gen, Zhi Ju Zi, and other medicinal-food herbs. However, the specific pharmacotherapeutic compounds of JJY and its pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism and pharmacodynamic basis of JJY in treating ALD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, HPLC fingerprinting, and LC-MS techniques were used for the composition identification and quality control of JJY. The pharmacological components and molecular mechanisms of JJY in anti-ALD were then predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. Ultimately, an acute alcoholic liver injury mouse model was developed, and the potential mechanisms were verified by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Oil Red O, and TUNEL staining, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB) and molecular docking analysis.

RESULTS

The results showed that the main components of JJY are organic acids, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids, in which puerarin, daidzein, glycitein, ononin, quercetin, and tectorigenin can be used as the indicator components of JJY. In addition, JJY might ameliorate ALD through several pathways, including potentially promoting alcohol metabolism via alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, and possibly inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis via the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, JJY may also alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation through the PPARα signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

JJY has significant anti-ALD efficacy with multiple mechanisms. This study offers a solid experimental foundation for JJY's development as a medicine with anti-ALD characteristics and elucidates its probable active components.

ZNF169 promotes thyroid cancer progression via upregulating FBXW10

BACKGROUND

Zinc finger protein 169 (ZNF169) plays a key role in cancer development. However, the specific role of ZNF169 in the tumorigenesis of thyroid carcinoma (THCA) remains poorly understood.

METHODS

The expression of ZNF169 was measured using immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and western blot. Cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 assay and cell colony formation assays, while cell migration was determined by Transwell assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. The interaction of ZNF169 and its downstream gene was studied using luciferase assay and CHIP-PCR. Recovery assay in cells and animals were also performed to demonstrate the mechanism.

RESULTS

ZNF169 was highly expressed in THCA tissues and cells lines compared with matched adjacent non-cancerous thyroid tissues or normal thyroid epithelial cell. Moreover, thyroid cancer cell proliferation and migration were suppressed following ZNF169 knockdown, while were potentiated by ZNF169 overexpression. ZNF169 also regulate THCA cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Mechanically, ZNF169 enhanced the transcription activity and expression of F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 10 (FBXW10) via the binding to its promoter. There was a positive correlation between ZNF169 and FBXW10 in THCA patients. In addition, knockdown of FBXW10 suppressed the proliferation of THCA cells. Recovery assays in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that FBXW10 knockdown reversed the effects of ZNF169 overexpression on THCA cell proliferation and tumor growth.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, ZNF169 promotes THCA progression via upregulation of FBXW10, which may provide a novel theoretical basis for the development of clinical therapies for THCA.

Global burden of burns among children and adolescents: a trend analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019

Precise

This study investigates global trends in burns among children and adolescents using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Analyzing incidence and YLD rates across 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 reveals a general decline in burn-related injuries, with age and sex influencing trends. Notably, in high-SDI regions, incidence rates initially increased before reversing. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health policies and resource allocation to reduce burn-related risks in vulnerable populations.

Background

Given the lack of long-term trend studies on global burns among children and adolescents, this study examined trends in the global burden of burns among children and adolescents.

Methods

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 provided the statistical data. Sex, age, region, and SDI were used as stratification variables in the study to evaluate the prevalence of burns injuries among kids and teenagers across 204 nations and territories between 1990 and 2019. YLD rates per 100,000 people and incidence rates together with their respective average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were computed to evaluate burden trends. Furthermore, AAPC in YLD rates and incidence rates spanning various age cohorts were analyzed using the Joinpoint software.

Results

The worldwide burns incidence and YLD rates of burns among kids and teenagers exhibited a general declining trend between 1990 and 2019. Concerning the general trend in new cases, incidence rates, and YLD rates, age was positively associated. In 2019, the incidence rate for females surpassed that of males, while YLD rates for females were consistently higher than those of males. New Zealand, Czechia, and Australia rank as the top three among the 204 countries studied. Interestingly, in the high SDI range, the expected values based on incidence rates reversed after first rising with the SDI.

Conclusion

Overall, the incidence and YLD rates of burns among children and adolescents have declined globally, though significant disparities exist across age groups, sexes, regions, and countries. These findings could help guide the development of more targeted strategies to reduce the burn burden in this population.

Potential mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a known inducer of various gastrointestinal diseases, including gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer. However, in recent years, research on the potential association between H. pylori infection and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) has been scarce. This large-scale multicenter study, covering more than 360 hospitals across 26 medical systems in the United States, systematically evaluated the association between H. pylori infection and MASH. This paper reviews the innovative aspects of this study, discusses its significance in the current research field of H. pylori and liver diseases, analyzes potential molecular mechanisms, and suggests future research directions and therapeutic prospects.

BRAF regulates circPSD3/miR-526b/RAP2A axis to hinder papillary thyroid carcinoma progression

BACKGROUND

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common malignant tumor. BRAFV600E mutation has become a common molecular event in PTC pathogenesis. Circular RNA PSD3 (circPSD3) is known to be highly expressed in PTC. However, the bio-functional role of circPSD3 and its possible relationship with the BRAF in PTC is not clear. This study aims to probe the biofunction and molecular mechanism of circPSD3 in PTC pathogenesis.

METHODS

RT-qPCR was utilized to measure the expression of circPSD3 and BRAF in PTC tissues and cells. The CCK-8 and EdU assays were employed to assess cell viability and proliferation. Cell apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry. The migratory and invasive capabilities of the cells were evaluated via wound healing and transwell assays. The interaction between RNAs was investigated using luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, xenograft tumor experiments were conducted to validate our findings in vivo.

RESULTS

Data showed that circPSD3 was highly expressed in PTC patients and cell lines. CircPSD3 was found to promote cell growth and migration and inhibit apoptosis in PTC cells. Results also revealed that circPSD3 upregulated RAP2A expression by specifically sponging miR-526b. Interestingly, inhibiting miR-526b reversed the tumorigenic properties of circPSD3 in PTC. Additionally, BRAF expression was low in PTC patients, and overexpression of BRAF hampered PTC development by downregulating circPSD3 and RAP2A while upregulating miR-526b expressions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals that circPSD3 is a key regulator promoting PTC progression via the circPSD3/miR-526b/RAP2A pathway. Furthermore, we found that overexpressing BRAF, which inhibits circPSD3, significantly hampers the progression of PTC.

Impact of diabetes on long-term survival in elderly liver cancer patients: A retrospective study

Background and aim

Liver cancer is a prevalent and life-threatening condition, particularly among elderly individuals. The association between diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, and the onset and advancement of liver cancer has been widely acknowledged. However, the effect of diabetes on the survival of older patients with liver cancer has been a topic of debate. In light of this, we undertook a retrospective study to assess the impact of diabetes on the overall survival (OS) of elderly individuals diagnosed with liver cancer.

Methods

In this retrospective analysis, we examined clinical data from liver cancer patients aged 80 years or older who underwent diagnosis and treatment at a solitary medical center from January 2010 to December 2019. Comprehensive records encompassing baseline information, treatment protocols, diabetes history, and mortality during follow-up were meticulously documented. Employing the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model, we sought to assess the influence of diabetes on both the OS and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in elderly individuals diagnosed with liver cancer.

Results

This study comprised 244 elderly liver cancer patients, with 68 individuals reporting a history of diabetes. In the unadjusted Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the diabetes group exhibited a lower OS compared to the non-diabetes group. Utilizing a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, diabetes emerged as a prognostic factor influencing OS (hazard ratio, HR = 1.782 [1.163-2.743], P = 0.043). Regarding RFS, unadjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a diminished RFS in the diabetes group compared to the non-diabetes group. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, diabetes remained a significant prognostic factor impacting RFS (HR = 1.742 [1.083-1.546], P = 0.041).

Conclusion

Our study indicates a significant impact of diabetes on both OS and RFS among elderly liver cancer patients. These insights may contribute to more precise guidance and recommendations for the treatment of this specific demographic, offering valuable information for healthcare practitioners working with elderly individuals diagnosed with liver cancer.

The Triad of Risk: Linking MASLD, Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes; From Pathophysiology to Treatment

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an emerging global health concern, and it is not only the keystone precursor of eventual liver-related morbidity, but it also places patients at considerably higher cardiovascular risk, which is still a leading cause of death in these patients. The most important common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in these diseases are primarily related to insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The presence of MASLD with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) elevates the risk for poor outcomes, thus this review highlights a method to the therapeutic approaches. Given the intertwined nature of MASLD, T2DM, and CVD, there is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies that address all three conditions. Although lifestyle changes are important as treatment, medication plays a crucial role in managing hyperglycemia, enhancing liver function and lowering cardiovascular risk. The onset and progression of MASLD should be addressed through a multifaceted therapeutic approach, targeting inflammatory, immune, metabolic, oxidative stress, hormonal and gutaxis pathways, alongside the treatment strategies for T2DM. In this review, we discuss the effects of antidiabetic drugs with an impact on both liver outcomes and cardiovascular risk in patients affected by MASLD, T2DM and CDV.