601
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Lee C, Choi M, MacKay JA. Live long and active: Polypeptide-mediated assembly of antibody variable fragments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 167:1-18. [PMID: 33129938 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies possess multiple biologically relevant features that have been engineered into new therapeutic formats. Two examples include the adaptable specificity of their variable (Fv) region and the extension of plasma circulation times through their crystallizable (Fc) region. Since the invention of the single chain variable fragment (scFv) in 1988, antibody variable regions have been re-engineered into a wide variety of multifunctional nanostructures. Among these strategies, peptide-mediated self-assembly of variable regions through heterologous expression has become a powerful method to produce homogenous, functional biomaterials. This manuscript reviews recent reports of antibody fragments assembled through fusion with peptides and proteins, including elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), collagen-like polypeptides (CLPs), albumin, transmembrane proteins, leucine zippers, silk protein, and viruses. This review further discusses the current clinical status of engineered antibody fragments and challenges to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrim Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Minchang Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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602
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Melief CJM. Special Review: The future of Immunotherapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2020; 1:ltaa005. [PMID: 36756002 PMCID: PMC9902260 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, two main schools of modern immunotherapy have come to the forefront. The chimeric anti-CD20 antibody rituximab that was introduced for the treatment of refractory follicular lymphoma in 1998 was one of the first examples of the school of passive immunotherapy. Subsequently major and ever more costly efforts were spent on the development of blockbuster monotherapies including other monoclonal but also bispecific antibodies of highly defined specificity and subclass, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), as well as ex vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced T cells, and TCR-transduced T cells. On the other hand, there is the school that works toward active induction of patient B- or T-cell immunity against antigens of choice, or active tolerance against pathogenic allergens, auto-antigens or allo-antigens. Stradled in between these two approaches is treatment with blockers of T cell checkpoint control, which releases the brakes of T cells that have already responded to antigen. Extensive and detailed insight into the cellular and molecular interactions that regulate specific immune responses is indispensable in order to be able to optimize efficacy and rule out treatment related toxicity. This applies to all types of immunotherapy. Our knowledge of the checks and balances in the immune system is still increasing at an unprecedented pace, fostering ever more effective and specific (combination) immunotherapies and offering a rich harvest of innovative immunotherapies in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- Correspondence: Cornelis J. M. Melief, ISA Pharmaceuticals, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, Netherlands. ;
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603
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Khalili H. Using different proteolytic enzymes to digest antibody and its impact on stability of antibody mimetics. J Immunol Methods 2020; 489:112933. [PMID: 33232747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are opportunities to formulate antibodies as solid-state depots for local therapy, which would minimise large systemic doses that are typically required. We have developed antibody mimetics known as Fab-PEG-Fab (FpF) that display similar binding affinity and functional activity as IgG antibodies. For head-to-head comparison between FpF and IgG, FpF is prepared from the Fabs obtained by enzymatic digestion of IgGs. Here, we report for the first time that using different enzymes to proteolytically digest IgG plays an important role in stability profile of the obtained Fabs leading in different stability profiles of the final conjugated product such as FpF. We prepared an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) FpF from either clinical Fabrani (ranibizumab) or Fabs obtained by enzymatic digestion of bevacizumab (IgG) using immobilised papain and gingisKHANTM (KGP) enzyme. The stability of FpFs was then studied after being lyophilised in comparison with both ranibizumab and bevacizumab. Lyophilisation is being evaluated to produce solid material that can be used for depot fabrication. We observed that using immobilised papain to digest IgG resulted in the heterogenous isomers Fab leading to the preparation of heterogenous FpFbeva-papain mimetic that underwent aggregation during lyophilisation. However, using KGP enzyme generated a homogenous intact Fabbeva-KGP as determined by mass spectral analysis. Interestingly, the FpF mimetics prepared from the homogenous Fabs (Fabrani and Fabbeva-KGP), displayed greater stability compared to their starting bevacizumab and ranibizumab after being lyophilised as determined by DLS analysis. There is a potential to lyophilize FpFs to be used to fabricate solid-state depots.
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604
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Demel I, Bago JR, Hajek R, Jelinek T. Focus on monoclonal antibodies targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: update 2021. Br J Haematol 2020; 193:705-722. [PMID: 33216972 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been achieved in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) in the last decade, which saw targeted immunotherapy, represented by anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, successfully incorporated across indications. However, myeloma is still considered curable in only a small subset of patients, and the majority of them eventually relapse. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed exclusively in mature B lymphocytes and plasma cells, and represents an ideal new target for immunotherapy, presented by bispecific antibody (bsAb) constructs, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. Each of them has proved its efficacy with the potential for deep and long-lasting responses as a single agent therapy in heavily pretreated patients. As a result, belantamab mafodotin was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM, as the first anti-BCMA agent. In the present review, we focus on monoclonal antibodies targeting BCMA - bsAbs and ADCs. The data from preclinical studies as well as first-in-human clinical trials will be reviewed, together with the coverage of their constructs and mechanisms of action. The present results have laid the groundwork for the ongoing or upcoming clinical trials with combinatory regimens, which have always been a cornerstone in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Demel
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julio Rodriguez Bago
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Jelinek
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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605
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Pecetta S, Finco O, Seubert A. Quantum leap of monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery and development in the COVID-19 era. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101427. [PMID: 33277154 PMCID: PMC7670927 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the global market for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) became a multi-billion-dollar business. This success is mainly driven by treatments in the oncology and autoimmune space. Instead, development of effective mAbs against infectious diseases has been lagging behind. For years the high production cost and limited efficacy have blocked broader application of mAbs in the infectious disease space, which instead has been dominated for almost a century by effective and cheap antibiotics and vaccines. Only very few mAbs against RSV, anthrax, Clostridium difficile or rabies have reached the market. This is about to change. The development of urgently needed and highly effective mAbs as preventive and therapeutic treatments against a variety of pathogens is gaining traction. Vast advances in mAb isolation, engineering and production have entirely shifted the cost-efficacy balance. MAbs against devastating diseases like Ebola, HIV and other complex pathogens are now within reach. This trend is further accelerated by ongoing or imminent health crises like COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where antibodies could be the last resort. In this review we will retrace the history of antibodies from the times of serum therapy to modern mAbs and lay out how the current run for effective treatments against COVID-19 will lead to a quantum leap in scientific, technological and health care system innovation around mAb treatments for infectious diseases.
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606
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Bringing the Heavy Chain to Light: Creating a Symmetric, Bivalent IgG-Like Bispecific. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040062. [PMID: 33172091 PMCID: PMC7709125 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific molecules are biologically significant, yet their complex structures pose important manufacturing and pharmacokinetic challenges. Nevertheless, owing to similarities with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), IgG-like bispecifics conceptually align well with conventional expression and manufacturing platforms and often exhibit potentially favorable drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties. However, IgG-like bispecifics do not possess target bivalency and current designs often require tedious engineering and purification to ensure appropriate chain pairing. Here, we present a near-native IgG antibody format, the 2xVH, which can create bivalency for each target or epitope and requires no engineering for cognate chain pairing. In this modality, two different variable heavy (VH) domains with distinct binding specificities are grafted onto the first constant heavy (CH1) and constant light (CL) domains, conferring the molecule with dual specificity. To determine the versatility of this format, we characterized the expression, binding, and stability of several previously identified soluble human VH domains. By grafting these domains onto an IgG scaffold, we generated several prototype 2xVH IgG and Fab molecules that display similar properties to mAbs. These molecules avoided the post-expression purification necessary for engineered bispecifics while maintaining a capacity for simultaneous dual binding. Hence, the 2xVH format represents a bivalent, bispecific design that addresses limitations of manufacturing IgG-like bispecifics while promoting biologically-relevant dual target engagement.
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607
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Slade MJ, Uy GL. CD123 bi-specific antibodies in development in AML: What do we know so far? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2020; 33:101219. [PMID: 33279175 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2020.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are synthetic molecules designed to simultaneously bind two separate antigens. Given the recent success of blinatumomab in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, there is growing interest in the use of bispecific antibodies as T-cell redirecting antibody for the treatment of cancer. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), CD123 (also known as the interleukin receptor 3 alpha subunit) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for bispecific antibodies. Prior attempts to target CD123 with unconjugated antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates have been mixed. However, available data from CD123-directed bispecific antibodies currently in clinical trials have been encouraging. In this review, we discuss the biology of CD123 and prior attempts to target this cell surface marker as part of anti-leukemic therapy. We then summarize and discuss the five CD123-directed bispecific antibodies currently in clinical trials for treatment of AML and provide practical insights regarding the use of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Slade
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Uy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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608
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Wan C, Keany MP, Dong H, Al-Alem LF, Pandya UM, Lazo S, Boehnke K, Lynch KN, Xu R, Zarrella DT, Gu S, Cejas P, Lim K, Long HW, Elias KM, Horowitz NS, Feltmate CM, Muto MG, Worley MJ, Berkowitz RS, Matulonis UA, Nucci MR, Crum CP, Rueda BR, Brown M, Liu XS, Hill SJ. Enhanced Efficacy of Simultaneous PD-1 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 81:158-173. [PMID: 33158814 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune therapies have had limited efficacy in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), as the cellular targets and mechanism(s) of action of these agents in HGSC are unknown. Here we performed immune functional and single-cell RNA sequencing transcriptional profiling on novel HGSC organoid/immune cell co-cultures treated with a unique bispecific anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody compared with monospecific anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 controls. Comparing the functions of these agents across all immune cell types in real time identified key immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targets that have eluded currently available monospecific therapies. The bispecific antibody induced superior cellular state changes in both T and natural killer (NK) cells. It uniquely induced NK cells to transition from inert to more active and cytotoxic phenotypes, implicating NK cells as a key missing component of the current ICB-induced immune response in HGSC. It also induced a subset of CD8 T cells to transition from naïve to more active and cytotoxic progenitor-exhausted phenotypes post-treatment, revealing the small, previously uncharacterized population of CD8 T cells responding to ICB in HGSC. These state changes were driven partially through bispecific antibody-induced downregulation of the bromodomain-containing protein BRD1. Small-molecule inhibition of BRD1 induced similar state changes in vitro and demonstrated efficacy in vivo, validating the co-culture results. Our results demonstrate that state changes in both NK and a subset of T cells may be critical in inducing an effective anti-tumor immune response and suggest that immune therapies able to induce such cellular state changes, such as BRD1 inhibitors, may have increased efficacy in HGSC. SIGNIFICANCE: This study indicates that increased efficacy of immune therapies in ovarian cancer is driven by state changes of NK and small subsets of CD8 T cells into active and cytotoxic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxin Wan
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew P Keany
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Linah F Al-Alem
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Unnati M Pandya
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suzan Lazo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karsten Boehnke
- Oncology Translational Research, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Katherine N Lynch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui Xu
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Internal Medicine, Shaanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Dominique T Zarrella
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shengqing Gu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin M Elias
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil S Horowitz
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colleen M Feltmate
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael G Muto
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Worley
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ross S Berkowitz
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women' Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ursula A Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marisa R Nucci
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher P Crum
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaole Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Hill
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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609
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Escher B, Köhler A, Job L, Worek F, Skerra A. Translating the Concept of Bispecific Antibodies to Engineering Heterodimeric Phosphotriesterases with Broad Organophosphate Substrate Recognition. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4395-4406. [PMID: 33146522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have adopted the concept of bispecific antibodies, which can simultaneously block or cross-link two different biomolecular targets, to create bispecific enzymes by exploiting the homodimeric quaternary structure of bacterial phosphotriesterases (PTEs). The PTEs from Brevundimonas diminuta and Agrobacterium radiobacter, whose engineered variants can efficiently hydrolyze organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides, respectively, have attracted considerable interest for the treatment of the corresponding intoxications. OP nerve agents and pesticides still pose a severe toxicological threat in military conflicts, including acts of terrorism, as well as in agriculture, leading to >100000 deaths per year. In principle, engineered conventional homodimeric PTEs may provoke hydrolytic inactivation of individual OPs in vivo, and their application as catalytic bioscavengers via administration into the bloodstream has been proposed. However, their narrow substrate specificity would necessitate therapeutic application of a set or mixture of different enzymes, which complicates biopharmaceutical development. We succeeded in combining subunits from both enzymes and to stabilize their heterodimerization by rationally designing electrostatic steering mutations, thus breaking the natural C2 symmetry. The resulting bispecific enzyme from two PTEs with different bacterial origin exhibits an ultrabroad OP substrate profile and allows the efficient detoxification of both nerve agents and pesticides. Our approach of combining two active sites with distinct substrate specificities within one artificial dimeric biocatalyst-retaining the size and general properties of the original enzyme without utilizing protein mixtures or much larger fusion proteins-not only should facilitate biological drug development but also may be applicable to oligomeric enzymes with other catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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610
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Jost C, Darowski D, Challier J, Pulko V, Hanisch LJ, Xu W, Mössner E, Bujotzek A, Klostermann S, Umana P, Kontermann RE, Klein C. CAR-J cells for antibody discovery and lead optimization of TCR-like immunoglobulins. MAbs 2020; 12:1840709. [PMID: 33136521 PMCID: PMC7646475 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1840709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) are a novel class of engineered immunoglobulins that unite monovalent binding to the T-cell receptor (TCR) CD3e chain and bivalent binding to tumor-associated antigens in order to recruit and activate T-cells for tumor cell killing. In vivo, T-cell activation is usually initiated via the interaction of the TCR with the peptide-HLA complex formed by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and peptides derived from intracellular proteins. TCR-like antibodies (TCRLs) that recognize pHLA-epitopes extend the target space of TCBs to peptides derived from intracellular proteins, such as those overexpressed during oncogenesis or created via mutations found in cancer. One challenge during lead identification of TCRL-TCBs is to identify TCRLs that specifically, and ideally exclusively, recognize the desired pHLA, but not unrelated pHLAs. In order to identify TCRLs suitable for TCRL-TCBs, large numbers of TCRLs have to be tested in the TCB format. Here, we propose a novel approach using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to facilitate the identification of highly selective TCRLs. In this new so-called TCRL-CAR-J approach, TCRL-candidates are transduced as CARs into Jurkat reporter-cells, and subsequently assessed for their specificity profile. This work demonstrates that the CAR-J reporter-cell assay can be applied to predict the profile of TCRL-TCBs without the need to produce each candidate in the final TCB format. It is therefore useful in streamlining the identification of TCRL-TCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jost
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland.,Athebio AG , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Darowski
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - John Challier
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Vesna Pulko
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Lydia J Hanisch
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Wei Xu
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Mössner
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klostermann
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development , Schlieren, Switzerland
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611
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Graham JC, Hillegass J, Schulze G. Considerations for setting occupational exposure limits for novel pharmaceutical modalities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104813. [PMID: 33144077 PMCID: PMC7605856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop new and effective medicines, pharmaceutical companies must be modality agnostic. As science reveals an enhanced understanding of biological processes, new therapeutic modalities are becoming important in developing breakthrough therapies to treat both rare and common diseases. As these new modalities progress, concern and uncertainty arise regarding their safe handling by the researchers developing them, employees manufacturing them and nurses administering them. This manuscript reviews the available literature for emerging modalities (including oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, peptides, vaccines, genetically modified organisms, and several others) and provides considerations for occupational health and safety-oriented hazard identification and risk assessments to enable timely, consistent and well-informed hazard identification, hazard communication and risk-management decisions. This manuscript also points out instances where historical exposure control banding systems may not be applicable (e.g. oncolytic viruses, biologics) and where other occupational exposure limit systems are more applicable (e.g. Biosafety Levels, Biologic Control Categories). Review of toxicology and pharmacology information for novel therapeutic modalities. Identification of occupational hazards associated with novel therapeutic modalities. Occupational hazards and exposure risks differ across pharmaceutical modalities. Occupational exposure control banding systems are not one size fits all. Banding system variations offer benefits while enabling proper exposure controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Graham
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
| | - Jedd Hillegass
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Gene Schulze
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
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612
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Qi J, Rader C. Redirecting cytotoxic T cells with chemically programmed antibodies. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115834. [PMID: 33166926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (T-biAbs) mediate potent and selective cytotoxicity by combining specificities for target and effector cells in one molecule. Chemically programmed T-biAbs (cp-T-biAbs) are precisely assembled compositions of (i) small molecules that govern cancer cell surface targeting with high affinity and specificity and (ii) antibodies that recruit and activate T cells and equip the small molecule with confined biodistribution and longer circulatory half-life. Conceptually similar to cp-T-biAbs, switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cells (sCAR-Ts) can also be put under the control of small molecules by using a chemically programmed antibody as a bispecific adaptor molecule. As such, cp-T-biAbs and cp-sCAR-Ts can endow small molecules with the power of cancer immunotherapy. We here review the concept of chemically programmed antibodies for recruiting and activating T cells as a promising strategy for broadening the utility of small molecules in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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613
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Collins M, Awwad S, Ibeanu N, Khaw PT, Guiliano D, Brocchini S, Khalili H. Dual-acting therapeutic proteins for intraocular use. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:44-55. [PMID: 33137484 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreally injected antibody-based medicines have revolutionised the treatment of retinal disease. Bispecific and dual-functional antibodies and therapeutic proteins have the potential to further increase the efficacy of intraocular medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collins
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sahar Awwad
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Nkiru Ibeanu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David Guiliano
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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614
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El Achi H, Dupont E, Paul S, Khoury JD. CD123 as a Biomarker in Hematolymphoid Malignancies: Principles of Detection and Targeted Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113087. [PMID: 33113953 PMCID: PMC7690688 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD123 is overexpressed in multiple hematologic malignancies. Advances in CD123-targeted therapies over the past decade have positioned this molecule as an integral biomarker in current practice. This review provides an overview of CD123 biology and in-depth discussion of clinical laboratory techniques used to determine CD123 expression in various hematolymphoid neoplasms. In addition, we describe various pharmacologic strategies and agents that are available or under evaluation for targeting CD123. Abstract CD123, the α chain of the interleukin 3 receptor, is a cytokine receptor that is overexpressed in multiple hematolymphoid neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis. Importantly, CD123 expression is upregulated in leukemic stem cells relative to non-neoplastic hematopoietic stem cells, which makes it a useful diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in hematologic malignancies. Varying levels of evidence have shown that CD123-targeted therapy represents a promising therapeutic approach in several cancers. Tagraxofusp, an anti-CD123 antibody conjugated to a diphtheria toxin, has been approved for use in patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Multiple clinical trials are investigating the use of various CD123-targeting agents, including chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (expressing CD123, monoclonal antibodies, combined CD3-CD123 dual-affinity retargeting antibody therapy, recombinant fusion proteins, and CD123-engager T cells. In this review, we provide an overview of laboratory techniques used to evaluate and monitor CD123 expression, describe the strengths and limitations of detecting this biomarker in guiding therapy decisions, and provide an overview of the pharmacologic principles and strategies used in CD123-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi El Achi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Edouard Dupont
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Paris, Paris Descartes University, 75270 Paris, France;
| | - Shilpa Paul
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joseph D. Khoury
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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615
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Groeneveldt C, Kinderman P, van den Wollenberg DJM, van den Oever RL, Middelburg J, Mustafa DAM, Hoeben RC, van der Burg SH, van Hall T, van Montfoort N. Preconditioning of the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic reovirus converts CD3-bispecific antibody treatment into effective immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001191. [PMID: 33082167 PMCID: PMC7577070 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell-engaging CD3-bispecific antibodies (CD3-bsAbs) are promising modalities for cancer immunotherapy. Although this therapy has reached clinical practice for hematological malignancies, the absence of sufficient infiltrating T cells is a major barrier for efficacy in solid tumors. In this study, we exploited oncolytic reovirus as a strategy to enhance the efficacy of CD3-bsAbs in immune-silent solid tumors. Methods The mutant p53 and K-ras induced murine pancreatic cancer model KPC3 resembles human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a desmoplastic tumor microenvironment, low T-cell density and resistance to immunotherapy. Immune-competent KPC3 tumor-bearing mice were intratumorally injected with reovirus type 3 Dearing strain and the reovirus-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment and spleen were analyzed over time by NanoString analysis, quantitative RT-PCR and multicolor flow cytometry. The efficacy of reovirus in combination with systemically injected CD3-bsAbs was evaluated in immune-competent mice with established KPC3 or B16.F10 tumors, and in the close-to-patient human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ breast cancer model BT474 engrafted in immunocompromised mice with human T cells as effector cells. Results Replication-competent reovirus induced an early interferon signature, followed by a strong influx of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells, at the cost of FoxP3+ Tregs. Viral replication declined after 7 days and was associated with a systemic activation of lymphocytes and the emergence of intratumoral reovirus-specific CD8+ T cells. Although tumor-infiltrating T cells were mostly reovirus-specific and not tumor-specific, they served as non-exhausted effector cells for the subsequently systemically administered CD3-bsAbs. Combination treatment of reovirus and CD3-bsAbs led to the regression of large, established KPC3, B16.F10 and BT474 tumors. Reovirus as a preconditioning regimen performed significantly better than simultaneous or early administration of CD3-bsAbs. This combination treatment induced regressions of distant lesions that were not injected with reovirus, and systemic administration of both reovirus and CD3-bsAbs also led to tumor control. This suggests that this therapy might also be effective for metastatic disease. Conclusions Oncolytic reovirus administration represents an effective strategy to induce a local interferon response and strong T-cell influx, thereby sensitizing the tumor microenvironment for subsequent CD3-bsAb therapy. This combination therapy warrants further investigation in patients with non-inflamed solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Kinderman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruben L van den Oever
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Middelburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana A M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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616
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de Jonge AV, Mutis T, Roemer MGM, Scheijen B, Chamuleau MED. Impact of MYC on Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Aggressive B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Consequences for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103052. [PMID: 33092116 PMCID: PMC7589056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human immune system has several mechanisms to attack and eliminate lymphomas. However, the MYC oncogene is thought to facilitate escape from this anti-tumor immune response. Since patients with MYC overexpressing lymphomas face a significant dismal prognosis after treatment with standard immunochemotherapy, understanding the role of MYC in regulating the anti-tumor immune response is highly relevant. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which MYC attenuates the anti-tumor immune responses in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. We aim to implement this knowledge in the deployment of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. Therefore, we also provide a comprehensive overview of current immunotherapeutic options and we discuss potential future treatment strategies for MYC overexpressing lymphomas. Abstract Patients with MYC overexpressing high grade B cell lymphoma (HGBL) face significant dismal prognosis after treatment with standard immunochemotherapy regimens. Recent preclinical studies indicate that MYC not only contributes to tumorigenesis by its effects on cell proliferation and differentiation, but also plays an important role in promoting escape from anti-tumor immune responses. This is of specific interest, since reversing tumor immune inhibition with immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. In this review, we outline the current understanding of impaired immune responses in B cell lymphoid malignancies with MYC overexpression, with a particular emphasis on diffuse large B cell lymphoma. We also discuss clinical consequences of MYC overexpression in the treatment of HGBL with novel immunotherapeutic agents and potential future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vera de Jonge
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.M.); (M.E.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.M.); (M.E.D.C.)
| | - Margaretha G. M. Roemer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud UMC, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Martine E. D. Chamuleau
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (T.M.); (M.E.D.C.)
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617
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Keyt BA, Baliga R, Sinclair AM, Carroll SF, Peterson MS. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E53. [PMID: 33066119 PMCID: PMC7709107 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are pentameric or hexameric macro-immunoglobulins and have been highly conserved during evolution. IgMs are initially expressed during B cell ontogeny and are the first antibodies secreted following exposure to foreign antigens. The IgM multimer has either 10 (pentamer) or 12 (hexamer) antigen binding domains consisting of paired µ heavy chains with four constant domains, each with a single variable domain, paired with a corresponding light chain. Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient engagement of complement to induce complement-dependent cell lysis. The high avidity of IgM antibodies renders them particularly efficient at binding antigens present at low levels, and non-protein antigens, for example, carbohydrates or lipids present on microbial surfaces. Pentameric IgM antibodies also contain a joining (J) chain that stabilizes the pentameric structure and enables binding to several receptors. One such receptor, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is responsible for transcytosis from the vasculature to the mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Several naturally occurring IgM antibodies have been explored as therapeutics in clinical trials, and a new class of molecules, engineered IgM antibodies with enhanced binding and/or additional functional properties are being evaluated in humans. Here, we review the considerable progress that has been made regarding the understanding of biology, structure, function, manufacturing, and therapeutic potential of IgM antibodies since their discovery more than 80 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc, 325 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; (R.B.); (A.M.S.); (S.F.C.); (M.S.P.)
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618
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Wesch D, Kabelitz D, Oberg HH. Tumor resistance mechanisms and their consequences on γδ T cell activation. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:84-98. [PMID: 33048357 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human γδ T lymphocytes are predominated by two major subsets, defined by the variable domain of the δ chain. Both, Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells infiltrate in tumors and have been implicated in cancer immunosurveillance. Since the localization and distribution of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cell subsets and their impact on survival of cancer patients are not completely defined, this review summarizes the current knowledge about this issue. Different intrinsic tumor resistance mechanisms and immunosuppressive molecules of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have been reported to negatively influence functional properties of γδ T cell subsets. Here, we focus on selected tumor resistance mechanisms including overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-1/2, regulation by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL-R4 pathway and the release of galectins. These inhibitory mechanisms play important roles in the cross-talk of γδ T cell subsets and tumor cells, thereby influencing cytotoxicity or proliferation of γδ T cells and limiting a successful γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. Possible future directions of a combined therapy of adoptively transferred γδ T cells together with γδ-targeting bispecific T cell engagers and COX-2 or IDO-1/2 inhibitors or targeting sialoglycan-Siglec pathways will be discussed and considered as attractive therapeutic options to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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619
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Dees S, Ganesan R, Singh S, Grewal IS. Bispecific Antibodies for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:162-173. [PMID: 33041246 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive breast cancer subtype lacking estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression, is associated with heightened metastatic potential and poor prognosis. While systemic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical excision remain the current treatment modalities for patients with TNBC, the immunogenic nature of this aggressive disease has presented opportunity for the development of TNBC-targeting immunotherapies. Bispecific antibody-based therapeutics for the treatment of TNBC have gained recent attention in the scientific community. Clinical precedent has been previously established for the FDA-approved bispecific T cell engager, blinatumomab, for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The present review discusses novel bispecific antibodies for TNBC and emerging TNBC targets for future bispecific antibody development.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Camptothecin/therapeutic use
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Medical Oncology/methods
- Medical Oncology/trends
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/mortality
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundee Dees
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Iqbal S Grewal
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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620
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Katano I, Ito R, Kawai K, Takahashi T. Improved Detection of in vivo Human NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Using a Novel NOG-FcγR-Deficient Human IL-15 Transgenic Mouse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:532684. [PMID: 33117338 PMCID: PMC7577188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.532684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated an NOD/Shi-scid-IL2Rγnull (NOG) mouse deficient for the Fcer1g and Fcgr2b genes (NOG-FcγR−/− mice), in which monocytes/macrophages do not express activating (FcγRI, III, and IV) or inhibitory (FcγRIIB) Fcγ receptors. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by innate immune cells was strongly reduced in this strain. Thus, while the growth of xenogeneic human tumors engrafted in conventional NOG mice was suppressed by innate cells upon specific antibody treatment, such growth inhibition was abrogated in NOG-FcγR−/− mice. Using this novel strain, we further produced NOG-FcγR−/−-mice expressing human IL-15 (NOG-FcγR−/−-hIL-15 Tg). The mice inherited unique features from each strain, i.e., the long-term sustenance of human natural killer (NK) cells, and the elimination of mouse innate cell-mediated ADCC. As a result, segregation of human NK cell-mediated ADCC from mouse cell-mediated ADCC was possible in the NOG-FcγR−/−-hIL-15 Tg mice. Our results suggest that NOG-FcγR−/−-hIL-15 Tg mice are useful for validating the in vivo function of antibody drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Katano
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Ito
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Pathological Analysis Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki, Japan
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621
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Perfusion reduces bispecific antibody aggregation via mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction-induced glutathione oxidation and ER stress in CHO cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16620. [PMID: 33024175 PMCID: PMC7538420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One major challenge observed for the expression of therapeutic bispecific antibodies (BisAbs) is high product aggregates. Aggregates increase the risk of immune responses in patients and therefore must be removed at the expense of purification yields. BisAbs contain engineered disulfide bonds, which have been demonstrated to form product aggregates, if mispaired. However, the underlying intracellular mechanisms leading to product aggregate formation remain unknown. We demonstrate that impaired glutathione regulation underlies BisAb aggregation formation in a CHO cell process. Aggregate formation was evaluated for the same clonal CHO cell line producing a BisAb using fed-batch and perfusion processes. The perfusion process produced significantly lower BisAb aggregates compared to the fed-batch process. Perfusion bioreactors attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress resulting in a favorable intracellular redox environment as indicated by improved reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio. Conversely, mitochondrial dysfunction-induced glutathione oxidation and ER stress disrupted the intracellular redox homeostasis, leading to product aggregation in the fed-batch process. Combined, our results demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress impaired glutathione regulation leading to higher product aggregates in the fed-batch process. This is the first study to utilize perfusion bioreactors as a tool to demonstrate the intracellular mechanisms underlying product aggregation formation.
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622
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Groover MK, Richmond JM. Potential therapeutic manipulations of the CXCR3 chemokine axis for the treatment of inflammatory fibrosing diseases. F1000Res 2020; 9:1197. [PMID: 33145014 PMCID: PMC7590900 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26728.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play important roles in homeostasis and inflammatory processes. While their roles in leukocyte recruitment are well-appreciated, chemokines play additional roles in the body, including mediating or regulating angiogenesis, tumor metastasis and wound healing. In this opinion article, we focus on the role of CXCR3 and its ligands in fibrotic processes. We emphasize differences of the effects of each ligand, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, on fibroblasts in different tissues of the body. We include discussions of differences in signaling pathways that may account for protective or pro-fibrotic effects of each ligand in different experimental models and ex vivo analysis of human tissues. Our goal is to highlight potential reasons why there are disparate findings in different models, and to suggest ways in which this chemokine axis could be manipulated for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K. Groover
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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623
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Yang B, Zhao M, Wu H, Lu Q. A Comprehensive Review of Biological Agents for Lupus: Beyond Single Target. Front Immunol 2020; 11:539797. [PMID: 33123125 PMCID: PMC7573553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.539797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that involves multiple immune cells. Due to its complex pathogenesis, the effectiveness of traditional treatment methods is limited. Many patients have developed resistance to conventional treatment or are not sensitive to steroid and immunosuppressant therapy, and so emerging therapeutic antibodies have become an alternative and have been shown to work well in many patients with moderate and severe SLE. This review summarizes the biological agents that are in the preclinical and clinical trial study of SLE. In addition to the various monoclonal antibodies that have been studied for a long time, such as belimumab and rituximab, we focused on another treatment for SLE, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) such as tibulizumab, which simultaneously targets multiple pathogenic cytokines or pathways. Although the application of BsAbs in cancer has been intensively studied, their application in autoimmune diseases is still in the infant stage. This unique combined mechanism of action may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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624
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A novel bispecific nanobody with PD-L1/TIGIT dual immune checkpoint blockade. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:144-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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625
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Huang S, van Duijnhoven SMJ, Sijts AJAM, van Elsas A. Bispecific antibodies targeting dual tumor-associated antigens in cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3111-3122. [PMID: 32989604 PMCID: PMC7679314 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a leading drug class for cancer therapy and are becoming increasingly of interest for therapeutic applications. As of April 2020, over 123 BsAbs are under clinical evaluation for use in oncology (including the two marketed BsAbs Blinatumomab and Catumaxomab). The majority (82 of 123) of BsAbs under clinical evaluation can be categorized as bispecific immune cell engager whereas a second less well-discussed subclass of BsAbs targets two tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). In this review, we summarize the clinical development of dual TAAs targeting BsAbs and provide an overview of critical considerations when designing dual TAA targeting BsAbs. METHODS Herein the relevant literature and clinical trials published in English until April 1st 2020 were searched using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database. BsAbs were considered to be active in clinic if their clinical trials were not terminated, withdrawn or completed before 2018 without reporting results. Data missed by searching ClinicalTrials.gov was manually curated. RESULTS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs offer several advantages including increased tumor selectivity, potential to concurrently modulate two functional pathways in the tumor cell and may yield improved payload delivery. CONCLUSIONS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs represent a valuable class of biologics and early stage clinical studies have demonstrated promising anti-tumor efficacy in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Huang
- Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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626
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Ochoa de Olza M, Navarro Rodrigo B, Zimmermann S, Coukos G. Turning up the heat on non-immunoreactive tumours: opportunities for clinical development. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21:e419-e430. [PMID: 32888471 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Notable advances have been achieved in the treatment of cancer since the advent of immunotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown clinical benefit across a wide variety of tumour types. Nevertheless, most patients still progress on these treatments, highlighting the importance of unravelling the underlying mechanisms of primary resistance to immunotherapy. A well described biomarker of non-responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors is the absence or low presence of lymphocytes in the tumour microenvironment, so-called cold tumours. There are five mechanisms of action that have the potential to turn cold tumours into so-called hot and inflamed tumours, hence increasing the tumour's responsiveness to immunotherapy-increasing local inflammation, neutralising immunosuppression at the tumour site, modifying the tumour vasculature, targeting the tumour cells themselves, or increasing the frequency of tumour-specific T cells. In this Review, we discuss preclinical data that serves as the basis for ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials for the treatment of non-immunoreactive tumours, as well as reviewing clinical and translational data where available. We explain how improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of primary resistance to immunotherapy will help elucidate an increasingly granular view of the tumour microenvironment cellular composition, functional status, and cellular localisation, with the goal of further therapy refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ochoa de Olza
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blanca Navarro Rodrigo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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627
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Gstöttner C, Vergoossen DLE, Wuhrer M, Huijbers MGM, Domínguez-Vega E. Sheathless CE-MS as a tool for monitoring exchange efficiency and stability of bispecific antibodies. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:171-176. [PMID: 32901958 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) are receiving great attention due to their extensive benefits as biopharmaceuticals and their involvement in IgG4 mediated autoimmune diseases. While the production of BsAbs is getting more accessible, their analytical characterization remains challenging. We explored the potential of sheathless CE-MS for monitoring exchange efficiency and stability of in-house produced bispecific antibodies. Two IgG4 bispecific antibodies with different molecular characteristics were prepared using controlled Fragment antigen binding (Fab)-arm exchange. Separation of BsAbs from their parent monospecific antibodies was achieved using a polyethyleniimine (PEI)-coated capillary and acidic background electrolytes permitting reliable assessment of the exchange efficiency. This was especially valuable for a Fab-glycosylated BsAb where the high glycan heterogeneity resulted in an overlap of masses with the monospecific parent antibody, hindering their discrimination by MS only. The method showed also good capabilities to monitor the stability of the generated BsAbs under different storage conditions. The levels of degradation products were different for the studied antibodies indicating pronounced differences in stability. Overall, the proposed method represents a useful analytical tool for exchange efficiency and stability studies of bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana L E Vergoossen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje G M Huijbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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628
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Orrù V, Steri M, Sidore C, Marongiu M, Serra V, Olla S, Sole G, Lai S, Dei M, Mulas A, Virdis F, Piras MG, Lobina M, Marongiu M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Loizedda A, Onano S, Zoledziewska M, Sawcer S, Devoto M, Gorospe M, Abecasis GR, Floris M, Pala M, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Cucca F. Complex genetic signatures in immune cells underlie autoimmunity and inform therapy. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1036-1045. [PMID: 32929287 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the influence of ~22 million variants on 731 immune cell traits in a cohort of 3,757 Sardinians. We detected 122 significant (P < 1.28 × 10-11) independent association signals for 459 cell traits at 70 loci (53 of them novel) identifying several molecules and mechanisms involved in cell regulation. Furthermore, 53 signals at 36 loci overlapped with previously reported disease-associated signals, predominantly for autoimmune disorders, highlighting intermediate phenotypes in pathogenesis. Collectively, our findings illustrate complex genetic regulation of immune cells with highly selective effects on autoimmune disease risk at the cell-subtype level. These results identify drug-targetable pathways informing the design of more specific treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sole
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Virdis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Piras
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monia Lobina
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Deidda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Loizedda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Onano
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matteo Floris
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Pala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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629
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Hofmann T, Krah S, Sellmann C, Zielonka S, Doerner A. Greatest Hits-Innovative Technologies for High Throughput Identification of Bispecific Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6551. [PMID: 32911608 PMCID: PMC7554978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have shown a tremendous increase and diversification in antibody-based therapeutics with advances in production techniques and formats. The plethora of currently investigated bi- to multi-specific antibody architectures can be harnessed to elicit a broad variety of specific modes of actions in oncology and immunology, spanning from enhanced selectivity to effector cell recruitment, all of which cannot be addressed by monospecific antibodies. Despite continuously growing efforts and methodologies, the identification of an optimal bispecific antibody as the best possible combination of two parental monospecific binders, however, remains challenging, due to tedious cloning and production, often resulting in undesired extended development times and increased expenses. Although automated high throughput screening approaches have matured for pharmaceutical small molecule development, it was only recently that protein bioconjugation technologies have been developed for the facile generation of bispecific antibodies in a 'plug and play' manner. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant methodologies for bispecific screening purposes-the DuoBody concept, paired light chain single cell production approaches, Sortase A and Transglutaminase, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, and inteins-and elaborate on the benefits as well as drawbacks of the different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hofmann
- Advanced Cell Culture Technologies, Merck Life Sciences KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Carolin Sellmann
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (S.K.); (C.S.); (S.Z.)
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630
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Jiao Y, Yi M, Xu L, Chu Q, Yan Y, Luo S, Wu K. CD38: targeted therapy in multiple myeloma and therapeutic potential for solid cancers. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1295-1308. [PMID: 32822558 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1814253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD38 is expressed by some cells of hematological malignancies and tumor-related immunosuppressive cells, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CD38 is an effective target in some hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM). Daratumumab (Dara), a CD38-targeting antibody, can eliminate CD38high immune suppressor cells and is regarded as a standard therapy for MM because of its outstanding clinical efficacy. Other CD38 monospecific antibodies, such as isatuximab, MOR202, and TAK079, showed promising effects in clinical trials. AREA COVERED This review examines the expression, function, and targeting of CD38 in MM and its potential to deplete immunosuppressive cells in solid cancers. We summarize the distribution and biological function of CD38 and discuss the application of anti-CD38 drugs in hematological malignancies. We also analyz the role of CD38+ immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to encourage additional investigations that target CD38 in solid cancers. PubMed and ClinicalTrials were searched to identify relevant literature from the database inception to 30 April 2020. EXPERT OPINION There is convincing evidence that CD38-targeted immunotherapeutics reduce CD38+ immune suppressor cells. This result suggests that CD38 can be exploited to treat solid tumors by regulating the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxiang Yan
- R & D Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd , Wuhan, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
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631
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Tao Z, Liu Y, Yang H, Feng Y, Li H, Shi Q, Li S, Cheng J, Lu X. Customizing a Tridomain TRAIL Variant to Achieve Active Tumor Homing and Endogenous Albumin-Controlled Release of the Molecular Machine In Vivo. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4017-4029. [PMID: 32804484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an attractive antitumor drug candidate for precision cancer therapy due to its superior selective cytotoxicity in a variety of tumor cells. However, the clinical application of TRAIL in cancer therapy has been limited by its poor tumor-homing capacities and short half-life. Herein, we designed a tridomain TRAIL variant, Z-ABD-TRAIL, by sequentially fusing the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ)-specific affibody ZPDGFRβ and an albumin-binding domain (ABD) to the N-terminus of TRAIL. The fusion protein Z-ABD-TRAIL was produced as a soluble protein with high yield in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The ZPDGFRβ domain provided Z-ABD-TRAIL with PDGFRβ-binding properties and thus promoted its tumor homing via the engagement of PDGFRβ-expressing pericytes on tumor microvessels. ABD-mediated binding of Z-ABD-TRAIL to albumin in the blood endowed TRAIL with long-lasting (>72 h for Z-ABD-TRAIL vs <0.5 h for TRAIL) abilities to kill tumor cells. Although the in vitro cytotoxicity of Z-ABD-TRAIL in tumor cells was similar to that of the parent TRAIL, the in vivo tumor uptake, apoptosis-inducing ability, and antitumor effect of Z-ABD-TRAIL were much greater than those of TRAIL, indicating that ZPDGFRβ-mediated tumor homing and ABD-introduced albumin binding significantly improved the pharmacodynamics of TRAIL. In addition, repeated injection of high-dose Z-ABD-TRAIL showed no obvious acute toxicity in mice. These results demonstrate that the newly designed tridomain Z-ABD-TRAIL is a promising agent for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Tao
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiuxiao Shi
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengfu Li
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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632
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Morcos PN, Li J, Hosseini I, Li CC. Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology of T-Cell Engaging Bispecifics: Current Perspectives and Opportunities. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:75-85. [PMID: 32882099 PMCID: PMC7877841 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell directing/engaging bispecifics (TDBs) enable a powerful mode of action by activating T-cells through the creation of artificial immune synapses. Their pharmacological response involves the dynamic inter-relationships among T-cells, tumor cells, and TDBs. This results in complex and challenging issues in understanding pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, target engagement, and exposure-response relationship. Dosing strategy plays a crucial role in determining the therapeutic window of TDBs because of the desire to maximize therapeutic efficacy in the context of known mechanism-related adverse events, such as cytokine release syndrome and neurological adverse events. Such adverse events are commonly reported as the most prominent events during the initial treatment cycles and dissipate over time. Therefore, the kinetic characterization of the inter-relationships between exposure/target engagement and safety/efficacy outcomes is crucial in designing the optimal dosing regimen to maximize the benefit/risk of TDB agents. In this review, we discuss the key clinical pharmacological considerations in drug discovery and development for TDBs and provide a summary of TDBs currently in clinical development. We also propose forward-looking perspectives and opportunities to derive insights through quantitative clinical pharmacology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Morcos
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Roche, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Iraj Hosseini
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Roche, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chi-Chung Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Roche, South San Francisco, California, USA
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633
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Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Rask-Andersen M, Schiöth HB. Soluble ligands as drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:695-710. [PMID: 32873970 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the main classes of drug targets have been receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters. However, owing largely to the rise of antibody-based therapies in the past two decades, soluble protein ligands such as inflammatory cytokines have become an increasingly important class of drug targets. In this Review, we analyse drugs targeting ligands that have reached clinical development at some point since 1992. We identify 291 drugs that target 99 unique ligands, and we discuss trends in the characteristics of the ligands, drugs and indications for which they have been tested. In the last 5 years, the number of ligand-targeting drugs approved by the FDA has doubled to 34, while the number of clinically validated ligand targets has doubled to 22. Cytokines and growth factors are the predominant types of targeted ligands (70%), and inflammation and autoimmune disorders, cancer and ophthalmological diseases are the top therapeutic areas for both approved agents and agents in clinical studies, reflecting the central role of cytokine and/or growth factor pathways in such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty M Attwood
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Rask-Andersen
- Medical Genetics and Genomics, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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634
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Chaudhari R, Fong LW, Tan Z, Huang B, Zhang S. An up-to-date overview of computational polypharmacology in modern drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1025-1044. [PMID: 32452701 PMCID: PMC7415563 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1767063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, computational polypharmacology has gained significant attention to study the promiscuous nature of drugs. Despite tremendous challenges, community-wide efforts have led to a variety of novel approaches for predicting drug polypharmacology. In particular, some rapid advances using machine learning and artificial intelligence have been reported with great success. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive update on the current state-of-the-art polypharmacology approaches and their applications, focusing on those reports published after our 2017 review article. The authors particularly discuss some novel, groundbreaking concepts, and methods that have been developed recently and applied to drug polypharmacology studies. EXPERT OPINION Polypharmacology is evolving and novel concepts are being introduced to counter the current challenges in the field. However, major hurdles remain including incompleteness of high-quality experimental data, lack of in vitro and in vivo assays to characterize multi-targeting agents, shortage of robust computational methods, and challenges to identify the best target combinations and design effective multi-targeting agents. Fortunately, numerous national/international efforts including multi-omics and artificial intelligence initiatives as well as most recent collaborations on addressing the COVID-19 pandemic have shown significant promise to propel the field of polypharmacology forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Chaudhari
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Long Wolf Fong
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zhi Tan
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Beibei Huang
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shuxing Zhang
- Intelligent Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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635
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Kabelitz D, Serrano R, Kouakanou L, Peters C, Kalyan S. Cancer immunotherapy with γδ T cells: many paths ahead of us. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:925-939. [PMID: 32699351 PMCID: PMC7609273 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play uniquely important roles in stress surveillance and immunity for infections and carcinogenesis. Human γδ T cells recognize and kill transformed cells independently of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction, which is an essential feature of conventional αβ T cells. Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells, which prevail in the peripheral blood of healthy adults, are activated by microbial or endogenous tumor-derived pyrophosphates by a mechanism dependent on butyrophilin molecules. γδ T cells expressing other T cell receptor variable genes, notably Vδ1, are more abundant in mucosal tissue. In addition to the T cell receptor, γδ T cells usually express activating natural killer (NK) receptors, such as NKp30, NKp44, or NKG2D which binds to stress-inducible surface molecules that are absent on healthy cells but are frequently expressed on malignant cells. Therefore, γδ T cells are endowed with at least two independent recognition systems to sense tumor cells and to initiate anticancer effector mechanisms, including cytokine production and cytotoxicity. In view of their HLA-independent potent antitumor activity, there has been increasing interest in translating the unique potential of γδ T cells into innovative cellular cancer immunotherapies. Here, we discuss recent developments to enhance the efficacy of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. This includes strategies for in vivo activation and tumor-targeting of γδ T cells, the optimization of in vitro expansion protocols, and the development of gene-modified γδ T cells. It is equally important to consider potential synergisms with other therapeutic strategies, notably checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, or the (local) activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ruben Serrano
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Shirin Kalyan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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636
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Chen W, Yuan Y, Jiang X. Antibody and antibody fragments for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2020; 328:395-406. [PMID: 32853733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody has become the most rapidly expanding class of pharmaceuticals for treating a wide variety of human diseases including cancers. Especially, with the fast development of cancer immunotherapy, antibody drugs have become the most promising therapeutic for curing cancers. Immune-mediated cell killing by antibodies including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as well as regulation of T cell function through immune checkpoint blockade. Due to the absence of Fc fragment, antibody fragments including single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) and single-domain antibodies (sdAds) are mainly applied in chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cell therapy for redirecting T cells to tumors and T cell activation by immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, the cancer immunity is first discussed. Then the principal mechanisms of antibody-based immunotherapy will be reviewed. Next, the antibody and antibody fragments applied for cancer immunotherapy will be summarized. Bispecific and multispecific antibodies and a combination of cancer immunotherapy with other tumor treatments will also be mentioned. Finally, an outlook and perspective of antibody-based cancer immunotherapy will be given. This review would provide a comprehensive guidance for the researchers who are interested in and intended to involve in the antibodies- or antibody fragments-based tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yang Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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637
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Freage L, Jamal D, Williams NB, Mallikaratchy PR. A Homodimeric Aptamer Variant Generated from Ligand-Guided Selection Activates the T Cell Receptor Cluster of Differentiation 3 Complex. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:167-178. [PMID: 32920262 PMCID: PMC7494611 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, immunotherapeutic modalities with engineered cells and monoclonal antibodies have been effective in treating several malignancies. Nucleic acid aptamers can serve as alternative molecules to design immunotherapeutic agents with high functional diversity. Here we report a synthetic prototype consisting of DNA aptamers that can activate the T cell receptor cluster of differentiation 3 (TCR-CD3) complex in cultured T cells. We show that the activation potential is similar to that of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against TCR-CD3, suggesting potential for aptamers in developing efficacious synthetic immunomodulators. The synthetic prototype of anti-TCR-CD3ε, as described here, was designed using aptamer ZUCH-1 against TCR-CD3ε, generated by ligand-guided selection (LIGS). Aptamer ZUCH-1 was truncated and modified with nuclease-resistant RNA analogs to enhance stability. Several dimeric analogs with truncated and modified variants were designed with variable linker lengths to investigate the activation potential of each construct. Among them, a dimeric aptamer with dimensions approximately similar to those of an antibody showed the highest T cell activation, suggesting the importance of optimizing linker lengths in engineering functional aptamers. The observed activation potential of dimeric aptamers shows the vast potential of aptamers in designing synthetically versatile immunomodulators with tunable pharmacokinetic properties, expanding immunotherapeutic designs by using nucleic acid-based ligands such as aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Freage
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Deana Jamal
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Nicole B Williams
- PhD Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Prabodhika R Mallikaratchy
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; PhD Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; PhD Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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638
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Blanco B, Ramírez-Fernández Á, Alvarez-Vallina L. Engineering Immune Cells for in vivo Secretion of Tumor-Specific T Cell-Redirecting Bispecific Antibodies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1792. [PMID: 32903593 PMCID: PMC7438551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches based on the redirection of T cell activity toward tumor cells are actively being investigated. The impressive clinical success of the continuously intravenously infused T cell-redirecting bispecific antibody (T-bsAb) blinatumomab (anti-CD19 x anti-CD3), and of engineered T cells expressing anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) in hematological malignancies, has led to renewed interest in a novel cancer immunotherapy strategy that combines features of antibody- and cell-based therapies. This emerging approach is based on the endogenous secretion of T-bsAbs by engineered T cells (STAb-T cells). Adoptive transfer of genetically modified STAb-T cells has demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in both solid tumor and hematologic preclinical xenograft models. We review here the potential benefits of the STAb-T strategy over similar approaches currently being used in clinic, and we discuss the potential combination of this promising strategy with the well-established CAR-T cell approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Blanco
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez-Fernández
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alvarez-Vallina
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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639
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D’Ippolito RA, Panepinto MC, Mahoney KE, Bai DL, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. Sequencing a Bispecific Antibody by Controlling Chain Concentration Effects When Using an Immobilized Nonspecific Protease. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10470-10477. [PMID: 32597636 PMCID: PMC8106826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complete sequence coverage of monospecific antibodies was previously achieved using immobilized aspergillopepsin I in a single LC-MS/MS analysis. Bispecific antibodies are asymmetrical compared to their monospecific antibody counterparts, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of individual subunits. Four standard proteins were used to characterize the effect of a decrease in concentration when using this immobilized enzyme reactor. Low concentration samples resulted in the elimination of large peptide products due to a greater number of enzymatic cleavages. A competitive inhibitor rich in arginine residues reduced the number of enzymatic cleavages to the protein and retained large molecular weight products. The digestion of a bispecific antibody with competitive inhibition of aspergillopepsin I maintained large peptide products better suited for sequence reconstruction, resulting in complete sequence coverage from a single LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. D’Ippolito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Maria C. Panepinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Keira E. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Dina L. Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Donald F. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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640
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Cesca MG, Vian L, Cristóvão-Ferreira S, Pondé N, de Azambuja E. HER2-positive advanced breast cancer treatment in 2020. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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641
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Gedeon PC, Streicker MA, Schaller TH, Archer GE, Jokinen MP, Sampson JH. GLP toxicology study of a fully-human T cell redirecting CD3:EGFRvIII binding immunotherapeutic bispecific antibody. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236374. [PMID: 32735564 PMCID: PMC7394377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the development of a fully-human, CD3-binding bispecific antibody for immunotherapy of malignant glioma. To translate this therapeutic (hEGFRvIII-CD3- bi-scFv) to clinical trials and to help further the translation of other similar CD3-binding therapeutics, some of which are associated with neurologic toxicities, we performed a good laboratory practice (GLP) toxicity study to assess for potential behavioral, chemical, hematologic, and pathologic toxicities including evaluation for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To perform this study, male and female C57/BL6 mice heterozygous for the human CD3 transgene (20/sex) were allocated to one of four designated groups. All animals were administered one dose level of hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv or vehicle control. Test groups were monitored for feed consumption, changes in body weight, and behavioral disturbances including signs of EAE. Urinalysis, hematologic, and clinical chemistry analysis were also performed. Vehicle and test chemical-treated groups were humanely euthanized 48 hours or 14 days following dose administration. Complete gross necropsy of all tissues was performed, and selected tissues plus all observed gross lesions were collected and evaluated for microscopic changes. This included hematoxylin-eosin histopathological evaluation and Fe-ECR staining for myelin sheath enumeration. There were no abnormal clinical observations or signs of EAE noted during the study. There were no statistical changes in food consumption, body weight gain, or final body weight among groups exposed to hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv compared to the control groups for the 2- and 14-day timepoints. There were statistical differences in some clinical chemistry, hematologic and urinalysis endpoints, primarily in the females at the 14-day timepoint (hematocrit, calcium, phosphorous, and total protein). No pathological findings related to hEGFRvIII-CD3 bi-scFv administration were observed. A number of gross and microscopic observations were noted but all were considered to be incidental background findings. The results of this study allow for further translation of this and other important CD3 modulating bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Gedeon
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Streicker
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Teilo H. Schaller
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Gary E. Archer
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Micheal P. Jokinen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - John H. Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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642
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Xu Z, Tsai HI, Xiao Y, Wu Y, Su D, Yang M, Zha H, Yan F, Liu X, Cheng F, Chen H. Engineering Programmed Death Ligand-1/Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4 Dual-Targeting Nanovesicles for Immunosuppressive Therapy in Transplantation. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7959-7969. [PMID: 32515579 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation by immune allorecognition is a major contributing factor toward the triggering of organ rejection. Immunosuppressive drugs have to be taken after organ transplantation, but long-term use of these drugs increases the risks of infection and other serious disorders. Here, we showed dysregulation of programmed cell death-ligand 1/programmed cell death 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4/cluster of differentiation 80 (CTLA-4/CD80) in the spleen of two organ transplantation models. Using a bioengineering approach, cellular exosome-like nanovesicles (NVs) displaying PD-L1/CTLA-4 dual-targeting cargos were designed, and their specificity to bind their ligands PD-1 and CD80 on T cell and dendritic cell surfaces was confirmed. These NVs consequently enhanced PD-L1/PD-1 and CTLA-4/CD80 immune inhibitory pathways, two key immune checkpoints to co-inhibit T cell activation and maintain peripheral tolerance. It was also confirmed that PD-L1/CTLA-4 NVs led to the reduction of T cell activation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Finally, it was demonstrated that PD-L1/CTLA-4 NVs reduced density of CD8+ T cells and cytokine production, enriched regulatory T cells, and prolonged the survival of mouse skin and heart grafts. Taken together, these data supported the idea that PD-L1/CTLA-4 dual-targeting NVs exert immune inhibitory effects and may be used as a prospective immunosuppressant in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanxue Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hsiang-I Tsai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youmei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingyi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hualian Zha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuxia Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
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643
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Baleydier F, Bernard F, Ansari M. The Possibilities of Immunotherapy for Children with Primary Immunodeficiencies Associated with Cancers. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081112. [PMID: 32731356 PMCID: PMC7464796 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are recognised as being associated with malignancies, particularly lymphoid malignancies, which represent the highest proportion of cancers occurring in conjunction with this underlying condition. When patients present with genetic errors of immunity, clinicians must often reflect on whether to manage antitumoral treatment conventionally or to take a more personalised approach, considering possible existing comorbidities and the underlying status of immunodeficiency. Recent advances in antitumoral immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, antigen-specific adoptive cell therapies or compounds with targeted effects, potentially offer significant opportunities for optimising treatment for those patients, especially with lymphoid malignancies. In cases involving PIDs, variable oncogenic mechanisms exist, and opportunities for antitumoral immunotherapies can be considered accordingly. In cases involving a DNA repair defect or genetic instability, monoclonal antibodies can be proposed instead of chemotherapy to avoid severe toxicity. Malignancies secondary to uncontrolled virus-driven proliferation or the loss of antitumoral immunosurveillance may benefit from antivirus cell therapies or allogeneic stem cell transplantation in order to restore the immune antitumoral caretaker function. A subset of PIDs is caused by gene defects affecting targetable signalling pathways directly involved in the oncogenic process, such as the constitutive activation of phosphoinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) in activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS), which can be settled with PI3K/AKT inhibitors. Therefore, immunotherapy provides clinicians with interesting antitumoral therapeutic weapons to treat malignancies when there is an underlying PID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Baleydier
- Department for Women, Children and Adolescents, Paediatric Haemato-Oncology unit, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (M.A.)
- CANSEARCH research laboratory, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-79-55-34-221; Fax: +41-22-37-24-720
| | - Fanette Bernard
- Department for Women, Children and Adolescents, Paediatric Haemato-Oncology unit, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (M.A.)
- CANSEARCH research laboratory, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Ansari
- Department for Women, Children and Adolescents, Paediatric Haemato-Oncology unit, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.B.); (M.A.)
- CANSEARCH research laboratory, Medical Faculty, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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644
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Kotanides H, Li Y, Malabunga M, Carpenito C, Eastman SW, Shen Y, Wang G, Inigo I, Surguladze D, Pennello AL, Persaud K, Hindi S, Topper M, Chen X, Zhang Y, Bulaon DK, Bailey T, Lao Y, Han B, Torgerson S, Chin D, Sonyi A, Haidar JN, Novosiadly RD, Moxham CM, Plowman GD, Ludwig DL, Kalos M. Bispecific Targeting of PD-1 and PD-L1 Enhances T-cell Activation and Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1300-1310. [PMID: 32873605 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1 receptor (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) coinhibitory pathway suppresses T-cell-mediated immunity. We hypothesized that cotargeting of PD-1 and PD-L1 with a bispecific antibody molecule could provide an alternative therapeutic approach, with enhanced antitumor activity, compared with monospecific PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies. Here, we describe LY3434172, a bispecific IgG1 mAb with ablated Fc immune effector function that targets both human PD-1 and PD-L1. LY3434172 fully inhibited the major inhibitory receptor-ligand interactions in the PD-1 pathway. LY3434172 enhanced functional activation of T cells in vitro compared with the parent anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibody combination or respective monotherapies. In mouse tumor models reconstituted with human immune cells, LY3434172 therapy induced dramatic and potent antitumor activity compared with each parent antibody or their combination. Collectively, these results demonstrated the enhanced immunomodulatory (immune blockade) properties of LY3434172, which improved antitumor immune response in preclinical studies, thus supporting its evaluation as a novel bispecific cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kotanides
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York.
| | - Yiwen Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Maria Malabunga
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Carmine Carpenito
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Scott W Eastman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Yang Shen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - George Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Ivan Inigo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - David Surguladze
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Sagit Hindi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Michael Topper
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Xinlei Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Danielle K Bulaon
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Tim Bailey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Yanbin Lao
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Bing Han
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Stacy Torgerson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Darin Chin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Andreas Sonyi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Jaafar N Haidar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Gregory D Plowman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Dale L Ludwig
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York
| | - Michael Kalos
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, New York.
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645
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Huang RYC, Wang F, Wheeler M, Wang Y, Langish R, Chau B, Dong J, Morishige W, Bezman N, Strop P, Rajpal A, Gudmundsson O, Chen G. Integrated Approach for Characterizing Bispecific Antibody/Antigens Complexes and Mapping Binding Epitopes with SEC/MALS, Native Mass Spectrometry, and Protein Footprinting. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10709-10716. [PMID: 32639723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), with a unique mechanism of recognizing two different epitopes or antigens, have shown potential in various therapeutic areas. Molecular characterization of BsAbs' epitopes not only allows for detailed understanding of their mechanism of actions but also guides the design and selection of drug candidate molecules. In this study, we illustrate the practical utility of an integrated approach, including size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering and native mass spectrometry (MS) for the biophysical characterization of complex formation of a BsAb with two target antigens, cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). MS-based protein footprinting strategies, including hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS, fast photochemical oxidation of proteins, and carboxyl group footprinting with glycine ethyl ester, were further applied to determine BsAb's binding epitopes. This combination approach provides molecular details on the binding mechanisms of BsAb to the two distinct antigens with rapid output and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y-C Huang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Protein Engineering, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Matthew Wheeler
- Discovery Biology, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Yun Wang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Robert Langish
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Bryant Chau
- Protein Engineering, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jia Dong
- Protein Engineering, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Winse Morishige
- Protein Engineering, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Natalie Bezman
- Discovery Biology, Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Pavel Strop
- Protein Engineering, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Protein Engineering, Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Olafur Gudmundsson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Guodong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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646
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Bald T, Krummel MF, Smyth MJ, Barry KC. The NK cell-cancer cycle: advances and new challenges in NK cell-based immunotherapies. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:835-847. [PMID: 32690952 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and contribute to protecting the host through killing of infected, foreign, stressed or transformed cells. Additionally, via cellular cross-talk, NK cells orchestrate antitumor immune responses. Hence, significant efforts have been undertaken to exploit the therapeutic properties of NK cells in cancer. Current strategies in preclinical and clinical development include adoptive transfer therapies, direct stimulation, recruitment of NK cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME), blockade of inhibitory receptors that limit NK cell functions, and therapeutic modulation of the TME to enhance antitumor NK cell function. In this Review, we introduce the NK cell-cancer cycle to highlight recent advances in NK cell biology and to discuss the progress and problems of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bald
- Oncology and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, ImmunoX Initiative, and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kevin C Barry
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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647
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Kamakura D, Asano R, Kawai H, Yasunaga M. Mechanism of action of a T cell-dependent bispecific antibody as a breakthrough immunotherapy against refractory colorectal cancer with an oncogenic mutation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:177-188. [PMID: 32666260 PMCID: PMC7838078 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell-dependent bispecific antibody (TDB)-induced T cell activation, which can eliminate tumor cells independent of MHC engagement, is expected to be a novel breakthrough immunotherapy against refractory cancer. However, the mechanism of action of TDBs has not been fully elucidated thus far. We focused on TDB-induced T cell-tumor cell contact as an important initial step in direct T cell-mediated tumor cell killing via transport of cytotoxic cell proteases (e.g., granzymes) with or without immunological synapse formation. Using an anti-EGFR/CD3 TDB, hEx3, we visualized and quantified T cell-tumor cell contact and demonstrated a correlation between the degree of cell contact and TDB efficacy. We also found that cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) secreted by activated T cells, damaged tumor cells in a cell contact-independent manner. Moreover, therapeutic experiences clearly indicated that hEx3, unlike conventional anti-EGFR antibodies, was effective against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with mutant KRAS, BRAF, or PIK3CA. In a pharmacokinetic analysis, T cells spread gradually in accordance with the hEx3 distribution within tumor tissue. Accordingly, we propose that TDBs should have four action steps: 1st, passive targeting via size-dependent tumor accumulation; 2nd, active targeting via specific binding to tumor cells; 3rd, T cell redirection toward tumor cells; and 4th, TDB-induced cell contact-dependent (direct) or -independent (indirect) tumor cell killing. Finally, our TDB hEx3 may be a promising reagent against refractory CRC with an oncogenic mutation associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kamakura
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Research and Development Department, LPIXEL Inc., Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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648
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Guo ZS, Lotze MT, Zhu Z, Storkus WJ, Song XT. Bi- and Tri-Specific T Cell Engager-Armed Oncolytic Viruses: Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E204. [PMID: 32664210 PMCID: PMC7400484 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are potent anti-cancer biologics with a bright future, having substantial evidence of efficacy in patients with cancer. Bi- and tri-specific antibodies targeting tumor antigens and capable of activating T cell receptor signaling have also shown great promise in cancer immunotherapy. In a cutting-edge strategy, investigators have incorporated the two independent anti-cancer modalities, transforming them into bi- or tri-specific T cell engager (BiTE or TriTE)-armed OVs for targeted immunotherapy. Since 2014, multiple research teams have studied this combinatorial strategy, and it showed substantial efficacy in various tumor models. Here, we first provide a brief overview of the current status of oncolytic virotherapy and the use of multi-specific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. We then summarize progress on BiTE and TriTE antibodies as a novel class of cancer therapeutics in preclinical and clinical studies, followed by a discussion of BiTE- or TriTE-armed OVs for cancer therapy in translational models. In addition, T cell receptor mimics (TCRm) have been developed into BiTEs and are expected to greatly expand the application of BiTEs and BiTE-armed OVs for the effective targeting of intracellular tumor antigens. Future applications of such innovative combination strategies are emerging as precision cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhi Zhu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Walter J. Storkus
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (M.T.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.J.S.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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649
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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650
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Abstract
New treatment strategies in follicular lymphoma (FL) are driven by a deeper understanding of microenvironmental cues supporting lymphomagenesis, chemoresistance, and immuno-escape. These immune-mediated signaling pathways contribute to initial learnings and clinical successes with lenalidomide, the first, oral, non-chemotherapeutic immunomodulatory drug, combined with anti-CD20 antibodies. This combination of lenalidomide with rituximab showed similar efficacy to chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) in first-line patients requiring therapy, and is approved in relapsed/refractory FL. We review the biology supporting the rationale for adequate inhibitory receptor/ligand pathways targeting the tissue immune microenvironment of FL cells, and potential immunomodulating combinations to replace CIT in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Ysebaert
- Service d'Hematologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Center for Cancer Research of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm UMR1037, IUC-Toulouse-Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irene Joliot-Curie, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Franck Morschhauser
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche Sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associees, Lille F-59000, France.
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