551
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Puxbaum V, Gasser B, Mattanovich D. The bud tip is the cellular hot spot of protein secretion in yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8159-68. [PMID: 27338576 PMCID: PMC4989006 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts are valuable hosts for recombinant protein production. Among them, Pichia pastoris is frequently used for production of secreted proteins, and much effort was made to improve the secretion efficiency of this expression platform. However, the knowledge on the secretion machinery is mainly based on studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, it is of great interest for targeted improvement of the system to learn more about the secretion process in P. pastoris. Using human serum albumin, a protein which is produced in high quantities in P. pastoris, we show here the secretion pathway of this protein. During passage of the secretory route, the recombinant protein is mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in COPII vesicles, and is inherited to the daughter cell via the perinuclear ER. The final release to the cell exterior occurs at the bud, initiating at the bud tip and later spreading over the entire bud surface. The same polarized secretion pattern was observed for a recombinant antibody light chain and the native secretory protein Epx1 of P. pastoris. Clarifying the point of release of secretory proteins will have major impact on engineering the secretory pathway of P. pastoris and other budding yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Puxbaum
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Vienna, Austria.
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552
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Kukk K, Samel N. Enhanced expression of human prostaglandin H synthase-2 in the yeast Pichia pastoris and removal of the C-terminal tag with bovine carboxypeptidase A. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:224-231. [PMID: 27316830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate prostaglandin H synthases (PGHSs) are membrane-bound disulphide-containing hemoglycoproteins. Therefore, eukaryotic expression systems are required for the production of recombinant PGHSs. Recently we announced the expression of human PGHS-2 (hPGHS-2) in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Here we report improved production of hPGHS-2 in P. pastoris and a convenient method for the purification and de-tagging of the protein. An affinity tag comprised of a proline, a glycine and eight histidines was introduced into the C-terminal end of hPGHS-2. The tagged hPGHS-2 was expressed intracellularly in P. pastoris under the control of a constitutive or methanol-inducible promoter. Compared to constitutive expression, methanol-induced expression yielded approximately four times more protein. The analysis of high and low gene copy number recombinants revealed a positive correlation between the gene copy number and the expression level of hPGHS-2. The recombinant hPGHS-2 was purified using immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography. A novel elution method, treatment of the affinity resin with bovine carboxypeptidase A, was employed. The yield of pure de-tagged hPGHS-2 from 1l of yeast culture was approximately 3mg. The protein purification process with simultaneous removal of the C-terminal polyhistidine tag could be easily applied for the affinity purification of other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Kukk
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Nigulas Samel
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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553
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Inokuma K, Bamba T, Ishii J, Ito Y, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Enhanced cell-surface display and secretory production of cellulolytic enzymes withSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSed1 signal peptide. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2358-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inokuma
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Takahiro Bamba
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology; Kobe University; Kobe Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kobe University; 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program; RIKEN; 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
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554
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yan C, Zhang Y, Xu X, Zhang W. Discovery of a rhamnose utilization pathway and rhamnose-inducible promoters in Pichia pastoris. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27352. [PMID: 27256707 PMCID: PMC4891683 DOI: 10.1038/srep27352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhamnose utilization pathway in Pichia pastoris has not been clarified although this strain can grow well on rhamnose as a sole carbon source. In this study, four genes, PAS_chr4_0338, PAS_chr4_0339, PAS_chr4_0340, and PAS_chr4_0341, were, for the first time, predicted to be involved in rhamnose metabolism along with the previously identified gene PAS_chr1_4-0075. Moreover, expression of these genes, especially PAS_chr4_0341 and PAS_chr1_4-0075 designated as LRA4 and LRA3, was confirmed to significantly increase and clearly decrease in the presences of rhamnose and glucose, respectively. LRA4 encoding a putative L-2-keto-3-deoxyrhamnonate aldolase, was further confirmed via gene disruption and gene complementation to participate in rhamnose metabolism. Using β-galactosidase and green fluorescent protein as reporters, the promoters of LRA4 and LRA3 performed well in driving efficient production of heterologous proteins. By using food grade rhamnose instead of the toxic compound methanol as the inducer, the two promoters would be excellent candidates for driving the production of food-grade and therapeutically important recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengliang Yan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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555
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Schwarzhans JP, Wibberg D, Winkler A, Luttermann T, Kalinowski J, Friehs K. Integration event induced changes in recombinant protein productivity in Pichia pastoris discovered by whole genome sequencing and derived vector optimization. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:84. [PMID: 27206580 PMCID: PMC4874018 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classic AOX1 replacement approach is still one of the most often used techniques for expression of recombinant proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Although this approach is largely successful, it frequently delivers clones with unpredicted production characteristics and a work-intense screening process is required to find the strain with desired productivity. Results In this project 845 P. pastoris clones, transformed with a GFP expression cassette, were analyzed for their methanol-utilization (Mut)-phenotypes, GFP gene expression levels and gene copy numbers. Several groups of strains with irregular features were identified. Such features include GFP expression that is markedly higher or lower than expected based on gene copy number as well as strains that grew under selective conditions but where the GFP gene cassette and its expression could not be detected. From these classes of strains 31 characteristic clones were selected and their genomes sequenced. By correlating the assembled genome data with the experimental phenotypes novel insights were obtained. These comprise a clear connection between productivity and cassette-to-cassette orientation in the genome, the occurrence of false-positive clones due to a secondary recombination event, and lower total productivity due to the presence of untransformed cells within the isolates were discovered. To cope with some of these problems, the original vector was optimized by replacing the AOX1 terminator, preventing the occurrence of false-positive clones due to the secondary recombination event. Conclusions Standard methods for transformation of P. pastoris led to a multitude of unintended and sometimes detrimental integration events, lowering total productivity. By documenting the connections between productivity and integration event we obtained a deeper understanding of the genetics of mutation in P. pastoris. These findings and the derived improved mutagenesis and transformation procedures and tools will help other scientists working on recombinant protein production in P. pastoris and similar non-conventional yeasts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0486-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philipp Schwarzhans
- Fermentation Engineering, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Luttermann
- Fermentation Engineering, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl Friehs
- Fermentation Engineering, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany. .,CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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556
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Tripathi NK. Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins fromEscherichia coli. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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557
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Müller JM, Bruhn S, Flaschel E, Friehs K, Risse JM. GAP promoter-based fed-batch production of highly bioactive core streptavidin byPichia pastoris. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:855-64. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Michael Müller
- Lehrstuhl Für Fermentationstechnik, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld; PF 10 01 31 Bielefeld D-33501 Germany
| | - Simon Bruhn
- Lehrstuhl Für Fermentationstechnik, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld; PF 10 01 31 Bielefeld D-33501 Germany
| | - Erwin Flaschel
- Lehrstuhl Für Fermentationstechnik, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld; PF 10 01 31 Bielefeld D-33501 Germany
| | - Karl Friehs
- Lehrstuhl Für Fermentationstechnik, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld; PF 10 01 31 Bielefeld D-33501 Germany
| | - Joe Max Risse
- Lehrstuhl Für Fermentationstechnik, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld; PF 10 01 31 Bielefeld D-33501 Germany
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558
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Dehnavi E, Ranaei Siadat SO, Fathi Roudsari M, Khajeh K. Cloning and high-level expression of β-xylosidase from Selenomonas ruminantium in Pichia pastoris by optimizing of pH, methanol concentration and temperature conditions. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 124:55-61. [PMID: 27154901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-xylosidase and several other glycoside hydrolase family members, including xylanase, cooperate together to degrade hemicelluloses, a commonly found xylan polymer of plant-cell wall. β-d-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase from the ruminal anaerobic bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium (SXA) has potential utility in industrial processes such as production of fuel ethanol and other bioproducts. The optimized synthetic SXA gene was overexpressed in methylotrophic Pichia pastoris under the control of alcohol oxidase I (AOX1) promoter and secreted into the medium. Recombinant protein showed an optimum pH 4.8 and optimum temperature 50 °C. Furthermore, optimization of growth and induction conditions in shake flask was carried out. Using the optimum expression condition (pH 6, temperature 20 °C and 1% methanol induction), protein production was increased by about three times in comparison to the control. The recombinant SXA we have expressed here showed higher turnover frequency using ρ-nitrophenyl β-xylopyranoside (PNPX) substrate, in contrast to most xylosidase experiments reported previously. This is the first report on the cloning and expression of a β-xylosidase gene from glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 43 in Pichia pastoris. Our results confirm that P. pastoris is an appropriate host for high level expression and production of SXA for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Dehnavi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Ranaei Siadat
- Nanobiotechnology Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and New Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University, GC, Tehran, Iran; Protein Engineering Laboratory, Protein Research Center (PRC), Shahid Beheshti University, GC, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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559
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Wetzel D, Müller JM, Flaschel E, Friehs K, Risse JM. Fed-batch production and secretion of streptavidin by Hansenula polymorpha: Evaluation of genetic factors and bioprocess development. J Biotechnol 2016; 225:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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560
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Comparison of ADH3 promoter with commonly used promoters for recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 121:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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561
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Ben Azoun S, Belhaj AE, Göngrich R, Gasser B, Kallel H. Molecular optimization of rabies virus glycoprotein expression in Pichia pastoris. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:355-68. [PMID: 26880068 PMCID: PMC4835572 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, different approaches were investigated to enhance the expression rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) in the yeast Pichia pastoris; this membrane protein is responsible for the synthesis of rabies neutralizing antibodies. First, the impact of synonymous codon usage bias was examined and an optimized RABV-G gene was synthesized. Nevertheless, data showed that the secretion of the optimized RABV-G gene was not tremendously increased as compared with the non-optimized one. In addition, similar levels of RABV-G were obtained when α-factor mating factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or the acid phosphatase PHO1 was used as a secretion signal. Therefore, sequence optimization and secretion signal were not the major bottlenecks for high-level expression of RABV-G in P. pastoris. Unfolded protein response (UPR) was induced in clones containing high copy number of RABV-G expression cassette indicating that folding was the limiting step for RABV-G secretion. To circumvent this limitation, co-overexpression of five factors involved in oxidative protein folding was investigated. Among these factors only PDI1, ERO1 and GPX1 proved their benefit to enhance the expression. The highest expression level of RABV-G reached 1230 ng ml(-1). Competitive neutralizing assay confirmed that the recombinant protein was produced in the correct conformational form in this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Ben Azoun
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology and Biotechnology Development, Biofermentation Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, place Pasteur. BP. 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Eya Belhaj
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology and Biotechnology Development, Biofermentation Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, place Pasteur. BP. 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Rebecca Göngrich
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Héla Kallel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Vaccinology and Biotechnology Development, Biofermentation Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, place Pasteur. BP. 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
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562
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Zhang C, Liu Q, Ku Z, Hu Y, Ye X, Zhang Y, Huang Z. Coxsackievirus A16-like particles produced in Pichia pastoris elicit high-titer neutralizing antibodies and confer protection against lethal viral challenge in mice. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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563
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Isidro IA, Portela RM, Clemente JJ, Cunha AE, Oliveira R. Hybrid metabolic flux analysis and recombinant protein prediction in Pichia pastoris X-33 cultures expressing a single-chain antibody fragment. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1351-63. [PMID: 27129458 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of the Pichia pastoris expression system as industrial workhorse, the literature is almost absent in systematic studies on how culture medium composition affects central carbon fluxes and heterologous protein expression. In this study we investigate how 26 variations of the BSM+PTM1 medium impact central carbon fluxes and protein expression in a P. pastoris X-33 strain expressing a single-chain antibody fragment. To achieve this goal, we adopted a hybrid metabolic flux analysis (MFA) methodology, which is a modification of standard MFA to predict the rate of synthesis of recombinant proteins. Hybrid MFA combines the traditional parametric estimation of central carbon fluxes with non-parametric statistical modeling of product-related quantitative or qualitative measurements as a function of central carbon fluxes. It was observed that protein yield variability was 53.6 % (relative standard deviation) among the different experiments. Protein yield is much more sensitive to medium composition than biomass growth, which is mainly determined by the carbon source availability and main salts. Hybrid MFA was able to describe accurately the protein yield with normalized RMSE of 6.3 % over 5 independent experiments. The metabolic state that promotes high protein yields is characterized by high overall metabolic rates through main central carbon pathways concomitantly with a relative shift of carbon flux from biosynthetic towards energy generating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês A Isidro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui M Portela
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João J Clemente
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António E Cunha
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal. .,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Functional enviromics technologies SA, Campus Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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564
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Moua PS, Gonzalez A, Oshiro KT, Tam V, Li ZH, Chang J, Leung W, Yon A, Thor D, Venkatram S, Franz AH, Risser DD, Lin-Cereghino J, Lin-Cereghino GP. Differential secretion pathways of proteins fused to the Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (MBP) in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 124:1-9. [PMID: 27079175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (MBP) is an N-terminal fusion partner that was shown to enhance the secretion of some heterologous proteins from the yeast Pichia pastoris, a popular host for recombinant protein expression. The amount of increase in secretion was dependent on the identity of the cargo protein, and the fusions were proteolyzed prior to secretion, limiting its use as a purification tag. In order to overcome these obstacles, we used the MBP as C-terminal partner for several cargo peptides. While the Cargo-MBP proteins were no longer proteolyzed in between these two moieties when the MBP was in this relative position, the secretion efficiency of several fusions was lower than when MBP was located at the opposite end of the cargo protein (MBP-Cargo). Furthermore, fluorescence analysis suggested that the MBP-EGFP and EGFP-MBP proteins followed different routes within the cell. The effect of several Pichia pastoris beta-galactosidase supersecretion (bgs) strains, mutants showing enhanced secretion of select reporters, was also investigated on both MBP-EGFP and EGFP-MBP. While the secretion efficiency, proteolysis and localization of the MBP-EGFP was influenced by the modified function of Bgs13, EGFP-MBP behavior was not affected in the bgs strain. Taken together, these results indicate that the location of the MBP in a fusion affects the pathway and trans-acting factors regulating secretion in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachai S Moua
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Alfonso Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Kristin T Oshiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Vivian Tam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Zhiguo Harry Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Jennifer Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Wilson Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Amy Yon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Der Thor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, United States
| | - Sri Venkatram
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Andreas H Franz
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Douglas D Risser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Joan Lin-Cereghino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States
| | - Geoff P Lin-Cereghino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States.
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565
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Tabaei S, Mashkani B, Esmaili A, Karimi R, Jamehdar SA. Design of cocktail peptide vaccine against Cytomegalovirus infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:449-54. [PMID: 27279990 PMCID: PMC4887719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a major morbidity and mortality cause in immuno suppressed patients. Therefore, significant effort has been made towards the development of a vaccine. In this study, the expression of the pp65 and gB fusion peptides and Fc domain of mouse IgG2a as a novel delivery system for selective uptake of antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in Pichia pastoris yeast system were studied. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this study, four immune dominant sequences in pp65 protein and 3 immuno dominant sequences in gB protein were selected according to literature review. Peptide linker -GGGGS- was used for construction of fusion peptide. This fusion peptide was cloned in the pPICZαA expression vector and transfected into P. pastoris host cells. RESULTS Dot blot and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) techniques showed that a high level of pp65-gB-Fc fusion peptide was expressed. CONCLUSION This CMV pp65-gB-Fc fusion peptide could be a promising candidate for the development of a novel peptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tabaei
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Esmaili
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Reza Karimi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Saeid Amel Jamehdar. Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-3802 2205; Fax: +98-51-3711 2596;
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566
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae asparaginase II, a potential antileukemic drug: Purification and characterization of the enzyme expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 120:118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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567
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Wriessnegger T, Moser S, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Leitner E, Müller M, Kaluzna I, Schürmann M, Mink D, Pichler H. Enhancing cytochrome P450-mediated conversions in P. pastoris through RAD52 over-expression and optimizing the cultivation conditions. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:114-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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568
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Luley-Goedl C, Czabany T, Longus K, Schmölzer K, Zitzenbacher S, Ribitsch D, Schwab H, Nidetzky B. Combining expression and process engineering for high-quality production of human sialyltransferase in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:54-60. [PMID: 27018228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase I, ST6Gal-I has drawn considerable interest for its use as biocatalyst for in-vitro glycoengineering of recombinantly produced therapeutic proteins. By attaching sialic acid onto the terminal galactoses of biantennary protein N-glycans, ST6Gal-I facilitates protein remodeling towards a humanized glycosylation and thus optimized efficacy in pharmacological use. Secreted expression of ST6Gal-I in Pichia pastoris is promising, but proteolysis restricts both the yield and the quality of the enzyme produced. Focusing on an N-terminally truncated (Δ108) variant of ST6Gal-I previously shown to represent a minimally sized, still active form of ST6Gal-I, we show here that protein expression engineering and optimization of bioreactor cultivation of P. pastoris KM71H (pPICZαB) synergized to enhance the maximum enzyme titer about 57-fold to 17units/L. N-Terminal fusion to the Flag-tag plus deletion of a potential proteolytic site (Lys(114)-Asn→Gln(114)-Asn) improved the intrinsic resistance of Δ108ST6Gal-I to degradation in P. pastoris culture. A mixed glycerol/methanol feeding protocol for P. pastoris growth and induction was key for enzyme production in high yield and quality. The sialyltransferase was recovered from the bioreactor culture in a yield of 70% using a single step of anion-exchange chromatography. Its specific activity was 0.05units/mg protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tibor Czabany
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Longus
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Zitzenbacher
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Schwab
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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569
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Weninger A, Hatzl AM, Schmid C, Vogl T, Glieder A. Combinatorial optimization of CRISPR/Cas9 expression enables precision genome engineering in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:139-49. [PMID: 27015975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) is one of the most commonly used expression systems for heterologous protein production. However the recombination machinery in P. pastoris is less effective in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where efficient homologous recombination naturally facilitates genetic modifications. The lack of simple and efficient methods for gene disruption and specifically integrating cassettes has remained a bottleneck for strain engineering in P. pastoris. Therefore tools and methods for targeted genome modifications are of great interest. Here we report the establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for P. pastoris and demonstrate targeting efficiencies approaching 100%. However there appeared to be a narrow window of optimal conditions required for efficient CRISPR/Cas9 function for this host. We systematically tested combinations of various codon optimized DNA sequences of CAS9, different gRNA sequences, RNA Polymerase III and RNA Polymerase II promoters in combination with ribozymes for the expression of the gRNAs and RNA Polymerase II promoters for the expression of CAS9. Only 6 out of 95 constructs were functional for efficient genome editing. We used this optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene disruption studies, to introduce multiplexed gene deletions and to test the targeted integration of homologous DNA cassettes. This system allows rapid, marker-less genome engineering in P. pastoris enabling unprecedented strain and metabolic engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weninger
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Hatzl
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Schmid
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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570
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Cámara E, Albiol J, Ferrer P. Droplet digital PCR-aided screening and characterization of Pichia pastoris multiple gene copy strains. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1542-51. [PMID: 26704939 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pichia (syn. Komagataella) pastoris is a widely used yeast platform for heterologous protein production. Expression cassettes are usually stably integrated into the genome of this host via homologous recombination. Although increasing gene dosage is a powerful strategy to improve recombinant protein production, an excess in the number of gene copies often leads to decreased product yields and increased metabolic burden, particularly for secreted proteins. We have constructed a series of strains harboring different copy numbers of a Rhizopus oryzae lipase gene (ROL), aiming to find the optimum gene dosage for secreted Rol production. In order to accurately determine ROL gene dosage, we implemented a novel protocol based on droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and cross validated it with conventional real-time PCR. Gene copy number determination based on ddPCR allowed for an accurate ranking of transformants according to their ROL gene dosage. Results indicated that ddPCR was particularly superior at lower gene dosages (one to five copies) over quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This facilitated the determination of the optimal ROL gene dosage as low as two copies. The ranking of ROL gene dosage versus Rol yield was consistent at both small scale and bioreactor chemostat cultures, thereby easing clone characterization in terms of gene dosage dependent physiological effects, which could be discriminated even among strains differing by only one ROL copy. A selected two-copy strain showed twofold increase in Rol specific production in a chemostat culture over the single copy strain. Conversely, strains harboring more than two copies of the ROL gene showed decreased product and biomass yields, as well as altered substrate consumption specific rates, compared to the reference (one-copy) strain. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1542-1551. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cámara
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Albiol
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Ferrer
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
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571
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Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is a widely used host organism for recombinant protein production in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. However, if the target product describes a glycoprotein, an α-1,6-mannosyltransferase located in the Golgi apparatus of P. pastoris, called OCH1, triggers hypermannosylation of the recombinant protein which significantly impedes following unit operations and hampers biopharmaceutical product applications. A knockout of the och1 gene allows the production of less-glycosylated proteins-however, morphology and physiology of P. pastoris also change, complicating the upstream process. Here, we describe a controlled and efficient bioprocess based on the specific substrate uptake rate (q s) for a recombinant P. pastoris OCH1 knockout strain expressing a peroxidase as model protein.
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572
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Jansson R, Lau CH, Ishida T, Ramström M, Sandgren M, Hedhammar M. Functionalized silk assembled from a recombinant spider silk fusion protein (Z-4RepCT) produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:687-99. [PMID: 26814048 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Functional biological materials are a growing research area with potential applicability in medicine and biotechnology. Using genetic engineering, the possibility to introduce additional functions into spider silk-based materials has been realized. Recently, a recombinant spider silk fusion protein, Z-4RepCT, was produced intracellularly in Escherichia coli and could after purification self-assemble into silk-like fibers with ability to bind antibodies via the IgG-binding Z domain. In this study, the use of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris for production of Z-4RepCT has been investigated. Temperature, pH and production time were influencing the amount of soluble Z-4RepCT retrieved from the extracellular fraction. Purification of secreted Z-4RepCT resulted in a mixture of full-length and degraded silk proteins that failed to self-assemble into fibers. A position in the C-terminal domain of 4RepCT was identified as being subjected to proteolytic cleavage by proteases in the Pichia culture supernatant. Moreover, the C-terminal domain was subjected to glycosylation during production in P. pastoris. These observed alterations of the CT domain are suggested to contribute to the failure in fiber assembly. As alternative approach, Z-4RepCT retrieved from the intracellular fraction, which was less degraded, was used and shown to retain ability to assemble into silk-like fibers after enzymatic deglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Jansson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cheuk H Lau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Margareta Ramström
- Department of Chemistry (BMC) and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - My Hedhammar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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573
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Morozkina EV, Vavilova EA, Zatcepin SS, Klyachko EV, Yagudin TA, Chulkin AM, Dudich IV, Semenkova LN, Churilova IV, Benevolensky SV. Engineering of a System for the Production of Mutant Human Alpha-Fetoprotein in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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574
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Schmid J, Heider D, Wendel NJ, Sperl N, Sieber V. Bacterial Glycosyltransferases: Challenges and Opportunities of a Highly Diverse Enzyme Class Toward Tailoring Natural Products. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:182. [PMID: 26925049 PMCID: PMC4757703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme subclass of glycosyltransferases (GTs; EC 2.4) currently comprises 97 families as specified by CAZy classification. One of their important roles is in the biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides by catalyzing the transfer of sugar moieties from activated donor molecules to other sugar molecules. In addition GTs also catalyze the transfer of sugar moieties onto aglycons, which is of great relevance for the synthesis of many high value natural products. Bacterial GTs show a higher sequence similarity in comparison to mammalian ones. Even when most GTs are poorly explored, state of the art technologies, such as protein engineering, domain swapping or computational analysis strongly enhance our understanding and utilization of these very promising classes of proteins. This perspective article will focus on bacterial GTs, especially on classification, screening and engineering strategies to alter substrate specificity. The future development in these fields as well as obstacles and challenges will be highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany
| | - Dominik Heider
- Department of Bioinformatics, Straubing Center of Science, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf Straubing, Germany
| | - Norma J Wendel
- Department of Bioinformatics, Straubing Center of Science, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf Straubing, Germany
| | - Nadine Sperl
- Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technische Universität München Straubing, Germany
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575
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Adivitiya, Dagar VK, Devi N, Khasa YP. High level production of active streptokinase in Pichia pastoris fed-batch culture. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 83:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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576
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Heterologous expression and enzymatic characterization of fructosyltransferase from Aspergillus niger in Pichia pastoris. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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577
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Larue K, Melgar M, Martin VJJ. Directed evolution of a fungal β-glucosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:52. [PMID: 26949413 PMCID: PMC4778352 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-glucosidases (BGLs) catalyze the hydrolysis of soluble cellodextrins to glucose and are a critical component of cellulase systems. In order to engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass, a BGL tailored to industrial bioconversions is needed. RESULTS We applied a directed evolution strategy to a glycosyl hydrolase family 3 (GH3) BGL from Aspergillus niger (BGL1) by expressing a library of mutated bgl1 genes in S. cerevisiae and used a two-step functional screen to identify improved enzymes. Twelve BGL variants that supported growth of S. cerevisiae on cellobiose and showed increased activity on the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside were identified and characterized. By performing kinetic experiments, we found that a Tyr → Cys substitution at position 305 of BGL1 dramatically reduced transglycosidation activity that causes inhibition of the hydrolytic reaction at high substrate concentrations. Targeted mutagenesis demonstrated that the position 305 residue is critical in GH3 BGLs and likely determines the extent to which transglycosidation reactions occur. We also found that a substitution at Gln(140) reduced the inhibitory effect of glucose and could be combined with the Y305C substitution to produce a BGL with decreased sensitivity to both the product and substrate. Using the crystal structure of a GH3 BGL from A. aculeatus, we mapped a group of beneficial mutations to the β/α domain of the molecule and postulate that this region modulates activity through subunit interactions. Six BGL variants were identified with substitutions in the MFα pre-sequence that was used to mediate secretion of the protein. Substitutions at Pro(21) or Val(22) of the MFα pre-sequence could produce up to a twofold increase in supernatant hydrolase activity and provides evidence that expression and/or secretion was an additional factor limiting hydrolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Using directed evolution on BGL1, we identified a key residue that controls hydrolytic and transglycosidation reactions in GH3 BGLs. We also found that several beneficial mutations could be combined and increased the hydrolytic activity for both synthetic and natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kane Larue
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Mindy Melgar
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
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578
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Długosz E, Wiśniewski M. Toxocara canis glycans influence antigen recognition by mouse IgG1 and IgM antibodies. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:191-4. [PMID: 26751891 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of sugar moieties of Toxocara canis glycoprotein antigens on their recognition by infected mouse antibodies was investigated in this study. Native TES and recombinant Toxocara mucins generated in Pichia pastoris yeast as well as their deglycosylated forms were used in ELISA. TES and recombinant mucins were equally recognized by T. canis infected mouse IgG1 antibodies. IgM immunoglobulins predominantly recognized TES antigens. Among mucins recognition of Tc-MUC-4 was the most significant. Deglycosylation of antigens resulted in significant loss of IgM and IgG1 reactivity to TES, mucins, Tc-MUC-3 and Tc-MUC-4. The presence of sugar moieties had no influence on IgE binding to native or recombinant T. canis antigens. Our results suggest that glycans are involved in epitope formation what should be taken into consideration in production of recombinant helminth antigens for diagnostic purposes.
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579
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Fernández FJ, López-Estepa M, Querol-García J, Vega MC. Production of Protein Complexes in Non-methylotrophic and Methylotrophic Yeasts : Nonmethylotrophic and Methylotrophic Yeasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 896:137-53. [PMID: 27165323 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein complexes can be produced in multimilligram quantities using nonmethylotrophic and methylotrophic yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris. Yeasts have distinct advantages as hosts for recombinant protein production owing to their cost efficiency, ease of cultivation and genetic manipulation, fast growth rates, capacity to introduce post-translational modifications, and high protein productivity (yield) of correctly folded protein products. Despite those advantages, yeasts have surprisingly lagged behind other eukaryotic hosts in their use for the production of multisubunit complexes. As our knowledge of the metabolic and genomic bottlenecks that yeast microorganisms face when overexpressing foreign proteins expands, new possibilities emerge for successfully engineering yeasts as superb expression hosts. In this chapter, we describe the current state of the art and discuss future possibilities for the development of yeast-based systems for the production of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Fernández
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Estepa
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Querol-García
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Cristina Vega
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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580
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13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis: An Accurate Approach to Demystify Microbial Metabolism for Biochemical Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2015; 3:bioengineering3010003. [PMID: 28952565 PMCID: PMC5597161 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of various industrial microorganisms to produce chemicals, fuels, and drugs has raised interest since it is environmentally friendly, sustainable, and independent of nonrenewable resources. However, microbial metabolism is so complex that only a few metabolic engineering efforts have been able to achieve a satisfactory yield, titer or productivity of the target chemicals for industrial commercialization. In order to overcome this challenge, 13C Metabolic Flux Analysis (13C-MFA) has been continuously developed and widely applied to rigorously investigate cell metabolism and quantify the carbon flux distribution in central metabolic pathways. In the past decade, many 13C-MFA studies have been performed in academic labs and biotechnology industries to pinpoint key issues related to microbe-based chemical production. Insightful information about the metabolic rewiring has been provided to guide the development of the appropriate metabolic engineering strategies for improving the biochemical production. In this review, we will introduce the basics of 13C-MFA and illustrate how 13C-MFA has been applied via integration with metabolic engineering to identify and tackle the rate-limiting steps in biochemical production for various host microorganisms
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581
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Dai M, Yu C, Fang T, Fu L, Wang J, Zhang J, Ren J, Xu J, Zhang X, Chen W. Identification and Functional Characterization of Glycosylation of Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB in Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145419. [PMID: 26701617 PMCID: PMC4689512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast Pichia pastoris is a widely used system for heterologous protein expression. However, post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation, usually impede pharmaceutical application of recombinant proteins because of unexpected alterations in protein structure and function. The aim of this study was to identify glycosylation sites on recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) secreted by P. pastoris, and investigate possible effects of O-linked glycans on PDGF-BB functional activity. PDGF-BB secreted by P. pastoris is very heterogeneous and contains multiple isoforms. We demonstrated that PDGF-BB was O-glycosylated during the secretion process and detected putative O-glycosylation sites using glycosylation staining and immunoblotting. By site-directed mutagenesis and high-resolution LC/MS analysis, we, for the first time, identified two threonine residues at the C-terminus as the major O-glycosylation sites on rhPDGF-BB produced in P. pastoris. Although O-glycosylation resulted in heterogeneous protein expression, the removal of glycosylation sites did not affect rhPDGF-BB mitogenic activity. In addition, the unglycosylated PDGF-BBΔGly mutant exhibited the immunogenicity comparable to that of the wild-type form. Furthermore, antiserum against PDGF-BBΔGly also recognized glycosylated PDGF-BB, indicating that protein immunogenicity was unaltered by glycosylation. These findings elucidate the effect of glycosylation on PDGF-BB structure and biological activity, and can potentially contribute to the design and production of homogeneously expressed unglycosylated or human-type glycosylated PDGF-BB in P. pastoris for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Dai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The 148th Hospital of PLA, Zibo, China
| | - Changming Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (XZ)
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (XZ)
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582
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Ferreira-Camargo LS, Tran M, Beld J, Burkart MD, Mayfield SP. Selenocystamine improves protein accumulation in chloroplasts of eukaryotic green algae. AMB Express 2015; 5:126. [PMID: 26137911 PMCID: PMC4489976 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic green algae have become an increasingly popular platform for recombinant proteins production. In particular, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, has garnered increased attention for having the necessary biochemical machinery to produce vaccines, human antibodies and next generation cancer targeting immunotoxins. While it has been shown that chloroplasts contain chaperones, peptidyl prolylisomerases and protein disulfide isomerases that facilitate these complex proteins folding and assembly, little has been done to determine which processes serve as rate-limiting steps for protein accumulation. In other expression systems, as Escherichia coli, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and insect cells, recombinant protein accumulation can be hampered by cell's inability to fold the target polypeptide into the native state, resulting in aggregation and degradation. To determine if chloroplasts' ability to oxidize proteins that require disulfide bonds into a stable conformation is a rate-limiting step of protein accumulation, three recombinant strains, each expressing a different recombinant protein, were analyzed. These recombinant proteins included fluorescent GFP, a reporter containing no disulfide bonds; Gaussia princeps luciferase, a luminescent reporter containing disulfide bonds; and an immunotoxin, an antibody-fusion protein containing disulfide bonds. Each strain was analyzed for its ability to accumulate proteins when supplemented with selenocystamine, a small molecule capable of catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds. Selenocystamine supplementation led to an increase in luciferase and immunotoxin but not GFP accumulation. These results demonstrated that selenocystamine can increase the accumulation of proteins containing disulfide bonds and suggests that a rate-limiting step in chloroplast protein accumulation is the disulfide bonds formation in recombinant proteins native structure.
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583
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de Amorim Araújo J, Ferreira TC, Rubini MR, Duran AGG, De Marco JL, de Moraes LMP, Torres FAG. Coexpression of cellulases in Pichia pastoris as a self-processing protein fusion. AMB Express 2015; 5:84. [PMID: 26698316 PMCID: PMC4689727 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term cellulase refers to any component of the enzymatic complex produced by some fungi, bacteria and protozoans which act serially or synergistically to catalyze the cleavage of cellulosic materials. Cellulases have been widely used in many industrial applications ranging from food industry to the production of second generation ethanol. In an effort to develop new strategies to minimize the costs of enzyme production we describe the development of a Pichia pastoris strain able to coproduce two different cellulases. For that purpose the eglII (endoglucanase II) and cbhII (cellobiohydrolase II) genes from Trichoderma reesei were fused in-frame separated by the self-processing 2A peptide sequence from the foot-and-mouth disease virus. The protein fusion construct was placed under the control of the strong inducible AOX1 promoter. Analysis of culture supernatants from methanol-induced yeast transformants showed that the protein fusion was effectively processed. Enzymatic assay showed that the processed enzymes were fully functional with the same catalytic properties of the individual enzymes produced separately. Furthermore, when combined both enzymes acted synergistically on filter paper to produce cellobiose as the main end-product. Based on these results we propose that P. pastoris should be considered as an alternative platform for the production of cellulases at competitive costs.
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584
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Mulder KC, de Lima LA, Aguiar PS, Carneiro FC, Franco OL, Dias SC, Parachin NS. Production of a modified peptide clavanin in Pichia pastoris: cloning, expression, purification and in vitro activities. AMB Express 2015; 5:129. [PMID: 26243173 PMCID: PMC4524883 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are one of the most promising peptide-based drugs due to their enormous potential as novel biopharmaceuticals in both human and animal industries. In order to develop strategies to over produce such molecules, heterologous production of a modified version of clavanin A, here named clavanin MO (clavMO), was successfully achieved in the methylothopic yeast Pichia pastoris. ClavMO was fused to thioredoxin as a carrier protein and the construction was tested using two promoters, PAOX1 and PGAP, based on either induced or constitutive expression systems, respectively. After growth in 5 L Bioreactor, clavMO-thio was recovered and purified through size exclusion chromatography. Our findings show that both constitutive and inducible expression systems produce active clavMO fused to thioredoxin against both Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms.
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585
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Zhang X, Li X, Xia L. Expression of a thermo-alkaline lipase gene from Talaromyces thermophilus in recombinant Pichia pastoris. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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586
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Looser V, Bruhlmann B, Bumbak F, Stenger C, Costa M, Camattari A, Fotiadis D, Kovar K. Cultivation strategies to enhance productivity of Pichia pastoris: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1177-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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587
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Screening of Alternative Carbon Sources for Recombinant Protein Production in Pichia pastoris. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2015-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Seventeen carbon sources were screened to identify those with the potential to support pGAP-regulated recombinant enzyme production by Pichia pastoris, using phytase as a model product. Of these, four, namely glucose, glycerol, fructose and ethanol, supported cell growth and enzyme production, and the performance of the latter two was analyzed. Ranges of acceptable residual carbon source concentrations, i.e. those at which no substrate-related growth inhibition occurred, were determined and used to design fed-batch bioreactor-based processes. In fed-batch cultures, fructose supported higher biomass concentrations and equivalent extracellular enzyme activities than glucose. The same metrics for the cultures grown on ethanol were comparable to those of the cultures grown on glucose, but with a greater required fermentation time.
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588
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Roongsawang N, Puseenam A, Kitikhun S, Sae-Tang K, Harnpicharnchai P, Ohashi T, Fujiyama K, Tirasophon W, Tanapongpipat S. A Novel Potential Signal Peptide Sequence and Overexpression of ER-Resident Chaperones Enhance Heterologous Protein Secretion in Thermotolerant Methylotrophic Yeast Ogataea thermomethanolica. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:710-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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589
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Cerini F, Gaertner H, Madden K, Tolstorukov I, Brown S, Laukens B, Callewaert N, Harner JC, Oommen AM, Harms JT, Sump AR, Sealock RC, Peterson DJ, Johnson SK, Abramson SB, Meagher M, Offord R, Hartley O. A scalable low-cost cGMP process for clinical grade production of the HIV inhibitor 5P12-RANTES in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 119:1-10. [PMID: 26506568 PMCID: PMC4725576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the continued absence of an effective anti-HIV vaccine, approximately 2 million new HIV infections occur every year, with over 95% of these in developing countries. Calls have been made for the development of anti-HIV drugs that can be formulated for topical use to prevent HIV transmission during sexual intercourse. Because these drugs are principally destined for use in low-resource regions, achieving production costs that are as low as possible is an absolute requirement. 5P12-RANTES, an analog of the human chemokine protein RANTES/CCL5, is a highly potent HIV entry inhibitor which acts by achieving potent blockade of the principal HIV coreceptor, CCR5. Here we describe the development and optimization of a scalable low-cost production process for 5P12-RANTES based on expression in Pichia pastoris. At pilot (150 L) scale, this cGMP compliant process yielded 30 g of clinical grade 5P12-RANTES. As well as providing sufficient material for the first stage of clinical development, this process represents an important step towards achieving production of 5P12-RANTES at a cost and scale appropriate to meet needs for topical HIV prevention worldwide. New medicines are required to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in low-resource regions. 5P12-RANTES, a chemokine analog, is a promising new candidate drug. We describe a process for producing clinical grade cGMP 5P12-RANTES in Pichia pastoris. This is a key step to achieving production at cost and scale appropriate for use worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Cerini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Gaertner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilya Tolstorukov
- BioGrammatics Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92011, USA; Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Scott Brown
- Biologics Process Development, Inc., Poway, CA 92064, USA
| | - Bram Laukens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB-UGent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB-UGent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jay C Harner
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anna M Oommen
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John T Harms
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anthony R Sump
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert C Sealock
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Dustin J Peterson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Scott K Johnson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Michael Meagher
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Biological Process Development Facility, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robin Offord
- The Mintaka Foundation for Medical Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; The Mintaka Foundation for Medical Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
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590
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Grineva EN, Leinsoo AT, Spasskaya DS, Karpov DS, Karpov VL. Functional analysis of Rpn4-like proteins from Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris and Yarrowia lipolytica on a genetic background of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815070029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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591
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Kelle S, Nieter A, Krings U, Zelena K, Linke D, Berger RG. Heterologous production of a feruloyl esterase from Pleurotus sapidus synthesizing feruloyl-saccharide esters. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:852-862. [PMID: 26272349 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The feruloyl esterase (FAE) gene EST1 from the basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Catalytically active recombinant Est1 was secreted using P. pastoris as a host. For expression in P. pastoris, the expression vector pPIC9K was applied. The EST1 gene was cloned with an N-terminal α-mating factor pre-pro sequence and expressed under the control of a methanol inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promotor. Est1 was purified to homogeneity using ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The recombinant Est1 showed optima at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, and released ferulic acid from saccharide esters and from the natural substrate destarched wheat bran. Substrate specificity profile and descriptor-based analysis demonstrated unique properties, showing that Est1 did not fit into the current FAE classification model. Transferuloylation synthesis of feruloyl-saccharide esters was proven for mono- and disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kelle
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annabel Nieter
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krings
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katerina Zelena
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Linke
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
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592
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Gramany V, Khan FI, Govender A, Bisetty K, Singh S, Permaul K. Cloning, expression, and molecular dynamics simulations of a xylosidase obtained from Thermomyces lanuginosus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1681-92. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1089186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vashni Gramany
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Algasan Govender
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Krishna Bisetty
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Kugenthiren Permaul
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
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593
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Wang M, Jiang S, Han Z, Zhao B, Wang L, Zhou Z, Wang Y. Expression and immunogenic characterization of recombinant gp350 for developing a subunit vaccine against Epstein-Barr virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1221-1230. [PMID: 26433969 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is linked to the development of various malignancies. There is an urgent need for effective vaccines against EBV. EBV envelope glycoprotein gp350 is an attractive candidate for a prophylactic vaccine. This study was undertaken to produce the truncated (codons 1-443) gp350 protein (gp350(1-443)) in Pichia pastoris and evaluate its immunogenicity. The gp350(1-443) protein was expressed as a secretory protein with an N-terminal His-tag in P. pastoris and purified through Ni-NTA chromatography. Immunization with the recombinant gp350(1-443) could elicit high levels of gp350(1-443)-specific antibodies in mice. Moreover, gp350(1-443)-immunized mice developed strong lymphoproliferative and Th1/Th2 cytokine responses. Furthermore, the recombinant gp350(1-443) could stimulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in vaccinated mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that the yeast-expressed gp350(1-443) retained strong immunogenicity. This study will provide a useful source for developing EBV subunit vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhenwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Li'ao Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Zhixia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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594
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Li C, Lin Y, Zheng X, Pang N, Liao X, Liu X, Huang Y, Liang S. Combined strategies for improving expression of Citrobacter amalonaticus phytase in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:88. [PMID: 26410558 PMCID: PMC4584009 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytase is used as an animal feed additive that degrades phytic acid and reduces feeding costs and pollution caused by fecal excretion of phosphorus. Some phytases have been expressed in Pichia pastoris, among which the phytase from Citrobacter amalonaticus CGMCC 1696 had high specific activity (3548 U/mg). Improvement of the phytase expression level will contribute to facilitate its industrial applications. METHODS To improve the phytase expression, we use modification of P AOX1 and the α-factor signal peptide, increasing the gene copy number, and overexpressing HAC1 (i) to enhance folding and secretion of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. The genetic stability and fermentation in 10-L scaled-up fed-batch fermenter was performed to prepare for the industrial production. RESULTS The phytase gene from C. amalonaticus CGMCC 1696 was cloned under the control of the AOX1 promoter (P AOX1 ) and expressed in P. pastoris. The phytase activity achieved was 414 U/mL. Modifications of P AOX1 and the α-factor signal peptide increased the phytase yield by 35 and 12%, respectively. Next, on increasing the copy number of the Phy gene to six, the phytase yield was 141% higher than in the strain containing only a single gene copy. Furthermore, on overexpression of HAC1 (i) (i indicating induced), a gene encoding Hac1p that regulates the unfolded protein response, the phytase yield achieved was 0.75 g/L with an activity of 2119 U/mL, 412% higher than for the original strain. The plasmids in this high-phytase expression strain were stable during incubation at 30 °C in Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YPD) Medium. In a 10-L scaled-up fed-batch fermenter, the phytase yield achieved was 9.58 g/L with an activity of 35,032 U/mL. DISCUSSION The production of a secreted protein will reach its limit at a specific gene copy number where further increases in transcription and translation due to the higher abundance of gene copies will not enhance the secretion process any further. Enhancement of protein folding in the ER can alleviate bottlenecks in the folding and secretion pathways during the overexpression of heterologous proteins in P. pastoris. CONCLUSIONS Using modification of P AOX1 and the α-factor signal peptide, increasing the gene copy number, and overexpressing HAC1 (i) to enhance folding and secretion of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, we have successfully increased the phytase yield 412% relative to the original strain. In a 10-L fed-batch fermenter, the phytase yield achieved was 9.58 g/L with an activity of 35,032 U/mL. Large-scale production of phytase can be applied towards different biocatalytic and feed additive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xueyun Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Nuo Pang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xihao Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shuli Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
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595
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Geier M, Brandner C, Strohmeier GA, Hall M, Hartner FS, Glieder A. Engineering Pichia pastoris for improved NADH regeneration: A novel chassis strain for whole-cell catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1741-8. [PMID: 26664594 PMCID: PMC4660914 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many synthetically useful reactions are catalyzed by cofactor-dependent enzymes. As cofactors represent a major cost factor, methods for efficient cofactor regeneration are required especially for large-scale synthetic applications. In order to generate a novel and efficient host chassis for bioreductions, we engineered the methanol utilization pathway of Pichia pastoris for improved NADH regeneration. By deleting the genes coding for dihydroxyacetone synthase isoform 1 and 2 (DAS1 and DAS2), NADH regeneration via methanol oxidation (dissimilation) was increased significantly. The resulting Δdas1 Δdas2 strain performed better in butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH1) based whole-cell conversions. While the BDH1 catalyzed acetoin reduction stopped after 2 h reaching ~50% substrate conversion when performed in the wild type strain, full conversion after 6 h was obtained by employing the knock-out strain. These results suggest that the P. pastoris Δdas1 Δdas2 strain is capable of supplying the actual biocatalyst with the cofactor over a longer reaction period without the over-expression of an additional cofactor regeneration system. Thus, focusing the intrinsic carbon flux of this methylotrophic yeast on methanol oxidation to CO2 represents an efficient and easy-to-use strategy for NADH-dependent whole-cell conversions. At the same time methanol serves as co-solvent, inductor for catalyst and cofactor regeneration pathway expression and source of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Geier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Christoph Brandner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Gernot A Strohmeier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria ; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Franz S Hartner
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria ; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
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596
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Zhuang S, Fu J, Powell C, Huang J, Xia Y, Yan R. Production of medium-chain volatile flavour esters in Pichia pastoris whole-cell biocatalysts with extracellular expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acyl-CoA:ethanol O-acyltransferase Eht1 or Eeb1. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:467. [PMID: 26357598 PMCID: PMC4556718 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain volatile flavour esters are important molecules since they have extensive applications in food, fragrance, cosmetic, paint and coating industries, which determine different characteristics of aroma or taste in commercial products. Biosynthesis of these compounds by alcoholysis is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:ethanol O-acyltransferases Eht1 or Eeb1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, these two yeast enzymes were selected to explore their preparations as the form of whole cell biocatalysts for the production of volatile flavour esters. Here, the novel whole cell biocatalysts Pichia pastoris yeasts with functional extracellular expression of Eht1 or Eeb1 were constructed. Flavour production was established through an integrated process with coupled enzyme formation and ester biosynthesis in the recombinant yeasts in one pot, leading to the formation of volatile C6–C14 methyl and ethyl esters from wort medium. Interestingly, there is no significant difference between P. pastoris-EHT1 and P. pastoris-EEB1 in substrate preference during flavour biosynthesis, indicating a similar role of Eht1 and Eeb1 in P. pastoris cells, in contradiction with previous findings in S. cerevisiae to some extent. Consequently the study not only provides a greater understanding of these two enzymes in a heterogeneous host, but also demonstrated the positive effect of the recombinant Eht1 and Eeb1 in ester formation by P. pastoris live cells, potentially paving the way towards achieving efficient production of volatile flavour by an integrated biocatalytic system composed of recombinant enzyme production and flavour biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kg. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Junshu Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chris Powell
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihe Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruixiang Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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597
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Wang P, Huang L, Jiang H, Tian J, Chu X, Wu N. Enhanced secretion of a methyl parathion hydrolase in Pichia pastoris using a combinational strategy. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:123. [PMID: 26310666 PMCID: PMC4551668 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Pichia pastoris has been successfully used to produce various recombinant heterologous proteins, the efficiency varies. In this study, we used methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) from Ochrobactrum sp. M231 as an example to study the effect of protein amino acid sequence on secretion from P. pastoris. RESULTS The results indicated that the protein N-terminal sequence, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KKXX) at the protein C-terminus, and the acidic stability of the protein could affect its secretion from P. pastoris. Mutations designed based on these sequence features markedly improved secretion from P. pastoris. In addition, we found that the secretion properties of a protein can be cumulative when all of the above strategies are combined. The final mutant (CHBD-DQR) designed by combining all of the strategies greatly improved secretion and the secreted MPH activity of CHBD-DQR was enhanced up to 195-fold compared with wild-type MPH without loss of catalytic efficiency. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the secretion of heterologous proteins from P. pastoris could be improved by combining changes in multiple protein sequence features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hu Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningfeng Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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598
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Tanghe M, Danneels B, Camattari A, Glieder A, Vandenberghe I, Devreese B, Stals I, Desmet T. Recombinant Expression of Trichoderma reesei Cel61A in Pichia pastoris: Optimizing Yield and N-terminal Processing. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:1010-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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599
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Mozdzierz NJ, Love KR, Lee KS, Lee HLT, Shah KA, Ram RJ, Love JC. A perfusion-capable microfluidic bioreactor for assessing microbial heterologous protein production. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2918-22. [PMID: 26055071 PMCID: PMC4627644 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present an integrated microfluidic bioreactor for fully continuous perfusion cultivation of suspended microbial cell cultures. This system allowed continuous and stable heterologous protein expression by sustaining the cultivation of Pichia pastoris over 11 days. This technical capability also allowed testing the impact of perfusion conditions on protein expression. This advance should enable small-scale models for process optimization in continuous biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Mozdzierz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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600
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Capone S, Horvat J, Herwig C, Spadiut O. Development of a mixed feed strategy for a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain producing with a de-repression promoter. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:101. [PMID: 26156850 PMCID: PMC4561368 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant protein production in the yeast Pichia pastoris is usually based on the alcohol oxidase promoters pAOX1 and pAOX2, which are regulated by methanol and strongly repressed by other C-sources, like glycerol and glucose. However, the use of methanol brings several disadvantages, which is why current trends in bioprocess development with P. pastoris are focussing on minimizing the required amount of methanol or even avoid its employment. In this respect novel promoter systems which do not rely on methanol have been investigated and promoter variants were designed to fine-tune gene expression. Amongst these novel promoter systems, mutated AOX promoters, which are regulated by available carbon source concentration (so-called de-repressed promoters), are currently raising attention. However, the main disadvantage of such a production system is that expression and growth usually cannot happen concomitantly resulting in low space–time-yields. Results Here we show the development of a mixed-feed strategy for an industrial recombinant P. pastoris de-repression strain aiming at increased productivity and maximum space–time-yield. By doing dynamic experiments we determined a ratio between the specific substrate uptake rates of glycerol and sorbitol allowing a more than 2-fold increased productivity compared to the conventional single substrate de-repression strategy. Conclusion Based on our results we recommend adjusting qs glycerol = 0.04 g g−1 h−1 and qs sorbitol = 0.055 g g−1 h−1 to obtain highest productivity with a P. pastoris de-repression strain. Our methodological approach of designing mixed-feed strategies based on physiological strain characterization using dynamic experiments proved to be beneficial. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0292-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Capone
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jernej Horvat
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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