551
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Kang DJ, Hylemon PB, Gillevet PM, Sartor RB, Betrapally NS, Kakiyama G, Sikaroodi M, Takei H, Nittono H, Zhou H, Pandak WM, Yang J, Jiao C, Li X, Lippman HR, Heuman DM, Bajaj JS. Gut microbial composition can differentially regulate bile acid synthesis in humanized mice. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:61-70. [PMID: 29404434 PMCID: PMC5747030 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that alcohol drinkers with and without cirrhosis showed a significant increase in fecal bile acid secretion compared to nondrinkers. We hypothesized this may be due to activation by alcohol of hepatic cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 (CREBH), which induces cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1). Alternatively, the gut microbiota composition in the absence of alcohol might increase bile acid synthesis by up-regulating Cyp7a1. To test this hypothesis, we humanized germ-free (GF) mice with stool from healthy human subjects (Ctrl-Hum), human subjects with cirrhosis (Cirr-Hum), and human subjects with cirrhosis and active alcoholism (Alc-Hum). All animals were fed a normal chow diet, and none demonstrated cirrhosis. Both hepatic Cyp7a1 and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were significantly induced in the Alc-Hum and Ctrl-Hum mice but not in the Cirr-Hum mice or GF mice. Liver bile acid concentration was correspondingly increased in the Alc-Hum mice despite fibroblast growth factor 15, fibroblast growth receptor 4, and small heterodimer partner mRNA levels being significantly induced in the large bowel and liver of the Ctrl-Hum mice and Alc-Hum mice but not in the Cirr-Hum mice or GF mice. This suggests that the normal pathways of Cyp7a1 repression were activated in the Alc-Hum mice and Ctrl-Hum mice. CREBH mRNA was significantly induced only in the Ctrl-Hum mice and Alc-Hum mice, possibly indicating that the gut microbiota up-regulate CREBH and induce bile acid synthesis genes. Analysis of stool bile acids showed that the microbiota of the Cirr-Hum and Alc-Hum mice had a greater ability to deconjugate and 7α-dehydroxylate primary bile acids compared to the microbiota of the Cirr-Hum mice. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiota showed that the relative abundance of taxa that 7-α dehydroxylate primary bile acids was higher in the Ctrl-Hum and Alc-Hum groups. Conclusion: The composition of gut microbiota influences the regulation of the rate-limiting enzymes in bile acid synthesis in the liver. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:61-70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Joong Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | | | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, National Gnotobiotic Rodent Resource CenterUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNC
| | | | - Genta Kakiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | | | | | | | - Huiping Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - William M. Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - H. Robert Lippman
- Department of PathologyVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Douglas M. Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Administration Medical CenterRichmondVA
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552
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Ni Y, Wong VHY, Tai WCS, Li J, Wong WY, Lee MML, Fong FLY, El-Nezami H, Panagiotou G. A metagenomic study of the preventive effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on intestinal polyp formation in Apc Min/+ mice. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:770-784. [PMID: 28004480 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the in vivo effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on intestinal polyp development and the interaction between this single-organism probiotic and the gut microbiota therein. METHODS AND RESULTS The ApcMin/+ mouse model was used to study the potential preventive effect of LGG on intestinal polyposis, while shotgun metagenomic sequencing was employed to characterize both taxonomic and functional changes within the gut microbial community. We found that the progression of intestinal polyps in the control group altered the community functional profile remarkably despite small variation in the taxonomic diversity. In comparison, the consumption of LGG helped maintain the overall functional potential and taxonomic profile in the resident microbes, thereby leading to a 25% decrease of total polyp counts. Furthermore, we found that LGG enriched those microbes or microbial activities related to short-chain fatty acid production (e.g. Roseburia and Coprococcus), as well as suppressed the ones that can lead to inflammation (e.g. Bilophila wadsworthia). CONCLUSIONS Our study using shotgun metagenomics highlights how single probiotic LGG may exert its beneficial effects and decrease polyp formation in mice by maintaining gut microbial functionality. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This probiotic intervention targeting microbiota may be used in conjugation with other dietary supplements or drugs as part of prevention strategies for early-stage colon cancer, after further clinical validations in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ni
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - V H Y Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - W C S Tai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Li
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - W Y Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - M M L Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - F L Y Fong
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - H El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - G Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoll Institute, Jena, Germany
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553
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Brignardello J, Holmes E, Garcia-Perez I. Metabolic Phenotyping of Diet and Dietary Intake. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 81:231-270. [PMID: 28317606 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition provides the building blocks for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body and is key to maintaining health. Exposure to fast foods, mass production of dietary components, and wider importation of goods have challenged the balance between diet and health in recent decades, and both scientists and clinicians struggle to characterize the relationship between this changing dietary landscape and human metabolism with its consequent impact on health. Metabolic phenotyping of foods, using high-density data-generating technologies to profile the biochemical composition of foods, meals, and human samples (pre- and postfood intake), can be used to map the complex interaction between the diet and human metabolism and also to assess food quality and safety. Here, we outline some of the techniques currently used for metabolic phenotyping and describe key applications in the food sciences, ending with a broad outlook at some of the newer technologies in the field with a view to exploring their potential to address some of the critical challenges in nutritional science.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brignardello
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Holmes
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - I Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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554
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Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010197. [PMID: 28106826 PMCID: PMC5297828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Most cases of CRC are detected in Western countries, with its incidence increasing year by year. The probability of suffering from colorectal cancer is about 4%–5% and the risk for developing CRC is associated with personal features or habits such as age, chronic disease history and lifestyle. In this context, the gut microbiota has a relevant role, and dysbiosis situations can induce colonic carcinogenesis through a chronic inflammation mechanism. Some of the bacteria responsible for this multiphase process include Fusobacterium spp, Bacteroides fragilis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. CRC is caused by mutations that target oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and genes related to DNA repair mechanisms. Depending on the origin of the mutation, colorectal carcinomas can be classified as sporadic (70%); inherited (5%) and familial (25%). The pathogenic mechanisms leading to this situation can be included in three types, namely chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI) and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Within these types of CRC, common mutations, chromosomal changes and translocations have been reported to affect important pathways (WNT, MAPK/PI3K, TGF-β, TP53), and mutations; in particular, genes such as c-MYC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, SMAD2 and SMAD4 can be used as predictive markers for patient outcome. In addition to gene mutations, alterations in ncRNAs, such as lncRNA or miRNA, can also contribute to different steps of the carcinogenesis process and have a predictive value when used as biomarkers. In consequence, different panels of genes and mRNA are being developed to improve prognosis and treatment selection. The choice of first-line treatment in CRC follows a multimodal approach based on tumour-related characteristics and usually comprises surgical resection followed by chemotherapy combined with monoclonal antibodies or proteins against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth receptor (EGFR). Besides traditional chemotherapy, alternative therapies (such as agarose tumour macrobeads, anti-inflammatory drugs, probiotics, and gold-based drugs) are currently being studied to increase treatment effectiveness and reduce side effects.
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555
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Hiramoto K, Yokoyama S, Yamate Y. Ultraviolet A eye irradiation ameliorates colon carcinoma induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate through β-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 33:84-91. [PMID: 28039905 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that ultraviolet (UV) A eye irradiation reduces the ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). This study examined the effects of UVA on colon carcinoma induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS. METHODS We irradiated the eyes of ICR mice with UVA at a dose of 110 kJ/m2 using an FL20SBLB-A lamp for the experimental period. RESULTS In mice treated with these drugs, the symptom of colon carcinoma was reduced by UVA eye irradiation. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the blood were increased in AOM + DSS-treated mice; however, those levels were reduced by UVA eye irradiation. The expression of β-endorphin, methionine-enkephalin (OGF), μ-opioid receptor, and opioid growth factor receptor (OGFR) of the colon was increased in the AOM + DSS-treated mice, and these levels were increased further following UVA eye irradiation. When β-endorphin inhibitor was administered, the ameliorative effect of UVA eye irradiation was reduced, and the effect of eye irradiation disappeared entirely following the administration of naltrexone (inhibitor of both opioid receptor and OGFR). CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that UVA eye irradiation exerts major effects on AOM + DSS-induced colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yurika Yamate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
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556
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von Martels JZH, Sadaghian Sadabad M, Bourgonje AR, Blokzijl T, Dijkstra G, Faber KN, Harmsen HJM. The role of gut microbiota in health and disease: In vitro modeling of host-microbe interactions at the aerobe-anaerobe interphase of the human gut. Anaerobe 2017; 44:3-12. [PMID: 28062270 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota of the gut has many crucial functions in human health. Dysbiosis of the microbiota has been correlated to a large and still increasing number of diseases. Recent studies have mostly focused on analyzing the associations between disease and an aberrant microbiota composition. Functional studies using (in vitro) gut models are required to investigate the precise interactions that occur between specific bacteria (or bacterial mixtures) and gut epithelial cells. As most gut bacteria are obligate or facultative anaerobes, studying their effect on oxygen-requiring human gut epithelial cells is technically challenging. Still, several (anaerobic) bacterial-epithelial co-culture systems have recently been developed that mimic host-microbe interactions occurring in the human gut, including 1) the Transwell "apical anaerobic model of the intestinal epithelial barrier", 2) the Host-Microbiota Interaction (HMI) module, 3) the "Human oxygen-Bacteria anaerobic" (HoxBan) system, 4) the human gut-on-a-chip and 5) the HuMiX model. This review discusses the role of gut microbiota in health and disease and gives an overview of the characteristics and applications of these novel host-microbe co-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Z H von Martels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mehdi Sadaghian Sadabad
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjasso Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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557
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Introducing the Microbiome into Precision Medicine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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558
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Pope JL, Tomkovich S, Yang Y, Jobin C. Microbiota as a mediator of cancer progression and therapy. Transl Res 2017; 179:139-154. [PMID: 27554797 PMCID: PMC5674984 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complex and intricate circuitries regulate cellular proliferation, survival, and growth, and alterations of this network through genetic and epigenetic events result in aberrant cellular behaviors, often leading to carcinogenesis. Although specific germline mutations have been recognized as cancer inducers, the vast majority of neoplastic changes in humans occur through environmental exposure, lifestyle, and diet. An emerging concept in cancer biology implicates the microbiota as a powerful environmental factor modulating the carcinogenic process. For example, the intestinal microbiota influences cancer development or therapeutic responses through specific activities (immune responses, metabolites, microbial structures, and toxins). The numerous effects of microbiota on carcinogenesis, ranging from promoting, preventing, or even influencing therapeutic outcomes, highlight the complex relationship between the biota and the host. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on this complex microbial interaction with the host and highlight potential mechanisms by which the microbiota mediates such a wide impact on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Pope
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Sarah Tomkovich
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
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559
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Sakita JY, Gasparotto B, Garcia SB, Uyemura SA, Kannen V. A critical discussion on diet, genomic mutations and repair mechanisms in colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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560
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Harris HC, Edwards CA, Morrison DJ. Impact of Glycosidic Bond Configuration on Short Chain Fatty Acid Production from Model Fermentable Carbohydrates by the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010026. [PMID: 28045429 PMCID: PMC5295070 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the major products of carbohydrate fermentation by gut bacteria. Different carbohydrates are associated with characteristic SCFA profiles although the mechanisms are unclear. The individual SCFA profile may determine any resultant health benefits. Understanding determinants of individual SCFA production would enable substrate choice to be tailored for colonic SCFA manipulation. To test the hypothesis that the orientation and position of the glycosidic bond is a determinant of SCFA production profile, a miniaturized in vitro human colonic batch fermentation model was used to study a range of isomeric glucose disaccharides. Diglucose α(1-1) fermentation led to significantly higher butyrate production (p < 0.01) and a lower proportion of acetate (p < 0.01) compared with other α bonded diglucoses. Diglucose β(1-4) also led to significantly higher butyrate production (p < 0.05) and significantly increased the proportions of propionate and butyrate compared with diglucose α(1-4) (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect of glycosidic bond configuration on absolute propionate production. Despite some differences in the SCFA production of different glucose disaccharides, there was no clear relationship between SCFA production and bond configuration, suggesting that other factors may be responsible for promoting selective SCFA production by the gut microbiota from different carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Harris
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G75 0QF, UK.
| | - Christine A Edwards
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G75 0QF, UK.
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561
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562
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Ngoubene-Atioky AJ, Williamson-Taylor C. Culturally based health assumptions in Sub-Saharan African immigrants: Body mass index predicting self-reported health status. J Health Psychol 2016; 24:750-760. [PMID: 28810367 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316683241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether Sub-Saharan African adult immigrants maintained cultural preferences for curvier/higher body size post-migration to the United States. Linear and multiple regression analyses were utilized to discern the predicting effects of Sub-Saharan African immigrants' body mass index score on their self-reported health status at two post-migration data collection points. The initial assessment reveals that Sub-Saharan African immigrants' overweight body mass index score predicted better self-reported health status. Four to six years later, higher body mass index score predicted a better self-reported health status and lower dietary acculturation moderated the predicting effect of body mass index on self-reported health status. Limitations of the study and implications for research and practice are explored.
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563
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Sheflin AM, Melby CL, Carbonero F, Weir TL. Linking dietary patterns with gut microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes 2016; 8:113-129. [PMID: 27960648 PMCID: PMC5390824 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1270809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging insights have implicated the gut microbiota as an important factor in the maintenance of human health. Although nutrition research has focused on how direct interactions between dietary components and host systems influence human health, it is becoming increasingly important to consider nutrient effects on the gut microbiome for a more complete picture. Understanding nutrient-host-microbiome interactions promises to reveal novel mechanisms of disease etiology and progression, offers new disease prevention strategies and therapeutic possibilities, and may mandate alternative criteria to evaluate the safety of food ingredients. Here we review the current literature on diet effects on the microbiome and the generation of microbial metabolites of dietary constituents that may influence human health. We conclude with a discussion of the relevance of these studies to nutrition and public health and summarize further research needs required to realize the potential of exploiting diet-microbiota interactions for improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Sheflin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher L. Melby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA,CONTACT Tiffany L. Weir 210 Gifford Building, 1571 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521-1571, USA
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564
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the so-called westernized diseases and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. On the basis of global epidemiological and scientific studies, evidence suggests that the risk of colorectal cancer is increased by processed and unprocessed meat consumption but suppressed by fibre, and that food composition affects colonic health and cancer risk via its effects on colonic microbial metabolism. The gut microbiota can ferment complex dietary residues that are resistant to digestion by enteric enzymes. This process provides energy for the microbiota but culminates in the release of short-chain fatty acids including butyrate, which are utilized for the metabolic needs of the colon and the body. Butyrate has a remarkable array of colonic health-promoting and antineoplastic properties: it is the preferred energy source for colonocytes, it maintains mucosal integrity and it suppresses inflammation and carcinogenesis through effects on immunity, gene expression and epigenetic modulation. Protein residues and fat-stimulated bile acids are also metabolized by the microbiota to inflammatory and/or carcinogenic metabolites, which increase the risk of neoplastic progression. This Review will discuss the mechanisms behind these microbial metabolite effects, which could be modified by diet to achieve the objective of preventing colorectal cancer in Western societies.
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565
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Navarro SL, Neuhouser ML, Cheng TYD, Tinker LF, Shikany JM, Snetselaar L, Martinez JA, Kato I, Beresford SAA, Chapkin RS, Lampe JW. The Interaction between Dietary Fiber and Fat and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. Nutrients 2016; 8:E779. [PMID: 27916893 PMCID: PMC5188434 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined intakes of specific dietary fiber and fat subtypes protect against colon cancer in animal models. We evaluated associations between self-reported individual and combinations of fiber (insoluble, soluble, and pectins, specifically) and fat (omega-6, omega-3, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), specifically) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in the Women's Health Initiative prospective cohort (n = 134,017). During a mean 11.7 years (1993-2010), 1952 incident CRC cases were identified. Cox regression models computed multivariate adjusted hazard ratios to estimate the association between dietary factors and CRC risk. Assessing fiber and fat individually, there was a modest trend for lower CRC risk with increasing intakes of total and insoluble fiber (p-trend 0.09 and 0.08). An interaction (p = 0.01) was observed between soluble fiber and DHA + EPA, with protective effects of DHA + EPA with lower intakes of soluble fiber and an attenuation at higher intakes, however this association was no longer significant after correction for multiple testing. These results suggest a modest protective effect of higher fiber intake on CRC risk, but not in combination with dietary fat subtypes. Given the robust results in preclinical models and mixed results in observational studies, controlled dietary interventions with standardized intakes are needed to better understand the interaction of specific fat and fiber subtypes on colon biology and ultimately CRC susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi L Navarro
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jessica A Martinez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Shirley A A Beresford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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566
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Chung EJ, Do EJ, Kim SY, Cho EA, Kim DH, Pak S, Hwang SW, Lee HJ, Byeon JS, Ye BD, Yang DH, Park SH, Yang SK, Kim JH, Myung SJ. Combination of metformin and VSL#3 additively suppresses western-style diet induced colon cancer in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 794:1-7. [PMID: 27845068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Western-style diet (WD) and dysbiosis are known to be associated with colonic inflammation, which contributes to carcinogenesis. Metformin (Met) exerts anti-inflammatory effects to induce AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in suppressed protein synthesis and reduced cell proliferation. Probiotic VSL#3 (V) modifies microbial composition. We investigated the chemopreventive mechanisms of Met and V in WD-induced colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: a control diet (CD) group, WD group, WD+ Met (250mg/kg/day) group, WD+V (1.3 million bacteria/day) group, and WD+Met+V group. All mice were exposed to azoxymethane (10mg/kg) followed by 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days. Using HCT-116 human colon cancer cell line, expression of AMPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cyclin D1, and Bcl-2 was investigated and cell cycle arrest was assessed. WD enhanced the severity of colitis and tumor growth compared with CD. The combination of Met and V significantly ameliorated colitis and tumor growth by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and maintaining epithelial integrity. In vitro assays showed that the combination therapy promoted late apoptosis by inhibiting cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 and activating pro-apoptotic ERK. A combination therapy with Met and V attenuates tumor growth in a mouse model of WD-induced colitic cancer, suggesting that this strategy could be useful for the chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Chung
- Health Screening & Promotion Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Do
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun A Cho
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyung Pak
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Health Screening & Promotion Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyoung Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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567
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Mima K, Cao Y, Chan AT, Qian ZR, Nowak JA, Masugi Y, Shi Y, Song M, da Silva A, Gu M, Li W, Hamada T, Kosumi K, Hanyuda A, Liu L, Kostic AD, Giannakis M, Bullman S, Brennan CA, Milner DA, Baba H, Garraway LA, Meyerhardt JA, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Meyerson M, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Nishihara R, Ogino S. Fusobacterium nucleatum in Colorectal Carcinoma Tissue According to Tumor Location. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e200. [PMID: 27811909 PMCID: PMC5543402 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Evidence suggests a possible role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinogenesis, especially in right-sided proximal colorectum. Considering a change in bowel contents and microbiome from proximal to distal colorectal segments, we hypothesized that the proportion of colorectal carcinoma enriched with F. nucleatum might gradually increase along the bowel subsites from rectum to cecum. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 1,102 colon and rectal carcinomas in molecular pathological epidemiology databases of the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We measured the amount of F. nucleatum DNA in colorectal tumor tissue using a quantitative PCR assay and equally dichotomized F. nucleatum-positive cases (high vs. low). We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship of a bowel subsite variable (rectum, rectosigmoid junction, sigmoid colon, descending colon, splenic flexure, transverse colon, hepatic flexure, ascending colon, and cecum) with the amount of F. nucleatum. Results: The proportion of F. nucleatum-high colorectal cancers gradually increased from rectal cancers (2.5% 4/157) to cecal cancers (11% 19/178), with a statistically significant linear trend along all subsites (P<0.0001) and little evidence of non-linearity. The proportion of F. nucleatum-low cancers was higher in rectal, ascending colon, and cecal cancers than in cancers of middle segments. Conclusions: The proportion of F. nucleatum-high colorectal cancers gradually increases from rectum to cecum. Our data support the colorectal continuum model that reflects pathogenic influences of the gut microbiota on neoplastic and immune cells and challenges the prevailing two-colon (proximal vs. distal) dichotomy paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanwan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akiko Hanyuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin A Brennan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danny A Milner
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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568
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De Filippis F, Pellegrini N, Vannini L, Jeffery IB, La Storia A, Laghi L, Serrazanetti DI, Di Cagno R, Ferrocino I, Lazzi C, Turroni S, Cocolin L, Brigidi P, Neviani E, Gobbetti M, O'Toole PW, Ercolini D. High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut 2016; 65:1812-1821. [PMID: 26416813 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 910] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Habitual diet plays a major role in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota, and also determines the repertoire of microbial metabolites that can influence the host. The typical Western diet corresponds to that of an omnivore; however, the Mediterranean diet (MD), common in the Western Mediterranean culture, is to date a nutritionally recommended dietary pattern that includes high-level consumption of cereals, fruit, vegetables and legumes. To investigate the potential benefits of the MD in this cross-sectional survey, we assessed the gut microbiota and metabolome in a cohort of Italian individuals in relation to their habitual diets. DESIGN AND RESULTS We retrieved daily dietary information and assessed gut microbiota and metabolome in 153 individuals habitually following omnivore, vegetarian or vegan diets. The majority of vegan and vegetarian subjects and 30% of omnivore subjects had a high adherence to the MD. We were able to stratify individuals according to both diet type and adherence to the MD on the basis of their dietary patterns and associated microbiota. We detected significant associations between consumption of vegetable-based diets and increased levels of faecal short-chain fatty acids, Prevotella and some fibre-degrading Firmicutes, whose role in human gut warrants further research. Conversely, we detected higher urinary trimethylamine oxide levels in individuals with lower adherence to the MD. CONCLUSIONS High-level consumption of plant foodstuffs consistent with an MD is associated with beneficial microbiome-related metabolomic profiles in subjects ostensibly consuming a Western diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This study was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02118857.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 48/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Lucia Vannini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy.,Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60 Cesena, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ian B Jeffery
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Antonietta La Storia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy.,Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60 Cesena, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana I Serrazanetti
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60 Cesena, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 48/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erasmo Neviani
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 48/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Italy
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569
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Rampelli S, Candela M, Turroni S, Biagi E, Pflueger M, Wolters M, Ahrens W, Brigidi P. Microbiota and lifestyle interactions through the lifespan. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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570
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Benítez-Páez A, Gómez Del Pulgar EM, Kjølbæk L, Brahe LK, Astrup A, Larsen L, Sanz Y. Impact of dietary fiber and fat on gut microbiota re-modeling and metabolic health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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571
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Johnson CH, Spilker ME, Goetz L, Peterson SN, Siuzdak G. Metabolite and Microbiome Interplay in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6146-6152. [PMID: 27729325 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the host microbiome has come to the forefront as a potential modulator of cancer metabolism and could be a future target for precision medicine. A recent study revealed that in colon cancer, bacteria form polysaccharide matrices called biofilms at a high frequency in the proximal colon. Comprehensive untargeted and stable isotope-assisted metabolomic analysis revealed that the bacteria utilize polyamine metabolites produced from colon adenomas/carcinomas to build these protective biofilms and may contribute to inflammation and proliferation observed in colon cancer. This study highlighted the importance of finding the biological origin of a metabolite and assessing its metabolism and mechanism of action. This led to a better understanding of host and microbial interactions, thereby aiding therapeutic design for cancer. In this review, we will discuss methodologies for identifying the biological origin and roles of metabolites in cancer progression and discuss the interactions of the microbiome and metabolites in immunity and cancer treatment, focusing on the flourishing field of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6146-52. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Mary E Spilker
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California
| | - Laura Goetz
- Department of Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott N Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California.
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572
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Jalanka J, Mattila E, Jouhten H, Hartman J, de Vos WM, Arkkila P, Satokari R. Long-term effects on luminal and mucosal microbiota and commonly acquired taxa in faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. BMC Med 2016; 14:155. [PMID: 27724956 PMCID: PMC5057499 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI). It restores the disrupted intestinal microbiota and subsequently suppresses C. difficile. The long-term stability of the intestinal microbiota and the recovery of mucosal microbiota, both of which have not been previously studied, are assessed herein. Further, the specific bacteria behind the treatment efficacy are also investigated. METHODS We performed a high-throughput microbiota profiling using a phylogenetic microarray analysis of 131 faecal and mucosal samples from 14 rCDI patients pre- and post-FMT during a 1-year follow-up and 23 samples from the three universal donors over the same period. RESULTS The FMT treatment was successful in all patients. FMT reverted the patients' bacterial community to become dominated by Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, the major anaerobic bacterial groups of the healthy gut. In the mucosa, the amount of facultative anaerobes decreased, whereas Bacteroidetes increased. Post-FMT, the patients' microbiota profiles were more similar to their own donors than what is generally observed for unrelated subjects and this striking similarity was retained throughout the 1-year follow-up. Furthermore, the universal donor approach allowed us to identify bacteria commonly established in all CDI patients and revealed a commonly acquired core microbiota consisting of 24 bacterial taxa. CONCLUSIONS FMT induces profound microbiota changes, therefore explaining the high clinical efficacy for rCDI. The identification of commonly acquired bacteria could lead to effective bacteriotherapeutic formulations. FMT can affect microbiota in the long-term and offers a means to modify it relatively permanently for the treatment of microbiota-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Jalanka
- Immunobiology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Mattila
- Department of Infectious Disease, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanne Jouhten
- Immunobiology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorn Hartman
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Immunobiology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Perttu Arkkila
- Department of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Satokari
- Immunobiology Research Program and Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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573
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Li J, Xu H, Sun Z, Hou Q, Kwok LY, Laga W, Wang Y, Ma H, Yu Z, Menghe B, Zhang H. Effect of dietary interventions on the intestinal microbiota of Mongolian hosts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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574
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Abstract
This study investigates the influence of the dietary fibre β-glucan on nutrient composition and mucus permeability. Pigs were fed a standard diet or a diet containing twice the β-glucan content for 3 days (n = 5 per group), followed by the collection of small intestinal mucus and tissue samples. Samples of the consumed diets were subjected to in vitro digestion to determine β-glucan release, nutrient profile and assessment of mucus permeability. In vitro digestion of the diets indicated that 90% of the β-glucan was released in the proximal small intestine. Measurements of intestinal mucus showed a reduction in permeability to 100 nm latex beads and also lipid from the digested enhanced β-glucan diet. The data from this study show for the first time that reducing mass transfer of bile and lipid through the intestinal mucus layer may be one way in which this decrease in bile reabsorption by soluble fibre is enabled.
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575
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Dawson SL, Dash SR, Jacka FN. The Importance of Diet and Gut Health to the Treatment and Prevention of Mental Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:325-346. [PMID: 27793225 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The departure from traditional lifestyles and the rising disease burden of mental disorders are increasing global health concerns. Changes in diet around the world mean that populations are now increasingly reliant on highly processed, poor quality foods, which have been linked to increased risk for mental disorder. Conversely, a nutrient-rich diet is understood to be protective of mental health, and researchers are now aiming to understand the biological underpinnings of this relationship. The gut microbiota has been proposed as a key mediator of this link, given its association with both diet and mental health. Importantly, several critical "windows of opportunity" for prevention and intervention have been identified, particularly early life and adolescence; these are periods of rapid development and transition that provide a foundation for future health. Strategies that promote overall diet quality, high in fiber and nutrients, have been linked to increased microbial diversity and gut health. Improving diet quality and subsequent gut health may have benefits for individuals' mental health, as well as the mental health of future generations. Here we discuss specific, targeted dietary and gut focused strategies for the prevention and treatment of mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Dawson
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT SRC, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Early Life Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute (MCRI), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S R Dash
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT SRC, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Collaborative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - F N Jacka
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT SRC, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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576
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Hale VL, Chen J, Johnson S, Harrington SC, Yab TC, Smyrk TC, Nelson H, Boardman LA, Druliner BR, Levin TR, Rex DK, Ahnen DJ, Lance P, Ahlquist DA, Chia N. Shifts in the Fecal Microbiota Associated with Adenomatous Polyps. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 26:85-94. [PMID: 27672054 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenomatous polyps are the most common precursor to colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. We sought to learn more about early events of carcinogenesis by investigating shifts in the gut microbiota of patients with adenomas. METHODS We analyzed 16S rRNA gene sequences from the fecal microbiota of patients with adenomas (n = 233) and without (n = 547). RESULTS Multiple taxa were significantly more abundant in patients with adenomas, including Bilophila, Desulfovibrio, proinflammatory bacteria in the genus Mogibacterium, and multiple Bacteroidetes species. Patients without adenomas had greater abundances of Veillonella, Firmicutes (Order Clostridia), and Actinobacteria (family Bifidobacteriales). Our findings were consistent with previously reported shifts in the gut microbiota of colorectal cancer patients. Importantly, the altered adenoma profile is predicted to increase primary and secondary bile acid production, as well as starch, sucrose, lipid, and phenylpropanoid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These data hint that increased sugar, protein, and lipid metabolism along with increased bile acid production could promote a colonic environment that supports the growth of bile-tolerant microbes such as Bilophilia and Desulfovibrio In turn, these microbes may produce genotoxic or inflammatory metabolites such as H2S and secondary bile acids, which could play a role in catalyzing adenoma development and eventually colorectal cancer. IMPACT This study suggests a plausible biological mechanism to explain the links between shifts in the microbiota and colorectal cancer. This represents a first step toward resolving the complex interactions that shape the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal cancer and may facilitate personalized therapeutics focused on the microbiota. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(1); 85-94. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Hale
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen Johnson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sean C Harrington
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tracy C Yab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas C Smyrk
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Heidi Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lisa A Boardman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brooke R Druliner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Theodore R Levin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Peter Lance
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David A Ahlquist
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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577
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Gil-Riaño S, Tracy SE. Developing Constipation: Dietary Fiber, Western Disease, and Industrial Carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20549547.2016.1209397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Gil-Riaño
- Department of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Tracy
- Center for the Study of Women and Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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578
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Manne U, Jadhav T, Putcha BDK, Samuel T, Soni S, Shanmugam C, Suswam EA. Molecular Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer and Cancer Disparities: Current Status and Perspective. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2016. [PMID: 28626361 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-016-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review provides updates on the efforts for the development of prognostic and predictive markers in colorectal cancer based on the race/ethnicity of patients. Since the clinical consequences of genetic and molecular alterations differ with patient race and ethnicity, the usefulness of these molecular alterations as biomarkers needs to be evaluated in different racial/ethnic groups. To accomplish personalized patient care, a combined analysis of multiple molecular alterations in DNA, RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs), metabolites, and proteins in a single test is required to assess disease status in a precise way. Therefore, a special emphasis is placed on issues related to utility of recently identified genetic and molecular alterations in genes, miRNAs, and various "-omes" (e.g., proteomes, kinomes, metabolomes, exomes, methylomes) as candidate molecular markers to determine cancer progression (disease recurrence/relapse and metastasis) and to assess the efficacy of therapy in colorectal cancer in relation to patient race and ethnicity. This review will be useful for oncologists, pathologists, and basic and translational researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Room # 420A, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trafina Jadhav
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Room # 430A, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Present address: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1215 21st Avenue South, Medical Center East, Suite 5050, Nashville, TN 37232-8802, USA
| | - Balananda-Dhurjati Kumar Putcha
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Room # 430A, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Present address: 2502 East Woodlands, Saint Joseph, MO 64506, USA
| | - Temesgen Samuel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Room # 325, Life Science Building, 1627, Hall Street, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Chandrakumar Shanmugam
- Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Room # 430A, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Present address: Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 038, India
| | - Esther A Suswam
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, # 410C, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
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579
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Turroni S, Fiori J, Rampelli S, Schnorr SL, Consolandi C, Barone M, Biagi E, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Crittenden AN, Henry AG, Brigidi P, Candela M. Fecal metabolome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers: a host-microbiome integrative view. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32826. [PMID: 27624970 PMCID: PMC5021991 DOI: 10.1038/srep32826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent characterization of the gut microbiome of traditional rural and foraging societies allowed us to appreciate the essential co-adaptive role of the microbiome in complementing our physiology, opening up significant questions on how the microbiota changes that have occurred in industrialized urban populations may have altered the microbiota-host co-metabolic network, contributing to the growing list of Western diseases. Here, we applied a targeted metabolomics approach to profile the fecal metabolome of the Hadza of Tanzania, one of the world's few remaining foraging populations, and compared them to the profiles of urban living Italians, as representative of people in the post-industrialized West. Data analysis shows that during the rainy season, when the diet is primarily plant-based, Hadza are characterized by a distinctive enrichment in hexoses, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and acylcarnitines, while deplete in the most common natural amino acids and derivatives. Complementary to the documented unique metagenomic features of their gut microbiome, our findings on the Hadza metabolome lend support to the notion of an alternate microbiome configuration befitting of a nomadic forager lifestyle, which helps maintain metabolic homeostasis through an overall scarcity of inflammatory factors, which are instead highly represented in the Italian metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Stephanie L Schnorr
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate, Milan 20090, Italy
| | - Monica Barone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna - S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna - S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Alyssa N Crittenden
- Metabolism, Anthropometry, and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5003, USA
| | - Amanda G Henry
- Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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580
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Cureau N, AlJahdali N, Vo N, Carbonero F. Epigenetic mechanisms in microbial members of the human microbiota: current knowledge and perspectives. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1259-73. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota and epigenetic processes have both been shown to play a crucial role in health and disease. However, there is extremely scarce information on epigenetic modulation of microbiota members except for a few pathogens. Mainly DNA adenine methylation has been described extensively in modulating the virulence of pathogenic bacteria in particular. It would thus appear likely that such mechanisms are widespread for most bacterial members of the microbiota. This review will present briefly the current knowledge on epigenetic processes in bacteria, give examples of known methylation processes in microbial members of the human microbiota and summarize the knowledge on regulation of host epigenetic processes by the human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Cureau
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Nesreen AlJahdali
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Nguyen Vo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
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581
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A Simple Dietary Questionnaire Correlates With Formal Dietitian Evaluation and Frequently Identifies Specific Clinical Interventions in an Outpatient Gastroenterology Clinic. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50:e71-6. [PMID: 27092431 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spectrum of gastroenterology-related diseases related to obesity is growing. Few clinical tools exist to aid in clinician-guided dietary counseling. GOALS (1) Develop and validate a 1-page diet history form that would provide information on dietary factors that can contribute to gastrointestinal (GI) illness and to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet; and (2) evaluate the form in a general GI clinic to determine its potential utility as a clinical tool. STUDY A 1-page diet history form was developed and underwent qualitative and quantitative validation in comparison to a formal diet evaluation by a registered dietitian. The form was then evaluated in consecutive patients attending a general GI clinic, and analyzed for overall diet content, compliance with a Mediterranean diet, and presence of high-risk (red flag) dietary behaviors. RESULTS The form was evaluated in 134 patients. In a validation cohort (n=30) the qualitative dietary components measured were highly concordant with a formal dietary interview. Total daily calorie intake correlated with formal dietary review (R=0.61), but tended to underestimate total calories due to less precision in portion size. The prospective cohort (n=104) patients had a mean body mass index of 29.8. Overall, 52.9% were obese, 50% had metabolic syndrome, and 51% had a primary GI illness directly impacted by dietary factors (gastroesophageal reflux, irritable bowel, fatty liver). Overall, 85.6% of patients documented red flag behaviors. Patients with obesity trended for more red flags than overweight or normal body mass index groups. CONCLUSION A 1-page diet questionnaire correlated well with formal dietary assessment and identified clinically relevant dietary interventions in a high percentage of GI patients.
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582
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Abstract
Anticancer immune responses can be considered a desirable form of autoimmunity that may be profoundly shaped by the microbiome. Here, we discuss evidence for the microbiome's influence on anti-tumor immunosurveillance, including those that are indirect and can act at a distance, and we put forward hypotheses regarding mechanisms of how these effects are implemented. These may involve cross-reactivity between microbial and tumor antigens shaping T cell repertoires and/or microbial products stimulating pattern recognition receptors that influence the type and intensity of immune responses. Understanding how the microbiome impacts natural cancer immunosurveillance as well as treatment-induced immune responses will pave the way for more effective therapies and prophylactics.
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583
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Abstract
The primate gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria, whose composition is associated with numerous metabolic, autoimmune, and infectious human diseases. Although there is increasing evidence that modern and Westernized societies are associated with dramatic loss of natural human gut microbiome diversity, the causes and consequences of such loss are challenging to study. Here we use nonhuman primates (NHPs) as a model system for studying the effects of emigration and lifestyle disruption on the human gut microbiome. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in two model NHP species, we show that although different primate species have distinctive signature microbiota in the wild, in captivity they lose their native microbes and become colonized with Prevotella and Bacteroides, the dominant genera in the modern human gut microbiome. We confirm that captive individuals from eight other NHP species in a different zoo show the same pattern of convergence, and that semicaptive primates housed in a sanctuary represent an intermediate microbiome state between wild and captive. Using deep shotgun sequencing, chemical dietary analysis, and chloroplast relative abundance, we show that decreasing dietary fiber and plant content are associated with the captive primate microbiome. Finally, in a meta-analysis including published human data, we show that captivity has a parallel effect on the NHP gut microbiome to that of Westernization in humans. These results demonstrate that captivity and lifestyle disruption cause primates to lose native microbiota and converge along an axis toward the modern human microbiome.
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584
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Kassier SM. Colon cancer and the consumption of red and processed meat: an association that is medium, rare or well done? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2016.1217645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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585
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Snider EJ, Freedberg DE, Abrams JA. Potential Role of the Microbiome in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2217-2225. [PMID: 27068172 PMCID: PMC4945493 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor Barrett's esophagus have been rapidly increasing in incidence for half a century, for reasons not adequately explained by currently identified risk factors such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. The upper gastrointestinal microbiome may represent another potential cofactor. The distal esophagus has a distinct microbiome of predominantly oral-derived flora, which is altered in Barrett's esophagus and reflux esophagitis. Chronic low-grade inflammation or direct carcinogenesis from this altered microbiome may combine with known risk factors to promote Barrett's metaplasia and progression to adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Snider
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | | | - Julian A. Abrams
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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586
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Catany Ritter A, Egger AS, Machacek J, Aspalter R. Impact of Elimination or Reduction of Dietary Animal Proteins on Cancer Progression and Survival: Protocol of an Online Pilot Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e157. [PMID: 27473726 PMCID: PMC4982911 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current evidence suggests that the incidence of cancer is low in vegan populations, and experimental studies have revealed a significant role of dietary proteins in cancer development and progression. However, little data currently exists regarding the effect of a plant-based diet on the progression of diagnosed cancer. Objective The main objective of this study is to determine if a reduction or total elimination of animal protein from the diet can positively influence the outcome of an existing cancer and, in addition to standard oncological therapies, increase remission rates. Methods The primary aim of this online study is to test the effect on remission rates in cancer patients (primary outcome) with distinct self-selected dietary patterns (omnivore, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, vegan), and allow for an estimation of the effect size. Secondary outcomes are tumor behavior, relapse-free interval, therapies, therapy tolerability and side-effects, comorbidities, medication, quality of life, acceptance, and feasibility of the selected diet. Safety concerns exist for vegan diets (especially in cancer patients) and the study will carefully monitor for deterioration of health, tumor progression, or malnutrition. Furthermore, the study will evaluate the online portal as a study platform (technical and safety aspects, and sequence of displayed questionnaires) as well as the validity of self-reported and online-generated data. Results The study was performed between April, 2015 and June, 2016, and a preliminary evaluation of safety aspects was undertaken after June, 2016. Primary and secondary outcomes will be evaluated when the final patients complete the study in December, 2016. Conclusions This study will reveal information about the effects of dietary patterns on cancer disease and progression. The methodology of the study addresses several aspects and limitations of nutrition studies in cancer patients, such as precision of nutrition data, acceptance criteria, online methodology, and safety aspects. ClinicalTrial Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02437474; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02437474 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6jL7UUCVq)
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Catany Ritter
- Association for Research and Support of Health Promoting Nutrition during Cancer Disease, Vienna, Austria
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587
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Deans E. Microbiome and mental health in the modern environment. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 36:1. [PMID: 27405349 PMCID: PMC4940716 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A revolution in the understanding of the pathophysiology of mental illness combined with new knowledge about host/microbiome interactions and psychoneuroimmunology has opened an entirely new field of study, the “psychobiotics”. The modern microbiome is quite changed compared to our ancestral one due to diet, antibiotic exposure, and other environmental factors, and these differences may well impact our brain health. The sheer complexity and scope of how diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and intertwined environmental variables could influence mental health are profound obstacles to an organized and useful study of the microbiome and psychiatric disease. However, the potential for positive anti-inflammatory effects and symptom amelioration with perhaps few side effects makes the goal of clarifying the role of the microbiota in mental health a vital one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Deans
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Wellcare Physicians Group, 100 Morse St. Ste 105, Norwood, MA, 02062, USA.
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588
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Sivaprakasam S, Gurav A, Paschall AV, Coe GL, Chaudhary K, Cai Y, Kolhe R, Martin P, Browning D, Huang L, Shi H, Sifuentes H, Vijay-Kumar M, Thompson SA, Munn DH, Mellor A, McGaha TL, Shiao P, Cutler CW, Liu K, Ganapathy V, Li H, Singh N. An essential role of Ffar2 (Gpr43) in dietary fibre-mediated promotion of healthy composition of gut microbiota and suppression of intestinal carcinogenesis. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e238. [PMID: 27348268 PMCID: PMC4945739 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Composition of the gut microbiota has profound effects on intestinal carcinogenesis. Diet and host genetics play critical roles in shaping the composition of gut microbiota. Whether diet and host genes interact with each other to bring specific changes in gut microbiota that affect intestinal carcinogenesis is unknown. Ability of dietary fibre to specifically increase beneficial gut microbiota at the expense of pathogenic bacteria in vivo via unknown mechanism is an important process that suppresses intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2 or GPR43) is a receptor for short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate), metabolites of dietary fibre fermentation by gut microbiota. Here, we show FFAR2 is down modulated in human colon cancers than matched adjacent healthy tissue. Consistent with this, Ffar2(-/-) mice are hypersusceptible to development of intestinal carcinogenesis. Dietary fibre suppressed colon carcinogenesis in an Ffar2-dependent manner. Ffar2 played an essential role in dietary fibre-mediated promotion of beneficial gut microbiota, Bifidobacterium species (spp) and suppression of Helicobacter hepaticus and Prevotellaceae. Moreover, numbers of Bifidobacterium is reduced, whereas those of Prevotellaceae are increased in human colon cancers than matched adjacent normal tissue. Administration of Bifidobacterium mitigated intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis in Ffar2(-/-) mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that interplay between dietary fibre and Ffar2 play a key role in promoting healthy composition of gut microbiota that stimulates intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sivaprakasam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - A Gurav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - A V Paschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - G L Coe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - K Chaudhary
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - P Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - D Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - L Huang
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H Sifuentes
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - M Vijay-Kumar
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences & Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - S A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - D H Munn
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - A Mellor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - T L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Shiao
- College of Nursing, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - C W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - K Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - V Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - H Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - N Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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589
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Bultman SJ. Interplay between diet, gut microbiota, epigenetic events, and colorectal cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27138454 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of colonoscopy screening, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common and deadly cancers, and CRC incidence is rising in some countries where screening is not routine and populations have recently switched from traditional diets to western diets. Diet and energy balance influence CRC by multiple mechanisms. They modulate the composition and function of gut microbiota, which have a prodigious metabolic capacity and can produce oncometabolites or tumor-suppressive metabolites depending, in part, on which dietary factors and digestive components are present in the GI tract. Gut microbiota also have a profound effect on immune cells in the lamina propria, which influences inflammation and subsequently CRC. Nutrient availability, which is an outcome of diet and energy balance, determines the abundance of certain energy metabolites that are essential co-factors for epigenetic enzymes and therefore impinges upon epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Aberrant epigenetic marks accumulate during CRC, and epimutations that are selected for drive tumorigenesis by causing transcriptome profiles to diverge from the cell of origin. In some instances, the above mechanisms are intertwined as exemplified by dietary fiber being metabolized by colonic bacteria into butyrate, which is both a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that epigenetically upregulates tumor-suppressor genes in CRC cells and anti-inflammatory genes in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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590
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Schilderink R, Verseijden C, Seppen J, Muncan V, van den Brink GR, Lambers TT, van Tol EA, de Jonge WJ. The SCFA butyrate stimulates the epithelial production of retinoic acid via inhibition of epithelial HDAC. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1138-46. [PMID: 27151945 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00411.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the intestinal mucosa, retinoic acid (RA) is a critical signaling molecule. RA is derived from dietary vitamin A (retinol) through conversion by aldehyde dehydrogenases (aldh). Reduced levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are associated with pathological microbial dysbiosis, inflammatory disease, and allergy. We hypothesized that SCFAs contribute to mucosal homeostasis by enhancing RA production in intestinal epithelia. With the use of human and mouse epithelial cell lines and primary enteroids, we studied the effect of SCFAs on the production of RA. Functional RA conversion was analyzed by Adlefluor activity assays. Butyrate (0-20 mM), in contrast to other SCFAs, dose dependently induced aldh1a1 or aldh1a3 transcript expression and increased RA conversion in human and mouse epithelial cells. Epithelial cell line data were replicated in intestinal organoids. In these organoids, butyrate (2-5 mM) upregulated aldh1a3 expression (36-fold over control), whereas aldh1a1 was not significantly affected. Butyrate enhanced maturation markers (Mucin-2 and villin) but did not consistently affect stemness markers or other Wnt target genes (lgr5, olfm4, ascl2, cdkn1). In enteroids, the stimulation of RA production by SCFA was mimicked by inhibitors of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) but not by HDAC1/2 inhibitors nor by agonists of butyrate receptors G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR)43 or GPR109A, indicating that butyrate stimulates RA production via HDAC3 inhibition. We conclude that the SCFA butyrate inhibits HDAC3 and thereby supports epithelial RA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Schilderink
- Tytgat Institute for Gastrointestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Verseijden
- Tytgat Institute for Gastrointestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Gastrointestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Gastrointestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Gastrointestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Tim T Lambers
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric A van Tol
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Gastrointestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
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591
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Ahuja NK, Ahuja A. Gastroenvironmental distress: metaphorical antecedents of the gut microbiome. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2016; 42:121-127. [PMID: 26856356 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2015-010784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The human gut has been viewed for centuries as a potential mediator of systemic disease. The theory of autointoxication, which found its clearest articulation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focused on altered bowel habits as the cause of widespread physical decay and advocated for the pursuit of health through regular defecation. More recently, under the banner of the microbiome, research on commensal bacteria makes a similar case for associations between alimentary dynamics and illness manifestations far outside the gastrointestinal tract. Surface distinctions between these two conceptual frameworks are apparently antipodal, the former championing emptiness and sterility, the latter abundance and restoration. Within both models, however, persists a common anxiety about the detrimental effects of civilisation on the body in relation to the natural world. As scientific understanding of the microbiome continues to mature, acknowledging the historical and moral parameters of its borrowed ecological idiom may facilitate critical distinctions between what is true and what feels like it should be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K Ahuja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amisha Ahuja
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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592
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Abstract
Although genes contribute to colorectal cancer, the gut microbiota are an important player. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic infection and the ensuing inflammation contributes to tumor initiation and tumor progression. A variety of bacterial species and tumor-promoting virulence mechanisms have been investigated. Significant advances have been made in understanding the composition and functional capabilities of the gut microbiota and its roles in cancer. In the current review, we discuss the novel roles of microbiota in the progression of colon cancer. Although microbiota technically include organisms other than bacteria e.g., viruses and fungi, this review will primarily focus on bacteria. We summarize epidemiological studies of human microbiome and colon cancer. We discuss the progress in the scientific understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiota, barrier function, and host responses in experimental models. Further, we discuss the potential application in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of colon cancer by targeting microbiota. We discuss the challenges lie ahead and the future direction in studying gut microbiome in colon cancer to close the gap between the basic sciences and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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593
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Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ. Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:386-398. [PMID: 27237815 PMCID: PMC4889773 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition, which encompasses under- and overnutrition, is responsible for an enormous morbidity and mortality burden globally. Malnutrition results from disordered nutrient assimilation but is also characterized by recurrent infections and chronic inflammation, implying an underlying immune defect. Defects emerge before birth via modifications in the immunoepigenome of malnourished parents, and these may contribute to intergenerational cycles of malnutrition. This review summarizes key recent studies from experimental animals, in vitro models, and human cohorts, and proposes that immune dysfunction is both a cause and a consequence of malnutrition. Focusing on childhood undernutrition, we highlight gaps in current understanding of immune dysfunction in malnutrition, with a view to therapeutically targeting immune pathways as a novel means to reduce morbidity and mortality. Undernourished children principally die of common infections, and immune defects are consistently demonstrated in under- and overnutrition. Parental malnutrition leads to epigenetic modifications of infant immune and metabolic genes. Healthy gut development relies on sensing of dietary nutrients, commensal, and pathogenic microbes via immune receptors. Recurrent infections, chronic inflammation, and enteropathy compound clinical malnutrition by altering gut structure and function. Immune cell activation and systemic proinflammatory mediator levels are increased in malnutrition. Malnutrition impairs immune priming by DC and monocytes, and impairs effector memory T cell function. Immune dysfunction can directly drive pathological processes in malnutrition, including malabsorption, increased metabolic demand, dysregulation of the growth hormone and HPA axes, and greater susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Bourke
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - James A Berkley
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kifili, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
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594
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Deehan EC, Walter J. The Fiber Gap and the Disappearing Gut Microbiome: Implications for Human Nutrition. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:239-242. [PMID: 27079516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that modern lifestyle, and specifically a Western diet, has led to a substantial depletion of the human gut microbiome. This loss is implicated in the rampant increase of chronic diseases, providing an incentive to fundamentally transform human nutrition towards being more holistic and microbiome-focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation and 7-142 Katz Group Center, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation and 7-142 Katz Group Center, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation and 7-142 Katz Group Center, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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595
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Benefits of short-chain fatty acids and their receptors in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:144-51. [PMID: 27113407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked increased incidence of inflammatory diseases and intestinal cancers in the developed parts of the world to the consumption of diets poor in dietary fibers and rich in refined carbohydrates. Gut bacteria residing in the intestinal lumen exclusively metabolize dietary fibers. Butyrate, propionate and acetate, which are collectively called short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are generated by fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbiota. Evidences indicate that SCFAs are key players in regulating beneficial effect of dietary fibers and gut microbiota on our health. SCFAs interact with metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109A expressed in gut epithelium and immune cells. These interactions induce mechanisms that play a key role in maintaining homeostasis in gut and other organs. This review summarizes the protective roles of GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109A in dietary fibers-, gut microbiota- and SCFAs-mediated suppression of inflammation and carcinogenesis in gut and other organs.
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596
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Gratton J, Phetcharaburanin J, Mullish BH, Williams HRT, Thursz M, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Marchesi JR, Li JV. Optimized Sample Handling Strategy for Metabolic Profiling of Human Feces. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4661-8. [PMID: 27065191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fecal metabolites are being increasingly studied to unravel the host-gut microbial metabolic interactions. However, there are currently no guidelines for fecal sample collection and storage based on a systematic evaluation of the effect of time, storage temperature, storage duration, and sampling strategy. Here we derive an optimized protocol for fecal sample handling with the aim of maximizing metabolic stability and minimizing sample degradation. Samples obtained from five healthy individuals were analyzed to assess topographical homogeneity of feces and to evaluate storage duration-, temperature-, and freeze-thaw cycle-induced metabolic changes in crude stool and fecal water using a (1)H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling approach. Interindividual variation was much greater than that attributable to storage conditions. Individual stool samples were found to be heterogeneous and spot sampling resulted in a high degree of metabolic variation. Crude fecal samples were remarkably unstable over time and exhibited distinct metabolic profiles at different storage temperatures. Microbial fermentation was the dominant driver in time-related changes observed in fecal samples stored at room temperature and this fermentative process was reduced when stored at 4 °C. Crude fecal samples frozen at -20 °C manifested elevated amino acids and nicotinate and depleted short chain fatty acids compared to crude fecal control samples. The relative concentrations of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids significantly increased in the freeze-thawed crude fecal samples, suggesting a release of microbial intracellular contents. The metabolic profiles of fecal water samples were more stable compared to crude samples. Our recommendation is that intact fecal samples should be collected, kept at 4 °C or on ice during transportation, and extracted ideally within 1 h of collection, or a maximum of 24 h. Fecal water samples should be extracted from a representative amount (∼15 g) of homogenized stool sample, aliquoted, and stored at <-20 °C, avoiding further freeze-thaw cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Thursz
- Center for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Center for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Center for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Center for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3XQ, U.K
| | - Jia V Li
- Center for Digestive and Gut Health, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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597
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Zhang C, Zhao L. Strain-level dissection of the contribution of the gut microbiome to human metabolic disease. Genome Med 2016; 8:41. [PMID: 27098841 PMCID: PMC4839137 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been linked with metabolic diseases in humans, but demonstration of causality remains a challenge. The gut microbiota, as a complex microbial ecosystem, consists of hundreds of individual bacterial species, each of which contains many strains with high genetic diversity. Recent advances in genomic and metabolomic technologies are facilitating strain-level dissection of the contribution of the gut microbiome to metabolic diseases. Interventional studies and correlation analysis between variations in the microbiome and metabolome, captured by longitudinal sampling, can lead to the identification of specific bacterial strains that may contribute to human metabolic diseases via the production of bioactive metabolites. For example, high-quality draft genomes of prevalent gut bacterial strains can be assembled directly from metagenomic datasets using a canopy-based algorithm. Specific metabolites associated with a disease phenotype can be identified by nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics of urine and other samples. Such multi-omics approaches can be employed to identify specific gut bacterial genomes that are not only correlated with detected metabolites but also encode the genes required for producing the precursors of those metabolites in the gut. Here, we argue that if a causative role can be demonstrated in follow-up mechanistic studies--for example, using gnotobiotic models--such functional strains have the potential to become biomarkers for diagnostics and targets for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,SJTU-Perfect China Joint Center on Microbiota and Health, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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598
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Abstract
The environment shapes our intestinal microbiome. By contrasting the gut microbiomes of African hunter-gatherer and European subjects, a new study reveals that urbanization is associated with a loss of microbial organisms and genes. What will be the consequences of the lost biodiversity in the sanitized, western-diet world?
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy.
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599
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Abstract
The food we consume feeds not only us, but also a vast and diverse community of microbiota within our gastrointestinal tract. In a process of symbiotic co-evolution, the gut microbiota became essential for the maintenance of the health and integrity of our colon. The advent of next-generation DNA sequencing technology and metabolic profiling have, in the recent years, revealed the remarkable complexity of microbial diversity and function, and that the microbiota produce a wide variety of bioactive products that are not only active at the mucosal surface, but also absorbed and circulated throughout the body, influencing distant organ health and function. As a result, several microbiota compositional patterns and their associations with both health and disease states have been identified. Importantly, a disturbed microbiota-host relationship, termed dysbiosis, is now recognized to be the root cause for a growing list of diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). There is mounting in vitro and in vivo evidence to suggest that diet selects for the microbiota composition and several health promoting and deleterious effects of diet are, in fact, mediated by the microbiota. Recent findings of the feasibility of dietary fiber to boost the colonic microbial synthesis of anti-proliferative and counter carcinogenic metabolites, particularly butyrate, underscores the prerequisite of dietary modification as a key measure to curb the pandemic of CRC in westernized countries. Better understanding of the diet-microbiota interplay and large-scale studies to evaluate the efficacy of dietary modification and gut microbiota modulation in reversing dysbiosis and restoring health could offer novel preventative and/or therapeutic strategies against westernized diseases, which are now considered the chief threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Vipperla
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, 933W MUH, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Stephen J O'Keefe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, PUH, Mezzanine Level - C Wing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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600
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death worldwide and is associated with adoption of a diet high in animal protein and saturated fat. Saturated fat induces increased bile secretion into the intestine. Increased bile secretion selects for populations of gut microbes capable of altering the bile acid pool, generating tumor-promoting secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Epidemiological evidence suggests CRC is associated with increased levels of DCA in serum, bile, and stool. Mechanisms by which secondary bile acids promote CRC are explored. Furthermore, in humans bile acid conjugation can vary by diet. Vegetarian diets favor glycine conjugation while diets high in animal protein favor taurine conjugation. Metabolism of taurine conjugated bile acids by gut microbes generates hydrogen sulfide, a genotoxic compound. Thus, taurocholic acid has the potential to stimulate intestinal bacteria capable of converting taurine and cholic acid to hydrogen sulfide and deoxycholic acid, a genotoxin and tumor-promoter, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Ridlon
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genome Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia G. Wolf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genome Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - H. Rex Gaskins
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genome Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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