651
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Shin HM, Kapoor VN, Kim G, Li P, Kim HR, Suresh M, Kaech SM, Wherry EJ, Selin LK, Leonard WJ, Welsh RM, Berg LJ. Transient expression of ZBTB32 in anti-viral CD8+ T cells limits the magnitude of the effector response and the generation of memory. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006544. [PMID: 28827827 PMCID: PMC5578684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections induce CD8+ T cell responses comprised of a large population of terminal effector cells and a smaller subset of long-lived memory cells. The transcription factors regulating the relative expansion versus the long-term survival potential of anti-viral CD8+ T cells are not completely understood. We identified ZBTB32 as a transcription factor that is transiently expressed in effector CD8+ T cells. After acute virus infection, CD8+ T cells deficient in ZBTB32 showed enhanced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses, and generated increased numbers of virus-specific memory cells; in contrast, persistent expression of ZBTB32 suppressed memory cell formation. The dysregulation of CD8+ T cell responses in the absence of ZBTB32 was catastrophic, as Zbtb32-/- mice succumbed to a systemic viral infection and showed evidence of severe lung pathology. We found that ZBTB32 and Blimp-1 were co-expressed following CD8+ T cell activation, bound to each other, and cooperatively regulated Blimp-1 target genes Eomes and Cd27. These findings demonstrate that ZBTB32 is a key transcription factor in CD8+ effector T cells that is required for the balanced regulation of effector versus memory responses to infection. CD8+ T lymphocytes are essential for immune protection against viruses. In response to an infection, these cells are activated, proliferate, and generate antiviral effector cells that eradicate the infection. Following this, the majority of these effector cells die, leaving a small subset of long-lived virus-specific memory T cells. Our study identifies a transcription factor, ZBTB32, that is required for the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses. In its absence, antiviral CD8+ T cell numbers increase to abnormally high levels, and generate an overabundance of memory T cells. When this dysregulated response occurs following infection with a virus that cannot be rapidly eliminated by the immune system, the infected animals die from immune-mediated tissue damage, indicating the importance of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mu Shin
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Varun N. Kapoor
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gwanghun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liisa K. Selin
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Warren J. Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Dept of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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652
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Peng H, Tian Z. Diversity of tissue-resident NK cells. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:3-10. [PMID: 28802693 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells were initially named for their spontaneous tumor-killing capacity, their concept has been greatly expanded with more than 40 years of extensive investigation. Currently, NK cells are known as a heterogeneous population of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family, consisting of different subsets with unique phenotypic and functional features. Recent studies have shown that tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells, which are distinct from conventional NK (cNK) cells, preferentially distribute in non-lymphoid tissues, such as the liver, uterus, salivary gland, and adipose. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the phenotype, function and development of trNK cells across different tissues and describe the similarities and differences between diverse trNK cells and cNK cells, with a particular focus on the tissue-specific characteristics of different trNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
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653
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Granier C, Blanc C, Karaki S, Tran T, Roussel H, Tartour E. Tissue-resident memory T cells play a key role in the efficacy of cancer vaccines. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1358841. [PMID: 29147623 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1358841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident memory CD8+T cells (TRM) usually defined by the CD103 marker represent a new subset of long-lived memory T cells that remain in the tissues. We directly demonstrate their specific role in cancer vaccine-induced tumor regression. In human, they also seem to play a major role in tumor immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Granier
- INSERMU970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 56 Rue Leblanc Paris, France
| | - C Blanc
- INSERMU970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 56 Rue Leblanc Paris, France
| | - S Karaki
- INSERMU970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 56 Rue Leblanc Paris, France
| | - T Tran
- INSERMU970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 56 Rue Leblanc Paris, France
| | - H Roussel
- INSERMU970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 56 Rue Leblanc Paris, France
| | - E Tartour
- INSERMU970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 56 Rue Leblanc Paris, France.,Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Immunology, 20 Rue Leblanc Paris, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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654
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Zielinski CE. Human T cell immune surveillance: Phenotypic, functional and migratory heterogeneity for tailored immune responses. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:125-129. [PMID: 28827022 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human immune system constantly provides a balance between pathogen clearance as well as tolerance for autoantigens and the commensal microbiota. This is achieved by immune responses, which are highly specialized and diversified in terms of their phenotype, function, regulation and location. Despite the complexity that is inherent to human immunity, our current knowledge is primarily shaped by very reductionist insights gained from peripheral blood T cells. Since only 2% of human T cells recirculate in the blood, the vast majority remains undetected by common sampling strategies and therefore unexplored. This review highlights and discusses recent developments in human T cell immune surveillance with a particular focus on functional and migratory T cell heterogeneity and provides a critical framework for new conceptual ideas, which could serve as a starting point in the quest for novel targeted therapies for chronic tissue restricted inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Zielinski
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany.
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655
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Ganesan AP, Clarke J, Wood O, Garrido-Martin EM, Chee SJ, Mellows T, Samaniego-Castruita D, Singh D, Seumois G, Alzetani A, Woo E, Friedmann PS, King EV, Thomas GJ, Sanchez-Elsner T, Vijayanand P, Ottensmeier CH. Tissue-resident memory features are linked to the magnitude of cytotoxic T cell responses in human lung cancer. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:940-950. [PMID: 28628092 PMCID: PMC6036910 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that boost the anti-tumor responses of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have shown promise; however, clinical responses to the immunotherapeutic agents currently available vary considerably, and the molecular basis of this is unclear. We performed transcriptomic profiling of tumor-infiltrating CTLs from treatment-naive patients with lung cancer to define the molecular features associated with the robustness of anti-tumor immune responses. We observed considerable heterogeneity in the expression of molecules associated with activation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and of immunological-checkpoint molecules such as 4-1BB, PD-1 and TIM-3. Tumors with a high density of CTLs showed enrichment for transcripts linked to tissue-resident memory cells (TRM cells), such as CD103, and CTLs from CD103hi tumors displayed features of enhanced cytotoxicity. A greater density of TRM cells in tumors was predictive of a better survival outcome in lung cancer, and this effect was independent of that conferred by CTL density. Here we define the 'molecular fingerprint' of tumor-infiltrating CTLs and identify potentially new targets for immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2/genetics
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunotherapy
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha-Preethi Ganesan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - James Clarke
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eva M Garrido-Martin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Serena J Chee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Toby Mellows
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Divya Singh
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Grégory Seumois
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Edwin Woo
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter S Friedmann
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma V King
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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656
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Cortez VS, Ulland TK, Cervantes-Barragan L, Bando JK, Robinette ML, Wang Q, White AJ, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Colonna M. SMAD4 impedes the conversion of NK cells into ILC1-like cells by curtailing non-canonical TGF-β signaling. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:995-1003. [PMID: 28759002 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the features that distinguish type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) from natural killer (NK) cells is a gene signature indicative of 'imprinting' by cytokines of the TGF-β family. We studied mice in which ILC1s and NK cells lacked SMAD4, a signal transducer that facilitates the canonical signaling pathway common to all cytokines of the TGF-β family. While SMAD4 deficiency did not affect ILC1 differentiation, NK cells unexpectedly acquired an ILC1-like gene signature and were unable to control tumor metastasis or viral infection. Mechanistically, SMAD4 restrained non-canonical TGF-β signaling mediated by the cytokine receptor TGFβR1 in NK cells. NK cells from a SMAD4-deficient person affected by polyposis were also hyper-responsive to TGF-β. These results identify SMAD4 as a previously unknown regulator that restricts non-canonical TGF-β signaling in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Cortez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer K Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michelle L Robinette
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew J White
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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657
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Hobit expression by a subset of human liver-resident CD56 bright Natural Killer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6676. [PMID: 28751776 PMCID: PMC5532267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses show a high degree of tissue specificity shaped by factors influencing tissue egress and retention of immune cells. The transcription factor Hobit was recently shown to regulate tissue-residency in mice. Whether Hobit acts in a similar capacity in humans remains unknown. Our aim was to assess the expression and contribution of Hobit to tissue-residency of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the human liver. The human liver was enriched for CD56bright NK cells showing increased expression levels of the transcription factor Hobit. Hobitpos CD56bright NK cells in the liver exhibited high levels of CD49a, CXCR6 and CD69. Hobitpos CD56bright NK cells in the liver furthermore expressed a unique set of transcription factors with higher frequencies and levels of T-bet and Blimp-1 when compared to Hobitneg CD56bright NK cells. Taken together, we show that the transcription factor Hobit identifies a subset of NK cells in human livers that express a distinct set of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors consistent with tissue residency. These data suggest that Hobit is involved in regulating tissue-residency of human intrahepatic CD56bright NK cells in a subset of NK cells in inflamed livers.
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658
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Stelma F, de Niet A, Sinnige MJ, van Dort KA, van Gisbergen KPJM, Verheij J, van Leeuwen EMM, Kootstra NA, Reesink HW. Human intrahepatic CD69 + CD8+ T cells have a tissue resident memory T cell phenotype with reduced cytolytic capacity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6172. [PMID: 28733665 PMCID: PMC5522381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) have been identified in various tissues, however human liver TRM to date remain unidentified. TRM can be recognized by CD69 and/or CD103 expression and may play a role in the pathology of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and hepatitis C virus infection (CHC). Liver and paired blood mononuclear cells from 17 patients (including 4 CHB and 6 CHC patients) were isolated and CD8+ T cells were comprehensively analysed by flowcytometry, immunohistochemistry and qPCR. The majority of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells expressed CD69, a marker used to identify TRM, of which a subset co-expressed CD103. CD69 + CD8+ T cells expressed low levels of S1PR1 and KLF2 and a large proportion (>90%) was CXCR6+, resembling liver TRM in mice and liver resident NK cells in human. Cytotoxic proteins were only expressed in a small fraction of liver CD69 + CD8+ T cells in patients without viral hepatitis, however, in livers from CHB patients more CD69 + CD8+ T cells were granzyme B+. In CHC patients, less intrahepatic CD69 + CD8+ T cells were Hobit+ as compared to CHB and control patients. Intrahepatic CD69 + CD8+ T cells likely TRM which have a reduced cytolytic potential. In patients with chronic viral hepatitis TRM have a distinct phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Stelma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annikki de Niet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan J Sinnige
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel A van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ester M M van Leeuwen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik W Reesink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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659
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Wnt Signaling as Master Regulator of T-Lymphocyte Responses: Implications for Transplant Therapy. Transplantation 2017; 100:2584-2592. [PMID: 27861287 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cell-mediated immune responses to the grafted tissues are the major reason for failed organ transplantation. The regulation of T cell responses is complex and involves major histocompatibility complex molecules on transplanted organs, cytokines, regulatory cells, and antigen-presenting cells. The evolutionary conserved Wnt signal transduction pathway has long been known for its importance in development of stem cells and immature T cells in the thymus. Recent evidence indicates the Wnt pathway as a master regulator of T cell immune responses via governing the balance between T helper 17/regulatory T cells and by regulating the formation of effector and memory cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses. In doing so, Wnt signals influence the outcome of immune responses in transplantation settings.
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660
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Pizzolla A, Nguyen THO, Smith JM, Brooks AG, Kedzieska K, Heath WR, Reading PC, Wakim LM. Resident memory CD8 + T cells in the upper respiratory tract prevent pulmonary influenza virus infection. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/12/eaam6970. [PMID: 28783656 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nasal epithelial tissue of the upper respiratory tract is the first site of contact by inhaled pathogens such as influenza virus. We show that this region is key to limiting viral spread to the lower respiratory tract and associated disease pathology. Immunization of the upper respiratory tract leads to the formation of local tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm cells). Unlike Trm cells in the lung, these cells develop independently of local cognate antigen recognition and transforming growth factor-β signaling and persist with minimal decay, representing a long-term protective population. Repertoire characterization revealed unexpected differences between lung and nasal tissue Trm cells, the composition of which was shaped by the developmental need for lung, but not nasal, Trm cells to recognize antigen within their local tissue. We show that influenza-specific Trm cells in the nasal epithelia can block the transmission of influenza virus from the upper respiratory tract to the lung and, in doing so, prevent the development of severe pulmonary disease. Our findings reveal the protective capacity and longevity of upper respiratory tract Trm cells and highlight the potential of targeting these cells to augment protective responses induced to respiratory viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzieska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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661
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Pallett LJ, Davies J, Colbeck EJ, Robertson F, Hansi N, Easom NJW, Burton AR, Stegmann KA, Schurich A, Swadling L, Gill US, Male V, Luong T, Gander A, Davidson BR, Kennedy PTF, Maini MK. IL-2 high tissue-resident T cells in the human liver: Sentinels for hepatotropic infection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1567-1580. [PMID: 28526759 PMCID: PMC5461007 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver provides a tolerogenic immune niche exploited by several highly prevalent pathogens as well as by primary and metastatic tumors. We have sampled healthy and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected human livers to probe for a subset of T cells specialized to overcome local constraints and mediate immunity. We characterize a population of T-betloEomesloBlimp-1hiHobitlo T cells found within the intrahepatic but not the circulating memory CD8 T cell pool expressing liver-homing/retention markers (CD69+CD103+ CXCR6+CXCR3+). These tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are preferentially expanded in patients with partial immune control of HBV infection and can remain in the liver after the resolution of infection, including compartmentalized responses against epitopes within all major HBV proteins. Sequential IL-15 or antigen exposure followed by TGFβ induces liver-adapted TRM, including their signature high expression of exhaustion markers PD-1 and CD39. We suggest that these inhibitory molecules, together with paradoxically robust, rapid, cell-autonomous IL-2 and IFNγ production, equip liver CD8 TRM to survive while exerting local noncytolytic hepatic immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Emily J Colbeck
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Francis Robertson
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Navjyot Hansi
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Nicholas J W Easom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Victoria Male
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - TuVinh Luong
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Amir Gander
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
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662
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Dadi S, Li MO. Tissue-resident lymphocytes: sentinel of the transformed tissue. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:41. [PMID: 28515941 PMCID: PMC5433173 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells can be detected and cleared by lymphocytes in a process termed cancer immunosurveillance. However, the contributing cell types had not been fully characterized. Using oncogene-induced murine models of epithelial cancer, a recent study showed that cell transformation triggers expansion of tissue-resident lymphocytes derived from innate, T cell receptor (TCR) αβ and TCRγδ lineages. These type-1-like innate lymphoid cells (ILC1ls) and type 1 innate-like T cells (ILTC1s) share a gene expression program distinct from those of conventional lymphocytes, and exhibit cytolytic activities against tumor cells. Further deciphering such a tumor-elicited immunosurveillance mechanism may 1 day be harnessed for novel cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïda Dadi
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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663
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Post M, Cuapio A, Osl M, Lehmann D, Resch U, Davies DM, Bilban M, Schlechta B, Eppel W, Nathwani A, Stoiber D, Spanholtz J, Casanova E, Hofer E. The Transcription Factor ZNF683/HOBIT Regulates Human NK-Cell Development. Front Immunol 2017; 8:535. [PMID: 28555134 PMCID: PMC5430038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified ZNF683/HOBIT as the most highly upregulated transcription factor gene during ex vivo differentiation of human CD34+ cord blood progenitor cells to CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. ZNF683/HOBIT mRNA was preferentially expressed in NK cells compared to other human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. During ex vivo differentiation, ZNF683/HOBIT mRNA started to increase shortly after addition of IL-15 and further accumulated in parallel to the generation of CD56+ NK cells. shRNA-mediated knockdown of ZNF683/HOBIT resulted in a substantial reduction of CD56−CD14− NK-cell progenitors and the following generation of CD56+ NK cells was largely abrogated. The few CD56+ NK cells, which escaped the developmental inhibition in the ZNF683/HOBIT knockdown cultures, displayed normal levels of NKG2A and KIR receptors. Functional analyses of these cells showed no differences in degranulation capacity from control cultures. However, the proportion of IFN-γ-producing cells appeared to be increased upon ZNF683/HOBIT knockdown. These results indicate a key role of ZNF683/HOBIT for the differentiation of the human NK-cell lineage and further suggest a potential negative control on IFN-γ production in more mature human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Post
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Osl
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorit Lehmann
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Resch
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Davies
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schlechta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amit Nathwani
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emilio Casanova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erhard Hofer
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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664
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Beura LK, Rosato PC, Masopust D. Implications of Resident Memory T Cells for Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1167-1175. [PMID: 27804207 PMCID: PMC5409891 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established resident memory T cells (TRM ) as the dominant memory lymphocyte population surveying most nonlymphoid tissues. Unlike other memory T cell lineages, TRM do not recirculate through blood and are permanently confined to their tissue of residence. TRM orchestrate local immune responses and have been shown to accelerate local pathogen control in many experimental infection models. Here we briefly summarize recent advances in TRM differentiation, maintenance, and their protective function. While little is known, we have speculated on the potential implications of TRM for transplantation biology. Areas of emphasis include the role of passenger TRM in controlling latent viral recrudescence in donor organs, donor TRM as a source of graft-versus-host disease, the ability of TRM to potently induce inflammation through sensing and alarm functions, and differentiation of host T cells into TRM in response to local cues inside the allograft. Further investigation of TRM in the context of transplantation might identify therapeutic targets to prolong graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K. Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Pamela C. Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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665
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Samji T, Khanna KM. Understanding memory CD8 + T cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 185:32-39. [PMID: 28274794 PMCID: PMC5508124 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells were originally thought to exist as two populations (effector and central memory). In recent years, a third population called resident memory T cells has been discovered and further to this these populations are being divided into different subtypes. Understanding the function and developmental pathways of memory CD8+ T cells is key to developing effective therapies against cancer and infectious diseases. Here we have reviewed what is currently known about all three subsets of memory CD8+ T populations and as to how each population was originally discovered and the developmental pathways of each subpopulation. Each memory population appears to play a distinct role in adaptive immune responses but we are still a long way from understanding how the populations are generated and what roles they play in protection against invading pathogens and if they contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Samji
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America.
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666
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The emerging role of ECM crosslinking in T cell mobility as a hallmark of immunosenescence in humans. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:322-335. [PMID: 27876574 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is thought to result from cellular aging and to reflect exposure to environmental stressors and antigens, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, not all of the features of immunosenescence are consistent with this view, and this has led to the emergence of the sister theory of "inflammaging". The recently discovered diffuse tissue distribution of resident memory T cells (TRM) which don't recirculate, calls these theories into question. These cells account for most T cells residing in barrier epithelia which sit in and travel through the extracellular matrix (ECM). With almost all studies to date carried out on peripheral blood, the age-related changes of the ECM and their consequences for T cell mobility, which is crucial for the function of these cells, have been largely ignored. We propose an update of the theoretical framework of immunosenescence, based on a novel hypothesis: the increasing stiffness and cross-linking of the senescent ECM lead to a progressive immunodeficiency due to an age-related decrease in T cell mobility and eventually the death of these cells. A key element of this mechanism is the mechanical stress to which the cell cytoplasm and nucleus are subjected during passage through the ECM. This hypothesis is based on an "evo-devo" perspective bringing together some major characteristics of aging, to create a single interpretive framework for immunosenescence.
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667
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Faria AMC, Reis BS, Mucida D. Tissue adaptation: Implications for gut immunity and tolerance. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1211-1226. [PMID: 28432200 PMCID: PMC5413340 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Faria et al. discuss the concept that immune cells undergo specialized adaptation to tissue-specific conditions and its potential implications for tolerance and immunity. Tissue adaptation is an intrinsic component of immune cell development, influencing both resistance to pathogens and tolerance. Chronically stimulated surfaces of the body, in particular the gut mucosa, are the major sites where immune cells traffic and reside. Their adaptation to these environments requires constant discrimination between natural stimulation coming from harmless microbiota and food, and pathogens that need to be cleared. This review will focus on the adaptation of lymphocytes to the gut mucosa, a highly specialized environment that can help us understand the plasticity of leukocytes arriving at various tissue sites and how tissue-related factors operate to shape immune cell fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M C Faria
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270901, Brazil
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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668
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Takamura S. Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:438-450. [PMID: 28418771 PMCID: PMC5512299 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. Thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-lasting protective immunity to those pathogens is a major public health priority. CD8+ Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a newly defined population that resides permanently in the nonlymphoid tissues including the lung. These cells are capable of providing local protection immediately after infection, thereby promoting rapid host recovery. Recent studies have offered new insights into the anatomical niches that harbor lung CD8+ TRM cells, and also identified the requirement and limitations of TRM maintenance. However, it remains controversial whether lung CD8+ TRM cells are continuously replenished by new cells from the circulation or permanently lodged in this site. A better understanding of how lung CD8+ TRM cells are generated and maintained and the tissue-specific factors that drive local TRM formation is required for optimal vaccine development. This review focuses on recent advance in our understanding of CD8+ TRM cell establishment and maintenance in the lung, and describes how those processes are uniquely regulated in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University , Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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669
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Maru S, Jin G, Schell TD, Lukacher AE. TCR stimulation strength is inversely associated with establishment of functional brain-resident memory CD8 T cells during persistent viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006318. [PMID: 28410427 PMCID: PMC5406018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing functional tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells at sites of infection is a newfound objective of T cell vaccine design. To directly assess the impact of antigen stimulation strength on memory CD8 T cell formation and function during a persistent viral infection, we created a library of mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) variants with substitutions in a subdominant CD8 T cell epitope that exhibit a broad range of efficiency in stimulating TCR transgenic CD8 T cells. By altering a subdominant epitope in a nonstructural viral protein and monitoring memory differentiation of donor monoclonal CD8 T cells in immunocompetent mice, we circumvented potentially confounding changes in viral infection levels, virus-associated inflammation, size of the immunodominant virus-specific CD8 T cell response, and shifts in TCR affinity that may accompany temporal recruitment of endogenous polyclonal cells. Using this strategy, we found that antigen stimulation strength was inversely associated with the function of memory CD8 T cells during a persistent viral infection. We further show that CD8 TRM cells recruited to the brain following systemic infection with viruses expressing epitopes with suboptimal stimulation strength respond more efficiently to challenge CNS infection with virus expressing cognate antigen. These data demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation during recruitment of CD8 T cells influences the functional integrity of TRM cells in a persistent viral infection. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are a subset of memory T cells that primarily reside in non-lymphoid tissues and serve as sentinels and effectors against secondary infections. TRM cells have been extensively characterized in mucosal barriers, but much less is known about this population in non-barrier sites such as the brain. In this study, we designed a novel strategy to evaluate the impact of T cell stimulation strength on the generation and functionality of memory CD8 T cells in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Using a mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) library expressing variants of a subdominant epitope recognized by TCR transgenic CD8 T cells, we found that systemic infection producing weaker responses during T cell priming was sufficient for recruitment of effector cells to the brain. Furthermore, lower stimulation conferred greater functionality to memory T cells in the spleen and to brain TRM cells. Our findings demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation experienced by a naïve T cell early in infection is a determinant of memory functional integrity during viral persistence in a non-barrier organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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670
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Harty JT. Influenza-induced lung T rm: not all memories last forever. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:651-655. [PMID: 28405016 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the light of new findings that lung tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm) represent major mediators of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus, it is of utmost importance to understand the basic biological mechanisms behind induction, formation and maintenance of this cell population. Addressing these important knowledge gaps will potentially inform development of superior, broadly protective influenza vaccines and new immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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671
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Landrith TA, Sureshchandra S, Rivera A, Jang JC, Rais M, Nair MG, Messaoudi I, Wilson EH. CD103 + CD8 T Cells in the Toxoplasma-Infected Brain Exhibit a Tissue-Resident Memory Transcriptional Profile. Front Immunol 2017; 8:335. [PMID: 28424687 PMCID: PMC5372813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic infection, memory T cells acquire a unique phenotype and become dependent on different survival signals than those needed for memory T cells generated during an acute infection. The distinction between the role of effector and memory T cells in an environment of persistent antigen remains unclear. Here, in the context of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection, we demonstrate that a population of CD8 T cells exhibiting a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype accumulates within the brain. We show that this population is distributed throughout the brain in both parenchymal and extraparenchymal spaces. Furthermore, this population is transcriptionally distinct and exhibits a transcriptional signature consistent with the TRM observed in acute viral infections. Finally, we establish that the CD103+ TRM population has an intrinsic capacity to produce both IFN-γ and TNF-α, cytokines critical for parasite control within the central nervous system (CNS). The contribution of this population to pro-inflammatory cytokine production suggests an important role for TRM in protective and ongoing immune responses in the infected CNS. Accession number: GSE95105
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Landrith
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Rivera
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jessica C Jang
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maham Rais
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Emma H Wilson
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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672
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Lim AI, Verrier T, Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP. Developmental options and functional plasticity of innate lymphoid cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 44:61-68. [PMID: 28359987 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are lineage- and antigen receptor-negative lymphocytes including natural killer (NK) cells and at least three distinguishable cell subsets (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3) that rapidly produce cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22) upon activation. As such, ILCs can act as first-line defenders in the context of infection, inflammation and cancer. Because of the strong conservation between the expression of key transcription factors that can drive signature cytokine outputs in ILCs and differentiated helper T cells, it has been proposed that ILCs represent innate counterparts of the latter. Several distinct ILC precursors (ILCP) with pan-ILC (giving rise to all ILCs) or subset-restricted potentials have been described in both mouse and man. How and where these different ILCP give rise to more mature tissue-resident ILCs remains unclear. Recently, environmental signals have been shown to epigenetically influence canonical ILC differentiation pathways, generating substantial functional plasticity. These new results suggest that while ILC differentiation may be 'fixed' in principle, it remains 'flexible' in practice. A more comprehensive knowledge in the molecular mechanisms that regulate ILC development and effector functions may allow for therapeutic manipulation of ILCs for diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ing Lim
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Verrier
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christian Aj Vosshenrich
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France.
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673
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Oja AE, Vieira Braga FA, Remmerswaal EBM, Kragten NAM, Hertoghs KML, Zuo J, Moss PA, van Lier RAW, van Gisbergen KPJM, Hombrink P. The Transcription Factor Hobit Identifies Human Cytotoxic CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:325. [PMID: 28392788 PMCID: PMC5364140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell lineage is commonly divided into CD4-expressing helper T cells that polarize immune responses through cytokine secretion and CD8-expressing cytotoxic T cells that eliminate infected target cells by virtue of the release of cytotoxic molecules. Recently, a population of CD4+ T cells that conforms to the phenotype of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells has received increased recognition. These cytotoxic CD4+ T cells display constitutive expression of granzyme B and perforin at the protein level and mediate HLA class II-dependent killing of target cells. In humans, this cytotoxic profile is found within the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)-specific, but not within the influenza- or Epstein–Barr virus-specific CD4+ T cell populations, suggesting that, in particular, hCMV infection induces the formation of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. We have previously described that the transcription factor Homolog of Blimp-1 in T cells (Hobit) is specifically upregulated in CD45RA+ effector CD8+ T cells that arise after hCMV infection. Here, we describe the expression pattern of Hobit in human CD4+ T cells. We found Hobit expression in cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and accumulation of Hobit+ CD4+ T cells after primary hCMV infection. The Hobit+ CD4+ T cells displayed highly overlapping characteristics with Hobit+ CD8+ T cells, including the expression of cytotoxic molecules, T-bet, and CX3CR1. Interestingly, γδ+ T cells that arise after hCMV infection also upregulate Hobit expression and display a similar effector phenotype as cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest a shared differentiation pathway in CD4+, CD8+, and γδ+ T cells that may involve Hobit-driven acquisition of long-lived cytotoxic effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Felipe A Vieira Braga
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam-Zuidoost, Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Kirsten M L Hertoghs
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - Paul A Moss
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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674
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McNamara HA, Cai Y, Wagle MV, Sontani Y, Roots CM, Miosge LA, O'Connor JH, Sutton HJ, Ganusov VV, Heath WR, Bertolino P, Goodnow CG, Parish IA, Enders A, Cockburn IA. Up-regulation of LFA-1 allows liver-resident memory T cells to patrol and remain in the hepatic sinusoids. Sci Immunol 2017; 2. [PMID: 28707003 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaj1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver-resident CD8+ T cells are highly motile cells that patrol the vasculature and provide protection against liver pathogens. A key question is: how can these liver CD8+ T cells be simultaneously present in the circulation and tissue-resident? Because liver-resident T cells do not express CD103 - a key integrin for T cell residence in epithelial tissues - we investigated other candidate adhesion molecules. Using intra-vital imaging we found that CD8+ T cell patrolling in the hepatic sinusoids is dependent upon LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions. Interestingly, liver-resident CD8+ T cells up-regulate LFA-1 compared to effector-memory cells, presumably to facilitate this behavior. Finally, we found that LFA-1 deficient CD8+ T cells failed to form substantial liver-resident memory populations following Plasmodium or LCMV immunization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that it is adhesion through LFA-1 that allows liver-resident memory CD8+ T cells to patrol and remain in the hepatic sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A McNamara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - M V Wagle
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - Y Sontani
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - C M Roots
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - L A Miosge
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - J H O'Connor
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - H J Sutton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - V V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - W R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - P Bertolino
- Liver Immunology Program, Centenary Institute and AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Locked Bag No. 6, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - C G Goodnow
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia.,Immunogenomics Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - I A Parish
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - A Enders
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - I A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
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675
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Kallies A, Good-Jacobson KL. Transcription Factor T-bet Orchestrates Lineage Development and Function in the Immune System. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:287-297. [PMID: 28279590 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-bet was originally described as the key transcription factor defining type 1 T helper (Th) cells. However, it is now clear that it drives the orchestrated generation of effector and memory cells in multiple different lymphocyte lineages. In addition to Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, B cells and some innate lymphocyte populations require T-bet for their development or differentiation in response to antigen. Furthermore, other Th cell populations, including T follicular helper and Th17, as well as regulatory T cells can co-opt T-bet expression to promote functional diversification and colocalization. Thus, T-bet broadly regulates transcriptional programs in response to type 1 inflammatory signals and mediates the coordinated differentiation, function, migration and survival of effector and memory lymphocyte subsets in the affected tissue. Therefore, T-bet expression is essential for effective clearance of pathogens and maintenance of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kallies
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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676
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Verstichel G, Vermijlen D, Martens L, Goetgeluk G, Brouwer M, Thiault N, Van Caeneghem Y, De Munter S, Weening K, Bonte S, Leclercq G, Taghon T, Kerre T, Saeys Y, Van Dorpe J, Cheroutre H, Vandekerckhove B. The checkpoint for agonist selection precedes conventional selection in human thymus. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/8/eaah4232. [PMID: 28783686 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The thymus plays a central role in self-tolerance, partly by eliminating precursors with a T cell receptor (TCR) that binds strongly to self-antigens. However, the generation of self-agonist-selected lineages also relies on strong TCR signaling. How thymocytes discriminate between these opposite outcomes remains elusive. Here, we identified a human agonist-selected PD-1+ CD8αα+ subset of mature CD8αβ+ T cells that displays an effector phenotype associated with agonist selection. TCR stimulation of immature post-β-selection thymocyte blasts specifically gives rise to this innate subset and fixes early T cell receptor alpha variable (TRAV) and T cell receptor alpha joining (TRAJ) rearrangements in the TCR repertoire. These findings suggest that the checkpoint for agonist selection precedes conventional selection in the human thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet Verstichel
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Biopharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, accès 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Data Mining and Modeling for Systems Immunology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Inflammation Research Center, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margreet Brouwer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Thiault
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yasmine Van Caeneghem
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bonte
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Systems Immunology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Inflammation Research Center, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical and Forensic Pathology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, MRB2, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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677
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Davies B, Prier JE, Jones CM, Gebhardt T, Carbone FR, Mackay LK. Cutting Edge: Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Generated by Multiple Immunizations or Localized Deposition Provide Enhanced Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2233-2237. [PMID: 28159905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have been shown to afford superior protection against infection, particularly against pathogens that enter via the epithelial surfaces of the body. Although TRM are often concentrated at sites of prior infection, it has been shown that TRM can disseminate throughout the body. We examined the relative effectiveness of global versus targeted CD8+ TRM lodgment in skin. The site of initial T cell priming made little difference to skin lodgement, whereas local inflammation and Ag recognition enhanced TRM accumulation and retention. Disseminated TRM lodgment was seen with the skin, but required multiple exposures to Ag and was inferior to targeted strategies. As a consequence, active recruitment by inflammation or infection resulted in superior TRM numbers and maximal protection against infection. Overall, these results highlight the potency of localized TRM deposition as a means of pathogen control as well as demonstrating the limitations of global TRM lodgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Julia E Prier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Francis R Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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678
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Mackay LK, Kallies A. Transcriptional Regulation of Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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679
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Rosato PC, Beura LK, Masopust D. Tissue resident memory T cells and viral immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:44-50. [PMID: 27987416 PMCID: PMC5346042 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) constitute a recently identified T cell lineage that is responsible for frontline defense against viral infections. In contrast to central and effector memory T cells, which constitutively recirculate between tissues and blood, TRM reside permanently within tissues. As the main surveyors of non-lymphoid tissues, TRM are positioned to rapidly respond upon reinfection at barrier sites. During a viral reinfection, TRM trigger the local tissue environment to activate and recruit immune cells and establish an antiviral state. Consistent with this function, there is empirical evidence that TRM accelerate control in the event of reinfection or possible reactivation of latent infections in solid organs and barrier tissues. Here we review recent literature highlighting the protective functions of TRM in multiple viral challenge models and contextualize the implications of these findings for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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680
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Abstract
T cells are required for immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS); however, they can also induce severe immunopathology in the context of both viral infections and autoimmunity. The mechanisms that are involved in the priming and recruitment of T cells to the CNS are only partially understood, but there has been renewed interest in this topic since the 'rediscovery' of lymphatic drainage from the CNS. Moreover, tissue-resident memory T cells have been detected in the CNS and are increasingly recognized as an autonomous line of host defence. In this Review, we highlight the main mechanisms that are involved in the priming and CNS recruitment of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells. We also consider the plasticity of T cell responses in the CNS, with a focus on viral infection and autoimmunity.
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681
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Slütter B, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Abboud G, Varga SM, Salek-Ardakani S, Harty JT. Dynamics of influenza-induced lung-resident memory T cells underlie waning heterosubtypic immunity. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/7/eaag2031. [PMID: 28783666 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) induced by influenza A virus (IAV) that are pivotal for providing subtype-transcending protection against IAV infection (heterosubtypic immunity) are not maintained long term, causing gradual loss of protection. The short-lived nature of lung TRM contrasts sharply with long-term maintenance of TRM induced by localized infections in the skin and in other tissues. We show that the decline in lung TRM is determined by an imbalance between apoptosis and lung recruitment and conversion to TRM of circulating memory cells. We show that circulating effector memory cells (TEM) rather than central memory cells (TCM) are the precursors for conversion to lung TRM Time-dependent changes in expression of genes critical for lymphocyte trafficking and TRM differentiation, in concert with enrichment of TCM, diminish the capacity of circulating memory CD8 T cells to form TRM with time, explaining why IAV-induced TRM are not stably maintained. Systemic booster immunization, through increasing the number of circulating TEM, increases lung TRM, providing a potential new avenue to enhance IAV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Slütter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Cluster of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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682
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Tian Z, Cao X, Chen Y, Lyu Q. Regional immunity in tissue homeostasis and diseases. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1205-1209. [PMID: 27928702 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Qunyan Lyu
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, 100085, China
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683
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McNamara HA, Cockburn IA. The three Rs: Recruitment, Retention and Residence of leukocytes in the liver. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e123. [PMID: 28435674 PMCID: PMC5384287 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of leukocytes in the liver is highly distinct from that of the blood and lymphoid organs. In particular, the liver is highly enriched in non-conventional T cells such as natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. In addition, there are significant populations of tissue-resident NK cells (or innate lymphoid cells (ILC1)) and memory CD8+ T cells. These cells are joined in conditions of inflammation by neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. In recent years a multitude of studies have generated insights into how these cells arrest, move and remain resident in the liver. This new understanding has largely been due to the use of intra-vital microscopy to track immune cells in the liver, coupled with gene expression profiling and parabiosis techniques. These studies have revealed that leukocyte recruitment in the liver does not correspond to the classical paradigm of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Rather, both lymphoid and myeloid cells have been found to adhere in the liver sinusoids in a platelet-dependent manner. Leukocytes have also been observed to patrol the hepatic sinusoids using a characteristic crawling motility. Moreover, T cells have been observed surveying hepatocytes for antigen through the unique fenestrated endothelium of the liver sinusoids, potentially negating the need for extravasation. In this review we highlight some of these recent discoveries and examine the different molecular interactions required for the recruitment, retention and-in some cases-residence of diverse leukocyte populations within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A McNamara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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684
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Tissue-resident natural killer cells in the livers. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1218-1223. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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685
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Muschaweckh A, Buchholz VR, Fellenzer A, Hessel C, König PA, Tao S, Tao R, Heikenwälder M, Busch DH, Korn T, Kastenmüller W, Drexler I, Gasteiger G. Antigen-dependent competition shapes the local repertoire of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:3075-3086. [PMID: 27899444 PMCID: PMC5154944 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) constitute a major component of the immune-surveillance system in nonlymphoid organs. Local, noncognate factors are both necessary and sufficient to support the programming of TRM cell fate in tissue-infiltrating T cells. Recent evidence suggests that TCR signals received in infected nonlymphoid tissues additionally contribute to TRM cell formation. Here, we asked how antigen-dependent pathways influence the generation of skin-resident memory T cells that arise from a polyclonal repertoire of cells induced by infection with an antigenically complex virus and recombinant vaccine vector. We found that CD8+ T cells of different specificities underwent antigen-dependent competition in the infected tissue, which shaped the composition of the local pool of TRM cells. This local cross-competition was active for T cells recognizing antigens that are coexpressed by infected cells. In contrast, TRM cell development remained largely undisturbed by the presence of potential competitors when antigens expressed in the same tissue were segregated through infection with antigenically distinct viral quasispecies. Functionally, local cross-competition might serve as a gatekeeping mechanism to regulate access to the resident memory niche and to fine-tune the local repertoire of antiviral TRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Muschaweckh
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Fellenzer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Hessel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul-Albert König
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sha Tao
- Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Tao
- Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany .,Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany .,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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686
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Takamura S, Yagi H, Hakata Y, Motozono C, McMaster SR, Masumoto T, Fujisawa M, Chikaishi T, Komeda J, Itoh J, Umemura M, Kyusai A, Tomura M, Nakayama T, Woodland DL, Kohlmeier JE, Miyazawa M. Specific niches for lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells at the site of tissue regeneration enable CD69-independent maintenance. J Exp Med 2016; 213:3057-3073. [PMID: 27815325 PMCID: PMC5154946 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Takamura et al. show that most lung CD8+ TRM cells are not maintained in the inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) but are maintained in specific niches created at the site of tissue regeneration, which are termed as repair-associated memory depots (RAMDs). CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) reside permanently in nonlymphoid tissues and provide a first line of protection against invading pathogens. However, the precise localization of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which physiologically consists of a markedly scant interstitium compared with other mucosa, remains unclear. In this study, we show that lung CD8+ TRM cells localize predominantly in specific niches created at the site of regeneration after tissue injury, whereas peripheral tissue-circulating CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM cells) are widely but sparsely distributed in unaffected areas. Although CD69 inhibited sphingosine 1–phosphate receptor 1–mediated egress of CD8+ T cells immediately after their recruitment into lung tissues, such inhibition was not required for the retention of cells in the TRM niches. Furthermore, despite rigid segregation of TEM cells from the TRM niche, prime-pull strategy with cognate antigen enabled the conversion from TEM cells to TRM cells by creating de novo TRM niches. Such damage site–specific localization of CD8+ TRM cells may be important for efficient protection against secondary infections by respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hideki Yagi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hakata
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Chihiro Motozono
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tomoko Masumoto
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujisawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomomi Chikaishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Komeda
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Itoh
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Miki Umemura
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ami Kyusai
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Otani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - David L Woodland
- Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, CO 80498
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Anti-Aging Center, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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687
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Hombrink P, Helbig C, Backer RA, Piet B, Oja AE, Stark R, Brasser G, Jongejan A, Jonkers RE, Nota B, Basak O, Clevers HC, Moerland PD, Amsen D, van Lier RAW. Programs for the persistence, vigilance and control of human CD8+ lung-resident memory T cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1467-1478. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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688
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Protective immunity to liver-stage malaria. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e105. [PMID: 27867517 PMCID: PMC5099428 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and recent clinical trials, an efficacious long-lasting preventative vaccine for malaria remains elusive. This parasite infects mammals via mosquito bites, progressing through several stages including the relatively short asymptomatic liver stage followed by the more persistent cyclic blood stage, the latter of which is responsible for all disease symptoms. As the liver acts as a bottleneck to blood-stage infection, it represents a potential site for parasite and disease control. In this review, we discuss immunity to liver-stage malaria. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from animal models of malaria immunity will translate into a more powerful and effective vaccine to reduce this global health problem.
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689
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Jiao Y, Huntington ND, Belz GT, Seillet C. Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cell Biology: Lessons Learnt from Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:426. [PMID: 27785129 PMCID: PMC5059362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) comprise the natural killer (NK) cells and ILC1s that reside within peripheral tissues. Several different ILC1 subsets have recently been characterized; however, no unique markers have been identified that uniquely define these subsets. Whether ILC1s and NK cells are in fact distinct lineages, or alternately exhibit transitional molecular programs that allow them to adapt to different tissue niches remains an open question. NK cells are the prototypic member of the Group 1 ILCs and have been historically assigned the functions of what now appears to be a multi-subset family that are distributed throughout the body. This raises the question of whether each of these populations mediate distinct functions during infection and tumor immunosurveillance. Here, we review the diversity of the Group 1 ILC subsets in their transcriptional regulation, localization, mobility, and receptor expression, and highlight the challenges in unraveling the individual functions of these different populations of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Jiao
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril Seillet
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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690
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Smith CJ, Quinn M, Snyder CM. CMV-Specific CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Localization: Implications for Adoptive Therapies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:352. [PMID: 27695453 PMCID: PMC5023669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes chronic infection and, thus, is one of the most common infectious complications of immune suppression. Adoptive transfer of HCMV-specific T cells has emerged as an effective method to reduce the risk for HCMV infection and/or reactivation by restoring immunity in transplant recipients. However, the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell response is comprised of a heterogenous mixture of subsets with distinct functions and localization, and it is not clear if current adoptive immunotherapy protocols can reconstitute the full spectrum of CD8+ T cell immunity. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the role of these T cell subsets in CMV immunity and to describe how current adoptive immunotherapy practices might affect their reconstitution in patients. The bulk of the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell population is made up of terminally differentiated effector T cells with immediate effector function and a short life span. Self-renewing memory T cells within the CMV-specific population retain the capacity to expand and differentiate upon challenge and are important for the long-term persistence of the CD8+ T cell response. Finally, mucosal organs, which are frequent sites of CMV reactivation, are primarily inhabited by tissue-resident memory T cells, which do not recirculate. Future work on adoptive transfer strategies may need to focus on striking a balance between the formation of these subsets to ensure the development of long lasting and protective immune responses that can access the organs affected by CMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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691
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CXCR5+ follicular cytotoxic T cells control viral infection in B cell follicles. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1187-96. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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692
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Glennie ND, Scott P. Memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:50-54. [PMID: 27493096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania causes a spectrum of diseases that range from self-healing to fatal infections. Control of leishmania is dependent upon generating CD4+ Th1 cells that produce IFNγ, leading to macrophage activation and killing of the intracellular parasites. Following resolution of the disease, short-lived effector T cells, as well as long-lived central memory T cells and skin resident memory T cells, are retained and able to mediate immunity to a secondary infection. However, there is no vaccine for leishmaniasis, and the drugs used to treat the disease can be toxic and ineffective. While a live infection generates immunity, a successful vaccine will depend upon generating memory T cells that can be maintained without the continued presence of parasites. Since both central memory and skin resident memory T cells are long-lived, they may be the appropriate targets for a leishmaniasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson D Glennie
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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693
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