451
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Zhao S, Li F, Leak RK, Chen J, Hu X. Regulation of Neuroinflammation through Programed Death-1/Programed Death Ligand Signaling in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:271. [PMID: 25232304 PMCID: PMC4153295 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS), which involve both resident glial cells and infiltrating peripheral immune cells, play critical roles in the progress of brain injuries and neurodegeneration. To avoid inflammatory damage to the compromised brain, the immune cell activities in the CNS are controlled by a plethora of chemical mediators and signal transduction cascades, such as inhibitory signaling through programed death-1 (PD-1) and programed death ligand (PD-L) interactions. An increasing number of recent studies have highlighted the importance of PD-1/PD-L pathway in immune regulation in CNS disorders such as ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of the impact of PD-1/PD-L signaling on brain injury and neurodegeneration. An improved understanding of the function of PD-1/PD-L in the cross-talk between peripheral immune cells, CNS glial cells, and non-immune CNS cells is expected to shed further light on immunomodulation and help develop effective and safe immunotherapies for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Fengwu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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452
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Maarouf CL, Kokjohn TA, Walker DG, Whiteside CM, Kalback WM, Whetzel A, Sue LI, Serrano G, Jacobson SA, Sabbagh MN, Reiman EM, Beach TG, Roher AE. Biochemical assessment of precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus in the context of brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105784. [PMID: 25166759 PMCID: PMC4148328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the biochemical alterations that occur in the brain during “normal” aging is an important part of understanding the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and of distinguishing pathological conditions from aging-associated changes. Three groups were selected based on age and on having no evidence of neurological or significant neurodegenerative disease: 1) young adult individuals, average age 26 years (n = 9); 2) middle-aged subjects, average age 59 years (n = 5); 3) oldest-old individuals, average age 93 years (n = 6). Using ELISA and Western blotting methods, we quantified and compared the levels of several key molecules associated with neurodegenerative disease in the precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus, two brain regions known to exhibit early imaging alterations during the course of Alzheimer’s disease. Our experiments revealed that the bioindicators of emerging brain pathology remained steady or decreased with advancing age. One exception was S100B, which significantly increased with age. Along the process of aging, neurofibrillary tangle deposition increased, even in the absence of amyloid deposition, suggesting the presence of amyloid plaques is not obligatory for their development and that limited tangle density is a part of normal aging. Our study complements a previous assessment of neuropathology in oldest-old subjects, and within the limitations of the small number of individuals involved in the present investigation, it adds valuable information to the molecular and structural heterogeneity observed along the course of aging and dementia. This work underscores the need to examine through direct observation how the processes of amyloid deposition unfold or change prior to the earliest phases of dementia emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chera L. Maarouf
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tyler A. Kokjohn
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Charisse M. Whiteside
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Walter M. Kalback
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alexis Whetzel
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sandra A. Jacobson
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alex E. Roher
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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453
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Black SAG, Stys PK, Zamponi GW, Tsutsui S. Cellular prion protein and NMDA receptor modulation: protecting against excitotoxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:45. [PMID: 25364752 PMCID: PMC4207032 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the β-sheet-rich, aggregated scrapie conformation (PrPSc) causes a variety of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), the physiological roles of PrPC are still incompletely understood. There is accumulating evidence describing the roles of PrPC in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Recently, we identified a functional regulation of NMDA receptors by PrPC that involves formation of a physical protein complex between these proteins. Excessive NMDA receptor activity during conditions such as ischemia mediates enhanced Ca2+ entry into cells and contributes to excitotoxic neuronal death. In addition, NMDA receptors and/or PrPC play critical roles in neuroinflammation and glial cell toxicity. Inhibition of NMDA receptor activity protects against PrPSc-induced neuronal death. Moreover, in mice lacking PrPC, infarct size is increased after focal cerebral ischemia, and absence of PrPC increases susceptibility of neurons to NMDA receptor-dependent death. Recently, PrPC was found to be a receptor for oligomeric beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, suggesting a role for PrPC in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent findings suggest that Aβ peptides enhance NMDA receptor current by perturbing the normal copper- and PrPC-dependent regulation of these receptors. Here, we review evidence highlighting a role for PrPC in preventing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and inflammation. There is a need for more detailed molecular characterization of PrPC-mediated regulation of NMDA receptors, such as determining which NMDA receptor subunits mediate pathogenic effects upon loss of PrPC-mediated regulation and identifying PrPC binding site(s) on the receptor. This knowledge will allow development of novel therapeutic interventions for not only TSEs, but also for AD and other neurodegenerative disorders involving dysfunction of PrPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A G Black
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shigeki Tsutsui
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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454
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Chen NF, Huang SY, Chen WF, Chen CH, Lu CH, Chen CL, Yang SN, Wang HM, Wen ZH. TGF-β1 attenuates spinal neuroinflammation and the excitatory amino acid system in rats with neuropathic pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 14:1671-85. [PMID: 24290447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have reported that the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) prevents and reverses neuropathic pain. However, only limited information is available regarding the possible role and effects of spinal TGF-β1 in neuropathic pain. We aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of exogenous TGF-β1 on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. We demonstrated that sciatic nerve injury caused a downregulation of endogenous TGF-β1 levels on the ipsilateral side of the lumbar spinal dorsal gray matter, and that the i.t. administration of TGF-β1 (.01-10 ng) significantly attenuated CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats. TGF-β1 significantly inhibited CCI-induced spinal neuroinflammation, microglial and astrocytic activation, and upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, i.t. TGF-β1 significantly attenuated the CCI-induced downregulation of glutamate transporter 1, the glutamate aspartate transporter, and the excitatory amino acid carrier 1 on the ipsilateral side. Furthermore, i.t. TGF-β1 significantly decreased the concentrations of 2 excitatory amino acids, aspartate and glutamate, in the spinal dialysates in CCI rats. In summary, we conclude that the mechanisms of the antinociceptive effects of i.t. TGF-β1 in neuropathy may include attenuation of spinal neuroinflammation, attenuation, or upregulation of glutamate transporter downregulation, and a decrease of spinal extracellular excitatory amino acids. PERSPECTIVE Clinically, medical treatment is usually initiated after the onset of intractable pain. Therefore, in the present study, i.t. TGF-β1 was designed to be administered 2 weeks after the establishment of CCI pain. Compared to the continuous TGF-β1 infusion mode, single-dose administration seems more convenient and practical to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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455
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LEE YOUNGJU, KIM JIEUN, KWAK MOONHWA, GO JUN, YANG SEUNGYUN, KWON HYEOGSOONG, KIM BYOUNGCHUL, KIM JOOMAN, HWANG DAEYOUN. Selenium treatment significantly inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced cell death and tau hyperphosphorylation in neuroblastoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1869-74. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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456
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Azizi G, Khannazer N, Mirshafiey A. The Potential Role of Chemokines in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:415-25. [PMID: 24408754 PMCID: PMC10852600 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513518651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of dementia, which begins with impaired memory. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD include destructive alterations of neurons by neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic amyloid plaques, and neuroinflammatory process in the brain. Chemokines have a major role in inflammatory cell attraction and glial cell activation and/or modulation in the central nervous system. Moreover, the clinical and immunopathological evidence could show dual key role of chemokines in their pro- and anti-inflammatory properties in AD. However, their effects in neurodegeneration and/or neuroprotection remain an area of investigation. This review article provides an overview of characteristic, cellular source and activity of chemokines, and their roles in neuronal glial cell interaction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nikoo Khannazer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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457
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Rembach A, Watt AD, Wilson WJ, Rainey-Smith S, Ellis KA, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Macaulay SL, Bush AI, Martins RN, Ames D, Masters CL, Doecke JD. An increased neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio in Alzheimer's disease is a function of age and is weakly correlated with neocortical amyloid accumulation. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 273:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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458
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Loers G, Yashunsky DV, Nifantiev NE, Schachner M. Neural Cell Activation by Phenolic Compounds from the Siberian Larch ( Larix sibirica). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1554-61. [DOI: 10.1021/np4009738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Institut
für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare
Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried
94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitry V. Yashunsky
- Laboratory
of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory
of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center
for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling
Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People’s Republic of China
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459
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Chen MH, Li CT, Tsai CF, Lin WC, Chang WH, Chen TJ, Pan TL, Su TP, Bai YM. Risk of dementia among patients with asthma: a nationwide longitudinal study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15:763-7. [PMID: 25037169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested an association between asthma and dementia, but the results are still inconsistent. METHODS Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, we enrolled 11,030 participants aged more than 45 years with asthma and 44,120 (1:4) age-/sex-matched controls between 1998 and 2008, and followed them to the end of 2011. Cases of any dementia or Alzheimer's disease that developed during the follow-up period were identified. RESULTS Asthma was associated with an increased risk of developing any dementia [hazard ratio (HR): 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.87-2.52] and Alzheimer's disease (HR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.71-4.02). Stratified by age, both asthma in midlife (>45 years and <65 years) and in late life (≥65 years) was associated with a greater likelihood of any dementia (HR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.80-3.41; HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.74-2.44). DISCUSSION Asthma in midlife and in late life increased the risk of developing any dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanisms between asthma and dementia require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Han Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ping Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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460
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Han SH, Mook-Jung I. Diverse molecular targets for therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's disease. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:893-902. [PMID: 25045220 PMCID: PMC4101776 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.7.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia caused by neurodegenerative process and is tightly related to amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles. The lack of early diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic remedy hinders the prevention of increasing population of AD patients every year. In spite of accumulated scientific information, numerous clinical trials for candidate drug targets have failed to be preceded into therapeutic development, therefore, AD-related sufferers including patients and caregivers, are desperate to seek the solution. Also, effective AD intervention is desperately needed to reduce AD-related societal threats to public health. In this review, we summarize various drug targets and strategies in recent preclinical studies and clinical trials for AD therapy: Allopathic treatment, immunotherapy, Aβ production/aggregation modulator, tau-targeting therapy and metabolic targeting. Some has already failed in their clinical trials and the others are still in various stages of investigations, both of which give us valuable information for future research in AD therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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461
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Zhu Y, Armstrong JL, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL. Cellular senescence and the senescent secretory phenotype in age-related chronic diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:324-8. [PMID: 24848532 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Possible mechanisms in cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that drive and promote chronic inflammation in multiple age-related chronic diseases are considered. RECENT FINDINGS A series of studies about the SASP indicate that senescent cells may be involved in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with aging. SUMMARY Aging is a complex biological process accompanied by a state of chronic, low-grade, 'sterile' inflammation, which is a major contributor to the development of many age-related chronic disorders including atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, cancers, and others. It appears that cellular senescence plays a role in causing inflammation through the SASP. A better understanding of the contribution of senescent cells to the pathologies of chronic inflammatory disorders could have potentially profound diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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462
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Bu XL, Yao XQ, Jiao SS, Zeng F, Liu YH, Xiang Y, Liang CR, Wang QH, Wang X, Cao HY, Yi X, Deng B, Liu CH, Xu J, Zhang LL, Gao CY, Xu ZQ, Zhang M, Wang L, Tan XL, Xu X, Zhou HD, Wang YJ. A study on the association between infectious burden and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol 2014; 22:1519-25. [PMID: 24910016 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X.-L. Bu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - X.-Q. Yao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - S.-S. Jiao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - F. Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - Y.-H. Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - Y. Xiang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - C.-R. Liang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - H.-Y. Cao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - X. Yi
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - B. Deng
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - C.-H. Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - J. Xu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - L.-L. Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - C.-Y. Gao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - Z.-Q. Xu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - M. Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - L. Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - X.-L. Tan
- Chongqing Mental Health Center; Jiangbei District Chongqing China
| | - X. Xu
- Institute of Field Surgery; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - H.-D. Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
| | - Y.-J. Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience; Daping Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Yuzhong District Chongqing China
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463
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Shen L, Thompson PM, Potkin SG, Bertram L, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Green RC, Hu X, Huentelman MJ, Kim S, Kauwe JSK, Li Q, Liu E, Macciardi F, Moore JH, Munsie L, Nho K, Ramanan VK, Risacher SL, Stone DJ, Swaminathan S, Toga AW, Weiner MW, Saykin AJ. Genetic analysis of quantitative phenotypes in AD and MCI: imaging, cognition and biomarkers. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 8:183-207. [PMID: 24092460 PMCID: PMC3976843 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Genetics Core of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), formally established in 2009, aims to provide resources and facilitate research related to genetic predictors of multidimensional Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related phenotypes. Here, we provide a systematic review of genetic studies published between 2009 and 2012 where either ADNI APOE genotype or genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were used. We review and synthesize ADNI genetic associations with disease status or quantitative disease endophenotypes including structural and functional neuroimaging, fluid biomarker assays, and cognitive performance. We also discuss the diverse analytical strategies used in these studies, including univariate and multivariate analysis, meta-analysis, pathway analysis, and interaction and network analysis. Finally, we perform pathway and network enrichment analyses of these ADNI genetic associations to highlight key mechanisms that may drive disease onset and trajectory. Major ADNI findings included all the top 10 AD genes and several of these (e.g., APOE, BIN1, CLU, CR1, and PICALM) were corroborated by ADNI imaging, fluid and cognitive phenotypes. ADNI imaging genetics studies discovered novel findings (e.g., FRMD6) that were later replicated on different data sets. Several other genes (e.g., APOC1, FTO, GRIN2B, MAGI2, and TOMM40) were associated with multiple ADNI phenotypes, warranting further investigation on other data sets. The broad availability and wide scope of ADNI genetic and phenotypic data has advanced our understanding of the genetic basis of AD and has nominated novel targets for future studies employing next-generation sequencing and convergent multi-omics approaches, and for clinical drug and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Lars Bertram
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Biomedical Genetics L320, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Robert C. Green
- Division of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- Clinical Genetics, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibbs, Pennington, NJ 08534 USA
| | - Matthew J. Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - John S. K. Kauwe
- Departments of Biology, Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, 675 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Qingqin Li
- Department of Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA
| | - Enchi Liu
- Biomarker Discovery, Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research and Development, LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, MI Italy
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Department of Genetics, Computational Genetics Laboratory, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Leanne Munsie
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Vijay K. Ramanan
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - David J. Stone
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP53B-120, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Shanker Swaminathan
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Biomedical Genetics L320, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Division of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Clinical Genetics, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibbs, Pennington, NJ 08534 USA
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
- Departments of Biology, Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, 675 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Department of Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA
- Biomarker Discovery, Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research and Development, LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, MI Italy
- Department of Genetics, Computational Genetics Laboratory, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP53B-120, West Point, PA 19486 USA
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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464
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Lynch MA. The impact of neuroimmune changes on development of amyloid pathology; relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Immunology 2014; 141:292-301. [PMID: 23876085 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory changes are a characteristic of several, if not all, neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and are typified by increased microglial activation. Microglia express several receptors making them highly reactive and plastic cells, and, at least in vitro, they adopt different phenotypes in a manner analogous to their peripheral counterparts, macrophages. Microglia also express numerous cell surface proteins enabling them to interact with cells and the evidence indicates that maintenance of microglia in a quiescent state relies, at least to some extent, on an interaction with neurons by means of specific ligand-receptor pairs, for example CD200-CD200R. It is clear that microglia also interact with T cells and recent evidence indicates that co-incubation of microglia with T helper type 1 cells markedly increases their activation. Under normal conditions, small numbers of activated T cells gain entry to the brain and are involved in immune surveillance but infiltration of significant numbers of T cells occurs in disease and following injury. The consequences of T cell infiltration appear to depend on the conditions, with descriptions of both neurodestructive and neuroprotective effects in animal models of different diseases. This review will discuss the modulatory effect of T cells on microglia and the impact of infiltration of T cells into the brain with a focus on Alzheimer's disease, and will propose that infiltration of interferon-γ-producing cells may be an important factor in triggering inflammation that is pathogenic and destructive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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465
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Jadhav SP, Kamath SP, Choolani M, Lu J, Dheen ST. microRNA-200b modulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via the cJun/MAPK pathway. J Neurochem 2014; 130:388-401. [PMID: 24749688 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic activation of microglia, the macrophages of the CNS, has been shown to enhance neuronal damage because of excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic molecules in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent reports showed altered microRNA (miRNA) expression in immune-mediated pathologies, thus suggesting that miRNAs modulate expression of genes involving immune responses. This study demonstrates that miRNA-200b is expressed in microglia and modulates inflammatory response of microglia by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. miRNA-200b expression was found to be down-regulated in activated microglia in vivo (traumatic brain injury rat model) and in vitro. A luciferase assay and loss- and gain-of-function studies revealed c-Jun, the transcription factor of cJun-N terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to be the target of miR-200b. Knockdown of miR-200b in microglia increased JNK activity along with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide (NO) production. Conversely, over-expression of miRNA-200b in microglia resulted in a decrease in JNK activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, NO production and migratory potential of activated microglia. Furthermore, miR-200b inhibition resulted in increased neuronal apoptosis after treatment of neuronal cells with conditioned medium obtained from microglial culture. Taken together, these results indicate that miRNA-200b modulates microglial inflammatory process including cytokine secretion, NO production, migration and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta P Jadhav
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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466
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Liu L, Chan C. The role of inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:6-15. [PMID: 24561250 PMCID: PMC4029867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease with clinical characteristics of memory loss, dementia and cognitive impairment. Although the pathophysiologic mechanism is not fully understood, inflammation has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by the activation of glial cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that inflammasomes, which cleave precursors of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 to generate their active forms, play an important role in the inflammatory response in the CNS and in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, modulating inflammasome complex assembly and activation could be a potential strategy for suppressing inflammation in the CNS. This review aims to provide insight into the role of inflammasomes in the CNS, with respect to the pathogenesis of AD, and may provide possible clues for devising novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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467
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Latest Study on the Relationship between Pathological Process of Inflammatory Injury and the Syndrome of Spleen Deficiency and Fluid Retention in Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:743541. [PMID: 24799943 PMCID: PMC3996873 DOI: 10.1155/2014/743541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation exists throughout the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) differentiates the pathogenesis of AD as kidney essence deficiency and qi and blood deficiency as well as blood stasis in syndromes, whose action mechanisms are all associated with the intervention in its inflammatory process. Our preliminary studies both in clinic and in vitro have demonstrated that the syndrome of spleen deficiency and fluid retention has also been an important pathogenesis for the incidence and development of AD. Hence, the paper aims to further illustrate the correlation between inflammatory process in AD and the syndrome of spleen deficiency and fluid retention, laying solid foundation for the application of invigorating the spleen and eliminating the dampness in clinic, and enriching the theoretical connotation for AD prevention and treatment in TCM.
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468
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GSK3β, CREB, and BDNF in peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 50:83-93. [PMID: 24334212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play critical roles in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity and memory and participate in the pathophysiology of both depressive disorder and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This study was designed to determine the association of GSK3β activity, CREB activity and BDNF concentration in peripheral blood of patients with AD with or without depressive symptoms and in depressive patients without AD. GSK3β activity in platelets, CREB activity in lymphocytes and BDNF concentration in plasma, platelet-rich plasma or platelets were measured in 85 AD patients (36 of whom displayed co-morbid depressive symptoms), 65 non-AD patients with depressive disorder and 96 healthy controls. AD patients were clinically assessed for stage of dementia, cognitive impairment and severity of depressive symptoms. Depressive patients were clinically assessed for severity of depression. RESULTS We observed increased CREB activity and GSK3β activity in AD with depressive symptoms or in AD at mild stage of dementia. Decreased BDNF concentration was found in platelet-rich plasma of AD patients at moderate to severe stages of dementia or in AD without depressive symptoms. An association was revealed of the severity of cognitive impairment with the increase of GSK3β in the platelets of AD patients with mild dementia. In depressive patients, a lower concentration of phosphorylated GSK3β was associated with a higher severity of depression. Association was confirmed between severity of depression, CREB activation, and BDNF concentration in drug-naïve depressive patients. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that AD is accompanied by increased CREB activity in lymphocytes and a decreased concentration of BDNF in platelet-rich plasma. The decreased BDNF concentration appears to correlate with moderate to severe stages of dementia in AD. Observation of decreased phosphorylation of GSK3β in platelets of both AD patients with depressive symptoms and depressive patients after treatment confirms the role of increased GSK3β activity in the pathophysiology of both AD and depressive disorder. Associations were confirmed between AD and platelet GSK3β activity, lymphocyte CREB activity and plasma BDNF. CREB activity and platelet BDNF concentration seems to be related to depressive disorder.
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469
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Ronco V, Grolla AA, Glasnov TN, Canonico PL, Verkhratsky A, Genazzani AA, Lim D. Differential deregulation of astrocytic calcium signalling by amyloid-β, TNFα, IL-1β and LPS. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:219-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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470
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Zhang ZH, Yu LJ, Hui XC, Wu ZZ, Yin KL, Yang H, Xu Y. Hydroxy-safflor yellow A attenuates Aβ₁₋₄₂-induced inflammation by modulating the JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway. Brain Res 2014; 1563:72-80. [PMID: 24690200 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ)-mediated inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). Anti-inflammatory treatment may provide therapeutic benefits. In this study, the effect of hydroxy-safflor yellow A (HSYA) on Aβ1-42-induced inflammation in AD mice was investigated and the underlying mechanisms were explored. Aβ1-42 was injected into bilateral hippocampi of mice to induce AD models in vivo. Spatial learning and memory of mice were investigated by the Morris water maze test. Activated microglia and astrocytes were examined by immunofluorescence staining for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The mRNA of inflammatory cytokines were measured using real-time PCR. NF-κB p65 translocation was analyzed by western blotting and immunostaining. IκB and phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 were tested by western blotting. The results showed that HSYA ameliorated the memory deficits in Aβ1-42-induced AD mice. HSYA suppressed Aβ1-42-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes and reduced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. HSYA up-regulated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and inhibits the activation of NF-κB signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 by AG490 reversed the inactivation of p65 and anti-inflammatory effects of HSYA. In conclusion, these results suggest that HSYA protects Aβ1-42-induced AD model through inhibiting inflammatory response, which may involve the JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China
| | - Lin-Jie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Xin-Chen Hui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China; School of Clinical Medicine, South East University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Kai-Lin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China; School of Clinical Medicine, South East University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China.
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471
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Modulation of cytokine production by drugs with antiepileptic or mood stabilizer properties in anti-CD3- and anti-Cd40-stimulated blood in vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:806162. [PMID: 24757498 PMCID: PMC3976773 DOI: 10.1155/2014/806162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased cytokine production possibly due to oxidative stress has repeatedly been shown to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. Recent in vitro and animal studies of valproic acid (VPA) report antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and suppression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We tested the effect of drugs with antiepileptic or mood stabilizer properties, namely, primidone (PRM), carbamazepine (CBZ), levetiracetam (LEV), lamotrigine (LTG), VPA, oxcarbazepine (OXC), topiramate (TPM), phenobarbital (PB), and lithium on the production of the following cytokines in vitro: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and TNF-α. We performed a whole blood assay with stimulated blood of 14 healthy female subjects. Anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3, combined with 5C3 antibody against CD40, was used as stimulant. We found a significant reduction of IL-1 and IL-2 levels with all tested drugs other than lithium in the CD3/5C3-stimulated blood; VPA led to a decrease in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α production, which substantiates and adds knowledge to current hypotheses on VPA's anti-inflammatory properties.
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472
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Zhang Z, Wu Z, Zhu X, Hui X, Pan J, Xu Y. Hydroxy-safflor yellow A inhibits neuroinflammation mediated by Aβ1–42 in BV-2 cells. Neurosci Lett 2014; 562:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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473
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Kucharska-Mazur J, Tarnowski M, Dołęgowska B, Budkowska M, Pędziwiatr D, Jabłoński M, Pełka-Wysiecka J, Kazimierczak A, Ratajczak MZ, Samochowiec J. Novel evidence for enhanced stem cell trafficking in antipsychotic-naïve subjects during their first psychotic episode. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 49:18-24. [PMID: 24246416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the novel hypothesis that stem cells and those factors that modulate their trafficking may be biological markers for acute psychosis. Twenty-eight subjects during their first nonaffective psychotic episode were investigated before and after antipsychotic treatment and were compared with 35 healthy controls (CG); the psychotic group (PG) was divided into "schizophrenic" (SG) and "non-schizophrenic" (NG) subgroups. We examined the number of circulating Lin(-)/CD45(-)/CD34(+) and Lin(-)/CD45(-)/CD133(+) very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), which express markers of the neural lineage, and also the plasma levels of factors that modulate their trafficking: the C3a, C5a, and C5b-9 activated complement cascade components, stromal-derived factor 1, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We found that the mean numbers of Lin(-)/CD45(-)/CD34(+) VSELs and the plasma levels of S1P prior to treatment differ between the CG and PG and that these cells express markers of neural lineage. The number of Lin(-)/CD45(-)/CD133(+) VSELs in peripheral blood differed between the SG and NG prior to treatment. Using logistic regression analysis, we found that C3a and S1P are the best predictors of risk and are potential markers for the first psychotic episode. Furthermore, in the SG, the number of circulating Lin(-)/CD45(-)/CD34(+) VSELs and the S1P plasma level are the best predictors of risk and are proposed as novel markers for the first "schizophrenic" episode of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daniel Pędziwiatr
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marcin Jabłoński
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland; Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland.
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474
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Georgiev V, Ananga A, Tsolova V. Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2014; 6:391-415. [PMID: 24451310 PMCID: PMC3916869 DOI: 10.3390/nu6010391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape is one of the oldest fruit crops domesticated by humans. The numerous uses of grape in making wine, beverages, jelly, and other products, has made it one of the most economically important plants worldwide. The complex phytochemistry of the berry is characterized by a wide variety of compounds, most of which have been demonstrated to have therapeutic or health promoting properties. Among them, flavonoids are the most abundant and widely studied, and have enjoyed greater attention among grape researchers in the last century. Recent studies have shown that the beneficial health effects promoted by consumption of grape and grape products are attributed to the unique mix of polyphenolic compounds. As the largest group of grape polyphenols, flavonoids are the main candidates considered to have biological properties, including but not limited to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Here, we discuss the recent scientific advances supporting the beneficial health qualities of grape and grape-derived products, mechanisms of their biological activity, bioavailability, and their uses as nutraceuticals. The advantages of modern plant cell based biotechnology as an alternative method for production of grape nutraceuticals and improvement of their health qualities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasil Georgiev
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A & M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA.
| | - Anthony Ananga
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A & M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA.
| | - Violeta Tsolova
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Florida A & M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA.
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475
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Wu YS, Chen SN. Apoptotic cell: linkage of inflammation and wound healing. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24478702 PMCID: PMC3896898 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider that from the wound to the healing process, the physiology point key to linkage of the process is still unclear. The process from inflammation to the wound healing is divided into three phases: (1) inflammation process, (2) tissue formation, and (3) tissue remodeling. The inflammation program includes cell produced related factors and immune cells infiltration. We thought the inflammation factors that may be also involved in the followed healing process. But the question is "what kind of factor is the major key involved in the end of the inflammation then to initiate the healing." We suspect that the apoptosis of immune cell may be the major key to end of inflammation and to initiate the healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiu-Nan Chen
- College of Life Science, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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476
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Costa RD, Mendonça VA, Soriani FM, Lyon S, Penido RA, Costa AMDD, Costa MD, Terra FDS, Teixeira MM, Antunes CMDF, Teixeira AL. Serial measurement of the circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor and its soluble receptors 1 and 2 for monitoring leprosy patients during multidrug treatment. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:1051-6. [PMID: 24402158 PMCID: PMC4005550 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious and contagious spectral disease accompanied by a series of
immunological events triggered by the host response to the aetiologic agent,
Mycobacterium leprae . The induction and maintenance of the
immune/inflammatory response in leprosy are linked to multiple cell interactions and
soluble factors, primarily through the action of cytokines. The purpose of the
present study was to evaluate the serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and
its soluble receptors (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2) in leprosy patients at different stages
of multidrug treatment (MDT) in comparison with non-infected individuals and to
determine their role as putative biomarkers of the severity of leprosy or the
treatment response. ELISA was used to measure the levels of these molecules in 30
healthy controls and 37 leprosy patients at the time of diagnosis and during and
after MDT. Our results showed increases in the serum levels of TNF-α and sTNF-R2 in
infected individuals in comparison with controls. The levels of TNF-α, but not
sTNF-R2, decreased with treatment. The current results corroborate previous reports
of elevated serum levels of TNF-α in leprosy and suggest a role for sTNF-R2 in the
control of this cytokine during MDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Dias Costa
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, DiamantinaMG, Brasil
| | - Frederico Marianetti Soriani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil
| | - Sandra Lyon
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, AlfenasMG, Brasil
| | - Rachel Adriana Penido
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil
| | | | - Marina Dias Costa
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil
| | | | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil
| | | | - Antonio Lúcio Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo HorizonteMG, Brasil
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477
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Sproul AA, Jacob S, Pre D, Kim SH, Nestor MW, Navarro-Sobrino M, Santa-Maria I, Zimmer M, Aubry S, Steele JW, Kahler DJ, Dranovsky A, Arancio O, Crary JF, Gandy S, Noggle SA. Characterization and molecular profiling of PSEN1 familial Alzheimer's disease iPSC-derived neural progenitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84547. [PMID: 24416243 PMCID: PMC3885572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) encodes the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, and PSEN1 mutations are the most common cause of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). In order to elucidate pathways downstream of PSEN1, we characterized neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from FAD mutant PSEN1 subjects. Thus, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from affected and unaffected individuals from two families carrying PSEN1 mutations. PSEN1 mutant fibroblasts, and NPCs produced greater ratios of Aβ42 to Aβ40 relative to their control counterparts, with the elevated ratio even more apparent in PSEN1 NPCs than in fibroblasts. Molecular profiling identified 14 genes differentially-regulated in PSEN1 NPCs relative to control NPCs. Five of these targets showed differential expression in late onset AD/Intermediate AD pathology brains. Therefore, in our PSEN1 iPSC model, we have reconstituted an essential feature in the molecular pathogenesis of FAD, increased generation of Aβ42/40, and have characterized novel expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Sproul
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AAS); (SAN)
| | - Samson Jacob
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah Pre
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Soong Ho Kim
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Nestor
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Miriam Navarro-Sobrino
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ismael Santa-Maria
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew Zimmer
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Soline Aubry
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John W. Steele
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Kahler
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John F. Crary
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sam Gandy
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- James J Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Noggle
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AAS); (SAN)
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478
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Winther M, Walmod PS. Neural cell adhesion molecules belonging to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:315-95. [PMID: 25300143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are motifs that form protein-ligand interaction domains. There are approximately 140 human genes encoding proteins with extracellular LRRs. These encode cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), proteoglycans, G-protein-coupled receptors, and other types of receptors. Here we give a brief description of 36 proteins with extracellular LRRs that all can be characterized as CAMs or putative CAMs expressed in the nervous system. The proteins are involved in multiple biological processes in the nervous system including the proliferation and survival of cells, neuritogenesis, axon guidance, fasciculation, myelination, and the formation and maintenance of synapses. Moreover, the proteins are functionally implicated in multiple diseases including cancer, hearing impairment, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, LRR-containing CAMs constitute a large group of proteins of pivotal importance for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system.
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479
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Olfactory bulbectomy as a putative model for Alzheimer’: The protective role of essential fatty acids. PHARMANUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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480
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Glasnović A, Cvija H, Stojić M, Tudorić-Đeno I, Ivčević S, Romić D, Tičinović N, Vuletić V, Lazibat I, Grčević D. Decreased level of sRAGE in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients at clinical onset. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:226-33. [PMID: 24603633 DOI: 10.1159/000357002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) ligands/RAGE interactions have been proposed to have a pathogenic role in neuroinflammatory disorders. Our study aimed to assess changes in high-mobility group box (HMGB)1 and its receptor RAGE in peripheral blood (PBL) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at the disease onset compared with control subjects. METHODS PBL and CSF were collected from control subjects (n = 30) and MS patients (n = 27) at clinical onset. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE), HMGB1, S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12), interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the CSF and plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression in PBL mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected by quantitative PCR for RAGE, HMGB1, S100A12 and several proinflammatory/immunoregulatory cytokines. RESULTS We found a significantly lower expression of IL-10 (p = 0.031) in the PBMCs of MS patients. The level of sRAGE in the CSF of MS patients was lower (p = 0.021), with the ability to discriminate between MS patients and control subjects. Moreover, PBMC gene expression for HMGB1 and S100A12 positively correlated with IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed that the cytokine network is disturbed in PBL and CSF at MS clinical onset. The deregulated HMGB1/RAGE axis found in our study may present an early pathogenic event in MS, proposing sRAGE as a possible novel therapeutic strategy for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Glasnović
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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481
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Cologna SM, Cluzeau CV, Yanjanin NM, Blank PS, Dail MK, Siebel S, Toth CL, Wassif CA, Lieberman AP, Porter FD. Human and mouse neuroinflammation markers in Niemann-Pick disease, type C1. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:83-92. [PMID: 23653225 PMCID: PMC3877698 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder in which a pathological cascade, including neuroinflammation occurs. While data demonstrating neuroinflammation is prevalent in mouse models, data from NPC1 patients is lacking. The current study focuses on identifying potential markers of neuroinflammation in NPC1 from both the Npc1 mouse model and NPC1 patients. We identified in the mouse model significant changes in expression of genes associated with inflammation and compared these results to the pattern of expression in human cortex and cerebellar tissue. From gene expression array analysis, complement 3 (C3) was increased in mouse and human post-mortem NPC1 brain tissues. We also characterized protein levels of inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from NPC1 patients and controls. We found increased levels of interleukin 3, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, interleukin 16 and chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), and decreased levels of interleukin 4, 10, 13 and 12p40 in CSF from NPC1 patients. CSF markers were evaluated with respect to phenotypic severity. Miglustat treatment in NPC1 patients slightly decreased IL-3, IL-10 and IL-13 CSF levels; however, further studies are needed to establish a strong effect of miglustat on inflammation markers. The identification of inflammatory markers with altered levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of NPC1 patients may provide a means to follow secondary events in NPC1 disease during therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Cologna
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Celine V.M. Cluzeau
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Nicole M. Yanjanin
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Paul S. Blank
- Program in Physical Biology, Section on Membrane & Cellular Biophysics, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Michelle K. Dail
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Stephan Siebel
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Cynthia L. Toth
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | | | - Forbes D. Porter
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Section on Molecular Dysmorphology NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
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482
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How do immune cells support and shape the brain in health, disease, and aging? J Neurosci 2013; 33:17587-96. [PMID: 24198349 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3241-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, several axioms have prevailed with respect to the relationships between the CNS and circulating immune cells. Specifically, immune cell entry was largely considered to be pathological or to mark the beginning of pathology within the brain. Moreover, local inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, were considered similar in their etiology to inflammatory diseases, such as remitting relapsing-multiple sclerosis. The ensuing confusion reflected a lack of awareness that the etiology of the disease as well as the origin of the immune cells determines the nature of the inflammatory response, and that inflammation resolution is an active cellular process. The last two decades have seen a revolution in these prevailing dogmas, with a significant contribution made by the authors. Microglia and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages are now known to be functionally distinct and of separate origin. Innate and adaptive immune cells are now known to have protective/healing properties in the CNS, as long as their activity is regulated, and their recruitment is well controlled; their role is appreciated in maintenance of brain plasticity in health, aging, and chronic neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it is now understood that the barriers of the brain are not uniform in their interactions with the circulating immune cells. The implications of these new findings to the basic understanding of CNS repair processes, brain aging, and a wide spectrum of CNS disorders, including acute injuries, Rett syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, will be discussed.
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483
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Schluesener JK, Schluesener H. Plant polyphenols in the treatment of age-associated diseases: revealing the pleiotropic effects of icariin by network analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:49-60. [PMID: 24311544 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are a broad class of compounds. Some are ingested in substantial quantities from nutritional sources, more are produced by medicinal plants, and some of them are taken as drugs. It is becoming clear, that a single polyphenol is impacting several cellular pathways. Thus, a network approach is becoming feasible, describing the interaction of a single polyphenol with cellular networks. Here we have selected icariin to draw a prototypic network of icariin activities. Icariin appears to be a promising drug to treat major age-related diseases, like neurodegeneration, memory and depressive disorders, chronic inflammation, diabetes, and osteoporosis. It interacts with several relevant pathways, like PDE, TGF-ß, MAPK, PPAR, NOS, IGF, Sirtuin, and others. Such networks will be useful to future comparative studies of complex effects of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kevin Schluesener
- Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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484
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Zhao GW, Wang Y, Li YC, Jiang ZL, Sun L, Xi X, He P, Wang GH, Xu SH, Ma DM, Ke KF. The neuroprotective effect of modified "Shengyu" decoction is mediated through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in the rat after traumatic brain injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 151:694-703. [PMID: 24296086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE "Shengyu" decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat diseases with deficit in "qi" and "blood" induced frequently by profound loss of blood or by long sores with heavy pus, in which a potential anti-inflammatory effect is implied. The modified "Shengyu" decoction (MSD) used in the present study was designed on the basis of the "Shengyu" decoction, additional four herbs were added in. Many ingredients in these herbs have been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory and thus MSD may be used for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). To evaluate the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of MSD on the rat brain after TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS TBI was induced in the right cerebral cortex of male adult rats using Feeney's weight-drop method. The rats were administered a gavage of MSD (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g) 6h after TBI. The neurological functions, brain water content, contusion volume, and neuron loss were determined. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells in the brain ipsilateral to TBI were also measured. Moreover, the influence of MSD on these variables was observed at the same time. RESULTS The neurological deficits, brain water content, and neuron loss were significantly reduced after 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g of MSD treatment but not after 0.5 ml/200 g. In addition, treatment with MSD (1.0 ml/200 g) significantly increased the level of IL-10 and reduced the level of TNF-α and IL-1β and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells after TBI. However, the contusion volume of brain tissue and the expression of IL-6 were not significantly changed. CONCLUSION MSD may be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of TBI because MSD alleviated secondary brain injury induced by TBI. In addition, MSD inhibited the inflammatory response through reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in the brain tissue of rats after TBI. Therefore, a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of the "Shengyu" decoction was confirmed, which may be one of the main reasons of "Shengyu" decoction used to treat diseases with obvious inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Zhao
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xishi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Gaocheng, Hebei 052160, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese Medicine, The People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yong-Cai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xishi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xin Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Chinese Medicine, The People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Guo-Hua Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shi-Hui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Dong-Ming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Kai-Fu Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, 20 Xishi Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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485
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Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Clavero P, Toledo E, Estruch R, Salas-Salvadó J, San Julián B, Sanchez-Tainta A, Ros E, Valls-Pedret C, Martinez-Gonzalez MÁ. Mediterranean diet improves cognition: the PREDIMED-NAVARRA randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:1318-25. [PMID: 23670794 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous observational studies reported beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on cognitive function, but results were inconsistent. We assessed the effect on cognition of a nutritional intervention using MedDiets in comparison with a low-fat control diet. METHODS We assessed 522 participants at high vascular risk (44.6% men, age 74.6 ± 5.7 years at cognitive evaluation) enrolled in a multicentre, randomised, primary prevention trial (PREDIMED), after a nutritional intervention comparing two MedDiets (supplemented with either extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) or mixed nuts) versus a low-fat control diet. Global cognitive performance was examined by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) after 6.5 years of nutritional intervention. Researchers who assessed the outcome were blinded to group assignment. We used general linear models to control for potential confounding. RESULTS After adjustment for sex, age, education, Apolipoprotein E genotype, family history of cognitive impairment/dementia, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, alcohol and total energy intake, participants allocated to the MedDiet+EVOO showed higher mean MMSE and CDT scores with significant differences versus control (adjusted differences: +0.62 95% CI +0.18 to +1.05, p=0.005 for MMSE, and +0.51 95% CI +0.20 to +0.82, p=0.001 for CDT). The adjusted means of MMSE and CDT scores were also higher for participants allocated to the MedDiet+Nuts versus control (adjusted differences: +0.57 (95% CI +0.11 to +1.03), p=0.015 for MMSE and +0.33 (95% CI +0.003 to +0.67), p=0.048 for CDT). These results did not differ after controlling for incident depression. CONCLUSIONS An intervention with MedDiets enhanced with either EVOO or nuts appears to improve cognition compared with a low-fat diet. ISRCTN:35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena H Martínez-Lapiscina
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School-Clinica, University of Navarra, , Pamplona, Spain
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486
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Mevalonate kinase deficiency and neuroinflammation: balance between apoptosis and pyroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23274-88. [PMID: 24287904 PMCID: PMC3876043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonic aciduria, a rare autosomal recessive disease, represents the most severe form of the periodic fever, known as Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency. This disease is caused by the mutation of the MVK gene, which codes for the enzyme mevalonate kinase, along the cholesterol pathway. Mevalonic aciduria patients show recurrent fever episodes with associated inflammatory symptoms, severe neurologic impairments, or death, in early childhood. The typical neurodegeneration occurring in mevalonic aciduria is linked both to the intrinsic apoptosis pathway (caspase-3 and -9), which is triggered by mitochondrial damage, and to pyroptosis (caspase-1). These cell death mechanisms seem to be also related to the assembly of the inflammasome, which may, in turn, activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, this particular molecular platform may play a crucial role in neuroinflammation mechanisms. Nowadays, a specific therapy is still lacking and the pathogenic mechanisms involving neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction have not yet been completely understood, making mevalonic aciduria an orphan drug disease. This review aims to analyze the relationship among neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, programmed cell death, and neurodegeneration. Targeting inflammation and degeneration in the central nervous system might help identify promising treatment approaches for mevalonic aciduria or other diseases in which these mechanisms are involved.
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487
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Chu L, Wang B, Xu B, Dong N. Aqueous cytokines as predictors of macular edema in non-diabetic patients following uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Mol Vis 2013; 19:2418-25. [PMID: 24319335 PMCID: PMC3850971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To ascertain whether cytokines in the aqueous humor can predict macular edema (ME) in non-diabetic patients following uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery. METHODS Undiluted aqueous humor samples were obtained from 288 consecutive non-diabetic patients (288 eyes; 132 men and 156 women) who underwent cataract surgery. Macular edema was defined as an increase in the foveal center point thickness (FCPT) more than 30% from the preoperative baseline using optical coherence tomography 4 weeks after cataract surgery. The concentrations of 27 cytokines were measured in aqueous humor samples using the multiplex bead immunoassay. RESULTS No major intraoperative complications occurred. The incidence of ME was 8.13% (23 patients) 4 weeks after cataract surgery. Compared to the ME (-) patients, the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β; p=0.016), IL-6 (p=0.013), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1; p=0.030), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; p=0.033) in the ME (+) patients were significantly higher. In addition, the aqueous humor levels of IL-1β (r=0.376), IL-6 (r=0.418), MCP-1 (r=0.348), and VEGF (r=0.375) positively correlated with the postoperative FCPT. However, the aqueous humor levels of IL-10 (p=0.017) were significantly lower in patients with ME and were negatively correlated with the postoperative FCPT (r=-0.424). CONCLUSIONS IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, VEGF, and IL-10 may be potential predictors of postoperative macular thickness in non-diabetic patients following uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery.
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488
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Himmerich H, Bartsch S, Hamer H, Mergl R, Schönherr J, Petersein C, Munzer A, Kirkby KC, Bauer K, Sack U. Impact of mood stabilizers and antiepileptic drugs on cytokine production in-vitro. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1751-9. [PMID: 23978396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes within the immune system have been reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Interestingly, overlapping results regarding the cytokine system have been found for both diseases, namely alterations of interleukins IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the effect of mood stabilizers and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on these cytokines has not been systematically evaluated, and their effect on IL-17 and IL-22, other immunologically important cytokines, has not been reported. Therefore, we systematically measured levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α in stimulated blood of 14 healthy female subjects in a whole blood assay using the toxic shock syndrome toxin TSST-1 as stimulant. Blood was supplemented with the mood stabilizers or antiepileptic drugs primidone (PRM), carbamazepine (CBZ), levetiracetam (LEV), lamotrigine (LTG), valproic acid (VPA), oxcarbazepine (OXC), topiramate (TPM), phenobarbital (PB), lithium, or no drug. IL-1β production was significantly decreased by PRM, CBZ, LEV, LTG, OXC, PB and lithium. IL-2 significantly decreased by PRM, CBZ, LEV, LTG, VPA, OXC, TPM and PB. IL-22 significantly increased by PRM, CBZ, LEV, OXC, TPM and lithium and decreased by VPA. TNF-α production significantly decreased under all applied drugs. The mechanism of action and side effects of mood stabilizers and AEDs may involve modulation of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-22 and TNF-α signaling pathways. IL-22 may be a research target for specific therapeutic effects of mood stabilizers and AEDs. These drugs might influence cytokine production by modulating ion channels and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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489
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Hall JR, Wiechmann AR, Johnson LA, Edwards M, Barber RC, Winter AS, Singh M, O'Bryant SE. Biomarkers of vascular risk, systemic inflammation, and microvascular pathology and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 35:363-71. [PMID: 23403534 DOI: 10.3233/jad-122359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Numerous serum and plasma based biomarkers of systemic inflammation have been linked to both neuropsychiatric disorders and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study investigated the relationship of clinical biomarkers of cardiovascular risk (cholesterol, triglycerides, and homocysteine) and a panel of markers of systemic inflammation (CRP, TNF-α, IL1-ra, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18) and microvascular pathology (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) to neuropsychiatric symptoms in a sample with mild AD. Biomarker data was analyzed on a sample of 194 diagnosed with mild to moderate probable AD. The sample was composed of 127 females and 67 males. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was gathered from interview with caretakers/family members using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. For the total sample, IL-15, VCAM (vascular adhesion molecule), and triglycerides were significantly and negatively related to number of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and total cholesterol and homocysteine were positively related and as a group accounted for 16.1% of the variance. When stratified by gender, different patterns of significant biomarkers were found with relationships more robust for males for both total symptoms and symptom clusters. A combination of biomarkers of systemic inflammation, microvascular pathology, and clinical biomarkers of cardiovascular risk can account for a significant portion of the variance in the occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD supporting a vascular and inflammatory component of psychiatric disorders found in AD. Gender differences suggest distinct impact of specific risks with total cholesterol, a measure of cardiovascular risk, being the strongest marker for males and IL-15, a marker of inflammation, being the strongest for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hall
- Institute of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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490
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Shen Y, Yang L, Li R. What does complement do in Alzheimer's disease? Old molecules with new insights. Transl Neurodegener 2013; 2:21. [PMID: 24119446 PMCID: PMC3853043 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-2-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory and immune components in brain are important in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and anti-inflammatory and immunotherapeutic approaches may be amenable to AD treatment. It is known that complement activation occurs in the brain of patients with AD, and contributes to a local inflammatory state development which is correlated with cognitive impairment. In addition to the complement's critical role in the innate immune system recognizing and killing, or targeting for destruction, complement proteins can also interact with cell surface receptors to promote a local inflammatory response and contributes to the protection and healing of the host. On the other hand, complement activation also causes inflammation and cell damage as an essential immune function to eliminate cell debris and potentially toxic protein aggregates. It is the balance of these seemingly competing events that influences the ultimate state of neuronal function. Our mini review will be focusing on the unique molecular interactions happening in the AD development, the functional outcomes of those interactions, as well as the contribution of each element to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shen
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders, Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Libang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rena Li
- Center for Hormones Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida, USA
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491
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardón R, Chao CK, Thompson C, Chang J, Zhu H, D'Angiulli A. Brain immune interactions and air pollution: macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), prion cellular protein (PrP(C)), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cerebrospinal fluid and MIF in serum differentiate urban children exposed to severe vs. low air pollution. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24133408 PMCID: PMC3794301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants exhibit an early brain imbalance in genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses along with accumulation of misfolded proteins observed in the early stages of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. A complex modulation of serum cytokines and chemokines influences children's brain structural and gray/white matter volumetric responses to air pollution. The search for biomarkers associating systemic and CNS inflammation to brain growth and cognitive deficits in the short term and neurodegeneration in the long-term is our principal aim. We explored and compared a profile of cytokines, chemokines (Multiplexing LASER Bead Technology) and Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in normal cerebro-spinal-fluid (CSF) of urban children with high vs. low air pollution exposures. PrP(C) and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) were also measured in serum. Samples from 139 children ages 11.91 ± 4.2 years were measured. Highly exposed children exhibited significant increases in CSF MIF (p = 0.002), IL6 (p = 0.006), IL1ra (p = 0.014), IL-2 (p = 0.04), and PrP(C) (p = 0.039) vs. controls. MIF serum concentrations were higher in exposed children (p = 0.009). Our results suggest CSF as a MIF, IL6, IL1Ra, IL-2, and PrP(C) compartment that can possibly differentiate air pollution exposures in children. MIF, a key neuro-immune mediator, is a potential biomarker bridge to identify children with CNS inflammation. Fine tuning of immune-to-brain communication is crucial to neural networks appropriate functioning, thus the short and long term effects of systemic inflammation and dysregulated neural immune responses are of deep concern for millions of exposed children. Defining the linkage and the health consequences of the brain / immune system interactions in the developing brain chronically exposed to air pollutants ought to be of pressing importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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492
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Dublin S, Anderson ML, Heckbert SR, Hubbard RA, Sonnen JA, Crane PK, Montine TJ, Larson EB. Neuropathologic changes associated with atrial fibrillation in a population-based autopsy cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:609-15. [PMID: 24077599 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with higher risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. To better understand the mechanism, we examined neuropathologic changes seen with AF. METHODS We analyzed data from an autopsy series arising from a population-based, prospective cohort study set within Group Health, an integrated health care delivery system. Participants were people aged 65 and older, community-dwelling, and nondemented at study enrollment, who died during follow-up and underwent autopsy. AF was defined from medical records. Permanent AF was defined as having two or more electrocardiograms showing AF between 6 and 36 months apart with no evidence of sinus rhythm in between. The primary study outcomes were gross infarcts, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles, ascertained using consensus guidelines. Adjusted relative risks and 95% CIs were calculated using modified Poisson regression, weighted to account for selection into the autopsy cohort. RESULTS Three hundred and twenty-eight participants underwent autopsy; 134 (41%) had AF. People with AF were more likely to have gross infarcts than those without AF (45% vs 31%; relative risk 1.82, 95% CI 1.23-2.71); in 30%, these infarcts were not clinically recognized before death. Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes were not associated with ever having AF but were more common in people with permanent AF. Adjusted relative risks for frequent neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were 1.47 (0.96-2.28) and 1.40 (0.79-2.49), respectively, for people with permanent AF versus no AF. CONCLUSIONS AF is associated with gross infarcts. Permanent AF may contribute to Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes, but more study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Dublin
- Group Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Avenue, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101-1448.
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493
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Sun H, Bénardais K, Stanslowsky N, Thau-Habermann N, Hensel N, Huang D, Claus P, Dengler R, Stangel M, Petri S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells and MSC conditioned medium in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)--in vitro evidence from primary motor neuron cultures, NSC-34 cells, astrocytes and microglia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72926. [PMID: 24069165 PMCID: PMC3771979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) improves functional outcome in the SOD1G93A mouse model of the degenerative motor neuron disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as well as in models of other neurological disorders. We have now investigated the effect of the interaction between MSC and motor neurons (derived from both non-transgenic and mutant SOD1G93A transgenic mice), NSC-34 cells and glial cells (astrocytes, microglia) (derived again from both non-transgenic and mutant SOD1G93A ALS transgenic mice) in vitro. In primary motor neurons, NSC-34 cells and astrocytes, MSC conditioned medium (MSC CM) attenuated staurosporine (STS) - induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Studying MSC CM-induced expression of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and NSC-34 cells, we found that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) gene expression in astrocytes were significantly enhanced by MSC CM, with differential responses of non-transgenic and mutant astrocytes. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in NSC-34 cells was significantly upregulated upon MSC CM-treatment. MSC CM significantly reduced the expression of the cytokines TNFα and IL-6 and iNOS both in transgenic and non-transgenic astrocytes. Gene expression of the neuroprotective chemokine Fractalkine (CX3CL1) was also upregulated in mutant SOD1G93A transgenic astrocytes by MSC CM treatment. Correspondingly, MSC CM increased the respective receptor, CX3CR1, in mutant SOD1G93A transgenic microglia. Our data demonstrate that MSC modulate motor neuronal and glial response to apoptosis and inflammation. MSC therefore represent an interesting candidate for further preclinical and clinical evaluation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karelle Bénardais
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nancy Stanslowsky
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Thau-Habermann
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niko Hensel
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - DongYa Huang
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Claus
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dengler
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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494
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Obulesu M, Jhansilakshmi M. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: an understanding of physiology and pathology. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:227-35. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.831852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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495
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Park SY, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Kim Y. Surfactin exhibits neuroprotective effects by inhibiting amyloid β-mediated microglial activation. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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496
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Dilshara MG, Jayasooriya RGPT, Kang CH, Lee S, Park SR, Jeong JW, Choi YH, Seo YT, Jang YP, Kim GY. Downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators by a water extract of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill fruit in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:256-264. [PMID: 23686005 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis has a long-standing history of medicinal use as a tonic, a sedative, an anti-tussive, and an anti-aging drug. Nevertheless, the antagonistic effects of S. chinensis against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated responses have not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated whether water extract of S. chinensis fruit (WESC) has the ability to attenuate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. WESC inhibited the expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, namely, NO, PGE2, and TNF-α. Furthermore, gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α was inhibited both at mRNA and protein synthesis levels, without any cytotoxic effect. Moreover, WESC significantly suppressed LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of NF-κB by inhibiting degradation of IκBα. It was found that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific NF-κB inhibitor, downregulates the expression of these pro-inflammatory genes to be closely regulated by NF-κB activity. Furthermore, we found that WESC retains dephosphorylation of Akt in response to LPS, and consequently suppressed the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. LY294002, a specific Akt inhibitor, attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression via suppression of NF-κB activity. Taken together, our results indicate that WESC downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory genes involved in the synthesis of NO, PGE2, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by suppressing Akt-dependent NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Hee Kang
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Rul Park
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-051, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-051, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taek Seo
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Division of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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497
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Taylor WD, Aizenstein HJ, Alexopoulos GS. The vascular depression hypothesis: mechanisms linking vascular disease with depression. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:963-74. [PMID: 23439482 PMCID: PMC3674224 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 'Vascular Depression' hypothesis posits that cerebrovascular disease may predispose, precipitate or perpetuate some geriatric depressive syndromes. This hypothesis stimulated much research that has improved our understanding of the complex relationships between late-life depression (LLD), vascular risk factors, and cognition. Succinctly, there are well-established relationships between LLD, vascular risk factors and cerebral hyperintensities, the radiological hallmark of vascular depression. Cognitive dysfunction is common in LLD, particularly executive dysfunction, a finding predictive of poor antidepressant response. Over time, progression of hyperintensities and cognitive deficits predicts a poor course of depression and may reflect underlying worsening of vascular disease. This work laid the foundation for examining the mechanisms by which vascular disease influences brain circuits and influences the development and course of depression. We review data testing the vascular depression hypothesis with a focus on identifying potential underlying vascular mechanisms. We propose a disconnection hypothesis, wherein focal vascular damage and white matter lesion location is a crucial factor, influencing neural connectivity that contributes to clinical symptomatology. We also propose inflammatory and hypoperfusion hypotheses, concepts that link underlying vascular processes with adverse effects on brain function that influence the development of depression. Testing such hypotheses will not only inform the relationship between vascular disease and depression, but also provide guidance on the potential repurposing of pharmacological agents that may improve LLD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Taylor
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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498
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Immune privilege as an intrinsic CNS property: astrocytes protect the CNS against T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:320519. [PMID: 24023412 PMCID: PMC3760105 DOI: 10.1155/2013/320519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have many functions in the central nervous system (CNS). They support differentiation and homeostasis of neurons and influence synaptic activity. They are responsible for formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and make up the glia limitans. Here, we review their contribution to neuroimmune interactions and in particular to those induced by the invasion of activated T cells. We discuss the mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory aspects of T-cell responses within the CNS. Depending on the microenvironment, they may become potent antigen-presenting cells for T cells and they may contribute to inflammatory processes. They are also able to abrogate or reprogram T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis or secreting inhibitory mediators. We consider apparently contradictory functions of astrocytes in health and disease, particularly in their interaction with lymphocytes, which may either aggravate or suppress neuroinflammation.
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499
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Dong N, Xu B, Wang B, Chu L. Study of 27 aqueous humor cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without retinopathy. Mol Vis 2013; 19:1734-46. [PMID: 23922491 PMCID: PMC3733907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the changes in the levels of 27 aqueous humor cytokines between nondiabetic controls and patients with type 2 diabetes and to ascertain the association of these cytokines with diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS Undiluted aqueous humor samples were obtained from 102 nondiabetic patients (102 eyes) and 136 consecutive diabetic patients (136 eyes) who were divided into nine groups according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity scale. The concentrations of 27 cytokines in the aqueous humor samples were measured using a multiplex bead immunoassay. RESULTS Compared with the nondiabetic controls, the diabetic patients had significantly higher concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β; p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001), IL-8 (p<0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p<0.001), interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (p<0.001), and vascular endothelial growth factor (p<0.001) in the aqueous humor. However, the IL-10 (p=0.002) and IL-12 (p=0.013) concentrations were significantly lower for the diabetic patients. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of other cytokines between the diabetic patients and the controls. The IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interferon gamma-induced protein-10 levels in the aqueous humor increased as the severity of DR increased. The correlation was significant. However, the vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was not correlated with the severity of DR. In addition, the IL-10 and IL-12 levels in the aqueous humor decreased as the severity of DR increased, and this negative correlation was significant. CONCLUSIONS Various cytokines associated with inflammation and angiogenesis may contribute to the pathogenesis of DR, and chemokines may be more closely related to the development of this disease.
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500
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Khan KA, Kumar N, Nayak PG, Nampoothiri M, Shenoy RR, Krishnadas N, Rao CM, Mudgal J. Impact of caffeic acid on aluminium chloride-induced dementia in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1745-52. [PMID: 24236984 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Literature favours the in vitro neuroprotective role of caffeic acid, a naturally derived polyphenolic compound. This study was aimed to investigate the role of caffeic acid in experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Firstly, caffeic acid was tested for in vitro anticholinesterase potential using rat brain homogenate. Later, in vivo antidementia activity of caffeic acid was assessed against aluminium chloride (AlCl3 )-induced dementia in rats. Behavioural (Morris water maze test) and brain biochemical parameters (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, glutathione (GSH) and nitrite levels) were assessed to correlate the cognitive function with cholinergic transmission and oxidative stress. KEY FINDINGS Rats administered with caffeic acid showed improved cognitive function in Morris water maze test. The antidementia activity of caffeic acid was confirmed by the reduction in brain AChE activity and nitrite levels. Further, caffeic acid corrected the diminished level of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, GSH and GST in brain. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the antidementia activity of caffeic acid against AlCl3 -induced dementia in rats. The outcome of present study offers a wider scope to screen caffeic acid against neurodegeneration associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kafeel A Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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