601
|
Sabat D, Patnaik A, Ekka B, Dash P, Mishra M. Investigation of titania nanoparticles on behaviour and mechanosensory organ of Drosophila melanogaster. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
602
|
Loret T, Peyret E, Dubreuil M, Aguerre-Chariol O, Bressot C, le Bihan O, Amodeo T, Trouiller B, Braun A, Egles C, Lacroix G. Air-liquid interface exposure to aerosols of poorly soluble nanomaterials induces different biological activation levels compared to exposure to suspensions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:58. [PMID: 27919268 PMCID: PMC5137211 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, much progress has been made to develop more physiologic in vitro models of the respiratory system and improve in vitro simulation of particle exposure through inhalation. Nevertheless, the field of nanotoxicology still suffers from a lack of relevant in vitro models and exposure methods to predict accurately the effects observed in vivo, especially after respiratory exposure. In this context, the aim of our study was to evaluate if exposing pulmonary cells at the air-liquid interface to aerosols of inhalable and poorly soluble nanomaterials generates different toxicity patterns and/or biological activation levels compared to classic submerged exposures to suspensions. Three nano-TiO2 and one nano-CeO2 were used. An exposure system was set up using VitroCell® devices to expose pulmonary cells at the air-liquid interface to aerosols. A549 alveolar cells in monocultures or in co-cultures with THP-1 macrophages were exposed to aerosols in inserts or to suspensions in inserts and in plates. Submerged exposures in inserts were performed, using similar culture conditions and exposure kinetics to the air-liquid interface, to provide accurate comparisons between the methods. Exposure in plates using classical culture and exposure conditions was performed to provide comparable results with classical submerged exposure studies. The biological activity of the cells (inflammation, cell viability, oxidative stress) was assessed at 24 h and comparisons of the nanomaterial toxicities between exposure methods were performed. Results Deposited doses of nanomaterials achieved using our aerosol exposure system were sufficient to observe adverse effects. Co-cultures were more sensitive than monocultures and biological responses were usually observed at lower doses at the air-liquid interface than in submerged conditions. Nevertheless, the general ranking of the nanomaterials according to their toxicity was similar across the different exposure methods used. Conclusions We showed that exposure of cells at the air-liquid interface represents a valid and sensitive method to assess the toxicity of several poorly soluble nanomaterials. We underlined the importance of the cellular model used and offer the possibility to deal with low deposition doses by using more sensitive and physiologic cellular models. This brings perspectives towards the use of relevant in vitro methods of exposure to assess nanomaterial toxicity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0171-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Loret
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/VIVA/TOXI), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France.,Laboratoire BioMécanique et BioIngénierie (BMBI), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, 60205, France
| | - Emmanuel Peyret
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/VIVA/TOXI), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Marielle Dubreuil
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/VIVA/TOXI), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Olivier Aguerre-Chariol
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/CARA/NOVA), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Christophe Bressot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/CARA/NOVA), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Olivier le Bihan
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/CARA/NOVA), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Tanguy Amodeo
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/CARA/NOVA), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Bénédicte Trouiller
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/VIVA/TOXI), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Anne Braun
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/VIVA/TOXI), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France
| | - Christophe Egles
- Laboratoire BioMécanique et BioIngénierie (BMBI), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, 60205, France.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Ghislaine Lacroix
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), (DRC/VIVA/TOXI), Parc Technologique ALATA-BP 2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, F-60550, France.
| |
Collapse
|
603
|
Moongraksathum B, Lee DS, Chen YW. Monodispersibility and size control in the preparation of spherical titania particles by thermal hydrolysis of TiCl 4 in various solvents. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
604
|
Biola-Clier M, Beal D, Caillat S, Libert S, Armand L, Herlin-Boime N, Sauvaigo S, Douki T, Carriere M. Comparison of the DNA damage response in BEAS-2B and A549 cells exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:161-172. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
605
|
Carter CJ, Blizard RA. Autism genes are selectively targeted by environmental pollutants including pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A, phthalates and many others in food, cosmetics or household products. Neurochem Int 2016; 101:S0197-0186(16)30197-8. [PMID: 27984170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of autism suggests a major environmental influence. Epidemiology has implicated many candidates and genetics many susceptibility genes. Gene/environment interactions in autism were analysed using 206 autism susceptibility genes (ASG's) from the Autworks database to interrogate ∼1 million chemical/gene interactions in the comparative toxicogenomics database. Any bias towards ASG's was statistically determined for each chemical. Many suspect compounds identified in epidemiology, including tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, pesticides, particulate matter, benzo(a)pyrene, heavy metals, valproate, acetaminophen, SSRI's, cocaine, bisphenol A, phthalates, polyhalogenated biphenyls, flame retardants, diesel constituents, terbutaline and oxytocin, inter alia showed a significant degree of bias towards ASG's, as did relevant endogenous agents (retinoids, sex steroids, thyroxine, melatonin, folate, dopamine, serotonin). Numerous other suspected endocrine disruptors (over 100) selectively targeted ASG's including paraquat, atrazine and other pesticides not yet studied in autism and many compounds used in food, cosmetics or household products, including tretinoin, soy phytoestrogens, aspartame, titanium dioxide and sodium fluoride. Autism polymorphisms influence the sensitivity to some of these chemicals and these same genes play an important role in barrier function and control of respiratory cilia sweeping particulate matter from the airways. Pesticides, heavy metals and pollutants also disrupt barrier and/or ciliary function, which is regulated by sex steroids and by bitter/sweet taste receptors. Further epidemiological studies and neurodevelopmental and behavioural research is warranted to determine the relevance of large number of suspect candidates whose addition to the environment, household, food and cosmetics might be fuelling the autism epidemic in a gene-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, Flat 2, 40 Baldslow Road, Hastings, East Sussex, TN34 2EY, UK.
| | - R A Blizard
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
606
|
Proquin H, Rodríguez-Ibarra C, Moonen CGJ, Urrutia Ortega IM, Briedé JJ, de Kok TM, van Loveren H, Chirino YI. Titanium dioxide food additive (E171) induces ROS formation and genotoxicity: contribution of micro and nano-sized fractions. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:139-149. [PMID: 27789654 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1969, the European Union approves food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2), also known as E171 colouring food additive. E171 is a mixture of micro-sized particles (MPs) and nano-sized particles (NPs). Previous studies have indicated adverse effects of oral exposure to E171, i.e. facilitation of colon tumour growth. This could potentially be partially mediated by the capacity to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study is to determine whether E171 exposure induces ROS formation and DNA damage in an in vitro model using human Caco-2 and HCT116 cells and to investigate the contribution of the separate MPs and NPs TiO2 fractions to these effects. After suspension of the particles in Hanks' balanced salt solution buffer and cell culture medium with either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or foetal bovine serum, characterization of the particles was performed by dynamic light scattering, ROS formation was determined by electron spin/paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and DNA damage was determined by the comet and micronucleus assays. The results showed that E171, MPs and NPs are stable in cell culture medium with 0.05% BSA. The capacity for ROS generation in a cell-free environment was highest for E171, followed by NPs and MPs. Only MPs were capable to induce ROS formation in exposed Caco-2 cells. E171, MPs and NPs all induced single-strand DNA breaks. Chromosome damage was shown to be induced by E171, as tested with the micronucleus assay in HCT116 cells. In conclusion, E171 has the capability to induce ROS formation in a cell-free environment and E171, MPs and NPs have genotoxic potential. The capacity of E171 to induce ROS formation and DNA damage raises concerns about potential adverse effects associated with E171 (TiO2) in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Proquin
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW Institute of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Carolina Rodríguez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Estado de Mexico, Mexico and
| | - Carolyn G J Moonen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW Institute of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ismael M Urrutia Ortega
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Estado de Mexico, Mexico and.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Jacob J Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW Institute of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW Institute of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW Institute of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Estado de Mexico, Mexico and
| |
Collapse
|
607
|
Risk assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles via oral exposure, including toxicokinetic considerations. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1515-1525. [PMID: 27680428 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1238113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide white pigment consists of particles of various sizes, from which a fraction is in the nano range (<100 nm). It is applied in food as additive E 171 as well as in other products, such as food supplements and toothpaste. Here, we assessed whether a human health risk can be expected from oral ingestion of these titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), based on currently available information. Human health risks were assessed using two different approaches: Approach 1, based on intake, i.e. external doses, and Approach 2, based on internal organ concentrations using a kinetic model in order to account for accumulation over time (the preferred approach). Results showed that with Approach 1, a human health risk is not expected for effects in liver and spleen, but a human health risk cannot be excluded for effects on the ovaries. When based on organ concentrations by including the toxicokinetics of TiO2 NPs (Approach 2), a potential risk for liver, ovaries and testes is found. This difference between the two approaches shows the importance of including toxicokinetic information. The currently estimated risk can be influenced by factors such as absorption, form of TiO2, particle fraction, particle size and physico-chemical properties in relation to toxicity, among others. Analysis of actual particle concentrations in human organs, as well as organ concentrations and effects in liver and the reproductive system after chronic exposure to well-characterized TiO2 (NPs) in animals are recommended to refine this assessment.
Collapse
|
608
|
Grissa I, Guezguez S, Ezzi L, Chakroun S, Sallem A, Kerkeni E, Elghoul J, El Mir L, Mehdi M, Cheikh HB, Haouas Z. The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on neuroinflammation response in rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20205-20213. [PMID: 27443856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used for their whiteness and opacity in several applications such as food colorants, drug additives, biomedical ceramic, and implanted biomaterials. Research on the neurobiological response to orally administered TiO2 NPs is still limited. In our study, we investigate the effects of anatase TiO2 NPs on the brain of Wistar rats after oral intake. After daily intragastric administration of anatase TiO2 NPs (5-10 nm) at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 60 days, the coefficient of the brain, acethylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, the level of interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assessed to quantify the brain damage. The results showed that high-dose anatase TiO2 NPs could induce a downregulated level of AChE activities and showed an increase in plasmatic IL-6 level as compared to the control group accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease inter-doses, associated to an increase in the cerebral IL-6 level as a response to a local inflammation in brain. Furthermore, we observed elevated levels of immunoreactivity to GFAP in rat cerebral cortex. We concluded that oral intake of anatase TiO2 NPs can induce neuroinflammation and could be neurotoxic and hazardous to health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Intissar Grissa
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Sabrine Guezguez
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Ezzi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sana Chakroun
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amira Sallem
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied at Environment (LaPhyMNE), Faculty of Sciences in Gabes, Gabes University, 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Emna Kerkeni
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jaber Elghoul
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMISU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Teaching Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lassaad El Mir
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMISU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Teaching Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Mehdi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied at Environment (LaPhyMNE), Faculty of Sciences in Gabes, Gabes University, 6072, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zohra Haouas
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytogenetics (UR12ES10), Faculty of Medicine, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
609
|
Cao M, Li J, Tang J, Chen C, Zhao Y. Gold Nanomaterials in Consumer Cosmetics Nanoproducts: Analyses, Characterization, and Dermal Safety Assessment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5488-5496. [PMID: 27562146 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of analytical methods of engineered nanomaterials in consumer products for their human and environmental risk assessment becomes urgent for both academic and industrial needs. Owing to the difficulties and challenges around nanomaterials in complex media, proper chemical separation and biological assays of nanomaterials from nanoproducts needs to be firstly developed. Herein, a facile and rapid method to separate and analyze gold nanomaterials in cosmetics is reported. Gold nanomaterials are successfully separated from different facial or eye creams and their physiochemical properties are analyzed by quantitative and qualitative state-of-the art techniques with high sensitivity or high spatial resolution. In turn, a protocol including quantification of gold by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thorough characterization of morphology, size distribution, and surface property by electron microscopes, atomic force microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope is developed. Subsequently, the preliminary toxicity assessment indicates that gold nanomaterials in cosmetic creams have no observable toxicity to human keratinocytes even after 24 h exposure up to a concentration of 200 μg mL-1 . The environmental scanning electron microscope reveals that gold nanomaterials are mostly attached on the cell membrane. Thus, the present study provides a full analysis protocol for toxicity assessment of gold nanomaterials in consumer products (cosmetic creams).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiayang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
610
|
Development of linear and threshold no significant risk levels for inhalation exposure to titanium dioxide using systematic review and mode of action considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
611
|
Morsella M, d’Alessandro N, Lanterna AE, Scaiano JC. Improving the Sunscreen Properties of TiO 2 through an Understanding of Its Catalytic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:464-469. [PMID: 30023483 PMCID: PMC6044627 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of particulate titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an active sunscreen ingredient has raised concerns about potential risks from TiO2-mediated free radical formation. To date, remediation attempts have concentrated on reducing the yield of free radical generation by TiO2 upon sunlight exposure. The problem with this approach is that given the band gap in TiO2, production of radical and the ensuing reactive oxygen species (ROS) is completely normal. Our strategy is based on a nontoxic, biocompatible shell that neutralizes the free radicals by scavenging them with natural antioxidants before they exit the particle. The new lignin@TiO2 composites preserve the scattering and absorption properties of TiO2 because the particles retain their nanoscale dimensions as preferred by the cosmetic industry. Although the target properties for photocatalysis and sun-protection applications are opposite, we argue that exactly the same knowledge is required to optimize either one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Morsella
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research
and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department
of Engineering and Geology, University G.
d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro, 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Nicola d’Alessandro
- Department
of Engineering and Geology, University G.
d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro, 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Anabel E. Lanterna
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research
and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- E-mail: (A.E.L.)
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research
and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- E-mail: (J.C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
612
|
Karavolos M, Holban A. Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems in Gastrointestinal Targeting: Interactions with Microbiota. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E62. [PMID: 27690060 PMCID: PMC5198037 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new age of nanotechnology has signaled a stream of entrepreneurial possibilities in various areas, form industry to medicine. Drug delivery has benefited the most by introducing nanostructured systems in the transport and controlled release of therapeutic molecules at targeted sites associated with a particular disease. As many nanosized particles reach the gastrointestinal tract by various means, their interactions with the molecular components of this highly active niche are intensively investigated. The well-characterized antimicrobial activities of numerous nanoparticles are currently being considered as a reliable and efficient alternative to the eminent world crisis in antimicrobial drug discovery. The interactions of nanosystems present in the gastrointestinal route with host microbiota is unavoidable; hence, a major research initiative is needed to explore the mechanisms and effects of these nanomaterials on microbiota and the impact that microbiota may have in the outcome of therapies entailing drug delivery nanosystems through the gastrointestinal route. These coordinated studies will provide novel techniques to replace or act synergistically with current technologies and help develop new treatments for major diseases via the discovery of unique antimicrobial molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Holban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 77206, Romania.
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
613
|
Wu N, Hong F, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Exacerbation of innate immune response in mouse primary cultured sertoli cells caused by nanoparticulate TiO 2 involves the TAM/TLR3 signal pathway. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:198-208. [PMID: 27643721 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells provide appropriate mitogens, differentiation factors and sources of energy for developing germ cells throughout the lifetime of males, and protect these germ cells from harmful agents and from the host's own immune system. Therefore, reductions in the rate and quality of spermatogenesis caused by nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2 ) may be closely involved in the immunoregulation of Sertoli cells. However, the underlying mechanism of this response is still unclear. To address this issue, we used mouse primary cultured Sertoli cells to examine the toxic effects of nano-TiO2 via alterations in morphology, cell viability, and activation of the TAM/TLR3 signal pathway. The results demonstrated that nano-TiO2 could cross the cytomembrane into the cytoplasm or nucleus, decrease Sertoli cell viability, damage morphology (such as elongated fusiform, cellular and nuclear shrinkage) and induce the expression of various immune mediators and inflammatory cytokines, including TLR3(+0.31-fold to +0.81-fold), IL-lβ(+0.33-fold to +5.0-fold), NF-κB(+0.22-fold to +3.65-fold), IL-6(+0.47-fold to +3.53-fold), TNF-α(+0.14-fold to +2.44-fold), IFN-α(+0.17-fold to +2.27-fold), and IFN-β(+0.09-fold to +2.29-fold), and suppress the expression of Tyro3(-9.33% to -61.93%), Axl(-19.03% to -60.67%), Mer(-8.04% to -59.16%), and IκB(-34.35% to -86.59%) in primary cultured Sertoli cells. These results suggest that testicular innate immune responses to pathogens caused by nano-TiO2 may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of TAM/TLR3 signaling in testicular Sertoli cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 198-208, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| |
Collapse
|
614
|
Wallin H, Kyjovska ZO, Poulsen SS, Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, Bengtson S, Jackson P, Vogel U. Surface modification does not influence the genotoxic and inflammatory effects of TiO2 nanoparticles after pulmonary exposure by instillation in mice. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:47-57. [PMID: 27658823 PMCID: PMC5180170 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of surface charge of nanomaterials on toxicological effects is not yet fully understood. We investigated the inflammatory response, the acute phase response and the genotoxic effect of two different titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) following a single intratracheal instillation. NRCWE-001 was unmodified rutile TiO2 with endogenous negative surface charge, whereas NRCWE-002 was surface modified to be positively charged. C57BL/6J BomTac mice received 18, 54 and 162 µg/mouse and were humanely killed 1, 3 and 28 days post-exposure. Vehicle controls were tested alongside for comparison. The cellular composition and protein concentration were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as markers for an inflammatory response. Pulmonary and systemic genotoxicity was analysed by the alkaline comet assay as DNA strand breaks in BAL cells, lung and liver tissue. The pulmonary and hepatic acute phase response was analysed by Saa3 mRNA levels in lung tissue or Saa1 mRNA levels in liver tissue by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Instillation of NRCWE-001 and -002 both induced a dose-dependent neutrophil influx into the lung lining fluid and Saa3 mRNA levels in lung tissue at all assessed time points. There was no statistically significant difference between NRCWE-001 and NRCWE-002. Exposure to both TiO2 NPs induced increased levels of DNA strand breaks in lung tissue at all doses 1 and 28 days post-exposure and NRCWE-002 at the low and middle dose 3 days post-exposure. The DNA strand break levels were statistically significantly different for NRCWE-001 and -002 for liver and for BAL cells, but no consistent pattern was observed. In conclusion, functionalisation of reactive negatively charged rutile TiO2 to positively charged did not consistently influence pulmonary toxicity of the studied TiO2 NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark and
| | - Zdenka O Kyjovska
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sarah S Poulsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Petra Jackson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, .,Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
615
|
Yhee JY, Im J, Nho RS. Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Chronic Lung Disease Using Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5090082. [PMID: 27657144 PMCID: PMC5039485 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases include a variety of obstinate and fatal diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancers. Pharmacotherapy is important for the treatment of chronic lung diseases, and current progress in nanoparticles offers great potential as an advanced strategy for drug delivery. Based on their biophysical properties, nanoparticles have shown improved pharmacokinetics of therapeutics and controlled drug delivery, gaining great attention. Herein, we will review the nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for the treatment of chronic lung diseases. Various types of nanoparticles will be introduced, and recent innovative efforts to utilize the nanoparticles as novel drug carriers for the effective treatment of chronic lung diseases will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yhee
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
616
|
Rompelberg C, Heringa MB, van Donkersgoed G, Drijvers J, Roos A, Westenbrink S, Peters R, van Bemmel G, Brand W, Oomen AG. Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1404-1414. [PMID: 27619007 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1222457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly applied to enhance the white colour and brightness of food products. TiO2 is also used as white pigment in other products such as toothpaste. A small fraction of the pigment is known to be present as nanoparticles (NPs). Recent studies with TiO2 NPs indicate that these particles can have toxic effects. In this paper, we aimed to estimate the oral intake of TiO2 and its NPs from food, food supplements and toothpaste in the Dutch population aged 2 to over 70 years by combining data on food consumption and supplement intake with concentrations of Ti and TiO2 NPs in food products and supplements. For children aged 2-6 years, additional intake via ingestion of toothpaste was estimated. The mean long-term intake to TiO2 ranges from 0.06 mg/kg bw/day in elderly (70+), 0.17 mg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 0.67 mg/kg bw/day in children (2-6 year old). The estimated mean intake of TiO2 NPs ranges from 0.19 μg/kg bw/day in elderly, 0.55 μg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 2.16 μg/kg bw/day in young children. Ninety-fifth percentile (P95) values are 0.74, 1.61 and 4.16 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The products contributing most to the TiO2 intake are toothpaste (in young children only), candy, coffee creamer, fine bakery wares and sauces. In a separate publication, the results are used to evaluate whether the presence of TiO2 NPs in these products can pose a human health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Rompelberg
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Minne B Heringa
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Gerda van Donkersgoed
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - José Drijvers
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Agnes Roos
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Susanne Westenbrink
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Ruud Peters
- b RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research Centre , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Greet van Bemmel
- b RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research Centre , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Walter Brand
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| |
Collapse
|
617
|
Stable fluorescence conjugation of ZnO nanoparticles and their size dependent cellular uptake. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:870-877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
618
|
A mechanistic study to increase understanding of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-increased plasma glucose in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:175-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
619
|
Kobayashi T, Oshima Y, Tsubokura Y, Hashizume N, Ajimi S, Kayashima T, Nakai M, Sasaki T, Kawaguchi K, Imatanaka N. Effects of dose volume and delivery device on bronchoalveolar lavage parameters of intratracheally administered nano-sized TiO 2 in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:233-241. [PMID: 27586790 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intratracheal (IT) test is useful for screening the pulmonary toxicity of inhaled materials, including nanomaterials. However, a standard procedure has not yet been authorized internationally, and the effects of different test parameters are unknown. To determine appropriate experimental conditions for the IT test, we intratracheally administered nano-sized TiO2 to male F344 rats at 3.0 mg/kg body weight by using two delivery devices (gavage needle or microaerosolizer) and dose volumes of 0.5-3.0 mL/kg (gavage needle) or 0.5-2.0 mL/kg (microaerosolizer). We evaluated the pulmonary deposition and interlobar distribution of TiO2 at both 30 min and 3 days after administration. In addition, the inflammatory components in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured 3 days after administration of TiO2. At dose volumes of 0.5-2.0 mL/kg, the BAL values were comparable regardless of the device used. In addition, pulmonary TiO2 burden and lobar concentration patterns were equivalent at all combinations of dose volume and delivery device. In conclusion, the acute pulmonary toxicity of nanomaterials can be assessed effectively by using an IT test in which the test agent is provided to rats at a dose volume of 0.5-2.0 mL/kg with either a gavage needle or microaerosolizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kobayashi
- CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-822, Ishii-machi, Hita-shi, Oita, 877-0061, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Oshima
- CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-822, Ishii-machi, Hita-shi, Oita, 877-0061, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsubokura
- CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-822, Ishii-machi, Hita-shi, Oita, 877-0061, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashizume
- CERI Kurume, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-2-7, Miyanojin, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, 839-0801, Japan
| | - Shozo Ajimi
- CERI Hita, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-822, Ishii-machi, Hita-shi, Oita, 877-0061, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kayashima
- Chemical Biotesting Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25, Kouraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakai
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25, Kouraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawaguchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuya Imatanaka
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25, Kouraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
620
|
Abu Zeid EH, Alam RTM, Abd El-Hameed NE. Impact of titanium dioxide on androgen receptors, seminal vesicles and thyroid hormones of male rats: possible protective trial with aged garlic extract. Andrologia 2016; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. H. Abu Zeid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Sharkia Egypt
| | - R. T. M. Alam
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Sharkia Egypt
| | - N. E. Abd El-Hameed
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Sharkia Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
621
|
Assessment of agglomeration, co-sedimentation and trophic transfer of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a laboratory-scale predator-prey model system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31422. [PMID: 27530102 PMCID: PMC4987863 DOI: 10.1038/srep31422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) is the most abundantly released engineered nanomaterial (ENM) in aquatic environments. Therefore, it is prudent to assess its fate and its effects on lower trophic-level organisms in the aquatic food chain. A predator-and-prey-based laboratory microcosm was established using Paramecium caudatum and Escherichia coli to evaluate the effects of nTiO2. The surface interaction of nTiO2 with E. coli significantly increased after the addition of Paramecium into the microcosm. This interaction favoured the hetero-agglomeration and co-sedimentation of nTiO2. The extent of nTiO2 agglomeration under experimental conditions was as follows: combined E. coli and Paramecium > Paramecium only > E. coli only > without E. coli or Paramecium. An increase in nTiO2 internalisation in Paramecium cells was also observed in the presence or absence of E. coli cells. These interactions and nTiO2 internalisation in Paramecium cells induced statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on growth and the bacterial ingestion rate at 24 h. These findings provide new insights into the fate of nTiO2 in the presence of bacterial-ciliate interactions in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
|
622
|
Abeledo-Lameiro MJ, Ares-Mazás E, Gómez-Couso H. Evaluation of solar photocatalysis using TiO2 slurry in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 163:92-9. [PMID: 27543761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a genus of enteric protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary importance, whose oocysts have been reported to occur in different types of water worldwide, offering a great resistant to the water treatment processes. Heterogeneous solar photocatalysis using titanium dioxide (TiO2) slurry was evaluated on inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. Suspensions of TiO2 (0, 63, 100 and 200mg/L) in distilled water (DW) or simulated municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) effluent spiked with C. parvum oocysts were exposed to simulated solar radiation. The use of TiO2 slurry at concentrations of 100 and 200mg/L in DW yielded a high level of oocyst inactivation after 5h of exposure (4.16±2.35% and 15.03±4.54%, respectively, vs 99.33±0.58%, initial value), representing a good improvement relative to the results obtained in the samples exposed without TiO2 (51.06±9.35%). However, in the assays carried out using simulated MWTP effluent, addition of the photocatalyst did not offer better results. Examination of the samples under bright field and epifluorescence microscopy revealed the existence of aggregates comprising TiO2 particles and parasitic forms, which size increased as the concentration of catalyst and the exposure time increased, while the intensity of fluorescence of the oocyst walls decreased. After photocatalytic disinfection process, the recovery of TiO2 slurry by sedimentation provided a substantial reduction in the parasitic load in treated water samples (57.81±1.10% and 82.10±2.64% for 200mg/L of TiO2 in DW and in simulated MWTP effluent, respectively). Although further studies are need to optimize TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection against Cryptosporidium, the results obtained in the present study show the effectiveness of solar photocatalysis using TiO2 slurry in the inactivation of C. parvum oocysts in distilled water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Abeledo-Lameiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elvira Ares-Mazás
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
623
|
Ranjan S, Dasgupta N, Srivastava P, Ramalingam C. A spectroscopic study on interaction between bovine serum albumin and titanium dioxide nanoparticle synthesized from microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:472-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
624
|
Vergaro V, Aldieri E, Fenoglio I, Marucco A, Carlucci C, Ciccarella G. Surface reactivity and in vitro toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) of nanomaterials intermediates of the production of titania-based composites. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:171-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
625
|
Hong F, Wu N, Zhao X, Tian Y, Zhou Y, Chen T, Zhai Y, Ji L. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced dysfunction of cardiac hemodynamics is involved in cardiac inflammation in mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2917-2927. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| | - Nan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| | - Yusheng Tian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| | - Ting Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| | - Yanyu Zhai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| | - Li Ji
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
- School of Life Sciences; Huaiyin Normal University; Huaian 223300 China
| |
Collapse
|
626
|
Chen D, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Zhang LW. Intracellular imaging of quantum dots, gold, and iron oxide nanoparticles with associated endocytic pathways. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27418010 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles (NP) have been used for biomedical applications especially for imaging. Compared to nonmetallic NP, metallic NP provide high contrast images because of their optical light scattering, magnetic resonance, X-ray absorption, or other physicochemical properties. In this review, a series of in vitro imaging techniques for metallic NP will be introduced, meanwhile their strengths and weaknesses will be discussed. By utilizing these imaging methods, the cellular uptake of metallic NP can be easily visualized to better understand the endocytic mechanisms of NP intracellular delivery. Several types of metallic NP that are used for imaging or as contrast agents such as quantum dots, gold, iron oxide, and other metallic NP will be presented. Cellular uptake of metallic NP and associated endocytic mechanisms highly depends upon the NP size, charge, surface coating, shape, or other factors such as cell type, cell differentiation status, cell surface status, external forces, protein binding, temperature, and the biological milieu. Classical endocytic routes such as lipid raft-mediated pathways, clathrin or caveolae-mediated pathways, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis have been investigated, yet there is still a demand to determine other endocytic pathways. Knowing the different methodologies used to determine the endocytic pathways will increase the understanding of NP toxicity, cancer cell targeting, and imaging, so that surface coatings can be created for efficient cell uptake of metallic NP with minimal cytotoxicity WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1419. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1419 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
627
|
Noël A, Truchon G, Cloutier Y, Charbonneau M, Maghni K, Tardif R. Mass or total surface area with aerosol size distribution as exposure metrics for inflammatory, cytotoxic and oxidative lung responses in rats exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:351-364. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233716651560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no consensus on the best exposure metric(s) for expressing nanoparticle (NP) dose. Although surface area has been extensively studied for inflammatory responses, it has not been as thoroughly validated for cytotoxicity or oxidative stress effects. Since inhaled NPs deposit and interact with lung cells based on agglomerate size, we hypothesize that mass concentration combined with aerosol size distribution is suitable for NP risk assessment. The objective of this study was to evaluate different exposure metrics for inhaled 5 nm titanium dioxide aerosols composed of small (SA < 100 nm) or large (LA > 100 nm) agglomerates at 2, 7, and 20 mg/m3 on rat lung inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress responses. We found a significant positive correlation ( r = 0.98, p < 0.01) with the inflammatory reaction, measured by the number of neutrophils and the mass concentration when considering all six (SA + LA) aerosols. This correlation was similar ( r = 0.87) for total surface area. Regarding cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses, measured by lactate dehydrogenase and 8-isoprostane, respectively, and mass or total surface area as an exposure metric, we observed significant positive correlations only with SA aerosols for both the mass concentration and size distribution ( r > 0.91, p < 0.01), as well as for the total surface area ( r > 0.97, p < 0.01). These data show that mass or total surface area concentrations alone are insufficient to adequately predict oxidant and cytotoxic pulmonary effects. Overall, our study indicates that considering NP size distribution along with mass or total surface area concentrations contributes to a more mechanistic discrimination of pulmonary responses to NP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Noël
- Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Institut de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - G Truchon
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - Y Cloutier
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - M Charbonneau
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
- Deceased
| | - K Maghni
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - R Tardif
- Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Institut de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
628
|
Sun Z, Liao T, Sheng L, Kou L, Kim JH, Dou SX. Deliberate Design of TiO
2
Nanostructures towards Superior Photovoltaic Cells. Chemistry 2016; 22:11357-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Sun
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Ting Liao
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials University of Wollongong Squires Way Wollongong, NSW 2500 Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Liyuan Sheng
- Advanced Materials Research Center Shenzhen Institute Peking University, Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 P.R. China
| | - Liangzhi Kou
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials University of Wollongong Squires Way Wollongong, NSW 2500 Australia
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials University of Wollongong Squires Way Wollongong, NSW 2500 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
629
|
Di Bucchianico S, Cappellini F, Le Bihanic F, Zhang Y, Dreij K, Karlsson HL. Genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles assessed by mini-gel comet assay and micronucleus scoring with flow cytometry. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:127-137. [PMID: 27382040 PMCID: PMC5180169 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread production and use of nanoparticles calls for faster and more reliable methods to assess their safety. The main aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of three reference TiO2 nanomaterials (NM) within the frame of the FP7-NANoREG project, with a particular focus on testing the applicability of mini-gel comet assay and micronucleus (MN) scoring by flow cytometry. BEAS-2B cells cultured under serum-free conditions were exposed to NM100 (anatase, 50–150nm), NM101 (anatase, 5–8nm) and NM103 (rutile, 20–28nm) for 3, 24 or 48h mainly at concentrations 1–30 μg/ml. In the mini-gel comet assay (eight gels per slide), we included analysis of (i) DNA strand breaks, (ii) oxidised bases (Fpg-sensitive sites) and (iii) light-induced DNA damage due to photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, MN assays were used and we compared the results of more high-throughput MN scoring with flow cytometry to that of cytokinesis-block MN cytome assay scored manually using a microscope. Various methods were used to assess cytotoxic effects and the results showed in general no or low effects at the doses tested. A weak genotoxic effect of the tested TiO2 materials was observed with an induction of oxidised bases for all three materials of which NM100 was the most potent. When the comet slides were briefly exposed to lab light, a clear induction of DNA strand breaks was observed for the anatase materials, but not for the rutile. This highlights the risk of false positives when testing photocatalytically active materials if light is not properly avoided. A slight increase in MN formation for NM103 was observed in the different MN assays at the lower doses tested (1 and 5 μg/ml). We conclude that mini-gel comet assay and MN scoring using flow cytometry successfully can be used to efficiently study cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Francesca Cappellini
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and.,Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Teknikringen 42, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden and
| |
Collapse
|
630
|
Shakeel M, Jabeen F, Shabbir S, Asghar MS, Khan MS, Chaudhry AS. Toxicity of Nano-Titanium Dioxide (TiO2-NP) Through Various Routes of Exposure: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:1-36. [PMID: 26554951 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most commonly used materials being synthesized for use as one of the top five nanoparticles. Due to the extensive application of TiO2 nanoparticles and their inclusion in many commercial products, the increased exposure of human beings to nanoparticles is possible. This exposure could be routed via dermal penetration, inhalation and oral ingestion or intravenous injection. Therefore, regular evaluation of their potential toxicity and distribution in the bodies of exposed individuals is essential. Keeping in view the potential health hazards of TiO2 nanoparticles for humans, we reviewed the research articles about studies performed on rats or other mammals as animal models. Most of these studies utilized the dermal or skin and the pulmonary exposures as the primary routes of toxicity. It was interesting that only very few studies revealed that the TiO2 nanoparticles could penetrate through the skin and translocate to other tissues, while many other studies demonstrated that no penetration or translocation could happen through the skin. Conversely, the TiO2 nanoparticles that entered through the pulmonary route were translocated to the brain or the systemic circulation from where these reached other organs like the kidney, liver, etc. In most studies, TiO2 nanoparticles appeared to have caused oxidative stress, histopathological alterations, carcinogenesis, genotoxicity and immune disruption. Therefore, the use of such materials in humans must be either avoided or strictly managed to minimise risks for human health in various situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Samina Shabbir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Saleem Khan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
631
|
De Simone U, Lonati D, Ronchi A, Coccini T. Brief exposure to nanosized and bulk titanium dioxide forms induces subtle changes in human D384 astrocytes. Toxicol Lett 2016; 254:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
632
|
Girardello F, Leite CC, Branco CS, Roesch-Ely M, Fernandes AN, Salvador M, Henriques JAP. Antioxidant defences and haemocyte internalization in Limnoperna fortunei exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:190-196. [PMID: 27152940 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) have been incorporated into a large range of materials for different applications in the last decades and are very likely to appear in wastewater and effluents, eventually reaching the aquatic environment. Therefore, the assessment of the biological impact of TiO2-NP on aquatic ecosystem is of a major concern. The mussels represent a target group for TiO2-NP toxicity, as they are filter feeders and are capable of bioaccumulating toxic compounds. Furthermore, the exotic organism Limnoperna fortunei, golden mussel, is a freshwater bivalve that has been used in biomonitoring environmental conditions. In this work, the TiO2-NP's ability to interact with haemocytes of golden mussel was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses were evaluated by superoxide dismutase (Sod) and catalase (Cat) activities and protein sulfhydryl content, which were measured after the golden mussel was exposed to TiO2-NP (1, 5, 10 and 50μgmL(-1)). Results demonstrate that TiO2-NP was internalized by cells, causing alterations in haemocytes membrane. Antioxidant activity of Sod and Cat decreased after 2h TiO2-NP exposure. After 4h exposure, the enzymatic antioxidant activity was restored. Notably, the protein sulfhydryl content decreased after 2h to all the TiO2-NP concentrations and no alterations were observed after 4h of TiO2-NP exposure. These results demonstrate the potential of golden mussel as sentinel organism to TiO2-NP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Girardello
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila Custódio Leite
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Catia Santos Branco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Roesch-Ely
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreia Neves Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Pêgas Henriques
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; Department of Biophysics/Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale Setor 4, Box 43422, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; InnVitro Research and Development, Rua Mariante 180, Sala 902, 90430-180 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
633
|
Yu R, Wu J, Liu M, Chen L, Zhu G, Lu H. Physiological and transcriptional responses of Nitrosomonas europaea to TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and their mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13023-34. [PMID: 26996914 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The short-term combined effects of two most extensively used nanoparticles (NPs) TiO2 NPs (n-TiO2) and ZnO NPs (n-ZnO) versus their individual cytotoxicities on a model ammonia-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrosomonas europaea, were investigated at both physiological and transcriptional levels. n-ZnO exerted more serious impairment effects on cell morphology, cell density, membrane integrity, and ammonia monooxygenase activity than n-TiO2. However, the co-existing n-TiO2 displayed a dose-dependent mitigation effect on n-ZnO cytotoxicity. Consistently, the n-TiO2 and n-ZnO mixture-impacted global transcriptional expression profile, obtained with the whole-genome microarray technique, was more comparable to the n-TiO2-impacted one than that impacted by n-ZnO. The expressions of numerous genes associated with heavy metal scavenging, DNA repair, and oxidative stress response were less up-regulated under the binary impacts of NP mixture than n-ZnO. Moreover, only n-ZnO alone stimulated the up-regulations of heavy metal resistance genes, which further implied the capacity of co-existing n-TiO2 to alleviate n-ZnO cytotoxicity. In addition, the damage of cell membrane structures and the suppression of cell membrane biogenesis-related gene expressions under the influence of either individual NPs or their combinations strongly suggested that the interruption of cell membranes and the associated metabolic activities would probably be one of NPs' critical cytotoxicity mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Junkang Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Meiting Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lianghui Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
634
|
Liu N, Li K, Li X, Chang Y, Feng Y, Sun X, Cheng Y, Wu Z, Zhang H. Crystallographic Facet-Induced Toxicological Responses by Faceted Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6062-6073. [PMID: 27176653 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological responses of nanomaterials have been closely correlated to their physicochemical properties, and establishment of a property-activity relationship of nanomaterials is favorable for a deep understanding of the nanomaterials' toxicity mechanism, prospectively predicting nanomaterials' potential hazards and rationally designing safer nanomaterials. Faceted nanomaterials usually exhibit more versatile and effective performance than spherical nanomaterials due to their selectively exposed crystallographic facets with high densities of unsaturated atoms. These facets have high surface reactivity, capable of eliciting strong interactions with biological systems. Few studies paid attention to the toxic behaviors of faceted nanomaterials in terms of their distinctive facets. In the present study, the toxicological role of the crystallographic facets of TiO2 nanomaterials was investigated, and the precise property-activity relationship was exploited to clearly understand the toxicity of faceted nanomaterials. A series of faceted TiO2 nanocrystals with the morphology of truncated octahedral bipyramids were prepared to expose different percentages of {101} and {001} facets on the surface. Density functional theory calculation revealed that {101} facets could only molecularly absorb water molecules while {001} facets due to their surface-unsaturated Ti atoms could dissociate the absorbed water molecules to generate hydroxyl radicals. Biophysical assessments corroborated the increased production of hydroxyl radicals on the {001} facets compared to {101} facets, which endowed {001} facets with strong hemolytic activity and elicited severe toxicities. A series of increased oxidative stress toxicological responses, including cellular ROS production, heme oxygenase-1 expression, cellular GSH depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunctions, were triggered by faceted TiO2 nanocrystals with progressively increased {001} percentages, demonstrating the toxicological roles of {001} facets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology , 2055 Yan'an Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yun Chang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlin Feng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | | | | | - Zhijian Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
635
|
Fröhlich E, Roblegg E. Oral uptake of nanoparticles: human relevance and the role of in vitro systems. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2297-314. [PMID: 27342244 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) present in environment, consumer and health products, food and medical applications lead to a high degree of human exposure and concerns about potential adverse effects on human health. For the general population, the exposure through contact with the skin, inhalation and oral uptake are most relevant. Since in vivo testing is only partly able to study the effects of human oral exposure, physiologically relevant in vitro systems are being developed. This review compared the three routes taking into account the estimated concentration, size of the exposed area, morphology of the involved barrier and translocation rate. The high amounts of NPs in food, the large absorption area and the relatively high translocation rate identified oral uptake as most important portal of entry for NPs into the body. Changes of NP properties in the physiological fluids, mechanisms to cross mucus and epithelial barrier, and important issues in the use of laboratory animals for oral exposure are mentioned. The ability of in vitro models to address the varying conditions along the oro-gastrointestinal tract is discussed, and requirements for physiologically relevant in vitro testing of orally ingested NPs are listed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
636
|
Rueda-Romero C, Hernández-Pérez G, Ramos-Godínez P, Vázquez-López I, Quintana-Belmares RO, Huerta-García E, Stepien E, López-Marure R, Montiel-Dávalos A, Alfaro-Moreno E. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce the expression of early and late receptors for adhesion molecules on monocytes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:36. [PMID: 27338562 PMCID: PMC4917990 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) could be harmful. Previously, we have shown that TiO2 NPs induces endothelial cell dysfunction and damage in glial cells. Considering that inhaled particles can induce systemic effects and the evidence that nanoparticles may translocate out of the lungs, we evaluated whether different types of TiO2 NPs can induce the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules on monocytes (U937 cell line). We evaluated the role of reactive oxygen spices (ROS) on these effects. METHODS The expression of receptors for early (sLe(x) and PSGL-1) and late (LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3) adhesion molecules was evaluated in U937 cells on a time course (3-24 h) using a wide range of concentrations (0.001-100 μg/mL) of three types of TiO2 NPs (<25 nm anatase, 50 nm anatase-rutile or < 100 nm anatase). Cells exposed to TNFα were considered positive controls, and unexposed cells, negative controls. In some experiments we added 10 μmolar of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to evaluate the role of ROS. RESULTS All tested particles, starting at a concentration of 0.03 μg/mL, induced the expression of receptors for early and late adhesion molecules. The largest increases were induced by the different molecules after 3 h of exposure for sLe(x) and PSGL-1 (up to 3-fold of the positive controls) and after 18 h of exposure for LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3 (up to 2.5-fold of the positive controls). Oxidative stress was observed as early as 10 min after exposure, but the maximum peak was found after 4 h of exposure. Adhesion of exposed or unexposed monocytes to unexposed or exposed endothelial cells was tested, and we observed that monocytes cells adhere in similar amounts to endothelial cells if one of the two cell types, or both were exposed. When NAC was added, the expression of the receptors was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results show that small concentrations of particles may activate monocytes that attach to endothelial cells. These results suggest that distal effects can be induced by small amounts of particles that may translocate from the lungs. ROS play a central role in the induction of the expression of these receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiam Rueda-Romero
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
- Universidad Interserrana del Estado de Puebla, Ahuacatlán, Puebla México
| | - Guillermina Hernández-Pérez
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
- Universidad Interserrana del Estado de Puebla, Ahuacatlán, Puebla México
| | - Pilar Ramos-Godínez
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Subdirección de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Inés Vázquez-López
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raúl Omar Quintana-Belmares
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabeth Huerta-García
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ewa Stepien
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Angélica Montiel-Dávalos
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
637
|
Hsiao IL, Bierkandt FS, Reichardt P, Luch A, Huang YJ, Jakubowski N, Tentschert J, Haase A. Quantification and visualization of cellular uptake of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles: comparison of different ICP-MS techniques. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:50. [PMID: 27334629 PMCID: PMC4918130 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safety assessment of nanoparticles (NPs) requires techniques that are suitable to quantify tissue and cellular uptake of NPs. The most commonly applied techniques for this purpose are based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Here we apply and compare three different ICP-MS methods to investigate the cellular uptake of TiO2 (diameter 7 or 20 nm, respectively) and Ag (diameter 50 or 75 nm, respectively) NPs into differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a cells). Cells were incubated with different amounts of the NPs. Thereafter they were either directly analyzed by laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) or were lysed and lysates were analyzed by ICP-MS and by single particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS). Results All techniques confirmed that smaller particles were taken up to a higher extent when values were converted in an NP number-based dose metric. In contrast to ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS, this measure is already directly provided through SP-ICP-MS. Analysis of NP size distribution in cell lysates by SP-ICP-MS indicates the formation of NP agglomerates inside cells. LA-ICP-MS imaging shows that some of the 75 nm Ag NPs seemed to be adsorbed onto the cell membranes and were not penetrating into the cells, while most of the 50 nm Ag NPs were internalized. LA-ICP-MS confirms high cell-to-cell variability for NP uptake. Conclusions Based on our data we propose to combine different ICP-MS techniques in order to reliably determine the average NP mass and number concentrations, NP sizes and size distribution patterns as well as cell-to-cell variations in NP uptake and intracellular localization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0203-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Lun Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Frank S Bierkandt
- Division of Inorganic Trace Analysis, German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Reichardt
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuh-Jeen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Norbert Jakubowski
- Division of Inorganic Trace Analysis, German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
638
|
Role of Macrophage (M1 and M2) in Titanium-Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Rat. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:1257-1275. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
639
|
Xie J, Pan X, Wang M, Yao L, Liang X, Ma J, Fei Y, Wang PN, Mi L. Targeting and Photodynamic Killing of Cancer Cell by Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide Coupled with Folic Acid. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E113. [PMID: 28335242 PMCID: PMC5302625 DOI: 10.3390/nano6060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has attracted wide attention as a potential photosensitizer (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, bare TiO₂ can only be excited by ultraviolet illumination, and it lacks specific targeting ligands, which largely impede its application. In our study, we produced nitrogen-doped TiO₂ and linked it with an effective cancer cell targeting agent, folic acid (FA), to obtain N-TiO₂-FA nanoconjugates. Characterization of N-TiO₂-FA included Zeta potential, absorption spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that N-TiO₂-FA was successfully produced and it possessed better dispersibility in aqueous solution than unmodified TiO₂. The N-TiO₂-FA was incubated with human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB) and human pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. The KB cells that overexpress folate receptors (FR) on cell membranes were used as FR-positive cancer cells, while A549 cells were used as FR-negative cells. Laser scanning confocal microscopy results showed that KB cells had a higher uptake efficiency of N-TiO₂-FA, which was about twice that of A549 cells. Finally, N-TiO₂-FA is of no cytotoxicity, and has a better photokilling effect on KB cells under visible light irradiation. In conclusion, N-TiO₂-FA can be as high-value as a PS in cancer targeting PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Mengyan Wang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Longfang Yao
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jiong Ma
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Pei-Nan Wang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lan Mi
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photoelectron Platform, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
640
|
Turci F, Pavan C, Leinardi R, Tomatis M, Pastero L, Garry D, Anguissola S, Lison D, Fubini B. Revisiting the paradigm of silica pathogenicity with synthetic quartz crystals: the role of crystallinity and surface disorder. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:32. [PMID: 27286702 PMCID: PMC4902968 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to some - but not all - quartz particles is associated to silicosis, lung cancer and autoimmune diseases. What imparts pathogenicity to any single quartz source is however still unclear. Crystallinity and various surface features are implied in toxicity. Quartz dusts used so far in particle toxicology have been obtained by grinding rocks containing natural quartz, a process which affects crystallinity and yields dusts with variable surface states. To clarify the role of crystallinity in quartz pathogenicity we have grown intact quartz crystals in respirable size. METHODS Quartz crystals were grown and compared with a fractured specimen obtained by grinding the largest synthetic crystals and a mineral quartz (positive control). The key physico-chemical features relevant to particle toxicity - particle size distribution, micromorphology, crystallinity, surface charge, cell-free oxidative potential - were evaluated. Membranolysis was assessed on biological and artificial membranes. Endpoints of cellular stress were evaluated on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by High Content Analysis after ascertaining cellular uptake by bio-TEM imaging of quartz-exposed cells. RESULTS Quartz crystals were grown in the submicron (n-Qz-syn) or micron (μ-Qz-syn) range by modulating the synthetic procedure. Independently from size as-grown quartz crystals with regular intact faces did not elicit cellular toxicity and lysosomal stress on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and were non-membranolytic on liposome and red blood cells. When fractured, synthetic quartz (μ-Qz-syn-f) attained particle morphology and size close to the mineral quartz dust (Qz-f, positive control) and similarly induced cellular toxicity and membranolysis. Fracturing imparted a higher heterogeneity of silanol acidic sites and radical species at the quartz surface. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that the biological activity of quartz dust is not due to crystallinity but to crystal fragmentation, when conchoidal fractures are formed. Besides radical generation, fracturing upsets the expected long-range order of non-radical surface moieties - silanols, silanolates, siloxanes - which disrupt membranes and induce cellular toxicity, both outcomes associated to the inflammatory response to quartz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Linda Pastero
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via V. Caluso 35, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - David Garry
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sergio Anguissola
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
641
|
Pavan C, Polimeni M, Tomatis M, Corazzari I, Turci F, Ghigo D, Fubini B. Editor's Highlight: Abrasion of Artificial Stones as a New Cause of an Ancient Disease. Physicochemical Features and Cellular Responses. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:4-17. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
642
|
Oxidative stress pathways involved in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on cells constitutive of alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:125-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
643
|
Kongseng S, Yoovathaworn K, Wongprasert K, Chunhabundit R, Sukwong P, Pissuwan D. Cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of TiO2 nanoparticles on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1364-73. [PMID: 27225715 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 -NPs) have been widely used in many applications. Owing to their nanoscale size, interactions between cells and NPs have been expansively investigated. With the health concerns raised regarding the adverse effects of these interactions, closer examination of whether TiO2 -NPs can induce toxicity towards human cells is greatly needed. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of TiO2 -NPs towards human blood cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs]) in serum-free medium, for which there is little information regarding the cytotoxic effects of TiO2 -NPs. Our results provide evidence that PBMCs treated with TiO2 -NPs (at concentrations ≥25 μg ml(-1) ) for 24 h significantly reduced cell viability and significantly increased production of toxic mediators such as reactive oxygen species and inflammatory response cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05). Cell apoptosis induction also occurred at these concentrations. Significant expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1β were also observed in PBMCs treated with TiO2 -NPs at concentrations ≥125 μg ml(-1) . Our data presented here clearly indicate that the concentration of TiO2 -NPs (at size ~26.4 ± 1.2 nm) applied to human blood cells has a strong impact on cytotoxic induction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supunsa Kongseng
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krongtong Yoovathaworn
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Rodjana Chunhabundit
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine at Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok
| | - Patinya Sukwong
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dakrong Pissuwan
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok.,Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
644
|
Indirect effects of TiO2 nanoparticle on neuron-glial cell interactions. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:34-44. [PMID: 27216632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are nanomaterials commonly used in consumer products, little is known about their hazardous effects, especially on central nervous systems. To examine this issue, ALT astrocyte-like, BV-2 microglia and differentiated N2a neuroblastoma cells were exposed to 6 nm of 100% anatase TiO2NPs. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was pre-treated to activate glial cells before NP treatment for mimicking NP exposure under brain injury. We found that ALT and BV-2 cells took up more NPs than N2a cells and caused lower cell viability. TiO2NPs induced IL-1β in the three cell lines and IL-6 in N2a. LPS-activated BV-2 took up more TiO2NPs than normal BV-2 and released more intra/extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 than did activated BV-2. Involvement of clathrin- and caveolae-dependent endocytosis in ALT and clathrin-dependent endocytosis and phagocytosis in BV-2 both had a slow NP translocation rate to lysosome, which may cause slow ROS production (after 24 h). Although TiO2NPs did not directly cause N2a viability loss, by indirect NP exposure to the bottom chamber of LPS-activated BV-2 in the Transwell system, they caused late apoptosis and loss of cell viability in the upper N2a chamber due to H2O2 and/or TNF-α release from BV-2. However, none of the adverse effects in N2a or BV-2 cells was observed when TiO2NPs were exposed to ALT-N2a or ALT-BV-2 co-culture. These results demonstrate that neuron damage can result from TiO2NP-mediated ROS and/or cytokines release from microglia, but not from astrocytes.
Collapse
|
645
|
Hashizume N, Oshima Y, Nakai M, Kobayashi T, Sasaki T, Kawaguchi K, Honda K, Gamo M, Yamamoto K, Tsubokura Y, Ajimi S, Inoue Y, Imatanaka N. Categorization of nano-structured titanium dioxide according to physicochemical characteristics and pulmonary toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:490-500. [PMID: 28959572 PMCID: PMC5615941 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A potentially useful means of predicting the pulmonary risk posed by new forms of nano-structured titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is to use the associations between the physicochemical properties and pulmonary toxicity of characterized forms of TiO2. In the present study, we conducted intratracheal administration studies in rats to clarify the associations between the physicochemical characteristics of seven characterized forms of TiO2 and their acute or subacute pulmonary inflammatory toxicity. Examination of the associations between the physicochemical characteristics of the TiO2 and the pulmonary inflammatory responses they induced revealed (1) that differences in the crystallinity or shape of the TiO2 particles were not associated with the acute pulmonary inflammatory response; (2) that particle size was associated with the acute pulmonary inflammatory response; and (3) that TiO2 particles coated with Al(OH)3 induced a greater pulmonary inflammatory response than did non-coated particles. We separated the seven TiO2 into two groups: a group containing the six TiO2 with no surface coating and a group containing the one TiO2 with a surface coating. Intratracheal administration to rats of TiO2 from the first group (i.e., non-coated TiO2) induced only acute pulmonary inflammatory responses, and within this group, the acute pulmonary inflammatory response was equivalent when the particle size was the same, regardless of crystallinity or shape. In contrast, intratracheal administration to rats of the TiO2 from the second group (i.e., the coated TiO2) induced a more severe, subacute pulmonary inflammatory response compared with that produced by the non-coated TiO2. Since alteration of the pulmonary inflammatory response by surface treatment may depend on the coating material used, the pulmonary toxicities of coated TiO2 need to be further evaluated. Overall, the present results demonstrate that physicochemical properties may be useful for predicting the pulmonary risk posed by new nano-TiO2 materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hashizume
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Kurume, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oshima
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakai
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Kobayashi
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawaguchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Honda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Gamo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsubokura
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Shozo Ajimi
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Kurume, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuya Imatanaka
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
646
|
Gali NK, Ning Z, Daoud W, Brimblecombe P. Investigation on the mechanism of non-photocatalytically TiO2 -induced reactive oxygen species and its significance on cell cycle and morphology. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1355-63. [PMID: 27191363 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles are widely used in daily human life, and were reported to elicit biological effects such as oxidative stress either generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) or causing cell necrosis without generating ROS, whose underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet known. In this study, the role of dissolved oxygen in TiO2 catalytic activity in dark environment, and long-term cytotoxic effects of TiO2 exposure were investigated. To determine the effect of dissolved oxygen, the anatase-TiO2 nanoparticle suspension was prepared both in deoxygenated and regular MilliQ water, and a ~ 9-fold higher ROS in regular MilliQ samples was observed compared to deoxygenated samples while in the dark, which suggested dissolved oxygen as the driving agent behind the TiO2 catalytic reaction. On the other hand, the differential cell viability and endogenous ROS activity was demonstrated through a sensitive macrophage-based assay, on a dose- and time-dependent manner. Both the cell number and endogenous ROS activity increased with increase in time till 48 h, followed by a reduction at 72 h exposure period. Long-term exposures to these nanoparticles even at low concentrations were found detrimental to cells, where late apoptosis until 48 h and necrosis at 72 h leading to cell death were noted. Late apoptotic events and cell membrane cytoskeletal actin rearrangement observed were hypothesized to be induced by particle-mediated cellular ROS. This in addition to radical generation ability of TiO2 in the dark will help further in better understanding of the toxicity mechanism in cells beyond ROS generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kumar Gali
- School of Energy & Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy & Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Walid Daoud
- School of Energy & Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- School of Energy & Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
| |
Collapse
|
647
|
Marto J, Ascenso A, Simoes S, Almeida AJ, Ribeiro HM. Pickering emulsions: challenges and opportunities in topical delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1093-107. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1182489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Ascenso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simoes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António J. Almeida
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena M. Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
648
|
Bai W, Chen Y, Sun P, Gao A. Downregulation of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 by overexpressed microRNA 34a enhanced titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced autophagy in BEAS-2B cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1959-71. [PMID: 27226226 PMCID: PMC4866753 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s99945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (TNPs) are manufactured worldwide for a wide range of applications and the toxic effect of TNPs on biological systems is gaining attention. Autophagy is recognized as an emerging toxicity mechanism triggered by nanomaterials. MicroRNA 34a (miR34a) acts as a tumor suppressor gene by targeting many oncogenes, but how it affects autophagy induced by TNPs is not completely understood. Here, we observed the activation of TNP-induced autophagy through monodansylcadaverine staining and LC3-I/LC3-II conversion. Meanwhile, the transmission electron microscope ultrastructural analysis showed typical morphological characteristics in autophagy process. We detected the expression of miR34a and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2). In addition, the underlying mechanism of TNP-induced autophagy was performed using overexpression of miR34a by lentivirus vector transfection. Results showed that TNPs induced autophagy generation evidently. Typical morphological changes in the process of autophagy were observed by the transmission electron microscope ultrastructural analysis and LC3-I/LC3-II conversion increased significantly in TNP-treated cells. Meanwhile, TNPs induced the downregulation of miR34a and increased the expression of Bcl-2. Furthermore, overexpressed miR34a decreased the expression of Bcl-2 both in messenger RNA and protein level, following which the level of autophagy and cell death rate increased after the transfected cells were incubated with TNPs for 24 hours. These findings provide the first evidence that overexpressed miR34a enhanced TNP-induced autophagy and cell death through targeted downregulation of Bcl-2 in BEAS-2B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Bai
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengling Sun
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Gao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
649
|
Rihane N, Nury T, M'rad I, El Mir L, Sakly M, Amara S, Lizard G. Microglial cells (BV-2) internalize titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles: toxicity and cellular responses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9690-9. [PMID: 26846246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Because of their whitening and photocatalytic effects, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are widely used in daily life. These NPs can be found in paints, plastics, papers, sunscreens, foods, medicines (pills), toothpastes, and cosmetics. However, the biological effect of TiO2-NPs on the human body, especially on the central nervous system, is still unclear. Many studies have demonstrated that the brain is one of the target organs in acute or chronic TiO2-NPs toxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of TiO2-NPs at different concentrations (0.1 to 200 μg/mL) on murine microglial cells (BV-2) to assess their activity on cell growth and viability, as well as their neurotoxicity. Different parameters were measured: cell viability, cell proliferation and DNA content (SubG1 peak), mitochondrial depolarization, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (especially superoxide anions), and ultrastructural changes. Results showed that TiO2-NPs induced some cytotoxic effects with a slight inhibition of cell growth. Thus, at high concentrations, TiO2-NPs were not only able to inhibit cell adhesion but also enhanced cytoplasmic membrane permeability to propidium iodide associated with a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and an overproduction of superoxide anions. No induction of apoptosis based on the presence of a SubG1 peak was detected. The microscopic observations also indicated that small groups of nanosized particles and micron-sized aggregates were engulfed by the BV-2 cells and sequestered as intracytoplasmic aggregates after 24-h exposure to TiO2-NPs. Altogether, our data show that the accumulation TiO2-NPs in microglial BV-2 cells favors mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naima Rihane
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia.
- Equipe "Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique" (EA 7270), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Thomas Nury
- Equipe "Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique" (EA 7270), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Imen M'rad
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Lassaad El Mir
- College of Sciences, Department of Physics, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Salem Amara
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Equipe "Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique" (EA 7270), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté/INSERM, 21000, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
650
|
Genotoxicity assessment of intravenously injected titanium dioxide nanoparticles in gpt delta transgenic mice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 802:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|