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Lu Y, Chen Q, Bu Y, Luo R, Hao S, Zhang J, Tian J, Yao Y. Flavonoid Accumulation Plays an Important Role in the Rust Resistance of Malus Plant Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1286. [PMID: 28769974 PMCID: PMC5514348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium yamadai Miyabe) is a fungal disease that causes substantial injury to apple trees and results in fruit with reduced size and quality and a lower commercial value. The molecular mechanisms underlying the primary and secondary metabolic effects of rust spots on the leaves of Malus apple cultivars are poorly understood. Using HPLC, we found that the contents of flavonoid compounds, especially anthocyanin and catechin, were significantly increased in rust-infected symptomatic tissue (RIT). The expression levels of structural genes and MYB transcription factors related to flavonoid biosynthesis were one- to seven-fold higher in the RIT. Among these genes, CHS, DFR, ANS, FLS and MYB10 showed more than a 10-fold increase, suggesting that these genes were expressed at significantly higher levels in the RIT. Hormone concentration assays showed that the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) were higher in the RIT and were consistent with the expression levels of McNCED, McACS, McLOX and McNPR1, respectively. Our study explored the complicated crosstalk of the signal transduction pathways of ABA, ETH, JA and SA; the primary metabolism of glucose, sucrose, fructose and sorbitol; and the secondary metabolism of flavonoids involved in the rust resistance of Malus crabapple leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Lu
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Applications and New TechniquesBeijing, China
- Beijing Nursery Engineering Research Center for Fruit CropsBeijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Applications and New TechniquesBeijing, China
- Beijing Nursery Engineering Research Center for Fruit CropsBeijing, China
| | - Yufen Bu
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Applications and New TechniquesBeijing, China
- Beijing Nursery Engineering Research Center for Fruit CropsBeijing, China
| | - Rui Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Suxiao Hao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Applications and New TechniquesBeijing, China
- Beijing Nursery Engineering Research Center for Fruit CropsBeijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Applications and New TechniquesBeijing, China
- Beijing Nursery Engineering Research Center for Fruit CropsBeijing, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Applications and New TechniquesBeijing, China
- Beijing Nursery Engineering Research Center for Fruit CropsBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuncong Yao,
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552
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Song H, Zhao X, Hu W, Wang X, Shen T, Yang L. Comparative Transcriptional Analysis of Loquat Fruit Identifies Major Signal Networks Involved in Fruit Development and Ripening Process. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111837. [PMID: 27827928 PMCID: PMC5133838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is an important non-climacteric fruit and rich in essential nutrients such as minerals and carotenoids. During fruit development and ripening, thousands of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from various metabolic pathways cause a series of physiological and biochemical changes. To better understand the underlying mechanism of fruit development, the Solexa/Illumina RNA-seq high-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the global changes of gene transcription levels. More than 51,610,234 high quality reads from ten runs of fruit development were sequenced and assembled into 48,838 unigenes. Among 3256 DEGs, 2304 unigenes could be annotated to the Gene Ontology database. These DEGs were distributed into 119 pathways described in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. A large number of DEGs were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, hormone signaling, and cell-wall degradation. The real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR analyses revealed that several genes related to cell expansion, auxin signaling and ethylene response were differentially expressed during fruit development. Other members of transcription factor families were also identified. There were 952 DEGs considered as novel genes with no annotation in any databases. These unigenes will serve as an invaluable genetic resource for loquat molecular breeding and postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ting Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liming Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, College of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China.
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553
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Jin W, Wang H, Li M, Wang J, Yang Y, Zhang X, Yan G, Zhang H, Liu J, Zhang K. The R2R3 MYB transcription factor PavMYB10.1 involves in anthocyanin biosynthesis and determines fruit skin colour in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2120-2133. [PMID: 27107393 PMCID: PMC5095807 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherry is a diploid tree species and its fruit skin has rich colours from yellow to blush to dark red. The colour is closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by transcription factors that regulate the expression of multiple structural genes. However, the genetic and molecular bases of how these genes ultimately determine the fruit skin colour traits remain poorly understood. Here, our genetic and molecular evidences identified the R2R3 MYB transcription factor PavMYB10.1 that is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and determines fruit skin colour in sweet cherry. Interestingly, we identified three functional alleles of the gene causally leading to the different colours at mature stage. Meanwhile, our experimental results of yeast two-hybrid assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PavMYB10.1 might interact with proteins PavbHLH and PavWD40, and bind to the promoter regions of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes PavANS and PavUFGT; these findings provided to a certain extent mechanistic insight into the gene's functions. Additionally, genetic and molecular evidences confirmed that PavMYB10.1 is a reliable DNA molecular marker to select fruit skin colour in sweet cherry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanmei Jin
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Maofu Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Yan
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiashen Liu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kaichun Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing, China.
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554
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Soler M, Plasencia A, Lepikson-Neto J, Camargo ELO, Dupas A, Ladouce N, Pesquet E, Mounet F, Larbat R, Grima-Pettenati J. The Woody-Preferential Gene EgMYB88 Regulates the Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoid-Derived Compounds in Wood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1422. [PMID: 27713753 PMCID: PMC5032791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Comparative phylogenetic analyses of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family revealed that five subgroups were preferentially found in woody species and were totally absent from Brassicaceae and monocots (Soler et al., 2015). Here, we analyzed one of these subgroups (WPS-I) for which no gene had been yet characterized. Most Eucalyptus members of WPS-I are preferentially expressed in the vascular cambium, the secondary meristem responsible for tree radial growth. We focused on EgMYB88, which is the most specifically and highly expressed in vascular tissues, and showed that it behaves as a transcriptional activator in yeast. Then, we functionally characterized EgMYB88 in both transgenic Arabidopsis and poplar plants overexpressing either the native or the dominant repression form (fused to the Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression motif, EAR). The transgenic Arabidopsis lines had no phenotype whereas the poplar lines overexpressing EgMYB88 exhibited a substantial increase in the levels of the flavonoid catechin and of some salicinoid phenolic glycosides (salicortin, salireposide, and tremulacin), in agreement with the increase of the transcript levels of landmark biosynthetic genes. A change in the lignin structure (increase in the syringyl vs. guaiacyl, S/G ratio) was also observed. Poplar lines overexpressing the EgMYB88 dominant repression form did not show a strict opposite phenotype. The level of catechin was reduced, but the levels of the salicinoid phenolic glycosides and the S/G ratio remained unchanged. In addition, they showed a reduction in soluble oligolignols containing sinapyl p-hydroxybenzoate accompanied by a mild reduction of the insoluble lignin content. Altogether, these results suggest that EgMYB88, and more largely members of the WPS-I group, could control in cambium and in the first layers of differentiating xylem the biosynthesis of some phenylpropanoid-derived secondary metabolites including lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Soler
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Anna Plasencia
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Jorge Lepikson-Neto
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Eduardo L. O. Camargo
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Annabelle Dupas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Ladouce
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | | | - Fabien Mounet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- “Agronomie et Environnement” Nancy-Colmar, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine UMR1121Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse III, Paul SabatierToulouse, France
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555
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Peng H, Yang T, Whitaker BD, Shangguan L, Fang J. Calcium/calmodulin alleviates substrate inhibition in a strawberry UDP-glucosyltransferase involved in fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:197. [PMID: 27609111 PMCID: PMC5017016 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) is a key enzyme for anthocyanin biosynthesis, which by catalyzing glycosylation of anthocyanidins increases their solubility and accumulation in plants. Previously we showed that pre-harvest spray of CaCl2 enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry fruit by stimulating the expression of anthocyanin structural genes including a fruit specific FvUGT1. RESULTS To further understand the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, we conducted kinetic analysis of recombinant FvUGT1 on glycosylation of pelargonidin, the major anthocyanidin in strawberry fruit. At the fixed pelargonidin concentration, FvUGT1 catalyzed the sugar transfer from UDP-glucose basically following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. By contrast, at the fixed UDP-glucose concentration, pelargonidin over 150 μM exhibited marked partial substrate inhibition in an uncompetitive mode. These results suggest that the sugar acceptor at high concentration inhibits FvUGT1 activity by binding to another site in addition to the catalytic site. Furthermore, calcium/calmodulin specifically bound FvUGT1 at a site partially overlapping with the interdomain linker, and significantly relieved the substrate inhibition. In the presence of 0.1 and 0.5 μM calmodulin, V max was increased by 71.4 and 327 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS FvUGT1 activity is inhibited by anthocyanidin, the sugar acceptor substrate, and calcium/calmodulin binding to FvUGT1 enhances anthocyanin accumulation via alleviation of this substrate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture, From the Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Horticulture & Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Tianbao Yang
- Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture, From the Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Bruce D. Whitaker
- Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture, From the Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture, From the Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
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556
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Purple foliage coloration in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) arises from activation of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor CsAN1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32534. [PMID: 27581206 PMCID: PMC5007479 DOI: 10.1038/srep32534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purple foliage always appears in Camellia sinensis families; however, the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis is unknown. The tea bud sport cultivar ‘Zijuan’ confers an abnormal pattern of anthocyanin accumulation, resulting in a mutant phenotype that has a striking purple color in young foliage and in the stem. In this study, we aimed to unravel the underlying molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthetic regulation in C. sinensis. Our results revealed that activation of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF) anthocyanin1 (CsAN1) specifically upregulated the bHLH TF CsGL3 and anthocyanin late biosynthetic genes (LBGs) to confer ectopic accumulation of pigment in purple tea. We found CsAN1 interacts with bHLH TFs (CsGL3 and CsEGL3) and recruits a WD-repeat protein CsTTG1 to form the MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) complex that regulates anthocyanin accumulation. We determined that the hypomethylation of a CpG island in the CsAN1 promoter is associated with the purple phenotype. Furthermore, we demonstrated that low temperature and long illumination induced CsAN1 promoter demethylation, resulting in upregulated expression to promote anthocyanin accumulation in the foliage. The successful isolation of CsAN1 provides important information on the regulatory control of anthocyanin biosynthesis in C. sinensis and offers a genetic resource for the development of new varieties with enhanced anthocyanin content.
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557
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Li Y, Shan X, Gao R, Yang S, Wang S, Gao X, Wang L. Two IIIf Clade-bHLHs from Freesia hybrida Play Divergent Roles in Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Trichome Formation when Ectopically Expressed in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30514. [PMID: 27465838 PMCID: PMC4964595 DOI: 10.1038/srep30514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The MBW complex, comprised by R2R3-MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40, is a single regulatory protein complex that drives the evolution of multiple traits such as flavonoid biosynthesis and epidermal cell differentiation in plants. In this study, two IIIf Clade-bHLH regulator genes, FhGL3L and FhTT8L, were isolated and functionally characterized from Freesia hybrida. Different spatio-temporal transcription patterns were observed showing diverse correlation with anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation. When overexpressed in Arabidopsis, FhGL3L could enhance the anthocyanin accumulation through up-regulating endogenous regulators and late structural genes. Unexpectedly, trichome formation was inhibited associating with the down-regulation of AtGL2. Comparably, only the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins was strengthened in FhTT8L transgenic lines. Furthermore, transient expression assays demonstrated that FhGL3L interacted with AtPAP1, AtTT2 and AtGL1, while FhTT8L only showed interaction with AtPAP1 and AtTT2. In addition, similar activation of the AtDFR promoter was found between AtPAP1-FhGL3L/FhTT8L and AtPAP1- AtGL3/AtTT8 combinations. When FhGL3L was fused with a strong activation domain VP16, it could activate the AtGL2 promoter when co-transfected with AtGL1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the functionality of bHLH factors may have diverged, and a sophisticated interaction and hierarchical network might exist in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and trichome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaotong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruifang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Changchun, China
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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558
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Zorenc Z, Veberic R, Stampar F, Koron D, Mikulic-Petkovsek M. White versus blue: Does the wild 'albino' bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) differ in fruit quality compared to the blue one? Food Chem 2016; 211:876-82. [PMID: 27283708 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wild albino and blue bilberry fruit were analyzed to compare different fruit characteristics linked to the composition of primary and secondary metabolites. Compounds were identified using HPLC-MS and standard quality parameters were determined. Albino berries were significantly smaller, accumulated less water and were characterized by 23% higher dry weight. Soluble solids content and pH value were higher in albino bilberry and their surface was lighter and characterized by a yellow hue. Both bilberry forms accumulated identical individual sugars and organic acids; however, the albino form had 33% higher content of total sugars and 9% higher content of total organic acids compared to the blue type. Fifteen anthocyanins were identified in both forms, but in albino bilberries, individual anthocyanins were only detected in traces. Blue bilberry contained 1.6-fold higher levels of flavanols, 2.1-fold higher levels of flavonols, 2.5-fold higher levels of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and consequently, 4.6-fold higher total phenolic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Zorenc
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Veberic
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franci Stampar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darinka Koron
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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559
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Xie Y, Tan H, Ma Z, Huang J. DELLA Proteins Promote Anthocyanin Biosynthesis via Sequestering MYBL2 and JAZ Suppressors of the MYB/bHLH/WD40 Complex in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:711-721. [PMID: 26854848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation is recognized as a visible biomarker of plants that have suffered from environmental stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis remain unclear. Expression of anthocyanin-specific genes is regulated by the conserved MBW complex, which is composed of the MYB, bHLH, and WD40 subunits in higher plants. MBW activity is repressed by MYBL2 and the JAZ family proteins, which bind competitively to bHLH and MYB/bHLH, respectively. Here, we found that MYBL2 and JAZs mediate gibberellic acid-inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Competitive pull-down and dual-luciferase assays showed that DELLA proteins directly sequester MYBL2 and JAZ repressors, leading to the release of bHLH/MYB subunits and subsequently to the formation of active MBW complex, which then activates the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. The JAZ-DELLA-MYBL2 module also plays an important role in abiotic stress-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that the DELLA protein RGA accumulates upon plant exposure to abiotic stresses. Altogether, our data reveal that DELLA-promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis is mediated at least in part by MYBL2 and JAZ regulatory proteins, providing new insights into the coordinated regulation of plant growth and defense through metabolic pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijuan Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoxue Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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560
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Huang W, Khaldun ABM, Lv H, Du L, Zhang C, Wang Y. Isolation and functional characterization of a R2R3-MYB regulator of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway from Epimedium sagittatum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:883-94. [PMID: 26849670 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A R2R3-MYB transcription factor EsAN2 was isolated from Epimedium sagittatum and functionally characterized to regulate the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Epimedium plants are used widely both as traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and ornamental perennials. Anthocyanins, acting as major contributors to plant color diversity, their biosynthesis are regulated by a series of transcription factors, including MYB, bHLH and WD40 protein. Previously, a MYB transcription factor involved in regulation of the anthocyanin pathway from Epimedium sagittatum, EsMYBA1 has been isolated, but was found to be expressed mostly in leaves. In this research, another MYB transcription factor, designated as EsAN2, was isolated from flowers by the screening of E. sagittatum EST database. Preferential expression of EsAN2 in flowers and flower buds was found. Ectopic expression of EsAN2 in tobacco significantly enhanced the anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, both in leaves and flowers. Most structural genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were strongly upregulated, as well as two bHLH regulators (NtAn1a and NtAn1b) in old leaves of tobacco overexpressing EsAN2, compared to the control plants. While only three structural genes, chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), were upregulated by EsAN2 ectopic expression in tobacco flowers. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that EsAN2 was capable of interacting with four bHLH regulators of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. These results suggest that EsAN2 is involved in regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Epimedium flowers. Identification and characterization of EsAN2 provide insight into the coloration of Epimedium flowers and a potential candidate gene for metabolic engineering of flavonoids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - A B M Khaldun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuwen Du
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Tang W, Zheng Y, Dong J, Yu J, Yue J, Liu F, Guo X, Huang S, Wisniewski M, Sun J, Niu X, Ding J, Liu J, Fei Z, Liu Y. Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Long Noncoding RNA Expression and Alternative Splicing Regulation during Fruit Development and Ripening in Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:335. [PMID: 27594858 PMCID: PMC5007456 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic data on kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in public databases are very limited despite its nutritional and economic value. Previously, we have constructed and sequenced nine fruit RNA-Seq libraries of A. chinensis "Hongyang" at immature, mature, and postharvest ripening stages of fruit development, and generated over 66.2 million paired-end and 24.4 million single-end reads. From this dataset, here we have identified 7051 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 29,327 alternative splicing (AS) events and 2980 novel protein-coding genes that were not annotated in the draft genome of "Hongyang." AS events were demonstrated in genes involved in the synthesis of nutritional metabolites in fruit, such as ascorbic acids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and chlorophylls, and also in genes in the ethylene signaling pathway, which plays an indispensable role in fruit ripening. Additionally, transcriptome profiles and the contents of sugars, organic and main amino acids were compared between immature, mature, and postharvest ripening stages in kiwifruits. A total of 5931 differentially expressed genes were identified, including those associated with the metabolism of sugar, organic acid, and main amino acids. The data generated in this study provide a foundation for further studies of fruit development and ripening in kiwifruit, and identify candidate genes and regulatory elements that could serve as targets for improving important agronomic traits through marker assisted breeding and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Section of Plant Biology, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Jing Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Junyang Yue
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xiuhong Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research ServiceKearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xiangli Niu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Sichuan Technical Exchange CenterChengdu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Section of Plant Biology, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
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Cho K, Cho KS, Sohn HB, Ha IJ, Hong SY, Lee H, Kim YM, Nam MH. Network analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals novel regulation of potato pigmentation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1519-33. [PMID: 26733692 PMCID: PMC4762390 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into the regulatory networks related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and identify key regulatory genes, we performed an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome in sprouts germinated from three colored potato cultivars: light-red Hongyoung, dark-purple Jayoung, and white Atlantic. We investigated transcriptional and metabolic changes using statistical analyses and gene-metabolite correlation networks. Transcript and metabolite profiles were generated through high-throughput RNA-sequencing data analysis and ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The identification and quantification of changes in anthocyanin were performed using molecular formula-based mass accuracy and specific features of their MS(2) spectra. Correlation tests of anthocyanin contents and transcriptional changes showed 823 strong correlations (correlation coefficient, R (2)>0.9) between 22 compounds and 119 transcripts categorized into flavonoid metabolism, hormones, transcriptional regulation, and signaling. The connection network of anthocyanins and genes showed a regulatory system involved in the pigmentation of light-red Hongyoung and dark-purple Jayoung potatoes, suggesting that this systemic approach is powerful for investigations into novel genes that are potential targets for the breeding of new valuable potato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Environmental Risk and Welfare Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Cho
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Bae Sohn
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jin Ha
- Omics System Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Young Hong
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Lee
- Environmental Risk and Welfare Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeongju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Nam
- Environmental Risk and Welfare Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
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563
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Passeri V, Koes R, Quattrocchio FM. New Challenges for the Design of High Value Plant Products: Stabilization of Anthocyanins in Plant Vacuoles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:153. [PMID: 26909096 PMCID: PMC4754442 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade plant biotechnologists and breeders have made several attempt to improve the antioxidant content of plant-derived food. Most efforts concentrated on increasing the synthesis of antioxidants, in particular anthocyanins, by inducing the transcription of genes encoding the synthesizing enzymes. We present here an overview of economically interesting plant species, both food crops and ornamentals, in which anthocyanin content was improved by traditional breeding or transgenesis. Old genetic studies in petunia and more recent biochemical work in brunfelsia, have shown that after synthesis and compartmentalization in the vacuole, anthocyanins need to be stabilized to preserve the color of the plant tissue over time. The final yield of antioxidant molecules is the result of the balance between synthesis and degradation. Therefore the understanding of the mechanism that determine molecule stabilization in the vacuolar lumen is the next step that needs to be taken to further improve the anthocyanin content in food. In several species a phenomenon known as fading is responsible for the disappearance of pigmentation which in some case can be nearly complete. We discuss the present knowledge about the genetic and biochemical factors involved in pigment preservation/destabilization in plant cells. The improvement of our understanding of the fading process will supply new tools for both biotechnological approaches and marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca M. Quattrocchio
- Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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564
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Park CH, Baskar TB, Park SY, Kim SJ, Valan Arasu M, Al-Dhabi NA, Kim JK, Park SU. Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Assay of Metabolites from Three Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus). Molecules 2016; 21:157. [PMID: 26828471 PMCID: PMC6273575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 13 anthocyanins and 33 metabolites; including organic acids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic compounds, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, and sugars, were profiled in three radish cultivars by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolite profiling. Total phenolics and flavonoids and their in vitro antioxidant activities were assessed. Pelargonidins were found to be the major anthocyanin in the cultivars studied. The cultivar Man Tang Hong showed the highest level of anthocyanins (1.89 ± 0.07 mg/g), phenolics (0.0664 ± 0.0033 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.0096 ± 0.0004 mg/g). Here; the variation of secondary metabolites in the radishes is described, as well as their association with primary metabolites. The low-molecular-weight hydrophilic metabolite profiles were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), Pearson’s correlation analysis. PCA fully distinguished the three radish cultivars tested. The polar metabolites were strongly correlated between metabolites that participate in the TCA cycle. The chemometrics results revealed that TCA cycle intermediates and free phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins were higher in the cultivar Man Tang Hong than in the others. Furthermore; superoxide radical scavenging activities and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were investigated to elucidate the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites in the cultivars. Man Tang Hong showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (68.87%) at 1000 μg/mL, and DPPH activity (20.78%), followed by Seo Ho and then Hong Feng No. 1. The results demonstrate that GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling, integrated with chemometrics, is an applicable method for distinguishing phenotypic variation and determining biochemical reactions connecting primary and secondary metabolism. Therefore; this study might provide information on the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites and a synergistic antioxidant ability derived from the secondary metabolites in the radish cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Thanislas Bastin Baskar
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea.
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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565
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Iaria DL, Chiappetta A, Muzzalupo I. A De novo Transcriptomic Approach to Identify Flavonoids and Anthocyanins "Switch-Off" in Olive (Olea europaea L.) Drupes at Different Stages of Maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1246. [PMID: 26834761 PMCID: PMC4717290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Highlights A de novo transcriptome reconstruction of olive drupes was performed in two genotypesGene expression was monitored during drupe development in two olive cultivarsTranscripts involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin pathways were analyzed in Cassanese and Leucocarpa cultivarsBoth cultivar and developmental stage impact gene expression in Olea europaea fruits. During ripening, the fruits of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) undergo a progressive chromatic change characterized by the formation of a red-brown "spot" which gradually extends on the epidermis and in the innermost part of the mesocarp. This event finds an exception in the Leucocarpa cultivar, in which we observe a destabilized equilibrium between the metabolisms of chlorophyll and other pigments, particularly the anthocyanins whose switch-off during maturation promotes the white coloration of fruits. Despite its importance, genomic information on the olive tree is still lacking. Different RNA-seq libraries were generated from drupes of "Leucocarpa" and "Cassanese" olive genotypes, sampled at 100 and 130 days after flowering (DAF), and were used in order to identify transcripts involved in the main phenotypic changes of fruits during maturation and their corresponding expression patterns. A total of 103,359 transcripts were obtained and 3792 and 3064 were differentially expressed in "Leucocarpa" and "Cassanese" genotypes, respectively, during 100-130 DAF transition. Among them flavonoid and anthocyanin related transcripts such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol 3'-hydrogenase (F3'H), flavonol 3'5 '-hydrogenase (F3'5'H), flavonol synthase (FLS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), UDP-glucose:anthocianidin: flavonoid glucosyltransferase (UFGT) were identified. These results contribute to reducing the current gap in information regarding metabolic processes, including those linked to fruit pigmentation in the olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico L. Iaria
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Olivicoltura e l'Industria OleariaCosenza, Italy
| | - Adriana Chiappetta
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della CalabriaCosenza, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Muzzalupo
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Olivicoltura e l'Industria OleariaCosenza, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Università della CalabriaCosenza, Italy
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566
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An JP, Li R, Qu FJ, You CX, Wang XF, Hao YJ. Apple F-Box Protein MdMAX2 Regulates Plant Photomorphogenesis and Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1685. [PMID: 27909441 PMCID: PMC5112277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
MAX2 (MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2) is involved in diverse physiological processes, including photomorphogenesis, the abiotic stress response, as well as karrikin and strigolactone signaling-mediated shoot branching. In this study, MdMAX2, an F-box protein that is a homolog of Arabidopsis MAX2, was identified and characterized. Overexpression of MdMAX2 in apple calli enhanced the accumulation of anthocyanin. Ectopic expression of MdMAX2 in Arabidopsis exhibited photomorphogenesis phenotypes, including increased anthocyanin content and decreased hypocotyl length. Further study indicated that MdMAX2 might promote plant photomorphogenesis by affecting the auxin signaling as well as other plant hormones. Transcripts of MdMAX2 were noticeably up-regulated in response to NaCl and Mannitol treatments. Moreover, compared with the wild-type, the MdMAX2-overexpressing apple calli and Arabidopsis exhibited increased tolerance to salt and drought stresses. Taken together, these results suggest that MdMAX2 plays a positive regulatory role in plant photomorphogenesis and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu-Jin Hao
- *Correspondence: Yu-Jin Hao, Xiao-Fei Wang,
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567
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Zhang HN, Li WC, Wang HC, Shi SY, Shu B, Liu LQ, Wei YZ, Xie JH. Transcriptome Profiling of Light-Regulated Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in the Pericarp of Litchi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:963. [PMID: 27446187 PMCID: PMC4925703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light is a key environmental factor that affects anthocyanin biosynthesis. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in light-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in the pericarp of litchi, we performed transcriptomic analyses on the basis of Illumina sequencing. Fruit clusters were bagged with double-layer Kraft paper bags at 42 days after anthesis. The bags were removed after 2 weeks. Under light conditions, anthocyanins accumulated rapidly in the pericarp. RNA sequences were de novo assembled into 75,935 unigenes with an average length of 913 bp. Approximately 74.5% of unigenes (56,601) were annotated against four public protein databases. A total of 16,622 unigenes that significantly differed in terms of abundance were identified. These unigenes are implicated in light signal perception and transduction, flavonoid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and photosynthesis. In photoreceptors, the expression levels of UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8), Phototropin 2 (PHOT2), Phytochrome B (PHYB), and Phytochrome C (PHYC) increased significantly when the fruits were exposed to light. This result indicated that they likely play important roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation. After analyzed digital gene expression (DGE), we found that the light signal transduction elements of COP1 and COP10 might be responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation. After the bags were removed, nearly all structural and regulatory genes, such as UDP-glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT), MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40, involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were upregulated. In addition to MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription complex, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (HY5), NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC), homeodomain leucine zipper proteins (ATHBs), and FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (FHY) possibly participate in light-induced responses. On the basis of DGEs and qRT-PCR validation, we observed a light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation pattern in litchi pericarp. This study enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiang, China
| | - Wei-Cai Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiang, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-You Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiang, China
| | - Bo Shu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiang, China
| | - Li-Qin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiang, China
| | - Yong-Zan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-Zan Wei, ; Jiang-Hui Xie,
| | - Jiang-Hui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-Zan Wei, ; Jiang-Hui Xie,
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568
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Le Roy J, Huss B, Creach A, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Glycosylation Is a Major Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Availability and Biological Activity in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:735. [PMID: 27303427 PMCID: PMC4880792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway in plants is responsible for the biosynthesis of a huge amount of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Both flavonoids and lignins are synthesized at the end of this very diverse metabolic pathway, as well as many intermediate molecules whose precise biological functions remain largely unknown. The diversity of these molecules can be further increased under the action of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) leading to the production of glycosylated hydroxycinnamates and related aldehydes, alcohols and esters. Glycosylation can change phenylpropanoid solubility, stability and toxic potential, as well as influencing compartmentalization and biological activity. (De)-glycosylation therefore represents an extremely important regulation point in phenylpropanoid homeostasis. In this article we review recent knowledge on the enzymes involved in regulating phenylpropanoid glycosylation status and availability in different subcellular compartments. We also examine the potential link between monolignol glycosylation and lignification by exploring co-expression of lignin biosynthesis genes and phenolic (de)glycosylation genes. Of the different biological roles linked with their particular chemical properties, phenylpropanoids are often correlated with the plant's stress management strategies that are also regulated by glycosylation. UGTs can for instance influence the resistance of plants during infection by microorganisms and be involved in the mechanisms related to environmental changes. The impact of flavonoid glycosylation on the color of flowers, leaves, seeds and fruits will also be discussed. Altogether this paper underlies the fact that glycosylation and deglycosylation are powerful mechanisms allowing plants to regulate phenylpropanoid localisation, availability and biological activity.
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Lai B, Du LN, Liu R, Hu B, Su WB, Qin YH, Zhao JT, Wang HC, Hu GB. Two LcbHLH Transcription Factors Interacting with LcMYB1 in Regulating Late Structural Genes of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Nicotiana and Litchi chinensis During Anthocyanin Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:166. [PMID: 26925082 PMCID: PMC4757707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin biosynthesis requires the MYB-bHLH-WD40 protein complex to activate the late biosynthetic genes. LcMYB1 was thought to act as key regulator in anthocyanin biosynthesis of litchi. However, basic helix-loop-helix proteins (bHLHs) as partners have not been identified yet. The present study describes the functional characterization of three litchi bHLH candidate anthocyanin regulators, LcbHLH1, LcbHLH2, and LcbHLH3. Although these three litchi bHLHs phylogenetically clustered with bHLH proteins involved in anthcoyanin biosynthesis in other plant, only LcbHLH1 and LcbHLH3 were found to localize in the nucleus and physically interact with LcMYB1. The transcription levels of all these bHLHs were not coordinated with anthocyanin accumulation in different tissues and during development. However, when co-infiltrated with LcMYB1, both LcbHLH1 and LcbHLH3 enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves with LcbHLH3 being the best inducer. Significant accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves transformed with the combination of LcMYB1 and LcbHLH3 were noticed, and this was associated with the up-regulation of two tobacco endogenous bHLH regulators, NtAn1a and NtAn1b, and late structural genes, like NtDFR and NtANS. Significant activity of the ANS promoter was observed in transient expression assays either with LcMYB1-LcbHLH1 or LcMYB1-LcbHLH3, while only minute activity was detected after transformation with only LcMYB1. In contrast, no activity was measured after induction with the combination of LcbHLH2 and LcMYB1. Higher DFR expression was also oberseved in paralleling with higher anthocyanins in co-transformed lines. LcbHLH1 and LcbHLH3 are essential partner of LcMYB1 in regulating the anthocyanin production in tobacco and probably also in litchi. The LcMYB1-LcbHLH complex enhanced anthocyanin accumulation may associate with activating the transcription of DFR and ANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Bing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hua Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Tang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Gui-Bing Hu, ; Hui-Cong Wang,
| | - Gui-Bing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Gui-Bing Hu, ; Hui-Cong Wang,
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570
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Zhang YH, Zhang SD, Ling LZ. De novo transcriptome analysis to identify flavonoid biosynthesis genes in Stellera chamaejasme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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571
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Sun RZ, Pan QH, Duan CQ, Wang J. Light response and potential interacting proteins of a grape flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene promoter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:70-81. [PMID: 26433636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), a member of cytochrome P450 protein family, introduces B-ring hydroxyl group in the 3' position of the flavonoid. In this study, the cDNA sequence of a F3'H gene (VviF3'H), which contains an open reading frame of 1530 bp encoding a polypeptide of 509 amino acids, was cloned and characterized from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. VviF3'H showed high homology to known F3'H genes, especially F3'Hs from the V. vinifera reference genome (Pinot Noir) and lotus. Expression profiling analysis using real-time PCR revealed that VviF3'H was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues including berries, leaves, flowers, roots, stems and tendrils, suggesting its important physiological role in plant growth and development. Moreover, the transcript level of VviF3'H gene in grape berries was relatively higher at early developmental stages and gradually decreased during véraison, and then increased in the mature phase. In addition, the promoter of VviF3'H was isolated by using TAIL-PCR. Yeast one-hybrid screening of the Cabernet Sauvignon cDNA library and subsequent in vivo/vitro validations revealed the interaction between VviF3'H promoter and several transcription factors, including members of HD-Zip, NAC, MYB and EIN families. A transcriptional regulation mechanism of VviF3'H expression is proposed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ze Sun
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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572
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Tuan PA, Bai S, Yaegaki H, Tamura T, Hihara S, Moriguchi T, Oda K. The crucial role of PpMYB10.1 in anthocyanin accumulation in peach and relationships between its allelic type and skin color phenotype. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:280. [PMID: 26582106 PMCID: PMC4652394 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red coloration of fruit skin is one of the most important traits in peach (Prunus persica), and it is mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Three MYB10 genes, PpMYB10.1, PpMYB10.2, and PpMYB10.3, have been reported as important regulators of red coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in peach fruit. In this study, contribution of PpMYB10.1/2/3 to anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin was investigated in the Japanese peach cultivars, white-skinned 'Mochizuki' and red-skinned 'Akatsuki'. We then investigated the relationships between allelic type of PpMYB10.1 and skin color phenotype in 23 Japanese peach cultivars for future establishment of DNA-marker. RESULTS During the fruit development of 'Mochizuki' and 'Akatsuki', anthocyanin accumulation was observed only in the skin of red 'Akatsuki' fruit in the late ripening stages concomitant with high mRNA levels of the last step gene leading to anthocyanin accumulation, UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). This was also correlated with the expression level of PpMYB10.1. Unlike PpMYB10.1, expression levels of PpMYB10.2/3 were low in the skin of both 'Mochizuki' and 'Akatsuki' throughout fruit development. Moreover, only PpMYB10.1 revealed expression levels associated with total anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves and flowers of 'Mochizuki' and 'Akatsuki'. Introduction of PpMYB10.1 into tobacco increased the expression of tobacco UFGT, resulting in higher anthocyanin accumulation and deeper red transgenic tobacco flowers; however, overexpression of PpMYB10.2/3 did not alter anthocyanin content and color of transgenic tobacco flowers when compared with wild-type flowers. Dual-luciferase assay showed that the co-infiltration of PpMYB10.1 with PpbHLH3 significantly increased the activity of PpUFGT promoter. We also found close relationships of two PpMYB10.1 allelic types, MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2, with the intensity of red skin coloration. CONCLUSION We showed that PpMYB10.1 is a major regulator of anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned peach and that it activates PpUFGT transcription. PpMYB10.2/3 may be involved in functions other than anthocyanin accumulation in peach. The peach cultivars having two MYB10.1-2 types resulted in the white skin color. By contrast, those with two MYB10.1-1 or MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2 types showed respective red or pale red skin color. These findings contribute to clarifying the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation and generating gene-based markers linked to skin color phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan.
| | - Songling Bai
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Yaegaki
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Tamura
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1174-1 Koda-Oki, Akaiwa, Okayama, 709-0801, Japan.
| | - Seisuke Hihara
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1174-1 Koda-Oki, Akaiwa, Okayama, 709-0801, Japan.
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan.
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture Forestry, and Fisheries, 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibi-chou, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan.
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573
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Ben-Simhon Z, Judeinstein S, Trainin T, Harel-Beja R, Bar-Ya'akov I, Borochov-Neori H, Holland D. A "White" Anthocyanin-less Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Caused by an Insertion in the Coding Region of the Leucoanthocyanidin Dioxygenase (LDOX; ANS) Gene. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142777. [PMID: 26581077 PMCID: PMC4651307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Color is an important determinant of pomegranate fruit quality and commercial value. To understand the genetic factors controlling color in pomegranate, chemical, molecular and genetic characterization of a "white" pomegranate was performed. This unique accession is lacking the typical pomegranate color rendered by anthocyanins in all tissues of the plant, including flowers, fruit (skin and arils) and leaves. Steady-state gene-expression analysis indicated that none of the analyzed "white" pomegranate tissues are able to synthesize mRNA corresponding to the PgLDOX gene (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, also called ANS, anthocyanidin synthase), which is one of the central structural genes in the anthocyanin-biosynthesis pathway. HPLC analysis revealed that none of the "white" pomegranate tissues accumulate anthocyanins, whereas other flavonoids, corresponding to biochemical reactions upstream of LDOX, were present. Molecular analysis of the "white" pomegranate revealed the presence of an insertion and an SNP within the coding region of PgLDOX. It was found that the SNP does not change amino acid sequence and is not fully linked with the "white" phenotype in all pomegranate accessions from the collection. On the other hand, genotyping of pomegranate accessions from the collection and segregating populations for the "white" phenotype demonstrated its complete linkage with the insertion, inherited as a recessive single-gene trait. Taken together, the results indicate that the insertion in PgLDOX is responsible for the "white" anthocyanin-less phenotype. These data provide the first direct molecular, genetic and chemical evidence for the effect of a natural modification in the LDOX gene on color accumulation in a fruit-bearing woody perennial deciduous tree. This modification can be further utilized to elucidate the physiological role of anthocyanins in protecting the tree organs from harmful environmental conditions, such as temperature and UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Ben-Simhon
- Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Taly Trainin
- Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Rotem Harel-Beja
- Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Irit Bar-Ya'akov
- Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | | | - Doron Holland
- Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
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574
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Zoratti L, Jaakola L, Häggman H, Giongo L. Anthocyanin Profile in Berries of Wild and Cultivated Vaccinium spp. along Altitudinal Gradients in the Alps. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8641-50. [PMID: 26373665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinium spp. berries provide some of the best natural sources of anthocyanins. In the wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), a clear increasing trend in anthocyanin biosynthesis has been reported toward northern latitudes of Europe, but studies related to altitude have given contradictory results. The present study focused on the anthocyanin composition in wild bilberries and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Brigitta Blue) growing along altitudinal gradients in the Alps of northern Italy. Our results indicate an increasing accumulation of anthocyanins in bilberries along an altitudinal gradient of about 650 m. The accumulation was due to a significant increase in delphinidin and malvidin glycosides, whereas the accumulation of cyanidin and peonidin glycosides was not affected by altitude. Seasonal differences, especially temperature, had a major influence on the accumulation of anthocyanins in blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zoratti
- Genetics and Physiology Department, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach , 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate Laboratory, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic University of Norway , NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO Holt , Box 2284, N-9269 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hely Häggman
- Genetics and Physiology Department, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lara Giongo
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach , 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
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575
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Primetta AK, Karppinen K, Riihinen KR, Jaakola L. Metabolic and molecular analyses of white mutant Vaccinium berries show down-regulation of MYBPA1-type R2R3 MYB regulatory factor. PLANTA 2015; 242:631-43. [PMID: 26168981 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
MYBPA1-type R2R3 MYB transcription factor shows down-regulation in white mutant berries of Vaccinium uliginosum deficient in anthocyanins but not proanthocyanidins suggesting a role in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Berries of the genus Vaccinium are among the best natural sources of flavonoids. In this study, the expression of structural and regulatory flavonoid biosynthetic genes and the accumulation of flavonoids in white mutant and blue-colored wild-type bog bilberry (V. uliginosum) fruits were measured at different stages of berry development. In contrast to high contents of anthocyanins in ripe blue-colored berries, only traces were detected by HPLC-ESI-MS in ripe white mutant berries. However, similar profile and high levels of flavonol glycosides and proanthocyanidins were quantified in both ripe white and ripe wild-type berries. Analysis with qRT-PCR showed strong down-regulation of structural genes chalcone synthase (VuCHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (VuDFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (VuANS) as well as MYBPA1-type transcription factor VuMYBPA1 in white berries during ripening compared to wild-type berries. The profiles of transcript accumulation of chalcone isomerase (VuCHI), anthocyanidin reductase (VuANR), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (VuLAR) and flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase (VuF3'5'H) were more similar between the white and the wild-type berries during fruit development, while expression of UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (VuUFGT) showed similar trend but fourfold lower level in white mutant. VuMYBPA1, the R2R3 MYB family member, is a homologue of VmMYB2 of V. myrtillus and VcMYBPA1 of V. corymbosum and belongs to MYBPA1-type MYB family which members are shown in some species to be related with proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in fruits. Our results combined with earlier data of the role of VmMYB2 in white mutant berries of V. myrtillus suggest that the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Vaccinium species could differ from other species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Primetta
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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576
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Tian J, Peng Z, Zhang J, Song T, Wan H, Zhang M, Yao Y. McMYB10 regulates coloration via activating McF3'H and later structural genes in ever-red leaf crabapple. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:948-61. [PMID: 25641214 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ever-red leaf trait, which is important for breeding ornamental and higher anthocyanin plants, rarely appears in Malus families, but little is known about the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis involved in the red leaves. In our study, HPLC analysis showed that the anthocyanin concentration in ever-red leaves, especially cyanidin, was significantly higher than that in evergreen leaves. The transcript level of McMYB10 was significantly correlated with anthocyanin synthesis between the 'Royalty' and evergreen leaf 'Flame' cultivars during leaf development. We also found the ever-red leaf colour cultivar 'Royalty' contained the known R6 : McMYB10 sequence, but was not in the evergreen leaf colour cultivar 'Flame', which have been reported in apple fruit. The distinction in promoter region maybe is the main reason why higher expression level of McMYB10 in red foliage crabapple cultivar. Furthermore, McMYB10 promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in crabapple leaves and callus at low temperatures and during long-day treatments. Both heterologous expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis pap1 mutant, and homologous expression in crabapple and apple suggested that McMYB10 could promote anthocyanins synthesis and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in plants. Interestingly, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, coupled with yeast one-hybrid analysis, revealed that McMYB10 positively regulates McF3'H via directly binding to AACCTAAC and TATCCAACC motifs in the promoter. To sum up, our results demonstrated that McMYB10 plays an important role in ever-red leaf coloration, by positively regulating McF3'H in crabapple. Therefore, our work provides new perspectives for ornamental fruit tree breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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577
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de Camargo MGG, Schaefer HM, Habermann G, Cazetta E, Soares NC, Morellato LPC. Bicolored display of Miconia albicans fruits: Evaluating visual and physiological functions of fruit colors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1453-1461. [PMID: 26391709 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Most bird-dispersed fruits are green when unripe and become colored and conspicuous when ripe, signaling that fruits are ready to be consumed and dispersed. The color pattern for fruits of Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae), however, is the opposite, with reddish unripe and green ripe fruits. We (1) verified the maintenance over time of its bicolored display, (2) tested the communicative function of unripe fruits, (3) tested the photoprotective role of anthocyanins in unripe fruits, and (4) verified whether green ripe fruits can assimilate carbon. METHODS Using a paired experiment, we tested whether detection of ripe fruits was higher on infructescences with unripe and ripe fruits compared with infructescences with only ripe fruits. We also measured and compared gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and heat dissipation of covered (to prevent anthocyanin synthesis) and uncovered ripe and unripe fruits. KEY RESULTS Although the bicolored display was maintained over time, unripe fruits had no influence on bird detection and removal of ripe fruits. Ripe and unripe fruits did not assimilate CO2, but they respired instead. CONCLUSIONS Since the communicative function of unripe fruits was not confirmed, seed dispersers are unlikely to select the display with bicolored fruits. Because of the absence of photosynthetic activity in ripe and unripe fruits and enhanced photoprotective mechanisms in ripe fruits rather than in unripe fruits, we could not confirm the photoprotective role of anthocyanins in unripe fruits. As an alternative hypothesis, we suggest that the bicolored fruit display could be an adaptation to diversify seed dispersal vectors instead of restricting dispersal to birds and that anthocyanins in unripe fruits may have a defense role against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela G de Camargo
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
| | - H Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Habermann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; fax: 55 73 3680 5226
| | - Natalia Costa Soares
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
| | - Leonor Patrícia C Morellato
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; fax: 55 19 3526-4201
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578
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Zoratti L, Jaakola L, Häggman H, Giongo L. Modification of Sunlight Radiation through Colored Photo-Selective Nets Affects Anthocyanin Profile in Vaccinium spp. Berries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135935. [PMID: 26288240 PMCID: PMC4545418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, the interest on the effects of the specific wavelengths of the light spectrum on growth and metabolism of plants has been increasing markedly. The present study covers the effect of modified sunlight conditions on the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in two Vaccinium species: the European wild bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) and the cultivated highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.). METHODS The two Vaccinium species were grown in the same test field in the Alps of Trentino (Northern Italy) under modified light environment. The modification of sunlight radiation was carried out in field, through the use of colored photo-selective nets throughout the berry ripening during two consecutive growing seasons. The anthocyanin profile was then assessed in berries at ripeness. RESULTS The results indicated that the light responses of the two Vaccinium species studied were different. Although both studied species are shade-adapted plants, 90% shading of sunlight radiation was beneficial only for bilberry plants, which accumulated the highest content of anthocyanins in both seasons. The same condition, instead, was not favorable for blueberries, whose maturation was delayed for at least two weeks, and anthocyanin accumulation was significantly decreased compared to berries grown under sunlight conditions. Moreover, the growing season had strong influence on the anthocyanin accumulation in both species, in relation to temperature flow and sunlight spectra composition during the berry ripening period. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the use of colored photo-selective nets may be a complementary agricultural practice for cultivation of Vaccinium species. However, further studies are needed to analyze the effect of the light spectra modifications to other nutritional properties, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the detected differences between the two relative Vaccinium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zoratti
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate laboratory, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO Holt, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hely Häggman
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lara Giongo
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Shi Q, Zhou L, Wang Y, Li K, Zheng B, Miao K. Transcriptomic Analysis of Paeonia delavayi Wild Population Flowers to Identify Differentially Expressed Genes Involved in Purple-Red and Yellow Petal Pigmentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135038. [PMID: 26267644 PMCID: PMC4534100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is a very famous traditional ornamental plant in China. P. delavayi is a species endemic to Southwest China that has aroused great interest from researchers as a precious genetic resource for flower color breeding. However, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flower pigmentation in this plant is limited, hindering the genetic engineering of novel flower color in tree peonies. In this study, we conducted a large-scale transcriptome analysis based on Illumina HiSeq sequencing of cDNA libraries generated from yellow and purple-red P. delavayi petals. A total of 90,202 unigenes were obtained by de novo assembly, with an average length of 721 nt. Using Blastx, 44,811 unigenes (49.68%) were found to have significant similarity to accessions in the NR, NT, and Swiss-Prot databases. We also examined COG, GO and KEGG annotations to better understand the functions of these unigenes. Further analysis of the two digital transcriptomes revealed that 6,855 unigenes were differentially expressed between yellow and purple-red flower petals, with 3,430 up-regulated and 3,425 down-regulated. According to the RNA-Seq data and qRT-PCR analysis, we proposed that four up-regulated key structural genes, including F3H, DFR, ANS and 3GT, might play an important role in purple-red petal pigmentation, while high co-expression of THC2'GT, CHI and FNS II ensures the accumulation of pigments contributing to the yellow color. We also found 50 differentially expressed transcription factors that might be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. This study is the first to report genetic information for P. delavayi. The large number of gene sequences produced by transcriptome sequencing and the candidate genes identified using pathway mapping and expression profiles will provide a valuable resource for future association studies aimed at better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying flower pigmentation in tree peonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Baoqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Kun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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580
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Gabotti D, Negrini N, Morgutti S, Nocito FF, Cocucci M. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the mesocarp of ripening fruit of Prunus persica genotypes with different flesh characteristics: changes in activity and protein and transcript levels. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:329-348. [PMID: 25534876 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of fruit flesh texture quality traits may involve the metabolism of phenolic compounds. This study presents molecular and biochemical results on the possible role played by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) during ripening [S3, S4 I (pre-climacteric) and S4 III (climacteric) stages] of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit with different flesh firmness [non-melting flesh (NMF) 'Oro A'/melting flesh (MF) 'Springcrest' and 'Sanguinella'] and color (blood-flesh Sanguinella). A total of 24 putative full-length PRUPE_CAD genes were identified (in silico analysis) in the peach genome. The most abundant CAD isoforms, encoded by genes located on scaffolds 8 and 6, were probed by specifically developed anti-PRUPE_CAD sc8 and by anti-FaCAD (PRUPE_CAD sc6) polyclonal antibodies, respectively. PRUPE_CAD sc8 proteins (SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE/western blot) appeared responsible for the CAD activity (in vitro/in-gel assays) that increased with ripening (parallel to PRUPE_ACO1 transcripts accumulation and ethylene evolution) only in the mesocarp of Oro A and blood-flesh Sanguinella. Accumulation of PRUPE_CAD sc8 transcripts (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) occurred in all three cultivars, but in Oro A and Springcrest it was not always accompanied by that of the related proteins, suggesting possible post-transcriptional regulation. Flesh firmness, as well as levels of lignin, total phenolics and, where present (Sanguinella), anthocyanins, declined with ripening, suggesting that, at least in the studied peach cultivars, CAD activity is related to neither lignification nor differences in flesh firmness (NMF/MF). Further studies are necessary to clarify whether the high levels of CAD activity/expression in Sanguinella play a role in determining the characteristics of this blood-flesh fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Gabotti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgutti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio F Nocito
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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581
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Liu Y, Lin-Wang K, Deng C, Warran B, Wang L, Yu B, Yang H, Wang J, Espley RV, Zhang J, Wang D, Allan AC. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of White and Purple Potato to Identify Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129148. [PMID: 26053878 PMCID: PMC4459980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar 'Xin Daping' is tetraploid with white skin and white flesh, while the cultivar 'Hei Meiren' is also tetraploid with purple skin and purple flesh. Comparative transcriptome analysis of white and purple cultivars was carried out using high-throughput RNA sequencing in order to further understand the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in potato. METHODS AND RESULTS By aligning transcript reads to the recently published diploid potato genome and de novo assembly, 209 million paired-end Illumina RNA-seq reads from these tetraploid cultivars were assembled on to 60,930 transcripts, of which 27,754 (45.55%) are novel transcripts and 9393 alternative transcripts. Using a comparison of the RNA-sequence datasets, multiple versions of the genes encoding anthocyanin biosynthetic steps and regulatory transcription factors were identified. Other novel genes potentially involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in potato tubers were also discovered. Real-time qPCR validation of candidate genes revealed good correlation with the transcriptome data. SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and indels were predicted and validated for the transcription factors MYB AN1 and bHLH1 and the biosynthetic gene anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). CONCLUSIONS These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism of white and purple potato development, by identifying differential responses of biosynthetic gene family members together with the variation in structural genes and transcription factors in this highly heterozygous crop. This provides an excellent platform and resource for future genetic and functional genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Warran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Li Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Junlian Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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582
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Starkevič P, Paukštytė J, Kazanavičiūtė V, Denkovskienė E, Stanys V, Bendokas V, Šikšnianas T, Ražanskienė A, Ražanskas R. Expression and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis-Modulating Potential of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) MYB10 and bHLH Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126991. [PMID: 25978735 PMCID: PMC4433224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are essential contributors to fruit coloration, an important quality feature and a breed determining trait of a sweet cherry fruit. It is well established that the biosynthesis of anthocyanins is regulated by an interplay of specific transcription factors belonging to MYB and bHLH families accompanied by a WD40 protein. In this study, we isolated and analyzed PaWD40, PabHLH3, PabHLH33, and several closely related MYB10 gene variants from different cultivars of sweet cherry, analyzed their expression in fruits with different anthocyanin levels at several developmental stages, and determined their capabilities to modulate anthocyanin synthesis in leaves of two Nicotiana species. Our results indicate that transcription level of variant PaMYB10.1-1 correlates with fruit coloration, but anthocyanin synthesis in Nicotiana was induced by another variant, PaMYB10.1-3, which is moderately expressed in fruits. The analysis of two fruit-expressed bHLH genes revealed that PabHLH3 enhances MYB-induced anthocyanin synthesis, whereas PabHLH33 has strong inhibitory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Starkevič
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, V.A. Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Paukštytė
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, V.A. Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Kazanavičiūtė
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, V.A. Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Erna Denkovskienė
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, V.A. Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Vidmantas Stanys
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas st 30, Babtai, LT-54333, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vidmantas Bendokas
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas st 30, Babtai, LT-54333, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tadeušas Šikšnianas
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas st 30, Babtai, LT-54333, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Ražanskienė
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, V.A. Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Raimundas Ražanskas
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, V.A. Graičiūno 8, Vilnius, LT-02241, Lithuania
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583
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Ahn JH, Kim JS, Kim S, Soh HY, Shin H, Jang H, Ryu JH, Kim A, Yun KY, Kim S, Kim KS, Choi D, Huh JH. De Novo Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes Responsible for Tissue-Specific Pigmentation in Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124497. [PMID: 25905914 PMCID: PMC4408010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) is commonly found in temperate climate regions and widely used for lawns, in part, owing to its uniform green color. However, some zoysiagrass cultivars accumulate red to purple pigments in their spike and stolon tissues, thereby decreasing the aesthetic value. Here we analyzed the anthocyanin contents of two zoysiagrass cultivars 'Anyang-jungji' (AJ) and 'Greenzoa' (GZ) that produce spikes and stolons with purple and green colors, respectively, and revealed that cyanidin and petunidin were primarily accumulated in the pigmented tissues. In parallel, we performed a de novo transcriptome assembly and identified differentially expressed genes between the two cultivars. We found that two anthocyanin biosynthesis genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) were preferentially upregulated in the purple AJ spike upon pigmentation. Both ANS and DFR genes were also highly expressed in other zoysiagrass cultivars with purple spikes and stolons, but their expression levels were significantly low in the cultivars with green tissues. We observed that recombinant ZjDFR1 and ZjANS1 proteins successfully catalyze the conversions of dihydroflavonols into leucoanthocyanidins and leucoanthocyanidins into anthocyanidins, respectively. These findings strongly suggest that upregulation of ANS and DFR is responsible for tissue-specific anthocyanin biosynthesis and differential pigmentation in zoysiagrass. The present study also demonstrates the feasibility of a de novo transcriptome analysis to identify the key genes associated with specific traits, even in the absence of reference genome information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwa Ahn
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - June-Sik Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Seungill Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Soh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Hosub Shin
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Hosung Jang
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Ryu
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | | | | | - Shinje Kim
- FnP Co., Ltd, Jeungpyeong, 368-811, Korea
| | - Ki Sun Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Jin Hoe Huh
- Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
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584
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An XH, Tian Y, Chen KQ, Liu XJ, Liu DD, Xie XB, Cheng CG, Cong PH, Hao YJ. MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 are involved in the regulation of the JA-induced biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in apples. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:650-62. [PMID: 25527830 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) are important secondary metabolites and beneficial to human health. Their biosynthesis is induced by jasmonate (JA) treatment and regulated by MYB transcription factors (TFs). However, which and how MYB TFs regulate this process is largely unknown in apple. In this study, MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 which were induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were functionally characterized. Overexpression of MdMYB9 or MdMYB11 promoted not only anthocyanin but also PA accumulation in apple calluses, and the accumulation was further enhanced by MeJA. Subsequently, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that both MYB proteins interact with MdbHLH3. Moreover, Jasmonate ZIM-domain (MdJAZ) proteins interact with MdbHLH3. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that both MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 bind to the promoters of ANS, ANR and LAR, whereas MdbHLH3 is recruited to the promoters of MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 and regulates their transcription. In addition, transient expression assays indicated that overexpression of MdJAZ2 inhibits the recruitment of MdbHLH3 to the promoters of MdMYB9 and MdMYB11. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of how MeJA regulates anthocyanin and PA accumulation in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hong An
- National Key laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China Research Institute of Pomology, CAAS, Xingcheng 125100, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yi Tian
- National Key laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China Research Institute of Pomology, CAAS, Xingcheng 125100, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ke-Qin Chen
- National Key laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Liu
- National Key laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- National Key laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xing-Bin Xie
- National Key laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Cun-Gang Cheng
- Research Institute of Pomology, CAAS, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Pei-Hua Cong
- Research Institute of Pomology, CAAS, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
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585
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Gu X, Chen Y, Gao Z, Qiao Y, Wang X. Transcription factors and anthocyanin genes related to low-temperature tolerance in rd29A:RdreB1BI transgenic strawberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 89:31-43. [PMID: 25686702 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) transcription factors play critical roles in plant stress responses and signal transduction. To further understand how DREB regulates genes expression to promote cold-hardiness, Illumina/Solexa sequencing technology was used to compare the transcriptomes of non-transgenic and rd29A:RdreB1BI transgenic strawberry plants exposed to low temperatures. Approximately 3.5 million sequence tags were obtained from non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic (T) strawberry untreated (C) or low-temperature treated (LT) leaf samples. Over 1000 genes were differentially expressed between the NT-C and T-C plants, and also the NT-C and NT-LT, as well as the T-C and T-LT plants. Analysis of the genes up-regulated following low-temperature treatment revealed that the majority are linked to metabolism, biosynthesis, transcription and signal transduction. Uniquely up-regulated transcription factors as well as anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes are discussed. Accumulation of anthocyanin in the stolon and the base of the petiole differed between non-treated NT and T plants, and this correlated with gene expression patterns. The differentially expressed genes that encode transcription factors and anthocyanin enzymes may contribute to the cold hardiness of RdreB1BI transgenic strawberry. The transcriptome data provide a valuable resource for further studies of strawberry growth and development and DREB-mediated gene regulation under low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Gu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushan Qiao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Wang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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586
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Wei H, Chen X, Zong X, Shu H, Gao D, Liu Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the red and yellow fruits of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121164. [PMID: 25799516 PMCID: PMC4370391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit color is one of the most important economic traits of the sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). The red coloration of sweet cherry fruit is mainly attributed to anthocyanins. However, limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis and its regulation in sweet cherry. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, a reference transcriptome of P. avium L. was sequenced and annotated to identify the transcriptional determinants of fruit color. Normalized cDNA libraries from red and yellow fruits were sequenced using the next-generation Illumina/Solexa sequencing platform and de novo assembly. Over 66 million high-quality reads were assembled into 43,128 unigenes using a combined assembly strategy. Then a total of 22,452 unigenes were compared to public databases using homology searches, and 20,095 of these unigenes were annotated in the Nr protein database. Furthermore, transcriptome differences between the four stages of fruit ripening were analyzed using Illumina digital gene expression (DGE) profiling. Biological pathway analysis revealed that 72 unigenes were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The expression patterns of unigenes encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavanone 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and UDP glucose: flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) during fruit ripening differed between red and yellow fruit. In addition, we identified some transcription factor families (such as MYB, bHLH and WD40) that may control anthocyanin biosynthesis. We confirmed the altered expression levels of eighteen unigenes that encode anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes and transcription factors using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The obtained sweet cherry transcriptome and DGE profiling data provide comprehensive gene expression information that lends insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis. These results will provide a platform for further functional genomic research on this fruit crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Wei
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Huairui Shu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Dongsheng Gao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qingzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an, Shandong 271000, China
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587
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Sun W, Meng X, Liang L, Jiang W, Huang Y, He J, Hu H, Almqvist J, Gao X, Wang L. Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of Chalcone Synthase from Freesia hybrid in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119054. [PMID: 25742495 PMCID: PMC4351062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first committed step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, the cDNA (FhCHS1) encoding CHS from Freesia hybrida was successfully isolated and analyzed. Multiple sequence alignments showed that both the conserved CHS active site residues and CHS signature sequence were found in the deduced amino acid sequence of FhCHS1. Meanwhile, crystallographic analysis revealed that protein structure of FhCHS1 is highly similar to that of alfalfa CHS2, and the biochemical analysis results indicated that it has an enzymatic role in naringenin biosynthesis. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the transcript levels of FhCHS1 in flowers and different tissues, and patterns of FhCHS1 expression in flowers showed significant correlation to the accumulation patterns of anthocyanin during flower development. To further characterize the functionality of FhCHS1, its ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana tt4 mutants and Petunia hybrida was performed. The results showed that overexpression of FhCHS1 in tt4 mutants fully restored the pigmentation phenotype of the seed coats, cotyledons and hypocotyls, while transgenic petunia expressing FhCHS1 showed flower color alteration from white to pink. In summary, these results suggest that FhCHS1 plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of flavonoid in Freesia hybrida and may be used to modify the components of flavonoids in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingjie Liang
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wangshu Jiang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala, 596, S-75124, Sweden
| | - Yafei Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala, 596, S-75124, Sweden
| | - Jing He
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jonas Almqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala, 596, S-75124, Sweden
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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588
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Xu W, Dubos C, Lepiniec L. Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis by MYB-bHLH-WDR complexes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:176-85. [PMID: 25577424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely known for the colors they confer to plant tissues, their contribution to plant fitness and health benefits, and impact on food quality. As convenient biological markers, flavonoids have been instrumental in major genetic and epigenetic discoveries. We review recent advances in the characterization of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis, with a special focus on the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WDR) protein complexes. These proteins are well conserved in higher plants. They participate in different types of controls ranging from fine-tuned transcriptional regulation by environmental factors to the initiation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by positive regulatory feedback. The MBW protein complexes provide interesting models for investigating developmentally or environmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Xu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- INRA and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) SupAgro-M, Université Montpellier 2 (UM2), Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, ERL-CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, 78026 Versailles, France.
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589
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590
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Robinson DO, Roeder AHK. Themes and variations in cell type patterning in the plant epidermis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:55-65. [PMID: 25727387 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It has recently become evident that plant development, like animal development, has molecular patterning modules that are reused again and again to create different cell type patterns. Here we focus on three of these plant modules: (1) the MYB-bHLH-WD40 protein complex, (2) the transmembrane calpain protease DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1), and (3) homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) class IV transcription factors acting in concert with SIAMESE-related cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. These three modules initiate the patterning of multiple cell types in the plant epidermis: the regular spacing of trichomes (leaf hairs), the stripes of root hairs, diverse pigmentation patterns in petals, the scattering of giant cells, and the files of bulliform cells. Varied combinations of players and additional regulatory inputs partially account for the diversity of patterns that are generated by reusing the same molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Olivia Robinson
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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591
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Cocetta G, Rossoni M, Gardana C, Mignani I, Ferrante A, Spinardi A. Methyl jasmonate affects phenolic metabolism and gene expression in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:269-83. [PMID: 24943920 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is a fruit very much appreciated by consumers for its antioxidant potential and health-promoting traits. Its beneficial potential properties are mainly due to a high content of anthocyanins and their amount can change after elicitation with methyl jasmonate. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in expression of several genes, accumulation of phenolic compounds and alterations in antioxidant potential in two different blueberry cultivars ('Duke' and 'Blueray') in response to methyl jasmonate (0.1 mM). Results showed that 9 h after treatment, the expression of phenylalanine ammonium lyase, chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase genes was stimulated more in the 'Blueray' variety. Among the phenols measured an increase was recorded also for epicatechin and anthocyanin concentrations. 'Duke' is a richer sourche of anthocyanins compared to 'Blueray', treatment with methyl jasmonate promoted in 'Blueray' an increase in pigments as well as in the antioxidant potential, especially in fully ripe berries, but treated 'Duke' berries had greater levels, which were not induced by methyl jasmonate treatment. In conclusion, methyl jasmonate was, in some cases, an effective elicitor of phenolic metabolism and gene expression in blueberry, though with different intensity between cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Cocetta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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592
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Luo Y, Zhang X, Luo Z, Zhang Q, Liu J. Identification and characterization of microRNAs from Chinese pollination constant non-astringent persimmon using high-throughput sequencing. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:11. [PMID: 25604351 PMCID: PMC4308916 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play key roles in regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level, but miRNAs associated with natural deastringency of Chinese pollination-constant nonastringent persimmon (CPCNA) have never been identified. RESULTS In this study, two small RNA libraries established using 'Eshi No. 1' persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.; CPCNA) fruits collected at 15 and 20 weeks after flowering (WAF) were sequenced through Solexa platform in order to identify miRNAs involved in deastringency of persimmon. A total of 6,258,487 and 7,634,169 reads were generated for the libraries at 15 and 20 WAF, respectively. Based on sequence similarity and hairpin structure prediction, 236 known miRNAs belonging to 65 miRNA families and 33 novel miRNAs were identified using persimmon transcriptome data. Sixty one of the characterized miRNAs exhibited pronounced difference in the expression levels between 15 and 20 WAF, 17 up-regulated and 44 down-regulated. Expression profiles of 12 conserved and 10 novel miRNAs were validated by stem loop qRT-PCR. A total of 198 target genes were predicted for the differentially expressed miRNAs, including several genes that have been reported to be implicated in proanthocyanidins (PAs, or called tannin) accumulation. In addition, two transcription factors, a GRF and a bHLH, were experimentally confirmed as the targets of dka-miR396 and dka-miR395, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present data unraveled several important miRNAs in persimmon. Among them, miR395p-3p and miR858b may regulate bHLH and MYB, respectively, which are influenced by SPL under the control of miR156j-5p and in turn regulate the structural genes involved in PA biosynthesis. In addition, dka-miR396g and miR2911a may regulate their target genes associated with glucosylation and insolubilization of tannin precursors. All of these miRNAs might play key roles in the regulation of (de)astringency in persimmon fruits under normal development conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhengrong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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593
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Kong JQ. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a key component used for phenylpropanoids production by metabolic engineering. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a versatile enzyme with industrial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products
- Beijing
- China
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594
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Wen CH, Lin SS, Chu FH. Transcriptome analysis of a subtropical deciduous tree: autumn leaf senescence gene expression profile of Formosan gum. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:163-74. [PMID: 25392065 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Autumn leaf senescence is a spectacular natural phenomenon; however, the regulation networks controlling autumnal colors and the leaf senescence program remain largely unelucidated. Whether regulation of leaf senescence is similar in subtropical deciduous plants and temperate deciduous plants is also unknown. In this study, the gene expression of a subtropical deciduous tree, Formosan gum (Liquidambar formosana Hance), was profiled. The transcriptomes of April leaves (green leaves, 'G') and December leaves (red leaves, 'R') were investigated by next-generation gene sequencing. Out of 58,402 de novo assembled contigs, 32,637 were annotated as putative genes. Furthermore, the L. formosana-specific microarray designed based on total contigs was used to extend the observation period throughout the growing seasons of 2011-2013. Network analysis from the gene expression profile focused on the genes up-regulated when autumn leaf senescence occurred. LfWRKY70, LfWRKY75, LfWRKY65, LfNAC1, LfSPL14, LfNAC100 and LfMYB113 were shown to be key regulators of leaf senescnece, and the genes regulated by LfWRKY75, LfNAC1 and LfMYB113 are candidates to link chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis to senescence. In summary, the gene expression profiles over the entire year of the developing leaf from subtropical deciduous trees were used for in silico analysis and the putative gene regulation in autumn coloration and leaf senescence is discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiang Wen
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nan-Tou, Taiwan
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595
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Mena P, Domínguez-Perles R, Gironés-Vilaplana A, Baenas N, García-Viguera C, Villaño D. Flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, and inflammation. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:745-58. [PMID: 25504851 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The process of inflammation constitutes a reactive response of the organism to tissue damage and is an important factor making part of a number of degenerative pathologies as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all of them comprised in the metabolic syndrome. There is an increasing interest in plant products rich in flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins because of their potential beneficial effects observed in epidemiological studies against inflammatory-related diseases. Their anti-inflammatory effects are exerted by modulation of cell redox status and inhibition of signaling pathways as NF-κB activation. The effects depend on their concentrations in target tissues and hence the bioavailability pathways followed by each particular compound. In this sense, in vitro studies performed with parental compounds at doses exceeding to those found in vivo may be drawing erroneous conclusions about their real efficacy. Contradictory results have been observed in human intervention trials, which may be ascribed to the type of population studied, length of study, source of flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin, and dose provided. Human studies are required to confirm the positive effects found in vitro and in animal models. Future research should be focused on the understanding of dose/flavonoid intake-response relationship with pharmacokinetic studies, evaluating proper biomarkers of intake. Long-term dietary interventions are necessary to observe effects on markers of late activation as well as the possible preventive effects of these compounds on long-term inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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596
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Zhang Q, Shi Y, Ma L, Yi X, Ruan J. Metabolomic analysis using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS) uncovers the effects of light intensity and temperature under shading treatments on the metabolites in tea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112572. [PMID: 25390340 PMCID: PMC4229221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of light intensity and temperature on the biosynthesis and accumulation of quality-related metabolites, field grown tea plants were shaded by Black Net and Nano-insulating Film (with additional 2–4°C cooling effect) with un-shaded plants as a control. Young shoots were subjected to UPLC-Q-TOF MS followed by multivariate statistical analysis. Most flavonoid metabolites (mainly flavan-3-ols, flavonols and their glycosides) decreased significantly in the shading treatments, while the contents of chlorophyll, β-carotene, neoxanthin and free amino acids, caffeine, benzoic acid derivatives and phenylpropanoids increased. Comparison between two shading treatments indicated that the lower temperature under Nano shading decreased flavonols and their glycosides but increased accumulation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins. The comparison also showed a greater effect of temperature on galloylation of catechins than light intensity. Taken together, there might be competition for substrates between the up- and down-stream branches of the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway, which was influenced by light intensity and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
- * E-mail:
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597
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Qian M, Sun Y, Allan AC, Teng Y, Zhang D. The red sport of 'Zaosu' pear and its red-striped pigmentation pattern are associated with demethylation of the PyMYB10 promoter. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 107:16-23. [PMID: 25168359 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
'Zaosu' pear, a hybrid of Pyrus pyrifolia and Pyrus communis, is a popular cultivar developed in China. 'Zaosu Red' is a bud sport of 'Zaosu' with red shoots, young leaves, and fruit. After grafting of 'Zaosu Red', reverse mutations in some branches lead to a loss of colour in leaves and stems. Also, the mature fruit of 'Zaosu Red' exhibits two phenotypes; fully red and striped. The aim of this study was to establish the mechanism of the red colour mutation in 'Zaosu' and the striped pigmentation pattern in fruit of 'Zaosu Red'. The accumulation of anthocyanins and transcript levels of the genes PpUFGT2 and PyMYB10 were highly correlated. The open reading frames (ORF) and promoter regions of these two key genes were cloned and compared between 'Zaosu' and its bud sports, but no sequence differences were found. The R2R3 MYB, PyMYB10, can activate expression of genes encoding enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. A yeast one-hybrid assay showed that PyMYB10 was associated with the -658 to -172bp fragment of the PpUFGT2 promoter, probably via a MYB binding site (MBS) located at -466bp. The PyMYB10 promoter had lower methylation levels in anthocyanin-rich tissues, indicating that the red bud sport of 'Zaosu' pear and the striped pigmentation pattern of 'Zaosu Red' pear are associated with demethylation of the PyMYB10 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Qian
- Department of Horticulture, The State Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongwang Sun
- Department of Horticulture, The State Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- Plant and Food Research, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1020, New Zealand
| | - Yuanwen Teng
- Department of Horticulture, The State Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, The State Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
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598
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Zhang J, Chen C, Zhang D, Li H, Li P, Ma F. Reactive oxygen species produced via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase regulate anthocyanin synthesis in apple peel. PLANTA 2014; 240:1023-35. [PMID: 25000919 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet irradiation regulates anthocyanin synthesis in apple peel by modulating the production of reactive oxygen species via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase instead of other pathways. The synthesis of anthocyanin in apple peels is dependent upon solar irradiation. Using 3-mm commercial glass to attenuate solar UV-A and UV-B light, we confirmed that solar UV irradiation regulated anthocyanin synthesis in apple peels after exposing previously bagged fruit to sunlight. During sunlight exposure, UV attenuation did not affect the expression of MdHY5, MdCOP1, or MdCRY2, but significantly lowered plasma membrane NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide anion concentrations. UV attenuation also reduced the expression levels of MdMYB10, MdPAL, MdCHS, MdF3H, MdDFR, MdANS and MdUFGT1, UDP-glycose:flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT) activity, and local concentrations of anthocyanin and quercetin-3-glycoside. In contrast, exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide could enhance anthocyanin and quercetin-3-glycoside synthesis. Xanthophyll cycle pool size on a chlorophyll basis was higher but its de-epoxidation was lower under direct sunlight irradiation than that under UV-attenuating conditions. This suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in chloroplast are not major contributors to anthocyanin synthesis regulation. Inhibition of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase activity lowered the production of ROS through this mechanism, significantly inhibited the synthesis of anthocyanin, and increased the total production of ROS in apple peel under direct sunlight irradiation, suggesting that ROS produced via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase regulates anthocyanin synthesis. In summary, solar UV irradiation regulated anthocyanin synthesis in apple peels by modulating the production of ROS via plasma membrane NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Taicheng Rd. No. 3, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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599
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Xu W, Peng H, Yang T, Whitaker B, Huang L, Sun J, Chen P. Effect of calcium on strawberry fruit flavonoid pathway gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 82:289-98. [PMID: 25036468 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) inbred lines, Ruegen F7-4 (red fruit-bearing) and YW5AF7 (yellow fruit-bearing) were used to study the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruit. Ruegen F7-4 fruit had similar total phenolics and anthocyanin contents to commercial octoploid (F. × ananassa) cultivar Seascape, while YW5AF7 exhibited relatively low total phenolics content and no anthocyanin accumulation. Foliar spray of CaCl2 boosted fruit total phenolics content, especially anthocyanins, by more than 20% in both Seascape and RF7-4. Expression levels of almost all the flavonoid pathway genes were comparable in Ruegen F7-4 and YW5AF7 green-stage fruit. However, at the turning and ripe stages, key anthocyanin structural genes, including flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H1), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR2), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS1), and UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT1), were highly expressed in Ruegen F7-4 compared with YW5AF7 fruit. Calcium treatment further stimulated the expression of those genes in Ruegen F7-4 fruit. Anthocyanins isolated from petioles of YW5AF7 and Ruegen F-7 had the same HPLC-DAD profile, which differed from that of Ruegen F-7 fruit anthocyanins. All the anthocyanin structural genes except FvUGT1 were detected in petioles of YW5AF7 and Ruegen F-7. Taken together, these results indicate that the "yellow" gene in YW5AF7 is a fruit specific regulatory gene(s) for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Calcium can enhance accumulation of anthocyanins and total phenolics in fruit possibly via upregulation of anthocyanin structural genes. Our results also suggest that the anthocyanin biosynthesis machinery in petioles is different from that in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Tianbao Yang
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Bruce Whitaker
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Luhong Huang
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Karlova R, Chapman N, David K, Angenent GC, Seymour GB, de Maagd RA. Transcriptional control of fleshy fruit development and ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4527-41. [PMID: 25080453 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits have evolved to be attractive to frugivores in order to enhance seed dispersal, and have become an indispensable part of the human diet. Here we review the recent advances in the understanding of transcriptional regulation of fleshy fruit development and ripening with a focus on tomato. While aspects of fruit development are probably conserved throughout the angiosperms, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it is shown that the likely orthologues of Arabidopsis genes have distinct functions in fleshy fruits. The model for the study of fleshy fruit development is tomato, because of the availability of single gene mutants and transgenic knock-down lines. In other species, our knowledge is often incomplete or absent. Tomato fruit size and shape are co-determined by transcription factors acting during formation of the ovary. Other transcription factors play a role in fruit chloroplast formation, and upon ripening impact quality aspects such as secondary metabolite content. In tomato, the transcription factors NON-RIPENING (NOR), COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR), and RIPENING INHIBITOR (MADS-RIN) in concert with ethylene signalling regulate ripening, possibly in response to a developmental switch. Additional components include TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 (TAGL1), APETALA2a (AP2a), and FRUITFULL (FUL1 and FUL2). The links between this highly connected regulatory network and downstream effectors modulating colour, texture, and flavour are still relatively poorly understood. Intertwined with this network is post-transcriptional regulation by fruit-expressed microRNAs targeting several of these transcription factors. This important developmental process is also governed by changes in DNA methylation levels and possibly chromatin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumyana Karlova
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Chapman
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Karine David
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Graham B Seymour
- Plant and Crop Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ruud A de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands Chair group Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
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