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Madhumitha G, Saral AM. Preliminary phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, antifungal and anticandidal activities of successive extracts of Crossandra infundibuliformis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:192-5. [PMID: 21771451 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the phytochemical, antibacterial, antifungal and anticandidal activity of successive extracts of Crossandra infundibuliformis (Acanthaceae) leaves. METHODS Preliminary screening on the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, tannins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, oils and fats were carried out by phytochemical analysis. The antibacterial, antifungal and anticandidal activities were done by agar well diffusion technique. RESULTS The successive extracts have an array of chemical constituents and the MIC values of antibacterial activity ranges from 0.007 8 to 0.015 0 μg/mL. In case of antifungal and anticandidal activities the MIC values were between 0.125 and 0.250 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the leaf extracts of C. infundibuliformis presents excellent antimicrobial activities and thus have great potential as a source for natural health care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Madhumitha
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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702
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Gou M, Men K, Shi H, Xiang M, Zhang J, Song J, Long J, Wan Y, Luo F, Zhao X, Qian Z. Curcumin-loaded biodegradable polymeric micelles for colon cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:1558-67. [PMID: 21283869 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is an effective and safe anticancer agent, but its hydrophobicity inhibits its clinical application. Nanotechnology provides an effective method to improve the water solubility of hydrophobic drug. In this work, curcumin was encapsulated into monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) micelles through a single-step nano-precipitation method, creating curcumin-loaded MPEG-PCL (Cur/MPEG-PCL) micelles. These Cur/MPEG-PCL micelles were monodisperse (PDI = 0.097 ± 0.011) with a mean particle size of 27.3 ± 1.3 nm, good re-solubility after freeze-drying, an encapsulation efficiency of 99.16 ± 1.02%, and drug loading of 12.95 ± 0.15%. Moreover, these micelles were prepared by a simple and reproducible procedure, making them potentially suitable for scale-up. Curcumin was molecularly dispersed in the PCL core of MPEG-PCL micelles, and could be slow-released in vitro. Encapsulation of curcumin in MPEG-PCL micelles improved the t(1/2) and AUC of curcumin in vivo. As well as free curcumin, Cur/MPEG-PCL micelles efficiently inhibited the angiogenesis on transgenic zebrafish model. In an alginate-encapsulated cancer cell assay, intravenous application of Cur/MPEG-PCL micelles more efficiently inhibited the tumor cell-induced angiogenesis in vivo than that of free curcumin. MPEG-PCL micelle-encapsulated curcumin maintained the cytotoxicity of curcumin on C-26 colon carcinoma cells in vitro. Intravenous application of Cur/MPEG-PCL micelle (25 mg kg(-1) curcumin) inhibited the growth of subcutaneous C-26 colon carcinoma in vivo (p < 0.01), and induced a stronger anticancer effect than that of free curcumin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Cur/MPEG-PCL micelles are an excellent intravenously injectable aqueous formulation of curcumin; this formulation can inhibit the growth of colon carcinoma through inhibiting angiogenesis and directly killing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaLing Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
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703
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Rassouli FB, Matin MM, Iranshahi M, Bahrami AR. Investigating the cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing effects of monoterpenoid stylosin in vitro. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:742-9. [PMID: 21459136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and anticancer activities of stylosin, a monoterpene extracted from an edible plant, Ferula ovina, on 5637 and HFF3 cells using MTT and comet assays and DAPI staining. To assess stylosin effects, cells were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of stylosin during three days; the IC(50) of stylosin on cancerous 5637 cells was less than its value on HFF3 normal cells, indicating that it might have anticancer properties. Investigating the mechanism of stylosin action revealed that it quickly induced DNA lesions and increased the number of apoptotic cells.
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704
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705
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Pandikumar P, Chellappandian M, Mutheeswaran S, Ignacimuthu S. Consensus of local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional healers in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:354-62. [PMID: 21193023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The role of ethnobotany in drug discovery is huge but there are criticisms over such studies due to their qualitative nature. The present study is aimed at quantitatively abstracting the medicinal plant knowledge of the healers trained in traditional ways, in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The interviews and field observations were carried out in all the 18 village panchayaths from January to June 2010, consisting of 148 field days. The interviews were conducted with 80 traditional healers, after obtaining prior informed consent. Successive free listing was used to interview the informants. The informant consensus factor (F(ic)) was calculated to estimate the use variability of medicinal plants. Fidelity index and Cultural importance index were also calculated to analyze the data. RESULTS This study recorded the ethno-medicinal usage of 142 ethno-species belonging to 62 families that were used to prepare 504 formulations. Jaundice had the highest F(ic) value than all the illness categories studied. Phyllanthus spp. was the highly cited medicinal plant to treat jaundice and had high fidelity index value. This was followed by Senna angustifolia and Terminalia chebula as laxatives. The highly cited medicinal plants in each group with high F(ic) value were Pongamia pinnata (antiseptic), Aerva lanata (antidote and snakebite), Blepharis maderaspatensis (cuts and wounds), Abutilon indicum (hemorrhoids), Ruta graveolens (spiritual medicine), Ocimum tenuiflorum (cough), and Solanum trilobatum (pulmonary ailments). Phyllanthus spp., was the most culturally significant species according to this index, followed by Borassus flebellifer. CONCLUSION The process of drug discovery has become highly expensive and post-approval and post-marketing withdrawal of drugs is continuing. In such scenario, reverse pharmacology is considered an attractive option. The medicinal plants enumerated in this study with high number of citations and high F(ic) values for illness categories might give some useful leads for further biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pandikumar
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, India
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706
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COSSUTA DÁNIEL, VATAI TÜNDE, BÁTHORI MÁRIA, HOHMANN JUDIT, KEVE TIBOR, SIMÁNDI BÉLA. EXTRACTION OF HYPERFORIN AND HYPERICIN FROM ST. JOHN'S WORT (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L.) WITH DIFFERENT SOLVENTS. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2010.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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707
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Sithranga Boopathy N, Kathiresan K. Anticancer drugs from marine flora: an overview. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2010:214186. [PMID: 21461373 PMCID: PMC3065217 DOI: 10.1155/2010/214186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marine floras, such as bacteria, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, microalgae, seaweeds, mangroves, and other halophytes are extremely important oceanic resources, constituting over 90% of the oceanic biomass. They are taxonomically diverse, largely productive, biologically active, and chemically unique offering a great scope for discovery of new anticancer drugs. The marine floras are rich in medicinally potent chemicals predominantly belonging to polyphenols and sulphated polysaccharides. The chemicals have displayed an array of pharmacological properties especially antioxidant, immunostimulatory, and antitumour activities. The phytochemicals possibly activate macrophages, induce apoptosis, and prevent oxidative damage of DNA, thereby controlling carcinogenesis. In spite of vast resources enriched with chemicals, the marine floras are largely unexplored for anticancer lead compounds. Hence, this paper reviews the works so far conducted on this aspect with a view to provide a baseline information for promoting the marine flora-based anticancer research in the present context of increasing cancer incidence, deprived of the cheaper, safer, and potent medicines to challenge the dreadful human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sithranga Boopathy
- Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Kathiresan
- Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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708
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Piornedo RDR, de Souza P, Stefanello MÉA, Strapasson RLB, Zampronio AR, Kassuya CAL. Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin C from Gochnatia polymorpha ssp. floccosa trunk bark in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:1077-1084. [PMID: 21111798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY Gochnatia polymorpha ssp. floccosa (Asteraceae), popularly known as "cambará", is well recognized in Brazilian traditional medicine to treat the respiratory tract inflammatory diseases and rheumatism. However, no scientific data have been published to support this ethnopharmacological use. This work aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of its ethanol (EEGP) extract, ethyl acetate (EA), dichloromethane (DCM), petroleum ether (PE) butanolic (BT) fractions, and the isolated compounds bauerenyl acetate (GPC1) and 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin C (GPC2). MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in mice subjected to paw oedema and carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation models. RESULTS The oral administration of EEGP (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg), DCM (50 mg/kg), BT (20 mg/kg) and GPC2 (10 and 30 mg/kg), but not EP and EA fractions (both at 30 mg/kg) and GPC1 (1 and 10 mg/kg), significantly inhibited the paw oedema induced by carrageenan (41±13, 39±5 and 60±10% for EEGP at the three doses, respectively; 44,47±12.8 and 70.19±11.52% for DCM and BT, respectively; and 29.52±4.8 and 31.67±5.4%, for 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin C at 10 and 30mg/kg, respectively) compared to control group. The oral administration of EEGP (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) inhibited the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration in the air pouch model (37.2±12.5, 62.6±5.0 and 54.3±6.8%, respectively), as well as protein extravasation (47.9±12.5, 51.7±15.2 and 60.9±13.7%, respectively) compared to control group. In a similar way, DCM (50 mg/kg) or GPC2 (10 mg/kg), but not BT (20 mg/kg) given by oral route inhibited leukocyte infiltration into the pouch (29.5±10.6 and 54.4±21.8%, respectively). Also DCM and GPC2 significantly reduced the protein levels in the supernatants (52.4±15.0 and 51.83±16.9%, respectively). CONCLUSION The results suggest that EEGP, and BT and DCM fractions from G. polymorpha possess anti-inflammatory activity and probably the compound 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin C was responsible, at least in part, for this action.
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709
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Aremu AO, Amoo SO, Ndhlala AR, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Antioxidant activity, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, iridoid content and mutagenic evaluation of Leucosidea sericea. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1122-8. [PMID: 21310209 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucosidea sericea is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine in southern Africa. Leaf and stem petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM) and 50% aqueous methanol (MeOH) extracts were investigated for antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The safety of the extracts was evaluated using the Ames test. In addition, the iridoid content of L. sericea stems and leaves were quantified. For DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the stem MeOH extract (EC(50) value: 1.6 μg/ml) was more potent than ascorbic acid (EC(50) value: 1.7 μg/ml). In the β-carotene-linoleic acid model system, antioxidant activity of the leaf DCM extract (89.8%) was not significantly different to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (98.9%). All extracts showed a dose-dependent acetylcholinesterase inhibition; in terms of the IC(50) value, the leaf DCM extract (0.14 mg/ml) was the most potent sample. Total iridoid content was 35% higher in the stem extract than in the leaf extract. Based on the Ames test, L. sericea extracts were not mutagenic, either with or without S9 metabolic activation. These findings suggest the safety as well as the potential of L. sericea as a possible source of novel/alternative antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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710
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Herrera C, García-Barrantes PM, Binns F, Vargas M, Poveda L, Badilla S. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Witheringia solanacea in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:907-910. [PMID: 20937373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Witheringia solanacea is a small shrub that belongs to the Solanaceae family. The plant is used as an antidiabetic in Costa Rican herbal medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of W. solanacea leaves in rodent models. MATERIALS AND METHODS A crude extract of W. solanacea leaves was prepared in boiling water and the aqueous filtrate was lyophilized. A single oral dose of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract was evaluated for hypoglycemic activity in a glucose tolerance test in normal rats and for antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan-induced (140 mg/kg) diabetic rats. The blood glucose level was determined at different times by the glucose oxidase method. RESULTS Dosage of 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extract significantly decreased (p<0.05) blood glucose levels in the glucose tolerance test in normal rats after 1 h, there was no significant difference observed at 250 mg/kg. Dose of 500 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced (p<0.05) blood glucose levels in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats at 4 and 5 h. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic potential of the W. solanacea was demonstrated in rats. These results give support to the traditional use of W. solanacea as antidiabetic herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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711
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Sumngern C, Azeredo Z, Subgranon R, Matos E, Kijjoa A. The perception of the benefits of herbal medicine consumption among the Thai elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:59-63. [PMID: 21267521 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how the Thai elderly perceived the benefits of herbal medicine consumption and to study related variables influencing their perception. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was used. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS 419 participants were chosen by systematic stratified sampling; people between 60-96 years of age (mean age 70.2 years); 68.3 % female, and 31.7% male of Chonburi Province (Thailand). MEASUREMENTS To determine the elderly perception about the benefits of herbal medicine consumption, a scale from one to four based upon 12 simply worded item check lists was used among the others. The questionnaires were conducted in June to August 2008 in 3 different regions (urban, suburban and rural areas). RESULTS 97.4% having used herbal medicines in many ways. Most of the elderly used the local herbals together with conventional medicines. They believed that herbals could reduce expenses (51%), cure diseases (41.9%), relieve symptoms (35.4%), and provide good health (33.6%). A 16.7% of the elderly had the strongest opinion regarding the use of herbal medicines as substitutes for conventional medicines. They also strongly agreed on using them as nutrients (39.8%). The study found significant correlation among levels of education, stress levels, happiness levels, and perception of benefits of herbal medicine consumption. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that levels of education, happiness, and stress could influence the perception of herbal medicine consumption. Knowing how people perceive herbal medicine, its use, and local culture can help practicing health professionals, among other things, to avoid side effects from prescriptions and so maintain or promote the elderly health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sumngern
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Abel Salazar and CIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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712
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Ferraris FK, Rodrigues R, da Silva VP, Figueiredo R, Penido C, Henriques MDGM. Modulation of T lymphocyte and eosinophil functions in vitro by natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis Aublet. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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713
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da Silva G, Serrano R, Silva O. Maytenus heterophylla and Maytenus senegalensis, two traditional herbal medicines. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2011; 2:59-65. [PMID: 22470236 PMCID: PMC3312701 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.82320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. and Zeyh.) N.K.B. Robson and Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell are two African shrubs or trees that go under the common name of spike thorn, which belong to the Celastraceae family. Different plant parts of this species are largely used in traditional medicine for infectious and inflammatory diseases treatment. Several studies have been reported for both these species, but there are no recent review articles focusing microscopic, phytochemistry and pharmacological studies. The aim of this review is to summarize the information about these two African traditional medicines. Such kind of data can be applied in future experimental work and may guide future studies, namely in the field of validation of traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. da Silva
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R. Serrano
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - O. Silva
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
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714
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Kim SK, Thomas NV, Li X. Anticancer compounds from marine macroalgae and their application as medicinal foods. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2011; 64:213-24. [PMID: 22054949 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387669-0.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most challenging medical conditions that need a proper therapeutic approach for its proper management with fewer side effects. Until now, many of the phytochemicals from terrestrial origin have been assessed for their anticancer ability and few of them are in clinical trials too. However, marine environment also has been a greatest resource that harbors taxonomically diverse and a variety of life forms and serves as store house for several biologically beneficial metabolites. Hitherto, many metabolites have been isolated from marine biomasses that have exhibited excellent biological activities, especially as anticancer agents. In particular, marine macroalgae which are considered as dietary constituents in Pacific Asian region have become chief resources for their unparalleled and unique metabolites like sulfated polysaccharides (SPs), phlorotannins, and their ability in reducing the risk of cancer and its related diseases. In this chapter, we have discussed the anticancer activities of marine algae-derived SPs, phlorotannins, and carotenoids and the possibilities of marine algae as potential medicinal foods in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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715
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Kalim MD, Bhattacharyya D, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S. Oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and antioxidant potential of plants used in Unani system of medicine. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 10:77. [PMID: 21159207 PMCID: PMC3020177 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that many of today's diseases are due to the "oxidative stress" that results from an imbalance between the formation and neutralization of reactive molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can be removed with antioxidants. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of plants routinely used in the Unani system of medicine. Several plants were screened for radical scavenging activity, and the ten that showed promising results were selected for further evaluation. METHODS Methanol (50%) extracts were prepared from ten Unani plants, namely Cleome icosandra, Rosa damascena, Cyperus scariosus, Gardenia gummifera, Abies pindrow, Valeriana wallichii, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Cyperus scariosus, and were used to determine their total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents, in vitro scavenging of DPPH(·), ABTS(·+), NO, (·)OH, O₂(·-) and ONOO(⁻), and capacity to prevent oxidative DNA damage. Cytotoxic activity was also determined against the U937 cell line. RESULTS IC₅₀ values for scavenging DPPH(·), ABTS(·+), NO, (·)OH, O₂(·⁻) and ONOO(⁻) were in the ranges 0.007 ± 0.0001 - 2.006 ± 0.002 mg/ml, 2.54 ± 0.04 - 156.94 ± 5.28 μg/ml, 152.23 ± 3.51 - 286.59 ± 3.89 μg/ml, 18.23 ± 0.03 - 50.13 ± 0.04 μg/ml, 28.85 ± 0.23 - 537.87 ± 93 μg/ml and 0.532 ± 0.015 - 3.39 ± 0.032 mg/ml, respectively. The total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents were in the ranges 62.89 ± 0.43 - 166.13 ± 0.56 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, 38.89 ± 0.52 - 172.23 ± 0.08 mg quercetin equivalent (QEE)/g extract and 0.14 ± 0.09 - 0.98 ± 0.21 mg AA/g extract. The activities of the different plant extracts against oxidative DNA damage were in the range 0.13-1.60 μg/ml. Of the ten selected plant extracts studied here, seven - C. icosandra, R. damascena, C. scariosus, G. gummifera, A. pindrow, V. wallichii and H. antidysenterica - showed moderate antioxidant activity. Finally, potentially significant oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and antioxidant activity were noted in three plant extracts: C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus. These three plant extracts showed no cytotoxic activity against U937 cells. CONCLUSIONS The 50% methanolic extracts obtained from different plant parts contained significant amounts of polyphenols with superior antioxidant activity as evidenced by the scavenging of DPPH(·), ABTS(·+), NO, (·)OH, O₂(·⁻) and ONOO(⁻). C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus showed significant potential for preventing oxidative DNA damage and radical scavenging activity, and the G. gummifera, A. pindrow, V. wallichii, H. antidysenterica, A. pyrethrum, A. tenuifolius and O. mascula extracts showed moderate activity. The extracts of C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus showed no cytotoxicity against U937 cells. In conclusion, these routinely used Unani plants, especially C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus, which are reported to have significant activity against several human ailments, could be exploited as potential sources of natural antioxidants for plant-based pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Darukhshan Kalim
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Dipto Bhattacharyya
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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716
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Albert-Baskar A, Ignacimuthu S. Chemopreventive effect of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. extract against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis in experimental animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:423-31. [PMID: 19595584 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating the chemopreventive property of Cynodon dactylon. The antioxidant, antiproliferative and apoptotic potentials of the plant were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NO(-)) and MTT assay on four cancer cell lines (COLO 320 DM, MCH-7, AGS, A549) and a normal cell line (VERO). In vivo chemopreventive property of the plant extract was studied in DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis. The methanolic extract of C. dactylon was found to be antiproliferative and antioxidative at lower concentrations and induced apoptotic cell death in COLO 320 DM cells. Treatment with methanolic extract of C. dactylon increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the number of dysplastic crypts in DMH-induced colon of albino rats. The present investigation revealed the anticancer potential of methanolic extract of C. dactylon in COLO 320 DM cells and experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Albert-Baskar
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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717
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Santin JR, Lemos M, Klein-Júnior LC, Machado ID, Costa P, de Oliveira AP, Tilia C, de Souza JP, de Sousa JPB, Bastos JK, de Andrade SF. Gastroprotective activity of essential oil of the Syzygium aromaticum and its major component eugenol in different animal models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 383:149-58. [PMID: 21140134 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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718
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Park NI, Tuan PA, Li X, Kim YK, Yang TJ, Park SU. An efficient protocol for genetic transformation of Platycodon grandiflorum with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2307-13. [PMID: 21052843 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) is a popular traditional medicinal plant used in Korea to treat conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Recently, immunopharmacological research identified triterpenoid and saponin as important active compounds in P. grandiflorum. To study and extract these compounds and other metabolites from P. grandiflorum, a technique was developed for producing hairy root cultures, which are a reliable source of plant compounds. To achieve this, the activity of Agrobacterium rhizogenes was exploited, which can transfer DNA segments into plant genomes after infecting them. In this study, the A. rhizogenes strain R1000 was determined that had the highest infection frequency (87.5%) and induced the most hairy roots per plant, and the concentration of antibiotics (75 mg/l kanamycin) was elucidated for selection after transformation. Wild-type and transgenic hairy roots contained various phenolic compounds, although both of them had similar concentrations of phenolic compounds. In the future, the protocols described here should be useful for studying and extracting valuable metabolites such as phenolic compounds from P. grandiflorum hairy root cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Il Park
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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719
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Coutinho HD, Costa JG, Lima EO, Siqueira-Júnior JP. Anti-Staphylococcal Activity ofEugenia JambolanaL. Against Methicillin–ResistantStaphylococcus Aureus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910903108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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720
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Leal-Cardoso JH, da Silva-Alves KS, Ferreira-da-Silva FW, dos Santos-Nascimento T, Joca HC, de Macedo FHP, de Albuquerque-Neto PM, Magalhães PJC, Lahlou S, Cruz JS, Barbosa R. Linalool blocks excitability in peripheral nerves and voltage-dependent Na+ current in dissociated dorsal root ganglia neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 645:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jayaraman P, Sakharkar MK, Lim CS, Tang TH, Sakharkar KR. Activity and interactions of antibiotic and phytochemical combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:556-68. [PMID: 20941374 PMCID: PMC2952406 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the in vitro activities of seven antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, polymyxin B and piperacillin) and six phytochemicals (protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, berberine and myricetin) against five P. aeruginosa isolates, alone and in combination are evaluated. All the phytochemicals under investigation demonstrate potential inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa. The combinations of sulfamethoxazole plus protocatechuic acid, sulfamethoxazole plus ellagic acid, sulfamethoxazole plus gallic acid and tetracycline plus gallic acid show synergistic mode of interaction. However, the combinations of sulfamethoxazole plus myricetin shows synergism for three strains (PA01, DB5218 and DR3062). The synergistic combinations are further evaluated for their bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa ATCC strain using time-kill method. Sub-inhibitory dose responses of antibiotics and phytochemicals individually and in combination are presented along with their interaction network to suggest on the mechanism of action and potential targets for the phytochemicals under investigation. The identified synergistic combinations can be of potent therapeutic value against P. aeruginosa infections. These findings have potential implications in delaying the development of resistance as the antibacterial effect is achieved with lower concentrations of both drugs (antibiotics and phytochemicals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Jayaraman
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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722
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Aremu AO, Fawole OA, Chukwujekwu JC, Light ME, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. In vitro antimicrobial, anthelmintic and cyclooxygenase-inhibitory activities and phytochemical analysis of Leucosidea sericea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:22-27. [PMID: 20542105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leucosidea sericea is used as a vermifuge and in the treatment of ophthalmia by various tribes in southern African countries. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed at screening leaves and stems of Leucosidea sericea for pharmacological activity and validating the plant's traditional use. A general phytochemical screening was also carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS Petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol (EtOH) and water extracts of the plant parts were investigated for antimicrobial, anthelmintic and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activities. Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Candida albicans were used for the antimicrobial evaluation. Caenorhabditis elegans was used for the anthelmintic assay using the microdilution technique. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2) were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts. Phytochemical analysis for phenolic compounds, including gallotannins, condensed tannins and flavonoids was done using 50% methanol extracts of the leaves and stems employing spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS The leaf extracts exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity ranging from 0.025 to 6.25mg/ml. The most noteworthy minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.025 mg/ml was exhibited by PE and DCM leaf extracts against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In the anthelmintic assay, the best minimum lethal concentration (MLC) value of 0.26 mg/ml was observed for the DCM and EtOH leaf extracts. Both leaf and stem organic solvent extracts exhibited high to moderate inhibition against COX-1 and -2 at a screening concentration of 250 microg/ml. At lower concentrations, the extracts displayed a dose-dependent inhibition, with the lowest IC(50) values of 0.06 microg/ml (COX-1) and 12.66 microg/ml (COX-2) exhibited by the PE extract of the leaves. Generally, the leaf extracts exhibited better pharmacological activities and contained higher amounts of phenolic compounds than the stem extracts. Alkaloids and saponins were only detected in the leaf and stem extracts, respectively. CONCLUSION The reported results support the local use of Leucosidea sericea against eye infections and as a vermifuge. The pharmacological activities exhibited by the leaf extracts are probably due to their higher phenolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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723
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Domitrović R, Jakovac H, Romić Z, Rahelić D, Tadić Z. Antifibrotic activity of Taraxacum officinale root in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:569-577. [PMID: 20561925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) has been traditionally used in the treatment of various liver disorders. The present study was aimed to assess the efficacy of dandelion root water-ethanol extract (DWE) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were treated with CCl(4) dissolved in olive oil (20%, v/v, 2 ml/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.), twice a week for 4 weeks. DWE was administered i.p. once daily for next 10 days, in doses of 200 and 600 mg/kg of body weight. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was determined by hydroxyproline content and Mallory trichrome staining. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring hepatic superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) activity. The expression and specific tissue distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and metallothionein (MT) I/II in the liver were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Hepatic Cu/Zn SOD activity has been decreased in intoxicated mice and normalized in DWE treated groups. MT I/II immunopositivity was strongly reduced in the CCl(4) group. DWE treatment successfully decreased hepatic fibrinous deposits, restored histological architecture, and modulate the expression of GFAP and alpha-SMA. Concomitantly, MT I/II expression increased in the DWE treated groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the therapeutic effect of DWE on CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells and the enhancement of hepatic regenerative capabilities. The present results provide scientific evidence to substantiate the traditional use of Taraxacum officinale root in hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Domitrović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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724
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A novel flavonoid, 6-C-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S)-(+)-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone, isolated from Ulmus wallichiana Planchon mitigates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Menopause 2010; 17:577-86. [PMID: 20393370 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181d2ce7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the skeletal effect of 6-C-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S)-(+)-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (GTDF)/Ulmoside A, a new compound isolated from the extract of Ulmus wallichiana in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. METHODS GTDF (1.0 and 5.0 mg kg d) was given orally to ovariectomized (OVx) rats (180-200 g) for 12 weeks. Sham operated + vehicle, ovariectomy + 17beta-estradiol (2.5 microg kg d), and ovariectomy + vehicle groups served as various controls. Bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular microarchitecture, bone biomechanical strength, levels of bone turnover/resorption markers, uterotropic effect, and plasma pharmacokinetics were studied. One-way analysis of variance was used to test significance of effects. RESULTS OVx rats treated with both doses of GTDF exhibited significantly higher BMD in the trabecular (distal femur, proximal tibia, and vertebrae) and cortical (femur shaft) regions compared with the ovariectomy + vehicle group. Micro-CT demonstrated that OVx rats treated with 5.0 mg kg day of GTDF had better bone microarchitectural parameters compared with the ovariectomy + vehicle group. Serum osteocalcin and urinary C-terminal teleopeptide of Type I collagen levels in OVx rats treated with GTDF (at both doses) were significantly lower than those in the ovariectomy + vehicle group. At neither of the two doses did GTDF exhibit uterine estrogenicity. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that GTDF achieved maximum plasma concentration (40.67 ng mL) at approximately 1 hour, indicating its slow absorption. Its absolute bioavailability was found to be 1.04% with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 5 hours. CONCLUSIONS GTDF, a novel compound isolated from U wallichiana extract, improves bone biomechanical quality through positive modifications of BMD and trabecular microarchitecture without a hyperplastic effect on the uterus.
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725
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Melo-Reis PR, Andrade LS, Silva CB, Araújo LMM, Pereira MS, Mrue F, Chen-Chen L. Angiogenic activity of Synadenium umbellatum Pax latex. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 70:189-94. [PMID: 20231977 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synadenium umbellatum Pax, popularly known as 'cola-nota', is a medicinal plant that grows in tropical regions. Latex of this plant is used to treat various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Hansen s disease, tripanosomiases, leukemia and several malignant tumors. In the present study, the angiogenic activity of S. umbellatum latex was evaluated using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results showed significant increase of the vascular net (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control (H2O). The histological analysis was in accordance with the results obtained. In conclusion, our data indicate that S. umbellatum latex, under the conditions of this research, presented angiogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Melo-Reis
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Laboratório de Estudos Experimentais e Biotecnológicos, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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726
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727
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Victório CP, Arruda RDCDO, Lage CLS, Kuster RM. Production of Flavonoids in Organogenic Cultures of Alpinia Zerumbet. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpinia zerumbet plantlets were cultured in vitro in MS medium supplemented with growth regulators, including IAA, TDZ and BAP. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the production of rutin, kaempferol-3- O-glucuronide, and kaempferol-3 -O-rutinoside was evaluated, based on leaf hydroalcoholic extracts of three-month-old plantlets. The relative concentration of phenolics from the hydroalcoholic extracts of plantlets cultured in control medium reached 100% compared with plantlets treated with growth regulators and donor plants (80%). The in vitro rutin production was more pronounced than the other flavonoids. While no direct relation between the content of phenolic compounds and increased flavonoid production was observed, the combination of IAA + TDZ enhanced the production of rutin (83.2 μg/g dried leaves) and kaempferol-3- O-glucuronide (29 μg/g dried leaves), compared with growth regulators used alone. Overall, these findings suggest the value of in vitro cultivation as a means of enriching phenolic and flavonoid production in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane P. Victório
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Luiz S. Lage
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. Kuster
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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728
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Siddiqui JA, Swarnkar G, Sharan K, Chakravarti B, Sharma G, Rawat P, Kumar M, Khan FM, Pierroz D, Maurya R, Chattopadhyay N. 8,8''-Biapigeninyl stimulates osteoblast functions and inhibits osteoclast and adipocyte functions: Osteoprotective action of 8,8''-biapigeninyl in ovariectomized mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 323:256-67. [PMID: 20380869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
8,8''-Biapigeninyl (BA), a condensation product of two apigenin molecules, is found abundantly in the nuts of Cupressus sempervirens. We investigated the effects of BA on murine bone cells in vitro and in ovariectomized (OVx) mice. BA at 10(-10)M and 10(-8)M, inhibited osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow cells (BMCs) and displayed concentration dependence. BA at 10(-8) M and 10(-6) M inhibited differentiation of 3T3-L1 and BMCs to mature adipocytes. BA (10(-10)M) stimulated osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization. In stimulating osteoblast function, BA was found to be 10(4)-fold more potent than apigenin. The effect of BA in osteoblasts appeared to be mediated via estrogen receptors (ER) as antiestrogen, ICI-182780 abolished BA-stimulated osteoblast differentiation. In OVx mice BA treatment (at 1.0-, 5.0- and 10.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) doses) given orally for 30 days dose-dependently inhibited mRNA levels of osteoclastic genes including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and the ratio of RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in bones compared with OVx mice treated with vehicle. In addition, BA treatment to OVx mice dose-dependently stimulated production of osteoprogenitor cells in the bone marrow and increased mRNA levels of osteogenic genes core binding factor alpha-1, type I collagen and bone morphogenic protein-2 in bones compared with OVx+vehicle group. Microcomputed tomography revealed that BA treatment to OVx mice improved parameters of trabecular and cortical architecture. BA exhibited no uterine estrogenicity. From these data, we conclude that BA exerts osteoprotective effect in OVx mice by multiple beneficial effects on bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed A Siddiqui
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Chattar Manzil, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow 226001, India
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729
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Ashafa AOT, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ. In vitro antioxidant activity of extracts from the leaves of Felicia muricata thunb. An underutilized medicinal plant in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2010; 7:296-302. [PMID: 21731160 PMCID: PMC3005399 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v7i4.56695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Felicia muricata is a medicinal plant used for the management of different human and livestock diseases in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The antioxidant potential of the leaves from this herb was investigated using its water, methanol, acetone and ethanol extracts. All the extracts were rich in phenols, proanthocyanidins and flavonols but low in flavonoids. The water extract exhibited low DPPH scavenging activity while the methanol, acetone and ethanol extracts showed higher activities. Again all the extracts showed high ABTS scavenging activity with a correlation between total phenolic content (R2 = 0.9965), DPPH (R2 = 0.982) and ABTS (R2 = 0.927). Traditionally, however, plant extracts are prepared with water as infusions, decoction and poultice. Our results have shown that both the water and ethanol extracts from Felicia muricata displayed strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, it would seem likely that both solvents were able to extract those compounds which are responsible for the antioxidant activity of F. muricata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O T Ashafa
- Centre for Phytomedicine Research, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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730
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What made sesquiterpene lactones reach cancer clinical trials? Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:668-78. [PMID: 20541036 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are plant-derived compounds often used in traditional medicine against inflammation and cancer. This review focuses on the chemical and biological properties of SLs that lead to enhanced anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. The chemical properties comprise alkylating center reactivity, lipophilicity, and molecular geometry and electronic features. SLs in clinical trials are artemisinin, thapsigargin and parthenolide and many of their synthetic derivatives. These drugs are selective toward tumor and cancer stem cells by targeting specific signaling pathways, which make them lead compounds in cancer clinical trials.
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Tsuboy MS, Marcarini JC, Luiz RC, Barros IB, Ferreira DT, Ribeiro LR, Mantovani MS. In VitroEvaluation of the Genotoxic Activity and Apoptosis Induction of the Extracts of Roots and Leaves from the Medicinal PlantCoccoloba mollis(Polygonaceae). J Med Food 2010; 13:503-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela S. Tsuboy
- Departamentos de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Marcarini
- Departamentos de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. Luiz
- Departamentos de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Iuri B. Barros
- Departamentos de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Dalva T. Ferreira
- Departamentos de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lúcia R. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário S. Mantovani
- Departamentos de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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732
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Santos NKA, Coutinho HDM, Viana GSB, Rodrigues FFG, Costa JGM. Chemical characterization and synergistic antibiotic activity of volatile compounds from the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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733
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Bouroshaki MT, Sadeghnia HR, Banihasan M, Yavari S. Protective effect of pomegranate seed oil on hexachlorobutadiene-induced nephrotoxicity in rat kidneys. Ren Fail 2010; 32:612-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08860221003778056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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734
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Lai HY, Lim YY, Kim KH. Blechnum orientale Linn - a fern with potential as antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial agent. Altern Ther Health Med 2010; 10:15. [PMID: 20429956 PMCID: PMC2881084 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Blechnum orientale Linn. (Blechnaceae) is used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of various skin diseases, stomach pain, urinary bladder complaints and sterilization of women. The aim of the study was to evaluate antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial activity of five solvent fractions obtained from the methanol extract of the leaves of Blechnum orientale Linn. Methods Five solvent fractions were obtained from the methanol extract of B. orientale through successive partitioning with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Total phenolic content was assessed using Folin-Ciocalteu's method. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the scavenging activity of DPPH radicals. Cytotoxic activity was tested against four cancer cell lines and a non-malignant cell using MTT assay. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Standard phytochemical screening tests for saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids were also conducted. Results The ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions possessed strong radical scavenging activity (IC50 8.6-13.0 μg/ml) and cytotoxic activity towards human colon cancer cell HT-29 (IC50 27.5-42.8 μg/ml). The three extracts were also effective against all Gram-positive bacteria tested: Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Stapylococcus epidermidis(minimum inhibitory concentration MIC 15.6-250 μg/ml; minimum bactericidal concentration MBC 15.6-250 μg/ml). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins. Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed highest total phenolic content (675-804 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). Conclusions The results indicate that this fern is a potential candidate to be used as an antioxidant agent, for colon cancer therapy and for treatment of MRSA infections and other MSSA/Gram-positive bacterial infectious diseases.
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735
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Sheludko YV. Recent advances in plant biotechnology and genetic engineering for production of secondary metabolites. CYTOL GENET+ 2010. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271001010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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736
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Extract and fraction from Ulmus wallichiana Planchon promote peak bone achievement and have a nonestrogenic osteoprotective effect. Menopause 2010; 17:393-402. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181bfae38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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737
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Coutinho HDM, Vasconcellos A, Freire-Pessôa HL, Gadelha CA, Gadelha TS, Almeida-Filho GG. Natural products from the termite Nasutitermes corniger lowers aminoglycoside minimum inhibitory concentrations. Pharmacogn Mag 2010; 6:1-4. [PMID: 20548928 PMCID: PMC2881651 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.59958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infectious agents present a risk to populations, as they are responsible for high morbidity and mortality. For combating these pathogens, our main line of defense is the use of antibiotics. However, indiscriminate use of these drugs develops resistant strains to these same drugs. The present study has tested the antibacterial and modifying antibiotic activity of natural products from Nasutitermes corniger (Termitidae) (Motschulsky), a termite used in folk medicine in Northeast Brazil, by the microdilution and checkerboard methods, respectively. In this study, the aqueous extract from the nest of N. corniger (ANCE) was prepared and tested with chlorpromazine (CPZ) for its antimicrobial activity, using the microdilution method. CPZ and ANCE were used independently and also in combination with aminoglycosides, against a strain of Escherichia coli resistant to these antibiotics, to determine the participation of efflux systems in resistance mechanisms. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index was calculated and evaluated for the occurrence of synergism, using the checkerboard method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) values were ≥ 2048 μg/mL for both strains of E. coli assayed, indicating low antibacterial activity. However, synergism was observed with kanamycin when the decoction was used, but when chlorpromazine was used, synergism was observed with kanamycin, amikacin, and neomycin. This synergism with CPZ indicated the involvement of an efflux system in the resistance to these aminoglycosides. Therefore, it was suggested that the natural products from N. corniger could be used as a source of zoo-derived natural products with kanamycin-modifying activity, resulting in a new approach against bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique D M Coutinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato (CE), 63105-000, Brazil
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738
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Antiulcerogenic activity of extract, fractions, and some compounds obtained from Polygala cyparissias St. Hillaire & Moquin (Polygalaceae). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 381:121-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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739
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Dossey AT. Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1737-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c005319h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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740
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Furey A. Natural product taking its own place!!! Pharmacognosy Res 2010; 2:1-3. [PMID: 21808529 PMCID: PMC3140119 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.60574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Furey
- Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Ave., Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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741
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São Pedro A, Detoni C, Ferreira D, Cabral-Albuquerque E, Sarmento B. Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of (-)-alpha-bisabolol from particulate systems. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:966-72. [PMID: 19353738 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated for determination and quantitation of the natural sesquiterpene (-)-alpha-bisabolol. Furthermore the application of the method was done by characterization of chitosan milispheres and liposomes entrapping Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba essential oil, which contains appreciable amount of (-)-alpha-bisabolol. A reversed-phase C(18) column and gradient elution was used with the mobile phase composed of (A) acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid (19:80:1) and (B) acetonitrile. The eluent was pumped at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with UV detection at 200 nm. In the range 0.02-0.64 mg/mL the assay showed good linearity (R(2 )= 0.9999) and specificity for successful identification and quantitation of (-)-alpha-bisabolol in the essential oil without interfering peaks. The method also showed good reproducibility, demonstrating inter-day and intra-day precision based on relative standard deviation values (up to 3.03%), accuracy (mean recovery of 100.69% +/- 1.05%) and low values of detection and quantitation limits (0.0005 and 0.0016 mg/mL, respectively). The method was also robust for showing a recovery of 98.81% under a change of solvent in standard solutions. The suitability of the method was demonstrated by the successful determination of association efficiency of the (-)-alpha-bisabolol in chitosan milispheres and liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André São Pedro
- Medical Subject Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
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742
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Detoni CB, Cabral-Albuquerque ECM, Hohlemweger SVA, Sampaio C, Barros TF, Velozo ES. Essential oil fromZanthoxylum tingoassuibaloaded into multilamellar liposomes useful as antimicrobial agents. J Microencapsul 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040802661887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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743
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Kumar BRP, Soni M, Bhikhalal UB, Kakkot IR, Jagadeesh M, Bommu P, Nanjan MJ. Analysis of physicochemical properties for drugs from nature. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-009-9244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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744
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Porto DD, Henriques AT, Fett-Neto AG. Bioactive Alkaloids from South American Psychotria and Related Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1874847300902010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many important molecules have been discovered from tropical and sub-tropical plant biodiversity. However, the largest part of the chemical profile of such biodiversity remains unknown. Combining ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomical investigation can be a good strategy in bioactive compound discovery. South American Psychotria species studied by this approach proved to be a rich source of new bioactive alkaloids, some of which bear unique chemical skeletons.
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745
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Coutinho HDM, Costa JGM, Falcão-Silva VS, Siqueira-Júnior JP, Lima EO. Effect of Momordica charantia L. in the resistance to aminoglycosides in methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 33:467-71. [PMID: 19732954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study the ethanol extract (EEMC) of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) was tested for its modifying antibiotic activity against a MRSA strain. The growth of an MRSA (SA358) in the absence and presence of aminoglycosides was evaluated. A potentiating effect between this extract and all aminoglycosides was demonstrated. Similarly, the same effect was shown by chlorpromazine on kanamycin, gentamicin and neomycin, indicating the involvement of an efflux system in the resistance to these aminoglycosides. Extracts from M. charantia could be used as a source of plant-derived natural products with resistance-modifying activity. This is the first report about the modifying antibiotic activity of M. charantia, constituting a new weapon against multi-resistant bacteria such as MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique D M Coutinho
- Laboratory of Research in Natural Products, University of the Region of Cariri, Crato (CE), Brazil.
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746
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Rapid separation of shikimic acid from Chinese star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) with hot water extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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747
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Vilar JB, Andrade LSD, Leite KR, Ferreira HD, Chen LC. Assessment of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of "lixeira" (Curatella americanaL.) λ using the prophage induction test (SOS inductest). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502009000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Curatella americana L., commonly known as "lixeira" in Brazil, has been used in folk medicine to treat ulcers and inflammations. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the ethanolic extract of C. americana stem bark using the prophage λ induction test (SOS inductest). To evaluate the cytotoxicity of this plant, after treatment with different concentrations of the extract, Escherichia coli WP2s(λ) cultures were diluted in M9 buffer, inoculated into LB plates, and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. To assess genotoxicity, the lysogenic strain E. coli WP2s(λ) was treated with different concentrations of the extract. Then, the lysogenic strain was added to the indicator strain (RJF013), LB(1/2)(malt/amp), seeded into plates with the matches, and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After this period, the total number of colonies and the number of plaques were counted to evaluate C. americana cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, respectively. Our results showed that although the extract of "lixeira" did not modify the survival of bacteria (p > 0.05), it caused a significant increase in prophage λ induction, especially at the higher concentrations (p<0.05). Therefore, we conclude that the ethanolic extract of C. americana stem bark did not present cytotoxic effect, but some genotoxic potential was observed.
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748
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A comprehensive view on 4-methyl-2-quinazolinamine, a new microbial alkaloid from Streptomyces of TCM plant origin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:439-44. [PMID: 19662085 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the course of our chemical and biological screening program for yet unidentified microbial metabolites, we selected plants of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as habitats for talented Streptomycetes producer strains for the first time. Liquid pure cultures of strain Streptomyces sp. GS DV232 were found to contain 4-methyl-2-quinazolinamine (1), a potent alkaloid yet unknown from nature. In this study, we investigated the chemical and crystal structure of 1, as well as its antiproliferative bioactivity, and addressed the unusual biosynthesis using feeding experiments.
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749
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Induction of apoptosis in HuH-7 cancer cells by monoterpene and β-carboline indole alkaloids isolated from the leaves of Tabernaemontana elegans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4255-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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750
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Barrows L, Matainaho T, Ireland C, Miller S, Carter G, Bugni T, Rai P, Gideon O, Manoka B, Piskaut P, Banka R, Kiapranis R, Noro J, Pond C, Andjelic C, Koch M, Harper M, Powan E, Pole A, Jensen J. Making the most of Papua New Guinea's biodiversity: Establishment of an integrated set of programs that link botanical survey with pharmacological assessment in "The Land of the Unexpected". PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2009; 47:795-808. [PMID: 20016761 PMCID: PMC2794140 DOI: 10.1080/13880200902991599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An integrated and coordinated set of programs has been established to meet ICBG goals in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Here we give an overview of the PNG ICBG and focus on the key elements and major steps taken to establish a program necessary for the pharmacological assessment of botanicals and traditional medicines in PNG and, by extrapolation, in other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.R. Barrows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 801 581 4547; FAX: +1 801 585 9347.
| | - T.K. Matainaho
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 5623, Boroko, NCD, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - C.M. Ireland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
| | - S. Miller
- Smithsonian Institute, 1000 Jefferson Drive, SW, Suite 230, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 009, Washington D.C., USA 20013-7012
| | - G.T. Carter
- Wyeth Research Laboratories, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, New York, USA 10965
| | - T. Bugni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
| | - P. Rai
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 5623, Boroko, NCD, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - O. Gideon
- School of Natural and Physical Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 5623, Boroko, NCD, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - B. Manoka
- School of Natural and Physical Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 5623, Boroko, NCD, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - P. Piskaut
- School of Natural and Physical Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 5623, Boroko, NCD, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - R. Banka
- Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 314, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - R. Kiapranis
- Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 314, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - J.N. Noro
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 5623, Boroko, NCD, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - C.D. Pond
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
| | - C.D. Andjelic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
| | - M. Koch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
| | - M.K. Harper
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
| | - E. Powan
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 5623, Boroko, NCD, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - A.R. Pole
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
| | - J.B. Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84112
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