501
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Spaan M, Hullegie SJ, Beudeker BJB, Kreefft K, van Oord GW, Groothuismink ZMA, van Tilborg M, Rijnders B, de Knegt RJ, Claassen MAA, Boonstra A. Frequencies of Circulating MAIT Cells Are Diminished in Chronic HCV, HIV and HCV/HIV Co-Infection and Do Not Recover during Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159243. [PMID: 27416100 PMCID: PMC4945024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells comprise a subpopulation of T cells that can be activated by bacterial products and cytokines to produce IFN-γ. Since little is known on MAIT cells during HCV infection, we compared their phenotype and function in comparison to HIV and HCV/HIV co-infected patients, and determined the effect of IFN-α-based and direct-acting antiviral therapy on MAIT cells of HCV patients. METHODS Blood samples from patients with chronic HCV (CHCV), virologically suppressed HIV, acute HCV/HIV co-infection (AHCV/HIV) and healthy individuals were examined by flowcytometry for phenotype and function of MAIT and NK cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Compared to healthy individuals, the frequency of CD161+Vα7.2+ MAIT cells was significantly decreased in patients with CHCV, HIV and AHCV/HIV co-infection. CD38 expression on MAIT cells was increased in AHCV/HIV patients. MAIT cells were responsive to IFN-α in vitro as evidenced by enhanced frequencies of IFN-γ producing cells. IFN-α-based therapy for CHCV decreased the frequency of IFN-γ+ MAIT cells, which was still observed 24 weeks after successful therapy. Importantly, even after successful IFN-α-based as well as IFN-α-free therapy for CHCV, decreased frequencies of MAIT cells persisted. We show that the frequencies of MAIT cells are reduced in blood of patients with CHCV, HIV and in AHCV/HIV co-infection compared to healthy individuals. Successful therapy for CHCV did not normalize MAIT cell frequencies at 24 weeks follow up. The impact of HIV and HCV infection on the numbers and function of MAIT cells warrant further studies on the impact of viral infections and the antimicrobial function of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Spaan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan J. Hullegie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases section Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boris J. B. Beudeker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Kreefft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gertine W. van Oord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zwier M. A. Groothuismink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Tilborg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Rijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases section Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J. de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A. A. Claassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases section Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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502
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Hengst J, Strunz B, Deterding K, Ljunggren H, Leeansyah E, Manns MP, Cornberg M, Sandberg JK, Wedemeyer H, Björkström NK. Nonreversible MAIT cell‐dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C virus infection despite successful interferon‐free therapy. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2204-10. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hengst
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Katja Deterding
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Hans‐Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Program in Emerging Infectious DiseasesDuke–National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Michael P. Manns
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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503
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Johansson MA, Björkander S, Mata Forsberg M, Qazi KR, Salvany Celades M, Bittmann J, Eberl M, Sverremark-Ekström E. Probiotic Lactobacilli Modulate Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Activation of Conventional and Unconventional T cells and NK Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:273. [PMID: 27462316 PMCID: PMC4939411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are probiotic commensal bacteria and potent modulators of immunity. When present in the gut or supplemented as probiotics, they beneficially modulate ex vivo immune responsiveness. Further, factors derived from several lactobacilli strains act immune regulatory in vitro. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is known to induce excessive T cell activation. In this study, we aimed to investigate S. aureus-induced activation of human mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), γδ T cells, NK cells, as well as of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Further, we investigated if lactobacilli-derived factors could modulate their activation. PBMC were cultured with S. aureus 161:2 cell-free supernatants (CFS), staphylococcal enterotoxin A or CD3/CD28-beads alone, or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-CFS or Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-CFS and activation of T and NK cells was evaluated. S. aureus-CFS induced IFN-γ and CD107a expression as well as proliferation. Costimulation with lactobacilli-CFS dampened lymphocyte-activation in all cell types analyzed. Preincubation with lactobacilli-CFS was enough to reduce subsequent activation, and the absence of APC or APC-derived IL-10 did not prevent lactobacilli-mediated dampening. Finally, lactate selectively dampened activation of unconventional T cells and NK cells. In summary, we show that molecules present in the lactobacilli-CFS are able to directly dampen in vitro activation of conventional and unconventional T cells and of NK cells. This study provides novel insights on the immune-modulatory nature of probiotic lactobacilli and suggests a role for lactobacilli in the modulation of induced T and NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Johansson
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Manuel Mata Forsberg
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Maria Salvany Celades
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Julia Bittmann
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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504
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Mondot S, Boudinot P, Lantz O. MAIT, MR1, microbes and riboflavin: a paradigm for the co-evolution of invariant TCRs and restricting MHCI-like molecules? Immunogenetics 2016; 68:537-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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505
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Anderson CK, Brossay L. The role of MHC class Ib-restricted T cells during infection. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:677-91. [PMID: 27368413 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Even though major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia and many Ib molecules have similarities in structure, MHC class Ib molecules tend to have more specialized functions, which include the presentation of non-peptidic antigens to non-classical T cells. Likewise, non-classical T cells also have unique characteristics, including an innate-like phenotype in naïve animals and rapid effector functions. In this review, we discuss the role of MAIT and NKT cells during infection but also the contribution of less studied MHC class Ib-restricted T cells such as Qa-1-, Qa-2-, and M3-restricted T cells. We focus on describing the types of antigens presented to non-classical T cells, their response and cytokine profile following infection, as well as the overall impact of these T cells to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Box G-B618, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Box G-B618, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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506
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Kang SJ, Jin HM, Won EJ, Cho YN, Jung HJ, Kwon YS, Kee HJ, Ju JK, Kim JC, Kim UJ, Jang HC, Jung SI, Kee SJ, Park YW. Activation, Impaired Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production, and Deficiency of Circulating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Patients with Scrub Typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004832. [PMID: 27463223 PMCID: PMC4963088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells contribute to protection against certain microorganism infections. However, little is known about the role of MAIT cells in Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. Hence, the aims of this study were to examine the level and function of MAIT cells in patients with scrub typhus and to evaluate the clinical relevance of MAIT cell levels. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Thirty-eight patients with scrub typhus and 53 health control subjects were enrolled in the study. The patients were further divided into subgroups according to disease severity. MAIT cell level and function in the peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. Circulating MAIT cell levels were found to be significantly reduced in scrub typhus patients. MAIT cell deficiency reflects a variety of clinical conditions. In particular, MAT cell levels reflect disease severity. MAIT cells in scrub typhus patients displayed impaired tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, which was restored during the remission phase. In addition, the impaired production of TNF-α by MAIT cells was associated with elevated CD69 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that circulating MAIT cells are activated, numerically deficient, and functionally impaired in TNF-α production in patients with scrub typhus. These abnormalities possibly contribute to immune system dysregulation in scrub typhus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ji Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nan Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kee
- Heart Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Ju
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Chul Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Uh Jin Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chang Jang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-In Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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507
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Hayashi E, Chiba A, Tada K, Haga K, Kitagaichi M, Nakajima S, Kusaoi M, Sekiya F, Ogasawara M, Yamaji K, Tamura N, Takasaki Y, Miyake S. Involvement of Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:1695-703. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.151133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the axial and peripheral joints and ligamentous attachments. Gut immunity is thought to be involved in AS, because a prominent coexistence of gut and joint inflammation has been observed in patients with AS. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are preferentially located in the gut lamina propria and produce inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which are therapeutic targets for AS. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of MAIT cells in AS.Methods.The frequency of MAIT cells and their cytokine production were determined in patients with AS and healthy controls (HC). The expression of a MAIT cell activation marker (CD69) was analyzed in patients with AS by using flow cytometry.Results.The frequency of MAIT cells in the peripheral blood was lower in patients with AS compared with HC. The levels of IL-17 produced by MAIT cells after activation were higher in patients with AS than in the HC. CD69 expression on MAIT cells correlated with the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score in patients with AS.Conclusion.These results suggest the involvement of MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of AS.
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508
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Neyt K, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Lambrecht BN. Double-negative T resident memory cells of the lung react to influenza virus infection via CD11c(hi) dendritic cells. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:999-1014. [PMID: 26376363 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to Influenza A virus (IAV) is controlled by conventional TCRαβ(+) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes, which mediate protection or cause immunopathology. Here, we addressed the kinetics, differentiation, and antigen specificity of CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) T cells. DNT cells expressed intermediate levels of TCR/CD3 and could be further divided in γδ T cells, CD1d-reactive type I NKT cells, NK1.1(+) NKT-like cells, and NK1.1(-) DNT cells. NK1.1(-) DNT cells had a separate antigen-specific repertoire in the steady-state lung, and expanded rapidly in response to IAV infection, irrespectively of the severity of infection. Up to 10% of DNT cells reacted to viral nucleoprotein. Reinfection experiments with heterosubtypic IAV revealed that viral replication was a major trigger for recruitment. Unlike conventional T cells, the NK1.1(-) DNT cells were in a preactivated state, expressing memory markers CD44, CD11a, CD103, and the cytotoxic effector molecule FasL. DNT cells resided in the lung parenchyma, protected from intravascular labeling with CD45 antibody. The recruitment and maintenance of CCR2(+) CCR5(+) CXCR3(+) NK1.1(-) DNT cells depended on CD11c(hi) dendritic cells (DCs). Functionally, DNT cells controlled the lung DC subset balance, suggesting they might act as immunoregulatory cells. In conclusion, we identify activation of resident memory NK1.1(-) DNT cells as an integral component of the mucosal immune response to IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Neyt
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - B N Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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509
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MAIT cells are activated during human viral infections. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11653. [PMID: 27337592 PMCID: PMC4931007 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant in humans and recognize bacterial ligands. Here, we demonstrate that MAIT cells are also activated during human viral infections in vivo. MAIT cells activation was observed during infection with dengue virus, hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. This activation—driving cytokine release and Granzyme B upregulation—is TCR-independent but dependent on IL-18 in synergy with IL-12, IL-15 and/or interferon-α/β. IL-18 levels and MAIT cell activation correlate with disease severity in acute dengue infection. Furthermore, HCV treatment with interferon-α leads to specific MAIT cell activation in vivo in parallel with an enhanced therapeutic response. Moreover, TCR-independent activation of MAIT cells leads to a reduction of HCV replication in vitro mediated by IFN-γ. Together these data demonstrate MAIT cells are activated following viral infections, and suggest a potential role in both host defence and immunopathology. Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells have been implicated in response to bacterial pathogens. Here the authors show that in human viral infections, these cells are activated by IL-18 in cooperation with other pro-inflammatory cytokines, producing interferon gamma and granzyme B.
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510
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Laugel B, Lloyd A, Meermeier EW, Crowther MD, Connor TR, Dolton G, Miles JJ, Burrows SR, Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM, Sewell AK. Engineering of Isogenic Cells Deficient for MR1 with a CRISPR/Cas9 Lentiviral System: Tools To Study Microbial Antigen Processing and Presentation to Human MR1-Restricted T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:971-82. [PMID: 27307560 PMCID: PMC4947828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nonclassical HLA molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) presents metabolites of the vitamin B synthesis pathways to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and other MR1-restricted T cells. This new class of Ags represents a variation on the classical paradigm of self/non-self discrimination because these T cells are activated through their TCR by small organic compounds generated during microbial vitamin B2 synthesis. Beyond the fundamental significance, the invariant nature of MR1 across the human population is a tantalizing feature for the potential development of universal immune therapeutic and diagnostic tools. However, many aspects of MR1 Ag presentation and MR1-restricted T cell biology remain unknown, and the ubiquitous expression of MR1 across tissues and cell lines can be a confounding factor for experimental purposes. In this study, we report the development of a novel CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing lentiviral system and its use to efficiently disrupt MR1 expression in A459, THP-1, and K562 cell lines. We generated isogenic MR1(-/-) clonal derivatives of the A549 lung carcinoma and THP-1 monocytic cell lines and used these to study T cell responses to intracellular pathogens. We confirmed that MAIT cell clones were unable to respond to MR1(-/-) clones infected with bacteria whereas Ag presentation by classical and other nonclassical HLAs was unaffected. This system represents a robust and efficient method to disrupt the expression of MR1 and should facilitate investigations into the processing and presentation of MR1 Ags as well as into the biology of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Laugel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael D Crowther
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - John J Miles
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Scott R Burrows
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Marielle C Gold
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
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511
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Nonclassical MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T Cells Recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Derived Protein Antigens and Contribute to Protection Against Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005688. [PMID: 27272249 PMCID: PMC4896622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells have been implicated in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the relative contribution of various MHC Ib-restricted T cell populations to anti-mycobacterial immunity remains elusive. In this study, we used mice that lack MHC Ia (Kb-/-Db-/-), MHC Ia/H2-M3 (Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/-), or β2m (β2m-/-) to study the role of M3-restricted and other MHC Ib-restricted T cells in immunity against Mtb. Unlike their dominant role in Listeria infection, we found that M3-restricted CD8+ T cells only represented a small proportion of the CD8+ T cells responding to Mtb infection. Non-M3, MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells expanded preferentially in the lungs of Mtb-infected Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/- mice, exhibited polyfunctional capacities and conferred protection against Mtb. These MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells recognized several Mtb-derived protein antigens at a higher frequency than MHC Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. The presentation of Mtb antigens to MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells was mostly β2m-dependent but TAP-independent. Interestingly, a large proportion of Mtb-specific MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells in Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/- mice were Qa-2-restricted while no considerable numbers of MR1 or CD1-restricted Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells were detected. Our findings indicate that nonclassical CD8+ T cells other than the known M3, CD1, and MR1-restricted CD8+ T cells contribute to host immune responses against Mtb infection. Targeting these MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells would facilitate the design of better Mtb vaccines with broader coverage across MHC haplotypes due to the limited polymorphism of MHC class Ib molecules.
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512
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Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Yong YK, Tan HY, Velu V, Ussher JE, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Functional role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:305-14. [PMID: 27256572 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0216-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells represent an evolutionarily conserved, MR1-restricted, innate-like cell subset that express high levels of CD161; have a canonical semi-invariant TCR iVα7.2; and may have an important role in mucosal immunity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mature MAIT cells are CD161(hi)PLZF(hi)IL-18Rα(+)iVα7.2(+)γδ-CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells and occur in the peripheral blood, liver, and mucosa of humans. MAIT cells are activated by a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis presented by MR1 and, therefore, respond to many bacteria and some fungi. Despite their broad antibacterial properties, their functional role in persistent viral infections is poorly understood. Although there is an increasing line of evidence portraying the depletion of MAIT cells in HIV disease, the magnitude and the potential mechanisms underlying such depletion remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that MAIT cells are vulnerable to immune exhaustion as a consequence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections and HIV/tuberculosis coinfections. HIV infection also appears to cause functional depletion of MAIT cells resulting from abnormal expression of T-bet and EOMES, and effective ART is unable to completely salvage functional MAIT cell loss. Depletion and exhaustion of peripheral MAIT cells may affect mucosal immunity and could increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections during HIV infection. Here, we review some of the important mechanisms associated with depletion and functional loss of MAIT cells and also suggest potential immunotherapeutic strategies to restore MAIT cell functions, including the use of IL-7 to restore effector functions in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yean K Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Georgia, Atlanta, USA; and
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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513
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Ussher JE, van Wilgenburg B, Hannaway RF, Ruustal K, Phalora P, Kurioka A, Hansen TH, Willberg CB, Phillips RE, Klenerman P. TLR signaling in human antigen-presenting cells regulates MR1-dependent activation of MAIT cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1600-14. [PMID: 27105778 PMCID: PMC5297987 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant innate-like T lymphocyte population that are enriched in liver and mucosal tissues. They are restricted by MR1, which presents antigens derived from a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis, a pathway present in many microbial species, including commensals. Therefore, MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation must be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate activation and immunopathology. Using an in vitro model of MR1-mediated activation of primary human MAIT cells, we investigated the mechanisms by which it is regulated. Uptake of intact bacteria by antigen presenting cells (APCs) into acidified endolysosomal compartments was required for efficient MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation, while stimulation with soluble ligand was inefficient. Consistent with this, little MR1 was seen at the surface of human monocytic (THP1) and B-cell lines. Activation with a TLR ligand increased the amount of MR1 at the surface of THP1 but not B-cell lines, suggesting differential regulation in different cell types. APC activation and NF-κB signaling were critical for MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation. In primary cells, however, prolonged TLR signaling led to downregulation of MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation. Overall, MR1-mediated MAIT cell activation is a tightly regulated process, dependent on integration of innate signals by APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bonnie van Wilgenburg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel F Hannaway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kerstin Ruustal
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ted H Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney E Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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514
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Abstract
CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
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515
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Restricting nonclassical MHC genes coevolve with TRAV genes used by innate-like T cells in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2983-92. [PMID: 27170188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600674113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas major histocompatibility class-1 (MH1) proteins present peptides to T cells displaying a large T-cell receptor (TR) repertoire, MH1Like proteins, such as CD1D and MR1, present glycolipids and microbial riboflavin precursor derivatives, respectively, to T cells expressing invariant TR-α (iTRA) chains. The groove of such MH1Like, as well as iTRA chains used by mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, respectively, may result from a coevolution under particular selection pressures. Herein, we investigated the evolutionary patterns of the iTRA of MAIT and NKT cells and restricting MH1Like proteins: MR1 appeared 170 Mya and is highly conserved across mammals, evolving more slowly than other MH1Like. It has been pseudogenized or independently lost three times in carnivores, the armadillo, and lagomorphs. The corresponding TRAV1 gene also evolved slowly and harbors highly conserved complementarity determining regions 1 and 2. TRAV1 is absent exclusively from species in which MR1 is lacking, suggesting that its loss released the purifying selection on MR1. In the rabbit, which has very few NKT and no MAIT cells, a previously unrecognized iTRA was identified by sequencing leukocyte RNA. This iTRA uses TRAV41, which is highly conserved across several groups of mammals. A rabbit MH1Like gene was found that appeared with mammals and is highly conserved. It was independently lost in a few groups in which MR1 is present, like primates and Muridae, illustrating compensatory emergences of new MH1Like/Invariant T-cell combinations during evolution. Deciphering their role is warranted to search similar effector functions in humans.
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516
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Toubal A, Lehuen A. Lights on MAIT cells, a new immune player in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1008-1010. [PMID: 26867492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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517
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Haga K, Chiba A, Shibuya T, Osada T, Ishikawa D, Kodani T, Nomura O, Watanabe S, Miyake S. MAIT cells are activated and accumulated in the inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:965-72. [PMID: 26590105 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing and remitting, inflammatory disorder of the large intestine. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a member of innate-like lymphocytes found abundantly in the mucosal tissue. The contribution of MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of UC is still unclear; therefore, this study aimed at investigating the role of these cells in patients with UC. METHODS The frequency of MAIT cells, as well as the production of cytokines and expression levels of activation markers by these cells in the peripheral blood of UC patients and healthy controls, was analyzed by flow cytometry. MAIT cells were also quantified in colon biopsies of UC patients using a confocal microscope. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in MAIT cell frequency in the peripheral blood of UC patients compared with healthy controls (P < 0.0001). MAIT cells from UC patients secreted more interleukin (IL)-17 than healthy controls (P < 0.05). The expression levels of CD69 on these cells were correlated with disease activity and endoscopic scores and plasma levels of IL-18. Furthermore, MAIT cells increased in the inflamed mucosa, and their frequency was correlated with clinical and endoscopic disease activity in UC patients. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study indicate that MAIT cells could be associated with UC and may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Haga
- Departments of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Chiba
- Departments of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Shibuya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Osada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kodani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Departments of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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518
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Biliary epithelium and liver B cells exposed to bacteria activate intrahepatic MAIT cells through MR1. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1118-1127. [PMID: 26743076 PMCID: PMC4822535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells characterised by the invariant TCR-chain, Vα7.2-Jα33, and are restricted by MR1, which presents bacterial vitamin B metabolites. They are important for antibacterial immunity at mucosal sites; however, detailed characteristics of liver-infiltrating MAIT (LI-MAIT) and their role in biliary immune surveillance remain unexplored. METHODS The phenotype and intrahepatic localisation of human LI-MAIT cells was examined in diseased and normal livers. MAIT cell activation in response to E. coli-exposed macrophages, biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and liver B cells was assessed with/without anti-MR1. RESULTS Intrahepatic MAIT cells predominantly localised to bile ducts in the portal tracts. Consistent with this distribution, they expressed biliary tropic chemokine receptors CCR6, CXCR6, and integrin αEβ7. LI-MAIT cells were also present in the hepatic sinusoids and possessed tissue-homing chemokine receptor CXCR3 and integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4, suggesting their recruitment via hepatic sinusoids. LI-MAIT cells were enriched in the parenchyma of acute liver failure livers compared to chronic diseased livers. LI-MAIT cells had an activated, effector memory phenotype, expressed α4β7 and receptors for IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23. Importantly, in response to E. coli-exposed macrophages, liver B cells and BEC, MAIT cells upregulated IFN-γ and CD40 Ligand and degranulated in an MR1-dependent, cytokine-independent manner. In addition, diseased liver MAIT cells expressed T-bet and RORγt and the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence of an immune surveillance effector response for MAIT cells towards BEC in human liver; thus they could be manipulated for treatment of biliary disease in the future.
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519
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Abstract
The liver is an organ that has the largest amount of natural killer T(NKT) cells, which play critical roles in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. In this article, the authors summarize recent findings about the roles of NKT cells in liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, regeneration and cancer. In brief, NKT cells accelerate liver injury by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and directly killing hepatocytes. NKT cells are involved in complex roles in liver fibrogenesis. For instance, NKT cells inhibit liver fibrosis via suppressing hepatic stellate cell activation and can also promote liver fibrosis via enhancing liver inflammation and injury. Inactivated or weakly activated NKT cells play a minimal role in controlling liver regeneration, whilst activated NKT cells have an inhibitory effect on liver regeneration. In liver cancer, NKT cells play both pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles in controlling tumor progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
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520
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Sugimoto C, Fujita H, Wakao H. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: A novel approach for modeling human diseases. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:158-169. [PMID: 27114747 PMCID: PMC4835674 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice have frequently been used to model human diseases involving immune dysregulation such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. These models help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the disease and in the development of novel therapies. However, if mice are deficient in certain cells and/or effectors associated with human diseases, how can their functions be investigated in this species? Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel innate-like T cell family member, are a good example. MAIT cells are abundant in humans but scarce in laboratory mice. MAIT cells harbor an invariant T cell receptor and recognize nonpeptidic antigens vitamin B2 metabolites from bacteria and yeasts. Recent studies have shown that MAIT cells play a pivotal role in human diseases such as bacterial infections and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. MAIT cells possess granulysin, a human-specific effector molecule, but granulysin and its homologue are absent in mice. Furthermore, MAIT cells show poor proliferation in vitro. To overcome these problems and further our knowledge of MAIT cells, we have established a method to expand MAIT cells via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this review, we describe recent advances in the field of MAIT cell research and our approach for human disease modeling with iPSC-derived MAIT cells.
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521
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Godfrey DI, Uldrich AP, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 16:1114-23. [PMID: 26482978 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While most studies of T lymphocytes have focused on T cells reactive to complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, many other types of T cells do not fit this paradigm. These include CD1-restricted T cells, MR1-restricted mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), MHC class Ib-reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Collectively, these T cells are considered 'unconventional', in part because they can recognize lipids, small-molecule metabolites and specially modified peptides. Unlike MHC-reactive T cells, these apparently disparate T cell types generally show simplified patterns of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression, rapid effector responses and 'public' antigen specificities. Here we review evidence showing that unconventional T cells are an abundant component of the human immune system and discuss the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells and their antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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522
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Braudeau C, Amouriaux K, Néel A, Herbreteau G, Salabert N, Rimbert M, Martin JC, Hémont C, Hamidou M, Josien R. Persistent deficiency of circulating mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Autoimmun 2016; 70:73-9. [PMID: 27102145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have immunoregulatory functions at mucosal sites and have been involved in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess their frequencies in blood in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS The frequencies and function of MAIT cells, ILCs, γδT, iNKT, NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry on PBMC of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) without any treatment, in acute (AP) and remission phase (RP) and compared with healthy controls (HC). RESULTS The frequencies of MAIT cells were strongly decreased in GPA and MPA in AP compared to HC, both in never treated and in relapsing patients and independently of patient age. This was associated with an activated phenotype of patient MAIT cells, as shown by increased expression of CD69 and IFNγ. MAIT cells remained decreased during RP in AAV patients. The frequencies of iNKT and γδT cells were unaffected compared to HC, whereas those of NK cells were slightly reduced during AP in MPA. We also observed a significant decrease in frequencies of total ILCs with decreased ILC2 and ILC3 and increased ILC1 during AP in both GPA and MPA compared to HC. These frequencies normalized during RP. Interestingly, we observed a significant correlation between the frequency of total ILCs and BVAS. CONCLUSION We show for the first time that AAV are associated with a major decrease and an activated phenotype of blood MAIT cell. These features persisted during remission suggesting a role for MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Braudeau
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France; INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Karine Amouriaux
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France; LabEx Immunotherapy Graft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Antoine Néel
- INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France; CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Interne, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Guillaume Herbreteau
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Nina Salabert
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France; INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France; LabEx Immunotherapy Graft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Marie Rimbert
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France; INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Jérôme C Martin
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France; INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Caroline Hémont
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France; INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Mohamed Hamidou
- INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, F-44000, France; CHU Nantes, Service de Médecine Interne, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Régis Josien
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for Immunomonitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Nantes, F-44000, France; INSERM, U1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, UMR_S 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France; LabEx Immunotherapy Graft Oncology (IGO), Nantes, F-44000, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, F-44000, France.
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523
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WANG CHUNYAN, YU PEIFA, HE XIAOBING, FANG YONGXIANG, CHENG WENYU, JING ZHIZHONG. αβ T-cell receptor bias in disease and therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2247-56. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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524
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Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells Are Systemically Depleted in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:4520-4529. [PMID: 26912615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02876-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells contribute to host immune protection against a wide range of potential pathogens via the recognition of bacterial metabolites presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule MR1. Although bacterial products translocate systemically in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian macaques, several studies have shown that MAIT cell frequencies actually decrease in peripheral blood during the course of HIV/SIV disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this proportional decline remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the phenotype, activation status, functionality, distribution, and clonotypic structure of MAIT cell populations in the peripheral blood, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), jejunum, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of healthy and SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Low frequencies of MAIT cells were observed in the peripheral blood, MLNs, and BAL fluid of SIV-infected RMs. These numerical changes were coupled with increased proliferation and a highly public T cell receptor alpha (TCRα) repertoire in the MAIT cell compartment without redistribution to other anatomical sites. Collectively, our data show systemically decreased frequencies of MAIT cells likely attributable to enhanced turnover in SIV-infected RMs. This process may impair protective immunity against certain opportunistic infections with progression to AIDS. IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study reveal for the first time that MAIT cells are systemically depleted in an AIDS virus infection. These findings provide a new mechanistic link with our current understanding of HIV/SIV pathogenesis and implicate MAIT cell depletion in the disease process.
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525
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Bachy E, Urb M, Chandra S, Robinot R, Bricard G, de Bernard S, Traverse-Glehen A, Gazzo S, Blond O, Khurana A, Baseggio L, Heavican T, Ffrench M, Crispatzu G, Mondière P, Schrader A, Taillardet M, Thaunat O, Martin N, Dalle S, Le Garff-Tavernier M, Salles G, Lachuer J, Hermine O, Asnafi V, Roussel M, Lamy T, Herling M, Iqbal J, Buffat L, Marche PN, Gaulard P, Kronenberg M, Defrance T, Genestier L. CD1d-restricted peripheral T cell lymphoma in mice and humans. J Exp Med 2016; 213:841-57. [PMID: 27069116 PMCID: PMC4854725 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous entity of neoplasms with poor prognosis, lack of effective therapies, and a largely unknown pathophysiology. Identifying the mechanism of lymphomagenesis and cell-of-origin from which PTCLs arise is crucial for the development of efficient treatment strategies. In addition to the well-described thymic lymphomas, we found that p53-deficient mice also developed mature PTCLs that did not originate from conventional T cells but from CD1d-restricted NKT cells. PTCLs showed phenotypic features of activated NKT cells, such as PD-1 up-regulation and loss of NK1.1 expression. Injections of heat-killed Streptococcus pneumonia, known to express glycolipid antigens activating NKT cells, increased the incidence of these PTCLs, whereas Escherichia coli injection did not. Gene expression profile analyses indicated a significant down-regulation of genes in the TCR signaling pathway in PTCL, a common feature of chronically activated T cells. Targeting TCR signaling pathway in lymphoma cells, either with cyclosporine A or anti-CD1d blocking antibody, prolonged mice survival. Importantly, we identified human CD1d-restricted lymphoma cells within Vδ1 TCR-expressing PTCL. These results define a new subtype of PTCL and pave the way for the development of blocking anti-CD1d antibody for therapeutic purposes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bachy
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mirjam Urb
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Shilpi Chandra
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rémy Robinot
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Gabriel Bricard
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
| | | | - Alexandra Traverse-Glehen
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5239, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Gazzo
- Department of Cytogenetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5239, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Blond
- Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Université J. Fourier, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Archana Khurana
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Lucile Baseggio
- Department of Cytology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5239, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Tayla Heavican
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Martine Ffrench
- Department of Cytology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5239, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Giuliano Crispatzu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Oncoproteome, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, and Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Response and Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Mondière
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Schrader
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Oncoproteome, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, and Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Response and Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Morgan Taillardet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Nadine Martin
- INSERM U955, Créteil 94000, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil 94000, France Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France INSERM UMR-S1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Magali Le Garff-Tavernier
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Université Paris 06 et Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75004 Paris, France INSERM U1138, Programmed cell death and physiopathology of tumor cells, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Salles
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 69007 Lyon, France CNRS, UMR 5239, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Joel Lachuer
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 69007 Lyon, France INSERM UMR-S1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France ProfileXpert, SFR Santé Lyon-Est, UCBL UMS 3453 CNRS-US7 INSERM, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Institut Imagine, Laboratoire INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, CNRS Équipe de Recherche Laboratoryéllisée 8254, Cellular and Molecular Basis of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, 75015 Paris, France Service d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité et Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mikael Roussel
- Rennes University Hospital, Rennes INSERM UMR 917 Faculté de Médecine Université Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Lamy
- Rennes University Hospital, Rennes INSERM UMR 917 Faculté de Médecine Université Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marco Herling
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Oncoproteome, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, and Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Response and Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Javeed Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | | | - Patrice N Marche
- Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, Université J. Fourier, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Gaulard
- INSERM U955, Créteil 94000, France Université Paris-Est, Créteil 94000, France Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Thierry Defrance
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Genestier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5308, 69365 Lyon, France
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526
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McWilliam HEG, Eckle SBG, Theodossis A, Liu L, Chen Z, Wubben JM, Fairlie DP, Strugnell RA, Mintern JD, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Villadangos JA. The intracellular pathway for the presentation of vitamin B-related antigens by the antigen-presenting molecule MR1. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:531-7. [PMID: 27043408 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 presents vitamin B-related antigens (VitB antigens) to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells through an uncharacterized pathway. We show that MR1, unlike other antigen-presenting molecules, does not constitutively present self-ligands. In the steady state it accumulates in a ligand-receptive conformation within the endoplasmic reticulum. VitB antigens reach this location and form a Schiff base with MR1, triggering a 'molecular switch' that allows MR1-VitB antigen complexes to traffic to the plasma membrane. These complexes are endocytosed with kinetics independent of the affinity of the MR1-ligand interaction and are degraded intracellularly, although some MR1 molecules acquire new ligands during passage through endosomes and recycle back to the surface. MR1 antigen presentation is characterized by a rapid 'off-on-off' mechanism that is strictly dependent on antigen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Theodossis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta M Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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527
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Salou M, Nicol B, Garcia A, Baron D, Michel L, Elong-Ngono A, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Jacq-Foucher M, Le Frère F, Jousset N, Bourreille A, Wiertlewski S, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Nicot AB, Degauque N, Laplaud DA. Neuropathologic, phenotypic and functional analyses of Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:1-11. [PMID: 27050759 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are anti-microbial semi-invariant T cells, remains elusive in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Deciphering the potential involvement of MAIT cells in the MS inflammatory process. METHODS By flow cytometry, blood MAIT cells from similar cohorts of MS patients and healthy volunteers (HV) were compared for frequency, phenotype, activation potential after in vitro TCR engagement by bacterial ligands and transmigration abilities through an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier. MS CNS samples were also studied by immunofluorescent staining and quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Blood MAIT cells from relapsing-remitting MS patients and HV presented similar frequency, ex vivo effector phenotype and activation abilities. MAIT cells represented 0.5% of the total infiltrating T cells on 39 MS CNS lesions. This is low as compared to blood frequency (p<0.001), but consistent with their low transmigration rate. Finally, transcriptional over-expression of MR1 - which presents cognate antigens to MAIT cells - and of the activating cytokines IL-18 and IL-23 was evidenced in MS lesions, suggesting that the CNS microenvironment is suited to activate the few infiltrating MAIT cells. Taken together, these data place MAIT cells from MS patients as minor components of the inflammatory pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Daniel Baron
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Laure Michel
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Elong-Ngono
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Nantes Hospital, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CIC-04 Inserm, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Wiertlewski
- Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France.
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528
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Harriff MJ, Karamooz E, Burr A, Grant WF, Canfield ET, Sorensen ML, Moita LF, Lewinsohn DM. Endosomal MR1 Trafficking Plays a Key Role in Presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ligands to MAIT Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005524. [PMID: 27031111 PMCID: PMC4816560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, present in high frequency in airway and other mucosal tissues, have Th1 effector capacity positioning them to play a critical role in the early immune response to intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). MR1 is a highly conserved Class I-like molecule that presents vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. The mechanisms for loading these ubiquitous small molecules are likely to be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate MAIT cell activation. To define the intracellular localization of MR1, we analyzed the distribution of an MR1-GFP fusion protein in antigen presenting cells. We found that MR1 localized to endosomes and was translocated to the cell surface upon addition of 6-formyl pterin (6-FP). To understand the mechanisms by which MR1 antigens are presented, we used a lentiviral shRNA screen to identify trafficking molecules that are required for the presentation of Mtb antigen to HLA-diverse T cells. We identified Stx18, VAMP4, and Rab6 as trafficking molecules regulating MR1-dependent MAIT cell recognition of Mtb-infected cells. Stx18 but not VAMP4 or Rab6 knockdown also resulted in decreased 6-FP-dependent surface translocation of MR1 suggesting distinct pathways for loading of exogenous ligands and intracellular mycobacterially-derived ligands. We postulate that endosome-mediated trafficking of MR1 allows for selective sampling of the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Harriff
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJH); (DML)
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ansen Burr
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Wilmon F. Grant
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Canfield
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | | | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJH); (DML)
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529
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Dias J, Sobkowiak MJ, Sandberg JK, Leeansyah E. Human MAIT-cell responses to Escherichia coli: activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:233-40. [PMID: 27034405 PMCID: PMC4946616 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ta0815-391rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A tool-kit of adapted and optimized methods allowing for detailed functional examination of human MAIT cells responding to bacterial antigen. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells are a large and relatively recently described innate-like antimicrobial T-cell subset in humans. These cells recognize riboflavin metabolites from a range of microbes presented by evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex, class I-related molecules. Given the innate-like characteristics of mucosa-associated invariant T cells and the novel type of antigens they recognize, new methodology must be developed and existing methods refined to allow comprehensive studies of their role in human immune defense against microbial infection. In this study, we established protocols to examine a range of mucosa-associated invariant T-cell functions as they respond to antigen produced by Escherichia coli. These improved and dose- and time-optimized experimental protocols allow detailed studies of MR1-dependent mucosa-associated invariant T-cell responses to Escherichia coli pulsed antigen-presenting cells, as assessed by expression of activation markers and cytokines, by proliferation, and by induction of apoptosis and death in major histocompatibility complex, class I-related–expressing target cells. The novel and optimized protocols establish a framework of methods and open new possibilities to study mucosa-associated invariant T-cell immunobiology, using Escherichia coli as a model antigen. Furthermore, we propose that these robust experimental systems can also be adapted to study mucosa-associated invariant T-cell responses to other microbes and types of antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dias
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michał J Sobkowiak
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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530
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Acquisition of innate-like microbial reactivity in mucosal tissues during human fetal MAIT-cell development. Nat Commun 2016; 5:3143. [PMID: 24452018 PMCID: PMC3916833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate-like, evolutionarily conserved MR1-restricted mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a large antimicrobial T-cell subset in humans. Here, we investigate the development of these cells in second trimester human fetal tissues. MAIT cells are rare and immature in the fetal thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. In contrast, mature IL-18Rα+ CD8αα MAIT cells are enriched in the fetal small intestine, liver and lung. Independently of localization, MAIT cells express CD127 and Ki67 in vivo and readily proliferate in response to Escherichia coli in vitro. Maturation is accompanied by the gradual post-thymic acquisition of the PLZF transcription factor and the ability to produce IFNγ and IL-22 in response to bacteria in mucosa. Thus, MAIT cells acquire innate-like antimicrobial responsiveness in mucosa before exposure to environmental microbes and the commensal microflora. Establishment of this arm of immunity before birth may help protect the newborn from a range of pathogenic microbes. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently described subset of unconventional, innate-like T cells and their development is not well understood. Here, the authors analyse MAIT cells in fetal human tissues and show that, unlike in mice, the commensal microflora is not necessary for their maturation in humans.
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531
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Fresnay S, McArthur MA, Magder L, Darton TC, Jones C, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Salmonella Typhi-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cells play a dominant role in protection from typhoid fever in humans. J Transl Med 2016; 14:62. [PMID: 26928826 PMCID: PMC4772330 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever, caused by the human-restricted organism Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), is a major public health problem worldwide. Development of novel vaccines remains imperative, but is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the immune responses that correlate with protection. METHODS Recently, a controlled human infection model was re-established in which volunteers received ~10(3) cfu wild-type S. Typhi (Quailes strain) orally. Twenty-one volunteers were evaluated for their cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Ex vivo PBMC isolated before and up to 1 year after challenge were exposed to three S. Typhi-infected targets, i.e., autologous B lymphoblastoid cell-lines (B-LCL), autologous blasts and HLA-E restricted AEH B-LCL cells. CMI responses were evaluated using 14-color multiparametric flow cytometry to detect simultaneously five intracellular cytokines/chemokines (i.e., IL-17A, IL-2, IFN-g, TNF-a and MIP-1b) and a marker of degranulation/cytotoxic activity (CD107a). RESULTS Herein we provide the first evidence that S. Typhi-specific CD8+ responses correlate with clinical outcome in humans challenged with wild-type S. Typhi. Higher multifunctional S. Typhi-specific CD8+ baseline responses were associated with protection against typhoid and delayed disease onset. Moreover, following challenge, development of typhoid fever was accompanied by decreases in circulating S. Typhi-specific CD8+ T effector/memory (TEM) with gut homing potential, suggesting migration to the site(s) of infection. In contrast, protection against disease was associated with low or no changes in circulating S. Typhi-specific TEM. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide novel insights into the protective immune responses against typhoid disease that will aid in selection and development of new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fresnay
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Claire S Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Brian Angus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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532
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Hinks TSC. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmunity, immune-mediated diseases and airways disease. Immunology 2016; 148:1-12. [PMID: 26778581 PMCID: PMC4819138 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a novel class of innate-like T cells, expressing a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) and able to recognize small molecules presented on the non-polymorphic MHC-related protein 1. Their intrinsic effector-memory phenotype, enabling secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and their relative abundance in humans imply a significant potential to contribute to autoimmune processes. However, as MAIT cells were unknown until recently and specific immunological tools were unavailable, little is known of their roles in disease. Here I review observations from clinical studies and animal models of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases including the roles of MAIT cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and airways diseases. MAIT cell deficiencies are frequently observed in peripheral blood, and at sites of disease such as the airways in asthma. However, MAIT cells have a specific sensitivity to suppression by therapeutic corticosteroids that may confound many of these observations, as may the tendency of the surface marker CD161 to activation-induced down-regulation. Nonetheless, the dependence on bacteria for the development of MAIT cells suggests a potentially important protective role linking the influences of early life microbial exposures and subsequent development of autoimmunity. Conversely, MAIT cells could contribute to chronic inflammation either through TCR-independent activation, or potentially by TCR recognition of as yet undiscovered ligands. Future research will be greatly facilitated by the immunological tools that are now available, including murine genetic models and human and murine specific tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Department for Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK
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533
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Ling L, Lin Y, Zheng W, Hong S, Tang X, Zhao P, Li M, Ni J, Li C, Wang L, Jiang Y. Circulating and tumor-infiltrating mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in colorectal cancer patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20358. [PMID: 26837580 PMCID: PMC4738248 DOI: 10.1038/srep20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are important for immune defense against infectious pathogens and regulate the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. However, their roles in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still unclear. This study examined the phenotype, distribution, clinical relevance and potential function of MAIT cells in CRC patients. We found that the percentages of circulating memory CD8+ MAIT cells were significantly reduced while tumor infiltrating MAIT cells were increased, especially in patients with advanced CRC. The serum CEA levels were positively correlated with the percentages of tumor infiltrating MAIT cells in CRC patients, but negatively correlated with the percentages of circulating MAIT in advanced CRC patients. Activated circulating MAIT cells from CRC patients produced lower IFN-γ, but higher IL-17. Furthermore, higher levels of Vα7.2-Jα33, IFN-γ and IL-17A were expressed in the CRC tissues. Co-culture of activated MAIT cells with HCT116 cells enhanced IL-17 expression and induced HCT116 cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a contact- and dose-dependent manner, which was abrogated by treatment with anti-MR1. Therefore, MAIT cells preferably infiltrate into the solid tumor in CRC patients and may participate in the immune surveillance of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limian Ling
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yuyang Lin
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Sen Hong
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Xiuqi Tang
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Jingsong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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534
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Abstract
The liver is a central immunological organ with a high exposure to circulating antigens and endotoxins from the gut microbiota, particularly enriched for innate immune cells (macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells). In homeostasis, many mechanisms ensure suppression of immune responses, resulting in tolerance. Tolerance is also relevant for chronic persistence of hepatotropic viruses or allograft acceptance after liver transplantation. The liver can rapidly activate immunity in response to infections or tissue damage. Depending on the underlying liver disease, such as viral hepatitis, cholestasis or NASH, different triggers mediate immune-cell activation. Conserved mechanisms such as molecular danger patterns (alarmins), Toll-like receptor signalling or inflammasome activation initiate inflammatory responses in the liver. The inflammatory activation of hepatic stellate and Kupffer cells results in the chemokine-mediated infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells. The ultimate outcome of the intrahepatic immune response (for example, fibrosis or resolution) depends on the functional diversity of macrophages and dendritic cells, but also on the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory T-cell populations. As reviewed here, tremendous progress has helped to understand the fine-tuning of immune responses in the liver from homeostasis to disease, indicating promising targets for future therapies in acute and chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Heymann
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH University-Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH University-Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
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535
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Barathan M, Mohamed R, Vadivelu J, Chang LY, Saeidi A, Yong YK, Ravishankar Ram M, Gopal K, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Peripheral loss of CD8(+) CD161(++) TCRVα7·2(+) mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:170-80. [PMID: 26681320 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play an important role in innate host defence. MAIT cells appear to undergo exhaustion and are functionally weakened in chronic viral infections. However, their role in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the frequency of CD8(+) CD161(++) TCR Vα7.2(+) MAIT cells in a cross-sectional cohort of chronic HCV-infected patients (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated for circulating MAIT cell frequency, liver-homing (CCR5 and CD103), biomarkers of immune exhaustion (PD-1, TIM-3 and CTLA-4), chronic immune activation (CD38 and HLA-DR), and immunosenescence (CD57) by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequency of MAIT cells was significantly decreased, and increased signs of immune exhaustion and chronic immune activation were clearly evident on MAIT cells of HCV-infected patients. Decrease of CCR5 on circulating MAIT cells is suggestive of their peripheral loss in chronic HCV-infected patients. MAIT cells also showed significantly increased levels of HLA-DR, CD38, PD-1, TIM-3 and CTLA-4, besides CD57 in chronic HCV disease. CONCLUSIONS Immune exhaustion and senescence of CD8(+) CD161(++) TCR Vα7.2(+) MAIT cells could contribute to diminished innate defence attributes likely facilitating viral persistence and HCV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Y Chang
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean K Yong
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Ravishankar Ram
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kaliappan Gopal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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536
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Smith DG, Williams SJ. Immune sensing of microbial glycolipids and related conjugates by T cells and the pattern recognition receptors MCL and Mincle. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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537
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Increased Tryptophan Catabolism Is Associated With Increased Frequency of CD161+Tc17/MAIT Cells and Lower CD4+ T-Cell Count in HIV-1 Infected Patients on cART After 2 Years of Follow-Up. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 70:228-35. [PMID: 26470032 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection is associated with increased ratio between kynurenine and tryptophan (KTR) in plasma, increased microbial translocation, expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and depletion of Tc17/mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The association between these parameters and the impact of KTR on CD4 T-cell recovery in HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) after 2 years of follow-up was investigated. METHODS Forty-one HIV-infected individuals treated with cART for a minimum of 2 years were included. Tregs, CD161Tc17/MAIT cells, naive cells, immune activation, senescence, and apoptosis were measured using flow cytometry. Soluble CD14 (sCD14), lipopolysaccharide, and tryptophan metabolites in plasma were measured retrospectively before cART and at inclusion initiation using Limulus Amebocyte Lysate colometric assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. KTR was calculated, and patients were divided into 2 groups defined by high vs. low KTR. CD4 T-cell count was determined at inclusion and after 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS KTR decreased after cART initiation. Patients on cART with high KTR displayed an immunological profile with high sCD14, high percentage Tregs, low percentage CD161Tc17/MAIT cells, low percentage naive cells, low CD4/CD8 ratio, and poor immune reconstitution after 2 years of follow-up compared with patients with low KTR. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that tryptophan catabolism, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activation, microbial translocation, and perturbed distribution of Tregs and CD161Tc17/MAIT cells are part of a vicious circle that perpetuates exhaustion of the immune system and progression of untreated HIV infection and challenge immune reconstitution in patients on cART.
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538
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Gherardin NA, Keller AN, Woolley RE, Le Nours J, Ritchie DS, Neeson PJ, Birkinshaw RW, Eckle SBG, Waddington JN, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Uldrich AP, Pellicci DG, McCluskey J, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J. Diversity of T Cells Restricted by the MHC Class I-Related Molecule MR1 Facilitates Differential Antigen Recognition. Immunity 2016; 44:32-45. [PMID: 26795251 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells is the expression of TRAV1-2(+) T cell receptors (TCRs) that are activated by riboflavin metabolite-based antigens (Ag) presented by the MHC-I related molecule, MR1. Whether the MR1-restricted T cell repertoire and associated Ag responsiveness extends beyond these cells remains unclear. Here, we describe MR1 autoreactivity and folate-derivative reactivity in a discrete subset of TRAV1-2(+) MAIT cells. This recognition was attributable to CDR3β loop-mediated effects within a consensus TRAV1-2(+) TCR-MR1-Ag footprint. Furthermore, we have demonstrated differential folate- and riboflavin-derivative reactivity by a diverse population of "atypical" TRAV1-2(-) MR1-restricted T cells. We have shown that TRAV1-2(-) T cells are phenotypically heterogeneous and largely distinct from TRAV1-2(+) MAIT cells. A TRAV1-2(-) TCR docks more centrally on MR1, thereby adopting a markedly different molecular footprint to the TRAV1-2(+) TCR. Accordingly, diversity within the MR1-restricted T cell repertoire leads to differing MR1-restricted Ag specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rachel E Woolley
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Richard W Birkinshaw
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John N Waddington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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539
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Jiang J, Yang B, An H, Wang X, Liu Y, Cao Z, Zhai F, Wang R, Cao Y, Cheng X. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells from patients with tuberculosis exhibit impaired immune response. J Infect 2015; 72:338-52. [PMID: 26724769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors which regulate MAIT cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, and to investigate the role of MAIT cells in patients with active tuberculosis. METHODS Immune response of MAIT cells to M. tuberculosis antigens were compared between patients with active TB and healthy controls by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. RESULTS IFN-γ response of MAIT cells to M. tuberculosis lysates was dramatically improved by signal 3 cytokine IL-15 (p = 0.0002). Patients with active TB exhibited highly reduced IFN-γ production in MAIT cells stimulated with M. tuberculosis lysates/IL-15 compared with healthy controls (p < 0.0001) and individuals with latent TB infection (p = 0.0008). RNA sequencing of flow-sorted MAIT cells from patients with TB and healthy controls identified numerous differentially expressed genes, and the expression of genes that encode IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17F, granulysin and granzyme B were all down-regulated in patients with TB. MAIT cells from patients with TB has significantly lower expression of γc receptor than those from healthy controls under condition of Mtb lysates/IL-15 stimulation (p = 0.0028). Blockade of both γc and IL-2Rβ receptors resulted in highly reduced frequency of IFN-γ-producing MAIT cells (79.4%) (p = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS MAIT cells from patients with active TB exhibited impaired cytokine and cytotoxic response to M. tuberculosis antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingfen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjuan An
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China.
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540
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Zabijak L, Attencourt C, Guignant C, Chatelain D, Marcelo P, Marolleau JP, Treiner E. Increased tumor infiltration by mucosal-associated invariant T cells correlates with poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1601-8. [PMID: 26497850 PMCID: PMC11028701 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of tumors by lymphocytes is a prognosis factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). The magnitude and quality of this infiltration have emerged as important component of the clinical outcome in these patients. Specifically, markers associated with functional cell-mediated immunity, i.e., a Th1 immune response, are independent markers of better prognosis, whereas Th17-associated components are deleterious and correlate with poorer survival. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently described T cell subset with tissue-homing properties. They display a restricted TCR repertoire specific for widely conserved microbial ligands, and display anti-bacterial properties upon release of Th1-like, Th17-like, and/or cytotoxic granules. MAIT-cell-specific transcripts have been found in kidney and brain cancer, but have not been studies in other sites. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed by confocal microscopy the presence of MAIT cells within colorectal tumors as compared with paired healthy tissues. We observed a significant although variable increase, both in density and in proportion of overall tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes inside the tumors. Importantly, survival curves as well as multivariate analysis showed that patients displaying a higher recruitment of MAIT cells in their tumor, as compared with the neighboring healthy tissue, showed a less favorable clinical outcome. This study suggests that including MAIT-cell-specific markers or transcripts in the analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes could be a benefit to the diagnosis and follow-up of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Zabijak
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- ICAP Platform, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Caroline Guignant
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Immunology Laboratory, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | | | - Paulo Marcelo
- ICAP Platform, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Hematology Department, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Emmanuel Treiner
- EA4666, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
- Immunology Laboratory, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France.
- Inserm UMR1043, CHU Purpan, BP 3028, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
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541
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Salou M, Nicol B, Garcia A, Laplaud DA. Involvement of CD8(+) T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:604. [PMID: 26635816 PMCID: PMC4659893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by focal demyelination patches associated with inflammatory infiltrates containing T lymphocytes. For decades, CD4(+) T cells have been recognized as playing a major role in the disease, especially in animal models, which has led to the development of several therapies. However, interest has recently developed in the involvement of CD8(+) T cells in MS following the analysis of infiltrating T cells in human brain lesions. A broad range of evidence now suggests that the pathological role of this T cell subset in MS may have been underestimated. In this review, we summarize the literature implicating CD8(+) T cells in the pathophysiology of MS. We present data from studies in the fields of genetics, anatomopathology and immunology, mainly in humans but also in animal models of MS. Altogether, this strongly suggests that CD8(+) T cells may be major effectors in the disease process, and that the development of treatments specifically targeting this subset would be germane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; Medicine Department, Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; Medicine Department, Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; ITUN, Nantes Hospital , Nantes , France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; Department of Neurology, Nantes Hospital , Nantes , France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 004 , Nantes , France
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542
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Gold MC, Napier RJ, Lewinsohn DM. MR1-restricted mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:154-66. [PMID: 25703558 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and its human host have long co-evolved. Although the host cellular immune response is critical to the control of the bacterium information on the specific contribution of different immune cell subsets in humans is incomplete. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a prevalent and unique T-cell population in humans with the capacity to detect intracellular infection with bacteria including Mtb. MAIT cells detect bacterially derived metabolites presented by the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex-like molecule MR1. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of this T-cell subset and address the potential roles for MR1-restricted T cells in the control, diagnosis, and therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle C Gold
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; VA Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS), Portland, OR, USA; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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543
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Ronacher K, Joosten SA, van Crevel R, Dockrell HM, Walzl G, Ottenhoff THM. Acquired immunodeficiencies and tuberculosis: focus on HIV/AIDS and diabetes mellitus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:121-37. [PMID: 25703556 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection within Africa led to marked increases in numbers of cases of tuberculosis (TB), and although the epidemic peaked in 2006, there were still 1.8 million new cases in 2013, with 29.2 million prevalent cases. Half of all TB cases in Africa are in those with HIV co-infection. A brief review of the well-documented main immunological mechanisms of HIV-associated increased susceptibility to TB is presented. However, a new threat is facing TB control, which presents itself in the form of a rapid increase in the number of people living with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in areas that are already hardest hit by the TB epidemic. T2DM increases susceptibility to TB threefold, and the TB burden attributable to T2DM is 15%. This review addresses the much smaller body of research information available on T2DM-TB, compared to HIV-TB comorbidity. We discuss the altered clinical presentation of TB in the context of T2DM comorbidity, changes in innate and adaptive immune responses, including lymphocyte subsets and T-cell phenotypes, the effect of treatment of the different comorbidities, changes in biomarker expression and genetic predisposition to the respective morbidities, and other factors affecting the comorbidity. Although significant gains have been made in improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of T2DM-associated increased susceptibility, knowledge gaps still exist that require urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ronacher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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544
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Kwon YS, Jin HM, Cho YN, Kim MJ, Kang JH, Jung HJ, Park KJ, Kee HJ, Kee SJ, Park YW. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Deficiency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2015; 13:196-202. [PMID: 26552490 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2015.1069806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been reported to play an important role in mucosal immunity. However, little is known about the roles of MAIT cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aims of this study were to examine the levels of circulating MAIT cells and their subsets in COPD patients and to investigate the potential relationship between clinical parameters and MAIT cell levels. Forty-five COPD patients and 57 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. Circulating MAIT cells and their subset levels in the peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. Disease grades were classified according to the GOLD criteria for the assessment of severity of COPD. Circulating MAIT cell levels were found to be significantly reduced in COPD patients. In particular, this MAIT cell deficiency was more prominent in CD8+ and double-negative T cell subsets. Interestingly, elevated serum C-reactive protein level and reduced FEV1/FVC ratio were associated with MAIT cell deficiency in COPD patients. Furthermore, the circulating MAIT levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with moderate to severe COPD than in patients with mild COPD. Our data shows that MAIT cells are numerically deficient in the peripheral blood of patients with COPD. In addition, this MAIT cell deficiency was found to reflect inflammatory activity and disease severity. These findings provide important information for monitoring the changes in MAIT cell levels and for predicting the prognosis during the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Soo Kwon
- a Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Jin
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nan Cho
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ju Kim
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Kang
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Park
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kee
- c Heart Research Center , Chonnam National University Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- d Department of Laboratory Medicine , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
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545
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Eckle SBG, Corbett AJ, Keller AN, Chen Z, Godfrey DI, Liu L, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J. Recognition of Vitamin B Precursors and Byproducts by Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30204-11. [PMID: 26468291 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.685990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is essential for metabolic functions and is synthesized by many bacteria, yeast, and plants, but not by mammals and other animals, which must acquire it from the diet. In mammals, modified pyrimidine intermediates from the microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin are recognized as signature biomarkers of microbial infection. This recognition occurs by specialized lymphocytes known as mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The major histocompatibility class I-like antigen-presenting molecule, MR1, captures these pyrimidine intermediates, but only after their condensation with small molecules derived from glycolysis and other metabolic pathways to form short-lived antigens. The resulting MR1-Ag complexes are recognized by MAIT cell antigen receptors (αβ T cell receptors (TCRs)), and the subsequent MAIT cell immune responses are thought to protect the host from pathogens at mucosal surfaces. Here, we review our understanding of how these novel antigens are generated and discuss their interactions with MR1 and MAIT TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonia B G Eckle
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
| | - Andrew N Keller
- the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, and the Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, and the Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, and the Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, the Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James McCluskey
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
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546
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Cui Y, Franciszkiewicz K, Mburu YK, Mondot S, Le Bourhis L, Premel V, Martin E, Kachaner A, Duban L, Ingersoll MA, Rabot S, Jaubert J, De Villartay JP, Soudais C, Lantz O. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell-rich congenic mouse strain allows functional evaluation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4171-85. [PMID: 26524590 DOI: 10.1172/jci82424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) have potent antimicrobial activity and are abundant in humans (5%-10% in blood). Despite strong evolutionary conservation of the invariant TCR-α chain and restricting molecule MR1, this population is rare in laboratory mouse strains (≈0.1% in lymphoid organs), and lack of an appropriate mouse model has hampered the study of MAIT biology. Herein, we show that MAITs are 20 times more frequent in clean wild-derived inbred CAST/EiJ mice than in C57BL/6J mice. Increased MAIT frequency was linked to one CAST genetic trait that mapped to the TCR-α locus and led to higher usage of the distal Vα segments, including Vα19. We generated a MAIThi congenic strain that was then crossed to a transgenic Rorcgt-GFP reporter strain. Using this tool, we characterized polyclonal mouse MAITs as memory (CD44+) CD4-CD8lo/neg T cells with tissue-homing properties (CCR6+CCR7-). Similar to human MAITs, mouse MAITs expressed the cytokine receptors IL-7R, IL-18Rα, and IL-12Rβ and the transcription factors promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) and RAR-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt). Mouse MAITs produced Th1/2/17 cytokines upon TCR stimulation and recognized a bacterial compound in an MR1-dependent manner. During experimental urinary tract infection, MAITs migrated to the bladder and decreased bacterial load. Our study demonstrates that the MAIThi congenic strain allows phenotypic and functional characterization of naturally occurring mouse MAITs in health and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Germ-Free Life
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/analysis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic/genetics
- Mice, Congenic/immunology
- Mice, Congenic/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microbiota
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/analysis
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/analysis
- Urinary Tract Infections/immunology
- Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology
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547
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Van Rhijn I, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. Lipid and small-molecule display by CD1 and MR1. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:643-54. [PMID: 26388332 PMCID: PMC6944187 DOI: 10.1038/nri3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecules CD1 and MHC class I-related protein (MR1) display lipids and small molecules to T cells. The antigen display platforms in the four CD1 proteins are laterally asymmetrical, so that the T cell receptor (TCR)-binding surfaces are comprised of roofs and portals, rather than the long grooves seen in the MHC antigen-presenting molecules. TCRs can bind CD1 proteins with left-sided or right-sided footprints, creating unexpected modes of antigen recognition. The use of tetramers of human CD1a, CD1b, CD1c or MR1 proteins now allows detailed analysis of the human T cell repertoire, which has revealed new invariant TCRs that bind CD1b molecules and are different from those that define natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lipids/immunology
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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548
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Treiner E, Liblau RS. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: The Jury is Still Out. Front Immunol 2015; 6:503. [PMID: 26483793 PMCID: PMC4588106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), as demonstrated by the efficacy of therapies targeting various components of adaptive immunity. However, the disease still progresses despite these treatments in many patients, while others experience life-threatening adverse effects, urging for the discovery of new immune-targeting medications. Among the immune cell types participating to MS pathogenesis, decades of work have highlighted the prominent role of CD4 T cells. More recent data demonstrate the involvement of CD8 T cells as well. The existence of both pathogenic and protective CD8 T cells subsets has been suggested, adding an additional layer of complexity to the picture. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that make up to 25% of CD8 T cells in healthy subjects. They are specific for conserved microbial ligands and may constitute an important barrier against invasive bacterial and fungal infection. An increasing number of reports also suggest their possible involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases, including MS. MAIT cells could participate through their ability to produce IFNγ and/or IL-17, two major cytokines in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms by which MAIT cells could be activated in these sterile conditions are not known. Furthermore, contradictory observations have been made, reporting either a protective or a pro-inflammatory behavior of MAIT cells in MS or its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this review article, we will describe the current knowledge on MAIT cell biology in health and disease, and discuss the possible mechanisms behind their role in MS. The specific features of this new non-conventional T cell subset make it an interesting candidate as a biomarker or as the target of immune-mediated intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Treiner
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR1043-CNRS 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III - Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital , Toulouse , France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR1043-CNRS 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III - Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital , Toulouse , France
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549
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Novak J, Dobrovolny J, Brozova J, Novakova L, Kozak T. Recovery of mucosal-associated invariant T cells after myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:529-537. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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550
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Booth JS, Salerno-Goncalves R, Blanchard TG, Patil SA, Kader HA, Safta AM, Morningstar LM, Czinn SJ, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Human Gastric Mucosa and Blood: Role in Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:466. [PMID: 26441971 PMCID: PMC4585133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a class of antimicrobial innate-like T cells that have been characterized in human blood, liver, lungs, and intestine. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the presence of MAIT cells in the stomach of children, adults, and the elderly undergoing routine endoscopy and assessed their reactivity to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori – Hp), a major gastric pathogen. We observed that MAIT cells are present in the lamina propria compartment of the stomach and display a similar memory phenotype to blood MAIT cells. We then demonstrated that gastric and blood MAIT cells are able to recognize H. pylori. We found that CD8+ and CD4−CD8− (double negative) MAIT cell subsets respond to H. pylori-infected macrophages stimulation in a MR-1 restrictive manner by producing cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A) and exhibiting cytotoxic activity. Interestingly, we observed that blood MAIT cell frequency in Hp+ve individuals was significantly lower than in Hp−ve individuals. However, gastric MAIT cell frequency was not significantly different between Hp+ve and Hp−ve individuals, demonstrating a dichotomy between blood and gastric tissues. Further, we observed that the majority of gastric MAIT cells (>80%) expressed tissue-resident markers (CD69+ CD103+), which were only marginally present on PBMC MAIT cells (<3%), suggesting that gastric MAIT cells are readily available to respond quickly to pathogens. These results contribute important new information to the understanding of MAIT cells function on peripheral and mucosal tissues and its possible implications in the host response to H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Seema A Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Howard A Kader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Anca M Safta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Lindsay M Morningstar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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