601
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Chronic Influence of Inspiratory Muscle Training at Different Intensities on the Serum Metabolome. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020078. [PMID: 32098128 PMCID: PMC7073856 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the chronic effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the human serum metabolome in healthy male recreational cyclists. Using a randomized, parallel group design, twenty-eight participants were randomized to three IMT groups: low intensity (LI, n = 7); moderate intensity (MI, n = 10); and high intensity (HI, n = 11). The IMT was performed for 11 weeks. Another group of participants under the same conditions, who did not perform the IMT but participated in all procedures, was included as controls (CG, n = 6). Blood samples were collected one week before and after 11 weeks of IMT and analyzed for metabolite shifts using 1H NMR. Statistical analysis included a 4 (group) × 2 (time) repeated measures ANOVA using the general linear model (GLM), and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). Untargeted metabolomics analysis of serum samples identified 22 metabolites, including amino acids, lipids, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Metabolites shifts did not differ between groups, indicating that IMT at three intensity levels did not alter the serum metabolome relative to the control group. These results reveal novel insights into the metabolic effects of the IMT and are consistent with the results from other studies showing negligible chronic alterations in the serum metabolome in response to physical training.
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602
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Targeting Age-Dependent Functional and Metabolic Decline of Human Skeletal Muscle: The Geroprotective Role of Exercise, Myokine IL-6, and Vitamin D. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031010. [PMID: 32033000 PMCID: PMC7037081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the elderly, whole-body health largely relies on healthy skeletal muscle, which controls body stability, locomotion, and metabolic homeostasis. Age-related skeletal muscle structural/functional deterioration is associated with a higher risk of severe comorbid conditions and poorer outcomes, demanding major socioeconomic costs. Thus, the need for efficient so-called geroprotective strategies to improve resilience and ensure a good quality of life in older subjects is urgent. Skeletal muscle senescence and metabolic dysregulation share common cellular/intracellular mechanisms, potentially representing targets for intervention to preserve muscle integrity. Many factors converge in aging, and multifaceted approaches have been proposed as interventions, although they have often been inconclusive. Physical exercise can counteract aging and metabolic deficits, not only in maintaining tissue mass, but also by preserving tissue secretory function. Indeed, skeletal muscle is currently considered a proper secretory organ controlling distant organ functions through immunoactive regulatory small peptides called myokines. This review provides a current perspective on the main biomolecular mechanisms underlying age-dependent and metabolic deterioration of skeletal muscle, herein discussed as a secretory organ, the functional integrity of which largely depends on exercise and myokine release. In particular, muscle-derived interleukin (IL)-6 is discussed as a nutrient-level biosensor. Overall, exercise and vitamin D are addressed as optimal geroprotective strategies in view of their multi-target effects.
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603
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Szymura J, Kubica J, Wiecek M, Pera J. The Immunomodulary Effects of Systematic Exercise in Older Adults and People with Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010184. [PMID: 31936624 PMCID: PMC7019419 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to investigate whether regular balance training of moderate intensity (BT) has an effect on changes in selected cytokines, neurotrophic factors, CD200 and fractalkine in healthy older adults and participants with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Sixty-two subjects were divided into groups depending on experimental intervention: (1) group of people with PD participating in BT (PDBT), (2) group of healthy older people participating in BT (HBT), (3,4) control groups including healthy individuals (HNT) and people with PD (PDNT). Blood samples were collected twice: before and after 12 weeks of balance exercise (PDBT, HBT), or 12 weeks apart (PDNT, HNT). The study revealed significant increase of interleukin10 (PDBT, p = 0.026; HBT, p = 0.011), β-nerve growth factor (HBT, p = 0.002; PDBT, p = 0.016), transforming growth factor-β1 (PDBT, p = 0.018; HBT, p < 0.004), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (PDBT, p = 0.011; HBT, p < 0.001) and fractalkine (PDBT, p = 0.045; HBT, p < 0.003) concentration only in training groups. In PDBT, we have found a significant decrease of tumor necrosis factor alpha. No training effect on concentration of interleukin6, insulin-like growth factor 1 and CD200 was observed in both training and control groups. Regular training can modulate level of inflammatory markers and induce neuroprotective mechanism to reduce the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Szymura
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31–571 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jadwiga Kubica
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31–126 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Magdalena Wiecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31–571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31–503 Krakow, Poland;
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604
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Agha NH, Mehta SK, Rooney BV, Laughlin MS, Markofski MM, Pierson DL, Katsanis E, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. Exercise as a countermeasure for latent viral reactivation during long duration space flight. FASEB J 2020; 34:2869-2881. [PMID: 31908052 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902327r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Latent viral reactivation is a commonly reported manifestation of immune system dysregulation during spaceflight. As physical fitness and exercise training have been shown to benefit multiple arms of the immune system, we hypothesized that higher levels of preflight physical fitness and/or maintaining fitness during a mission would protect astronauts from latent viral reactivation. Standardized tests of maximal strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were performed in 22 international space station (ISS) crewmembers before and after a ~6-month mission. Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) was determined in crewmembers and ground-based controls before, during, and after spaceflight. Crewmembers with higher CRF before spaceflight had a 29% reduced risk of latent viral reactivation compared to crew with lower CRF. Higher preflight upper body muscular endurance was associated with a 39% reduced risk of viral reactivation, a longer time to viral reactivation, and lower peak viral DNA concentrations, particularly for EBV and VZV. Latent viral reactivation rates were highest in crew with lower preflight CRF and higher levels of CRF deconditioning on return to Earth. We conclude that physical fitness may protect astronauts from latent viral reactivation during long duration spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,GeoControl Systems Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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605
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Wang J, Liu S, Li G, Xiao J. Exercise Regulates the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:395-408. [PMID: 32342473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The profound effect of exercise on the normal functioning of the immune system has been well-known. Exercise and immune regulation are interrelated and affect each other. Exercise changes immune regulation by affecting leucocytes, red blood cells, and cytokines, etc. Regular exercise could reduce the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, partially by the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. However, these effects are also likely to be responsible for the suppressed immunity that make our bodies more susceptible to infections. Here we summarize the known mechanisms by which exercise-both acute and chronic-exerts its immune regulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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606
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de Frel DL, Atsma DE, Pijl H, Seidell JC, Leenen PJM, Dik WA, van Rossum EFC. The Impact of Obesity and Lifestyle on the Immune System and Susceptibility to Infections Such as COVID-19. Front Nutr 2020; 7:597600. [PMID: 33330597 PMCID: PMC7711810 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.597600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is a global challenge to healthcare. Obesity is common in patients with COVID-19 and seems to aggravate disease prognosis. In this review we explore the link between obesity, chronic disease, lifestyle factors and the immune system, and propose societal interventions to enhance global immunity. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria: We performed three literature searches using the keywords (1) coronavirus AND comorbidities, (2) comorbidities AND immune system, and (3) lifestyle factors AND immune system. Results were screened for relevance by the main author and a total of 215 articles were thoroughly analyzed. Results: The relationship between obesity and unfavorable COVID-19 prognosis is discussed in light of the impact of chronic disease and lifestyle on the immune system. Several modifiable lifestyle factors render us susceptible to viral infections. In this context, we make a case for fostering a healthy lifestyle on a global scale. Conclusions: Obesity, additional chronic disease and an unhealthy lifestyle interactively impair immune function and increase the risk of severe infectious disease. In adverse metabolic and endocrine conditions, the immune system is geared toward inflammation. Collective effort is needed to ameliorate modifiable risk factors for obesity and chronic disease on a global scale and increase resistance to viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan L. de Frel
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douwe E. Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Douwe E. Atsma
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jacob C. Seidell
- Department of Health Sciences, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. M. Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Dik
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F. C. van Rossum
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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607
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Patricios J, Saggers R, Gelbart B, van Zuydam J. 'Make exercise the elixir across an economic divide': A message to COVID-19 decision makers. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 32:v32i1a8310. [PMID: 36818979 PMCID: PMC9924509 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa, like other countries around the world, has used a lockdown strategy to address the initial phases of the COVID-19 epidemic. The significant restrictions on population movement have included initially limiting exercise to the home. There is substantial evidence for the many benefits of exercise. This study specifically emphasises the benefits of exercise to the immune system, particularly for those most vulnerable to the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and proposes measures to improve access to exercise in a demographically diverse and economically disparate society.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patricios
- Wits Institute for Sport and Health (WISH), School of Therapeutic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - R Saggers
- Wits Institute for Sport and Health (WISH), School of Therapeutic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa,Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - B Gelbart
- Wits Institute for Sport and Health (WISH), School of Therapeutic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa,Department of Orthopaedics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - J van Zuydam
- Wits Institute for Sport and Health (WISH), School of Therapeutic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
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608
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Federighi Baisi Chagas E, Biteli P, Moreira Candeloro B, Angelo Rodrigues M, Henrique Rodrigues P. Physical exercise and COVID-19: a summary of the recommendations. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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609
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LETIERI RUBENSVINÍCIUS, FURTADO GUILHERMEEUSTÁQUIO. Physical exercise during coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Recommendations to remaining active in periods of confinement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e20200691. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020200691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RUBENS VINÍCIUS LETIERI
- Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Brazil
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610
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Listkova M. Physical education of students in the format of distance education. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current difficult situation with the spread of the COVID 2019 virus forced us to take a new look at the workflow and rebuild medicine as well as the entire education system. The rapid development of computer technologies over the past ten years allows education to find a reasonable way out of a difficult situation. Thus, the existing system of distance education helped to continue students ‘education during the pandemic. The new format of education forced University lecturers (and other educational institutions) to look for the most appropriate and effective ways to implement the educational process. The Physical culture is not an exception. This article suggests and proves the most rational content of conducting remote physical education classes. They improve physical education help to maintain and strengthen the health of the younger generation.
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611
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Shou J, Chen PJ, Xiao WH. Mechanism of increased risk of insulin resistance in aging skeletal muscle. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:14. [PMID: 32082422 PMCID: PMC7014712 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-0523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As age increases, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases, which is associated with senile skeletal muscle dysfunction. During skeletal muscle aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, intramyocellular lipid accumulation, increased inflammation, oxidative stress, modified activity of insulin sensitivity regulatory enzymes, endoplasmic reticulum stress, decreased autophagy, sarcopenia and over-activated renin-angiotensin system may occur. These changes can impair skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes during skeletal muscle aging. This review of the mechanism of the increased risk of insulin resistance during skeletal muscle aging will provide a more comprehensive explanation for the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes in elderly individuals, and will also provide a more comprehensive perspective for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 200 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Pei-Jie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 200 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wei-Hua Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 200 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
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612
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Subramani SK, Yadav D, Mishra M, Pakkirisamy U, Mathiyalagen P, Prasad GBKS. Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes in the Gwalior-Chambal Region of Central India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234708. [PMID: 31779187 PMCID: PMC6926613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Gwalior-Chambal region of India. METHODS A cross-sectional house-to-house survey was conducted on a population of 7608 subjects, aged between 20 and 79 years for fasting blood glucose level in finger-prick blood. Participants were stratified based on blood glucose levels, gender, age, family history, etc. to assess their impact. RESULT The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in the Gwalior-Chambal region was found to be 11.4% and 5.7%, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher in the urban population (12.7%) while that of prediabetes was higher in the rural population (7.9%). Male subjects recorded a higher prevalence of prediabetes (8.2%, OR 1.54 in rural; 5.1%, OR 1.26 in urban) as well as diabetes (rural 9.2%, OR 3.15; urban 16.5%, OR 1.57). Both prediabetes and diabetes were recorded as being higher in those subjects leading a sedentary lifestyle and in the aged population. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was much higher in those with a family history of type 2 diabetes (30.6% in rural, 21.5% in urban). Almost half of the diabetics in the rural population were diagnosed for the first time. The multivariate regression analysis identified male gender, increasing age of 30 years and above, and positive family history as significant risk factors for diabetes whereas age of 40 to 79 and less physical activity were significant risk factors for prediabetes. CONCLUSION Family history of diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle appeared as key factors promoting prediabetes and diabetes in the Gwalior-Chambal region. A lack of awareness appeared as one of the major causes of the high prevalence in the rural region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumar Subramani
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tropilite Foods Pvt. Ltd., Davar’s Campus, Tansen Road, Gwalior-474002, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
| | - Umamaheswari Pakkirisamy
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Shivnath Singh College of Nursing, Chirwai Naka, Shivpuri link road, Gwalior 474001, India;
| | - Prakesh Mathiyalagen
- Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry 605 009, India;
| | - GBKS Prasad
- School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India;
- Correspondence:
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613
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Mixed Flavonoid Supplementation Attenuates Postexercise Plasma Levels of 4-Hydroxynonenal and Protein Carbonyls in Endurance Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 30:112–119. [PMID: 31754080 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This double-blinded, placebo controlled, randomized crossover trial investigated the influence of 2-week mixed flavonoid versus placebo supplementation on oxinflammation markers after a 75-km cycling time trial in 22 cyclists (42.3 ± 1.7 years). Blood samples were collected before and after the 2-week supplementation, and then 0 hr, 1.5 hr, and 21 hr post 75-km cycling (176 ± 5.4 min, 73.4 ±2.0% maximal oxygen consumption). The supplement provided 678-mg flavonoids with quercetin (200 mg), green tea catechins (368 mg, 180-mg epigallocatechin gallate), and anthocyanins (128 mg) from bilberry extract, with caffeine, vitamin C, and omega-3 fatty acids added as adjuvants. Blood samples were analyzed for blood leukocyte counts, oxinflammation biomarkers, including 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyls, and peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 and glutathione peroxidase. Each of the blood biomarkers was elevated postexercise (time effects, all ps < .01), with lower plasma levels for 4-hydroxynonenal (at 21-hr postexercise) in flavonoid versus placebo (interaction effect, p = .008). Although elevated postexercise, no trial differences for the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p = .539) or peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 (p = .322) or glutathione peroxidase (p = .839) were shown. Flavonoid supplementation prior to intensive exercise decreased plasma peroxidation and oxidative damage, as determined by 4-hydroxynonenal. Postexercise increases were similar between the flavonoid and placebo trials for peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 related gene glutathione peroxidase (NFE2L2). The data support the strategy of flavonoid supplementation to mitigate postexercise oxidative stress in endurance athletes.
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614
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Merritt EK, Nieman DC, Toone BR, Groen A, Pugachev A. Proteomic Markers of Non-functional Overreaching During the Race Across America (RAAM): A Case Study. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1410. [PMID: 31798466 PMCID: PMC6874140 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, proteomics procedures identified blood proteins as potential overreaching and overtraining biomarkers, and a targeted proteomics panel of 21 proteins was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Merritt
- Department of Kinesiology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, United States
| | - David C Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Brian R Toone
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Samford University, Homewood, AL, United States
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615
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Aragón-Vela J, Casuso RA, Casals C, Plaza-Díaz J, Fontana L, Huertas JR. Differential IL 10 serum production between an arm-based and a leg-based maximal resistance test. Cytokine 2019; 126:154915. [PMID: 31706202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bench press (i.e. arm-based) and half-squat (i.e. leg-based) are exercises commonly used to increase and evaluate muscular strength. In addition to differences in the location of the muscles that participate in each exercise, the total muscle mass required for the latter is larger than that involved in the former. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of a maximal incremental strength test when performed by bench press and by half-squat on myocellular damage, oxidative damage and the inflammatory cytokine response. Ten male athletes were subjected to half-squat and bench press incremental strength tests. Blood samples were collected at rest, 15-minutes and 24 h post-test. Hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde concentrations were determined as lipid peroxidation markers. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) activities were determined as markers of muscle damage. α-Actin concentration was determined as a marker of sarcomeric damage. Serum interleukin (IL) 6, IL10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were determined to assess the inflammatory response. LDH and CK-MB values were greater at 15 min and 24 h post bench press exercise (p < 0.05). No differences were found in lipid peroxidation or α-actin. Interestingly, IL10 values were greater in response to the press bench at 24 h post-test (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that, at equivalent workloads, an arm-based exercise induced higher anti-inflammatory effects and more severe muscle damage compared with a leg-based exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aragón-Vela
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - R A Casuso
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - C Casals
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - J Plaza-Díaz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - L Fontana
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - J R Huertas
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
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616
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Graff-Iversen S, Hewitt S, Forsén L, Grøtvedt L, Ariansen I. Associations of tobacco smoking with body mass distribution; a population-based study of 65,875 men and women in midlife. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1439. [PMID: 31675936 PMCID: PMC6825363 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate an effect of smoking toward abdominal obesity, but few assess hip and waist circumferences (HC and WC) independently. The present study aimed to assess the associations of smoking status and volume smoked with HC and WC and their ratio in a population with low prevalence of obesity together with high prevalence of smoking. METHODS We used cross-sectional survey data from 11 of a total 19 Norwegian counties examined in 1997-99 including 65,875 men and women aged 39-44 years. Analysis of associations were adjusted for confounding by socioeconomic position, health indicators, and additionally for BMI. RESULTS Compared with never-smokers, when adjusting for confounders and in addition for BMI, mean HC remained lower while mean WC and waist-hip-ratio (WHR) were higher in current smokers. The finding of a lower HC and higher WHR level among smokers was consistent by sex and in strata by levels of education and physical activity, while the finding of higher WC by smoking was less consistent. Among current smokers, BMI-adjusted mean HC decreased whereas WC and WHR increased by volume smoked. Compared with current smokers, former smokers had higher BMI-adjusted HC, lower WHR and among women WC was lower. CONCLUSIONS The main finding in this study was the consistent negative associations of smoking with HC. In line with the hypothesis that lower percentage gluteofemoral fat is linked with higher cardiovascular risk, our results suggest that smoking impacts cardiovascular risk through mechanisms that reduce the capacity of fat storage in the lower body region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Graff-Iversen
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Medical Clinic, Oslo University Hospital Aker, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Forsén
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,National Resource Centre for Women's Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Grøtvedt
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Ariansen
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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617
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Von Ah Morano AE, Dorneles GP, Peres A, Lira FS. The role of glucose homeostasis on immune function in response to exercise: The impact of low or higher energetic conditions. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3169-3188. [PMID: 31565806 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are bioenergetically expensive during activation, which requires tightly regulated control of metabolic pathways. Both low and high glycemic conditions can modulate immune function. States of undernourishment depress the immune system, and in the same way, excessive intake of nutrients, such as an obesity state, compromise its functioning. Multicellular organisms depend on two mechanisms to survive: the regulation and ability to store energy to prevent starvation and the ability to fight against infection. Synergic interactions between metabolism and immunity affect many systems underpinning human health. In a chronic way, the breakdown of glycemic homeostasis in the body can influence cells of the immune system and consequently contribute to the onset of diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's, and fat and lean mass loss. On the contrary, exercise, recognized as a primary strategy to control hyperglycemic disorders, also induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise is widely dependent on the intensity and volume that may affect an immunodepressive state. These altered immune responses induced by exercise are modulated through the "stress hormones" adrenaline and cortisol, which are a threat to leukocyte metabolism. In this context, carbohydrates appear to have a positive acute response as a strategy to prevent depression of the immune system by maintaining plasma glucose concentrations to meet the energy demand from all systems involved during strenuous exercises. Therefore, herein, we discuss the mechanisms through which exercise may promotes changes on glycemic homeostasis in the metabolism and how it affects immune cell functions under higher or lower glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Von Ah Morano
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Gilson P Dorneles
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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618
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Sakaguchi CA, Nieman DC, Signini EF, Abreu RM, Catai AM. Metabolomics-Based Studies Assessing Exercise-Induced Alterations of the Human Metabolome: A Systematic Review. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080164. [PMID: 31405020 PMCID: PMC6724094 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review provides a qualitative appraisal of 24 high-quality metabolomics-based studies published over the past decade exploring exercise-induced alterations of the human metabolome. Of these papers, 63% focused on acute metabolite changes following intense and prolonged exercise. The best studies utilized liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical platforms with large chemical standard libraries and strong, multivariate bioinformatics support. These studies reported large-fold changes in diverse lipid-related metabolites, with more than 100 increasing two-fold or greater within a few hours post-exercise. Metabolite shifts, even after strenuous exercise, typically return to near pre-exercise levels after one day of recovery. Few studies investigated metabolite changes following acute exercise bouts of shorter durations (< 60 min) and workload volumes. Plasma metabolite shifts in these types of studies are modest in comparison. More cross-sectional and exercise training studies are needed to improve scientific understanding of the human system’s response to varying, chronic exercise workloads. The findings derived from this review provide direction for future investigations focused on the body’s metabolome response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Sakaguchi
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - David C Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Etore F Signini
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Raphael M Abreu
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Aparecida M Catai
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
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