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Abstract
Natural products have long played a pivotal role in the development of therapeutics for a variety of diseases. Traditionally, soil and marine environments have provided a rich reservoir from which diverse chemical scaffolds could be discovered. Recently, the human microbiome has been recognized as a promising niche from which secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential have begun to be isolated. In this Review, we address how the expansive history of identifying bacterial natural products in other environments is informing the approaches being brought to bear on the study of the human microbiota. We also touch on how these tools can lead to insights about microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions and help generate biological hypotheses that may lead to developments of new therapeutic modalities.
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702
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is a crucial actor in human physiology. Many of these effects are mediated by metabolites that are either produced by the microbes or derived from the transformation of environmental or host molecules. Among the array of metabolites at the interface between these microorganisms and the host is the essential aromatic amino acid tryptophan (Trp). In the gut, the three major Trp metabolism pathways leading to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), kynurenine (Kyn), and indole derivatives are under the direct or indirect control of the microbiota. In this review, we gather the most recent advances concerning the central role of Trp metabolism in microbiota-host crosstalk in health and disease. Deciphering the complex equilibrium between these pathways will facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis of human diseases and open therapeutic opportunities.
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703
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Cao X, Hamilton JJ, Venturelli OS. Understanding and Engineering Distributed Biochemical Pathways in Microbial Communities. Biochemistry 2019; 58:94-107. [PMID: 30457843 PMCID: PMC6733022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes impact nearly every environment on Earth by modulating the molecular composition of the environment. Temporally changing environmental stimuli and spatial organization are major variables shaping the structure and function of microbiomes. The web of interactions among members of these communities and between the organisms and the environment dictates microbiome functions. Microbial interactions are major drivers of microbiomes and are modulated by spatiotemporal parameters. A mechanistic and quantitative understanding of ecological, molecular, and environmental forces shaping microbiomes could inform strategies to control microbiome dynamics and functions. Major challenges for harnessing the potential of microbiomes for diverse applications include the development of predictive modeling frameworks and tools for precise manipulation of microbiome behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ophelia S. Venturelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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704
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Naskali E, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Pereira PAB, Krohn K, Auvinen P, Ranki A, Kluger N. Serotonin and tryptophan metabolites, autoantibodies and gut microbiome in APECED. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:69-77. [PMID: 30608907 PMCID: PMC6365670 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Intestinal autoimmunity with gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction has been shown in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Patients lack entero-endocrine (EE) cells and have circulating autoantibodies (Aabs) against critical enzymes in serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis. Design We sought to determine the serum levels of 5-HT, tryptophan (Trp) metabolites and L-DOPA in 37 Finnish APECED patients and to correlate their abundance with the presence of TPH and AADC Aabs, GI dysfunction and depressive symptoms. We also performed an exploratory analysis of the gut microbiome. Methods Serum 5-HT, L-DOPA and Trp metabolite levels were determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). TPH and AADC Aabs were measured by ELISA. Depression was assessed with a structured RBDI questionnaire. The V3-V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were sequenced for gut microbiome exploration. Results Serum 5-HT levels were significantly decreased (130 ± 131 nmol/L vs 686 ± 233 nmol/L, P < 0.0001) in APECED patients with TPH-1 (±AADC) Aabs compared to controls and patients with only AADC Aabs. Reduced 5-HT levels correlated with constipation. The genus Escherichia/Shigella was overrepresented in the intestinal microbiome. No correlation between serum Trp, 5-HT or l-DOPA levels and the RBDI total score, fatigue or sleep disorders was found. Conclusions This exploratory study found low serum levels of 5-HT to be associated with constipation and the presence of TPH-1 and AADC Aabs, but not with symptoms of depression. Hence, serum 5-HT, TPH1 and AADC Aabs should be determined in APECED patients presenting with GI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Naskali
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pedro A B Pereira
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Krohn
- Clinical Research Institute HUCH Ltd, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Kluger:
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705
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Cani PD, Van Hul M, Lefort C, Depommier C, Rastelli M, Everard A. Microbial regulation of organismal energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2019; 1:34-46. [PMID: 32694818 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a key regulator of host metabolism. Here we review the various mechanisms through which the gut microbiome influences the energy metabolism of its host, highlighting the complex interactions between gut microbes, their metabolites and host cells. Among the most important bacterial metabolites are short-chain fatty acids, which serve as a direct energy source for host cells, stimulate the production of gut hormones and act in the brain to regulate food intake. Other microbial metabolites affect systemic energy expenditure by influencing thermogenesis and adipose tissue browning. Both direct and indirect mechanisms of action are known for specific metabolites, such as bile acids, branched chain amino acids, indole propionic acid and endocannabinoids. We also discuss the roles of specific bacteria in the production of specific metabolites and explore how external factors, such as antibiotics and exercise, affect the microbiome and thereby energy homeostasis. Collectively, we present a large body of evidence supporting the concept that gut microbiota-based therapies can be used to modulate host metabolism, and we expect to see such approaches moving from bench to bedside in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lefort
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Depommier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marialetizia Rastelli
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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706
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Yang X, Xu M, Huang G, Zhang C, Pang Y, Cheng Y. Effect of dietary L-tryptophan on the survival, immune response and gut microbiota of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1007-1017. [PMID: 30381266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of L-tryptophan (L-trp) on the survival, immune response and gut microbiota of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (with an average weight of 16.58 ± 2.20 g). After 30 days of feeding with diets supplemented with L-trp at 0.36%, 0.47%, 0.73% and 1.05% (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively), the survival rate and bacterial challenge (Aeromonas hydrophila) were evaluated, the activities of antioxidant and phosphatase enzymes in the serum were assessed, and the gut microbiota were measured via high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the supplementation of L-trp significantly improved the survival rate of crabs (P < 0.05). After feeding for 7 days, it was observed that a high L-trp diet significantly increase the survival rate relative to a basal diet after a 96-h post-challenge with A. hydrophila (P < 0.05). The activity of CAT and AKP in the serum were increased by the addition of L-trp. The activity of CAT and AKP in the serum in group 4 were higher than those in group 1 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed that adjunction of the L-trp can significantly increase the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota. The dominant phylum in the intestine of the Chinese mitten crab were Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria. The L-trp in the diets increased the richness of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria in the intestine significantly. These bacteria were all dominant bacteria and had a specific role in promoting the immunity of E. sinensis. Therefore, it could be inferred that L-trp supplementation is beneficial in the diet of E. sinensis. Based in these results, the dietary 0.47% or 0.73%L-trp supplemented is found to be optimum to improve E. sinensis survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Genyong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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707
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Wu XM, Tan RX. Interaction between gut microbiota and ethnomedicine constituents. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:788-809. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This highlight reviews the interaction processes between gut microbiota and ethnomedicine constituents, which may conceptualize future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Nanjing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
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708
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Sorbara MT, Pamer EG. Interbacterial mechanisms of colonization resistance and the strategies pathogens use to overcome them. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1-9. [PMID: 29988120 PMCID: PMC6312114 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The communities of bacteria that reside in the intestinal tract are in constant competition within this dynamic and densely colonized environment. At homeostasis, the equilibrium that exists between these species and strains is shaped by their metabolism and also by pathways of active antagonism, which drive competition with related and unrelated strains. Importantly, these normal activities contribute to colonization resistance by the healthy microbiota, which includes the ability to prevent the expansion of potential pathogens. Disruption of the microbiota, resulting from, for example, inflammation or antibiotic use, can reduce colonization resistance. Pathogens that engraft following disruption of the microbiota are often adapted to expand into newly created niches and compete in an altered gut environment. In this review, we examine both the interbacterial mechanisms of colonization resistance and the strategies of pathogenic strains to exploit gaps in colonization resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Sorbara
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric G. Pamer
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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709
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Wang Y, Liu J, Zhao X, Yang C, Ozaki Y, Xu Z, Zhao B, Yu Z. A chiral signal-amplified sensor for enantioselective discrimination of amino acids based on charge transfer-induced SERS. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9697-9700. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high sensitivity enantioselective sensor with excellent discrimination performance for trace amino acids by using charge transfer-induced SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
| | - Zhangrun Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yu
- The Guo China-US Photonics Laboratory
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
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710
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Bin P, Tang Z, Liu S, Chen S, Xia Y, Liu J, Wu H, Zhu G. Intestinal microbiota mediates Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:385. [PMID: 30518356 PMCID: PMC6282381 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrhea in humans, cows, and pigs. The gut microbiota underlies pathology of several infectious diseases yet the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of ETEC-induced diarrhea is unknown. Results By using an ETEC induced diarrheal model in piglet, we profiled the jejunal and fecal microbiota using metagenomics and 16S rRNA sequencing. A jejunal microbiota transplantation experiment was conducted to determine the role of the gut microbiota in ETEC-induced diarrhea. ETEC-induced diarrhea influenced the structure and function of gut microbiota. Diarrheal piglets had lower Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes ratio and microbiota diversity in the jejunum and feces, and lower percentage of Prevotella in the feces, but higher Lactococcus in the jejunum and higher Escherichia-Shigella in the feces. The transplantation of the jejunal microbiota from diarrheal piglets to uninfected piglets leaded to diarrhea after transplantation. Microbiota transplantation experiments also supported the notion that dysbiosis of gut microbiota is involved in the immune responses in ETEC-induced diarrhea. Conclusion We conclude that ETEC infection influences the gut microbiota and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota after ETEC infection mediates the immune responses in ETEC infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1704-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Tang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaojuan Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hucong Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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711
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Zeng H, Zheng Y, Lin Y, Huang C, Lin S, Zheng B, Zhang Y. Effect of fractionated lotus seed resistant starch on proliferation of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and its structural changes following fermentation. Food Chem 2018; 268:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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712
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Vieira-Potter VJ, Cross TWL, Swanson KS, Sarma SJ, Lei Z, Sumner LW, Rosenfeld CS. Soy-Induced Fecal Metabolome Changes in Ovariectomized and Intact Female Rats: Relationship with Cardiometabolic Health. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16896. [PMID: 30442926 PMCID: PMC6237990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds found in a variety of foods, most notably, soy. These compounds have been shown to improve immuno-metabolic health, yet mechanisms remain uncertain. We demonstrated previously that dietary phytoestrogen-rich soy (SOY) rescued metabolic dysfunction/inflammation following ovariectomy (OVX) in female rats; we also noted remarkable shifts in gut microbiota in SOY vs control diet-fed rats. Importantly, specific bacteria that significantly increased in those fed the SOY correlated positively with several favorable host metabolic parameters. One mechanism by which gut microbes might lead to such host effects is through production of bacterial metabolites. To test this possibility, we utilized non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) to assess the fecal metabolome in those previously studied animals. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA) revealed clear separation of fecal metabolomes based on diet and ovarian state. In particular, SOY-fed animals had greater fecal concentrations of the beneficial bacterial metabolite, S-equol, which was positively associated with several of the bacteria upregulated in the SOY group. S-equol was inversely correlated with important indicators of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, suggesting that this metabolite might be a key mediator between SOY and gut microbiome-positive host health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Saurav J Sarma
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhentian Lei
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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713
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Xiao J, Peng Z, Liao Y, Sun H, Chen W, Chen X, Wei Z, Yang C, Nüssler AK, Liu J, Yang W. Organ transplantation and gut microbiota: current reviews and future challenges. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:3330-3344. [PMID: 30662590 PMCID: PMC6291689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is often the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage diseases, such as heart, liver, kidney and small bowel failure and is carried out frequently worldwide. Still the post-transplantation complications remain health- and life-threatening outcome that needed to be resolved. With the rapid development of molecular technologies in recent years, more and more researchers realize that the gut microbiota may play a critical role in human diseases. The intestinal microbiome has been proved to provide a lot of functions to the host, such as digesting food, modulating metabolism, promoting angiogenesis and regulating the immune system. Several studies have investigated the alteration of intestinal microbiota in post-transplantation patients and observed significant changes in the intestinal microbiome compared to the pre-transplant condition. Due to the abovementioned features that the gut microbiota may be used in the prognosis of clinical outcome of organ transplantation. In addition, the FMT (fecal microbiota transplantation), probiotics and prebiotics as the newest therapy methods, effectiveness of which has been verified in some diseases, such as Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic disorders, might be used as the prognosis tool in organ transplantation as well. The purpose of this present review is to elucidate the relationship between gut microbiota and organ transplantation as well as the potential use of new therapies like fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic and prebiotic administration after the transplantation, and provide some ideas for future researches in field of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s HospitalGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuxiao Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s HospitalGanzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhanjie Wei
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Central Hospital of WuhanWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanlei Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central Hospital of WuhanWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Center, University of TübingenSchnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
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714
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Koh A, Molinaro A, Ståhlman M, Khan MT, Schmidt C, Mannerås-Holm L, Wu H, Carreras A, Jeong H, Olofsson LE, Bergh PO, Gerdes V, Hartstra A, de Brauw M, Perkins R, Nieuwdorp M, Bergström G, Bäckhed F. Microbially Produced Imidazole Propionate Impairs Insulin Signaling through mTORC1. Cell 2018; 175:947-961.e17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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715
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Cheng D, Chang H, Ma S, Guo J, She G, Zhang F, Li L, Li X, Lu Y. Tiansi Liquid Modulates Gut Microbiota Composition and Tryptophan⁻Kynurenine Metabolism in Rats with Hydrocortisone-Induced Depression. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112832. [PMID: 30384480 PMCID: PMC6278342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiansi Liquid is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used to treat depression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined the effect of Tiansi Liquid in a rat model of hydrocortisone-induced depression using behavioral testing, 16S rRNA high-throughput pyrosequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics of the tryptophan (TRP)–kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Tiansi Liquid significantly improved the sucrose preference and exploratory behavior of the depressive rats. The richness of intestinal mucosa samples from the model (depressive) group tended to be higher than that from the control group, while the richness was higher in the Tiansi Liquid-treated group than in the model group. Tiansi Liquid increased the relative abundance of some microbiota (Ruminococcaceae, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group). Metabolomics showed that Tiansi Liquid reduced the levels of tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, quinoline and the KYN/TRP ratio, while increasing kynurenic acid and 5-HT levels. Correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between the relative abundance of the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and quinoline content. Collectively, these findings suggest that Tiansi Liquid ameliorates depressive symptoms in rats by modulating the gut microbiota composition and metabolites in the TRP–KYN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongsheng Chang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Suya Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Feilong Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lingling Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xinjie Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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716
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Indoleacetate decarboxylase is a glycyl radical enzyme catalysing the formation of malodorant skatole. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4224. [PMID: 30310076 PMCID: PMC6181972 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skatole is a malodorous compound that contributes to the characteristic smell of animal faeces. Although skatole has long been known to originate from bacterial tryptophan fermentation, the enzyme catalysing its formation has so far remained elusive. Here we report the use of comparative genomics for the discovery of indoleacetate decarboxylase, an O2-sensitive glycyl radical enzyme catalysing the decarboxylation of indoleacetate to form skatole as the terminal step of tryptophan fermentation in certain anaerobic bacteria. We describe its biochemical characterization and compare it to other glycyl radical decarboxylases. Indoleacetate decarboxylase may serve as a genetic marker for the identification of skatole-producing environmental and human-associated bacteria, with impacts on human health and the livestock industry. Skatole is a bacterial metabolite responsible for boar taint and the objectionable smell of manure. Here, the authors elucidate the final step of skatole biosynthesis, describing the discovery and biochemical characterization of the enzyme catalysing the conversion of indoleacetate into skatole.
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717
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Chen MX, Wang SY, Kuo CH, Tsai IL. Metabolome analysis for investigating host-gut microbiota interactions. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 118 Suppl 1:S10-S22. [PMID: 30269936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with host health conditions. Many diseases have shown to have correlations with imbalanced microbiota, including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and even neurodegeneration disorders. Metabolomics studies targeting small molecule metabolites that impact the host metabolome and their biochemical functions have shown promise for studying host-gut microbiota interactions. Metabolome analysis determines the metabolites being discussed for their biological implications in host-gut microbiota interactions. To facilitate understanding the critical aspects of metabolome analysis, this article reviewed (1) the sample types used in host-gut microbiome studies; (2) mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical methods and (3) useful tools for MS-based data processing/analysis. In addition to the most frequently used sample type, feces, we also discussed others biosamples, such as urine, plasma/serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, exhaled breaths, and tissues, to better understand gut metabolite systemic effects on the whole organism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), three powerful tools that can be utilized to study host-gut microbiota interactions, are included with examples of their applications. After obtaining big data from MS-based instruments, noise removal, peak detection, missing value imputation, and data analysis are all important steps for acquiring valid results in host-gut microbiome research. The information provided in this review will help new researchers aiming to join this field by providing a global view of the analytical aspects involved in gut microbiota-related metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, The University of British Columbia, Canada; Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - San-Yuan Wang
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, NTU Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Tsai
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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718
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Kim S, Kerns SJ, Ziesack M, Bry L, Gerber GK, Way JC, Silver PA. Quorum Sensing Can Be Repurposed To Promote Information Transfer between Bacteria in the Mammalian Gut. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2270-2281. [PMID: 30125499 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is intricately involved with establishing and maintaining the health of the host. Engineering of gut microbes aims to add new functions and expand the scope of control over the gut microbiome. To create systems that can perform increasingly complex tasks in the gut, it is necessary to harness the ability of the bacteria to communicate in the gut environment. Interestingly, acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL)-mediated Gram-negative bacterial quorum sensing, a widely used mode of intercellular signaling system in nature, has not been identified in normal healthy mammalian gut. It remains unknown whether the gut bacteria that do not natively use quorum sensing can be engineered to successfully signal to other bacteria using acyl-HSLs in the gut environment. Here, we repurposed quorum sensing to create an information transfer system between native gut Escherichia coli and attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Specifically, we functionalized one species with inducible signal production and the other with signal detection and recording using genomically integrated circuits. The information transfer system demonstrated successful intra- and interspecies signaling in the murine gut. This study provides a basis for further understanding of interbacterial interactions in an otherwise hard-to-study environment as well as a basis for further investigation of the potential of acyl-HSLs as intercellular signaling molecules of engineered gut consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyun Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - S. Jordan Kerns
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Marika Ziesack
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lynn Bry
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Georg K. Gerber
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Way
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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719
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Blachier F, Beaumont M, Portune KJ, Steuer N, Lan A, Audebert M, Khodorova N, Andriamihaja M, Airinei G, Benamouzig R, Davila AM, Armand L, Rampelli S, Brigidi P, Tomé D, Claus SP, Sanz Y. High-protein diets for weight management: Interactions with the intestinal microbiota and consequences for gut health. A position paper by the my new gut study group. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1012-1022. [PMID: 30274898 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This review examines to what extent high-protein diets (HPD), which may favor body weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes in overweight and obese individuals, may also impact the gut environment, shaping the microbiota and the host-microbe (co)metabolic pathways and products, possibly affecting large intestine mucosa homeostasis. METHODS PubMed-referenced publications were analyzed with an emphasis on dietary intervention studies involving human volunteers in order to clarify the beneficial vs. deleterious effects of HPD in terms of both metabolic and gut-related health parameters; taking into account the interactions with the gut microbiota. RESULTS HPD generally decrease body weight and improve blood metabolic parameters, but also modify the fecal and urinary contents in various bacterial metabolites and co-metabolites. The effects of HPD on the intestinal microbiota composition appear rather heterogeneous depending on the type of dietary intervention. Recently, HPD consumption was shown to modify the expression of genes playing key roles in homeostatic processes in the rectal mucosa, without evidence of intestinal inflammation. Importantly, the effects of HPD on the gut were dependent on the protein source (i.e. from plant or animal sources), a result which should be considered for further investigations. CONCLUSION Although HPD appear to be efficient for weight loss, the effects of HPD on microbiota-derived metabolites and gene expression in the gut raise new questions on the impact of HPD on the large intestine mucosa homeostasis leading the authors to recommend some caution regarding the utilization of HPD, notably in a recurrent and/or long-term ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Beaumont
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Joseph Portune
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agronomy and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nils Steuer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Armand
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Paule Claus
- Department of Food Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agronomy and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain
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720
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient infectious disease of humans that has been extensively studied both clinically and experimentally. Although susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is clearly influenced by factors such as nutrition, immune status, and both mycobacterial and host genetics, the variable pathogenesis of TB in infected individuals remains poorly understood. Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient infectious disease of humans that has been extensively studied both clinically and experimentally. Although susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is clearly influenced by factors such as nutrition, immune status, and both mycobacterial and host genetics, the variable pathogenesis of TB in infected individuals remains poorly understood. During the past two decades, it has become clear that the microbiota—the trillion organisms that reside at mucosal surfaces within and on the body—can exert a major influence on disease outcome through its effects on host innate and adaptive immune function and metabolism. This new recognition of the potentially pleiotropic participation of the microbiome in immune responses has raised the possibility that the microbiota may influence M. tuberculosis infection and/or disease. Similarly, treatment of TB may alter the healthy steady-state composition and function of the microbiome, possibly affecting treatment outcome in addition to other host physiological parameters. Herein, we review emerging evidence for how the microbiota may influence the transition points in the life cycle of TB infection, including (i) resistance to initial infection, (ii) initial infection to latent tuberculosis (LTBI), (iii) LTBI to reactivated disease, and (iv) treatment to cure. A major goal of this review is to frame questions to guide future scientific and clinical studies in this largely unexplored but increasingly important area of TB research.
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721
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Vijayakumar V, Vanhove AS, Pickering BS, Liao J, Tierney BT, Asara JM, Bronson R, Watnick PI. Removal of a Membrane Anchor Reveals the Opposing Regulatory Functions of Vibrio cholerae Glucose-Specific Enzyme IIA in Biofilms and the Mammalian Intestine. mBio 2018; 9:e00858-18. [PMID: 30181246 PMCID: PMC6123446 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00858-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vibrio cholerae phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a well-conserved, multicomponent phosphotransfer cascade that coordinates the bacterial response to carbohydrate availability through direct interactions of its components with protein targets. One such component, glucose-specific enzyme IIA (EIIAGlc), is a master regulator that coordinates bacterial metabolism, nutrient uptake, and behavior by direct interactions with cytoplasmic and membrane-associated protein partners. Here, we show that an amphipathic helix (AH) at the N terminus of V. cholerae EIIAGlc serves as a membrane association domain that is dispensable for interactions with cytoplasmic partners but essential for regulation of integral membrane protein partners. By deleting this AH, we reveal previously unappreciated opposing regulatory functions for EIIAGlc at the membrane and in the cytoplasm and show that these opposing functions are active in the laboratory biofilm and the mammalian intestine. Phosphotransfer through the PTS proceeds in the absence of the EIIAGlc AH, while PTS-dependent sugar transport is blocked. This demonstrates that the AH couples phosphotransfer to sugar transport and refutes the paradigm of EIIAGlc as a simple phosphotransfer component in PTS-dependent transport. Our findings show that Vibrio cholerae EIIAGlc, a central regulator of pathogen metabolism, contributes to optimization of bacterial physiology by integrating metabolic cues arising from the cytoplasm with nutritional cues arising from the environment. Because pathogen carbon metabolism alters the intestinal environment, we propose that it may be manipulated to minimize the metabolic cost of intestinal infection.IMPORTANCE The V. cholerae phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a well-conserved, multicomponent phosphotransfer cascade that regulates cellular physiology and virulence in response to nutritional signals. Glucose-specific enzyme IIA (EIIAGlc), a component of the PTS, is a master regulator that coordinates bacterial metabolism, nutrient uptake, and behavior by direct interactions with protein partners. We show that an amphipathic helix (AH) at the N terminus of V. cholerae EIIAGlc serves as a membrane association domain that is dispensable for interactions with cytoplasmic partners but essential for regulation of integral membrane protein partners. By removing this amphipathic helix, hidden, opposing roles for cytoplasmic partners of EIIAGlc in both biofilm formation and metabolism within the mammalian intestine are revealed. This study defines a novel paradigm for AH function in integrating opposing regulatory functions in the cytoplasm and at the bacterial cell membrane and highlights the PTS as a target for metabolic modulation of the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Vijayakumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Audrey S Vanhove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley S Pickering
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Liao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Braden T Tierney
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roderick Bronson
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paula I Watnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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722
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Roager HM, Licht TR. Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3294. [PMID: 30120222 PMCID: PMC6098093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1015] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates metabolites produced by gut microbes as crucial mediators of diet-induced host-microbial cross-talk. Here, we review emerging data suggesting that microbial tryptophan catabolites resulting from proteolysis are influencing host health. These metabolites are suggested to activate the immune system through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier, stimulate gastrointestinal motility, as well as secretion of gut hormones, exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative or toxic effects in systemic circulation, and putatively modulate gut microbial composition. Tryptophan catabolites thus affect various physiological processes and may contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Roager
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Tine R Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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723
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Kim DJ, Yoon S, Ji SC, Yang J, Kim YK, Lee S, Yu KS, Jang IJ, Chung JY, Cho JY. Ursodeoxycholic acid improves liver function via phenylalanine/tyrosine pathway and microbiome remodelling in patients with liver dysfunction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11874. [PMID: 30089798 PMCID: PMC6082879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a metabolic by-product of intestinal bacteria, showing hepatoprotective effects. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the action mechanisms underlying the protective effects of UDCA and vitamin E against liver dysfunction using metabolomics and metagenomic analysis. In this study, we analysed blood and urine samples from patients with obesity and liver dysfunction. Nine patients were randomly assigned to receive UDCA (300 mg twice daily), and 10 subjects received vitamin E (400 IU twice daily) for 8 weeks. UDCA significantly improved the liver function scores after 4 weeks of treatment and effectively reduced hepatic deoxycholic acid and serum microRNA-122 levels. To better understand its protective mechanism, a global metabolomics study was conducted, and we found that UDCA regulated uremic toxins (hippuric acid, p-cresol sulphate, and indole-derived metabolites), antioxidants (ascorbate sulphate and N-acetyl-L-cysteine), and the phenylalanine/tyrosine pathway. Furthermore, microbiome involvement, particularly of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, was demonstrated through metagenomic analysis of bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles. Meanwhile, vitamin E treatment did not result in such alterations, except that it reduced uremic toxins and liver dysfunction. Our findings suggested that both treatments were effective in improving liver function, albeit via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonghae Yoon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Chun Ji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - SeungHwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Chung
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Metabolomics Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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724
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725
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. No effects without causes: the Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes hypothesis for chronic, inflammatory diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1518-1557. [PMID: 29575574 PMCID: PMC6055827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful conquest of many acute, communicable (infectious) diseases through the use of vaccines and antibiotics, the currently most prevalent diseases are chronic and progressive in nature, and are all accompanied by inflammation. These diseases include neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), vascular (e.g. atherosclerosis, pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes) and autoimmune (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis) diseases that may appear to have little in common. In fact they all share significant features, in particular chronic inflammation and its attendant inflammatory cytokines. Such effects do not happen without underlying and initially 'external' causes, and it is of interest to seek these causes. Taking a systems approach, we argue that these causes include (i) stress-induced iron dysregulation, and (ii) its ability to awaken dormant, non-replicating microbes with which the host has become infected. Other external causes may be dietary. Such microbes are capable of shedding small, but functionally significant amounts of highly inflammagenic molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Sequelae include significant coagulopathies, not least the recently discovered amyloidogenic clotting of blood, leading to cell death and the release of further inflammagens. The extensive evidence discussed here implies, as was found with ulcers, that almost all chronic, infectious diseases do in fact harbour a microbial component. What differs is simply the microbes and the anatomical location from and at which they exert damage. This analysis offers novel avenues for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester, 131 Princess StreetManchesterLancsM1 7DNU.K.
- The Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester, 131 Princess StreetManchesterLancsM1 7DNU.K.
- Department of Physiological SciencesStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological SciencesStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
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726
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Zhou P, Zhou N, Shao L, Li J, Liu S, Meng X, Duan J, Xiong X, Huang X, Chen Y, Fan X, Zheng Y, Ma S, Li C, Wu A. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection using an UPLC-MS based metabolomics method. Metabolomics 2018; 14:102. [PMID: 30830376 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fecal metabolome of Clostridium difficile (CD) infection is far from being understood, particularly its non-volatile organic compounds. The drawbacks of current tests used to diagnose CD infection hinder their application. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to find new characteristic fecal metabolites of CD infection and develop a metabolomics model for the diagnosis of CD infection. METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used to characterize the fecal metabolome of CD positive and negative diarrhea and healthy control stool samples. RESULTS Diarrhea and healthy control samples showed distinct clusters in the principal components analysis score plot, and CD positive group and CD negative group demonstrated clearer separation in a partial least squares discriminate analysis model. The relative abundance of sphingosine, chenodeoxycholic acid, phenylalanine, lysophosphatidylcholine (C16:0), and propylene glycol stearate was higher, and the relative abundance of fatty amide, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, tyrosine, linoleyl carnitine, and sphingomyelin was lower in CD positive diarrhea groups, than in the CD negative group. A linear discriminant analysis model based on capsiamide, dihydrosphingosine, and glycochenodeoxycholic acid was further constructed to identify CD infection in diarrhea. The leave-one-out cross-validation accuracy and area under receiver operating characteristic curve for the training set/external validation set were 90.00/78.57%, and 0.900/0.7917 respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared with other hospital-onset diarrhea, CD diarrhea has distinct fecal metabolome characteristics. Our UPLC-MS metabolomics model might be useful tool for diagnosing CD diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhou
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhou Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidi Liu
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Meng
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juping Duan
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Xiong
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Huang
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anhua Wu
- Infection Control Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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727
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Zhou X, Du L, Shi R, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Li Z. Early-life food nutrition, microbiota maturation and immune development shape life-long health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:S30-S38. [PMID: 29874476 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1485628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current knowledge about early-life nutrition and environmental factors that affect the interaction between the symbiotic microbiota and the host immune system has demonstrated novel regulatory target for treating allergic diseases, autoimmune disorders and metabolic syndrome. Various kinds of food nutrients (such as dietary fiber, starch, polyphenols and proteins) can provide energy resources for both intestinal microbiota and the host. The indigestible food components are fermented by the indigenous gut microbiota to produce diverse metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide, which can regulate the host metabolized physiology, immunity homeostasis and health state. Therefore it is commonly believed early-life perturbation of the microbial community structure and the dietary nutrition interference on the child mucosal immunity contribute to the whole life susceptibility to chronic diseases. In all, the combined interrelationship between food ingredients nutrition, intestinal microbiota configurations and host system immunity provides new therapeutic targets to treat various kinds of pathogenic inflammations and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Lina Du
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Ronghua Shi
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Zongjie Li
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
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728
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Silva JCP, Mota M, Martins FO, Nogueira C, Gonçalves T, Carneiro T, Pinto J, Duarte D, Barros AS, Jones JG, Gil AM. Intestinal Microbial and Metabolic Profiling of Mice Fed with High-Glucose and High-Fructose Diets. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2880-2891. [PMID: 29923728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased sugar intake is implicated in Type-2 diabetes and fatty liver disease; however, the mechanisms through which glucose and fructose promote these conditions are unclear. We hypothesize that alterations in intestinal metabolite and microbiota profiles specific to each monosaccharide are involved. Two groups of six adult C57BL/6 mice were fed for 10-weeks with diets with glucose (G) or fructose (F) as sole carbohydrates, and a third group was fed with a normal chow carbohydrate mixture (N). Fecal metabolites were profiled by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microbial composition by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Although N, G and F mice exhibited similar weight gains (with slight slower gains for F) and glucose tolerance, multivariate analysis of NMR data indicated that F mice were separated from N and G, with decreased butyrate and glutamate and increased fructose, succinate, taurine, tyrosine, and xylose. The different sugar diets also resulted in distinct intestinal microbiota profiles. That associated with fructose seemed to hold more potential to induce host metabolic disturbances compared to glucose, mainly by promoting bile acid deconjugation and taurine release and compromising intestinal barrier integrity. This may reflect the noted nonquantitative intestinal fructose absorption hence increasing its availability for microbial metabolism, a subject for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Silva
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Marta Mota
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Fátima O Martins
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,CEDOC, NOVA Medical School , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, 6A, edifício II, piso 3 , 1150-082 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Célia Nogueira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Tatiana Carneiro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal.,UCIBIO@REQUIMTE/Toxicological Laboratory, Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Daniela Duarte
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - António S Barros
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , 4200-319 , Porto , Portugal
| | - John G Jones
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,CEDOC, NOVA Medical School , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, 6A, edifício II, piso 3 , 1150-082 Lisbon , Portugal.,APDP - Portuguese Diabetes Association , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
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729
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Waclawiková B, El Aidy S. Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030063. [PMID: 29941795 PMCID: PMC6160932 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria collectively known as the gut microbiota. Our recognition of the significance of the complex interaction between the microbiota, and its host has grown dramatically over the past years. A balanced microbial community is a key regulator of the immune response, and metabolism of dietary components, which in turn, modulates several brain processes impacting mood and behavior. Consequently, it is likely that disruptions within the composition of the microbiota would remotely affect the mental state of the host. Here, we discuss how intestinal bacteria and their metabolites can orchestrate gut-associated neuroimmune mechanisms that influence mood and behavior leading to depression. In particular, we focus on microbiota-triggered gut inflammation and its implications in shifting the tryptophan metabolism towards kynurenine biosynthesis while disrupting the serotonergic signaling. We further investigate the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research in order to clarify our understanding of the multifaceted crosstalk in the microbiota–gut–brain interphase, bringing about novel, microbiota-targeted therapeutics for mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Waclawiková
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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730
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Abstract
Mammalian immune systems evolved within a diverse world dominated by microbes, making interactions between these two life-forms inevitable. Adaptive immunity protects against microbes through antigen-specific responses. In classical studies, these responses were investigated in the context of pathogenicity; however, we now know that they have significant effects on our resident microbes. In turn, microbes employ an arsenal of mechanisms to influence development and specificity of host immunity. Understanding these complex reactions will be necessary to develop microbiota-based strategies to prevent or treat disease. Here we review the literature detailing the cross talk between resident microbes with a focus on the specificity of host responses and the microbial molecules that influence them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla S Ost
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Utah 84211, USA;
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Utah 84211, USA;
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731
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Inshaw JRJ, Cutler AJ, Burren OS, Stefana MI, Todd JA. Approaches and advances in the genetic causes of autoimmune disease and their implications. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:674-684. [PMID: 29925982 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies are transformative in revealing the polygenetic basis of common diseases, with autoimmune diseases leading the charge. Although the field is just over 10 years old, advances in understanding the underlying mechanistic pathways of these conditions, which result from a dense multifactorial blend of genetic, developmental and environmental factors, have already been informative, including insights into therapeutic possibilities. Nevertheless, the challenge of identifying the actual causal genes and pathways and their biological effects on altering disease risk remains for many identified susceptibility regions. It is this fundamental knowledge that will underpin the revolution in patient stratification, the discovery of therapeutic targets and clinical trial design in the next 20 years. Here we outline recent advances in analytical and phenotyping approaches and the emergence of large cohorts with standardized gene-expression data and other phenotypic data that are fueling a bounty of discovery and improved understanding of human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R J Inshaw
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver S Burren
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Irina Stefana
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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732
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Palau-Rodriguez M, Tulipani S, Marco-Ramell A, Miñarro A, Jauregui O, Gonzalez-Dominguez R, Sanchez-Pla A, Ramos-Molina B, Tinahones FJ, Andres-Lacueva C. Characterization of Metabolomic Profile Associated with Metabolic Improvement after Bariatric Surgery in Subjects with Morbid Obesity. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2704-2714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Palau-Rodriguez
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy and Food Science Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable [CIBERfes], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII], 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Tulipani
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy and Food Science Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute [IBIMA], Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Malaga Hospital Complex [Virgen de la Victoria], Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Anna Marco-Ramell
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy and Food Science Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable [CIBERfes], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII], 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Miñarro
- Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Jauregui
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy and Food Science Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Scientific and Technological Centres of the University of Barcelona (CCIT-UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Gonzalez-Dominguez
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy and Food Science Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable [CIBERfes], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII], 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez-Pla
- Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Biology Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca [VHIR], 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Biomedical Research Institute [IBIMA], Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Malaga Hospital Complex [Virgen de la Victoria], Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición [CIBERobn], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII], 28029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Biomedical Research Institute [IBIMA], Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Malaga Hospital Complex [Virgen de la Victoria], Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición [CIBERobn], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII], 28029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy and Food Science Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable [CIBERfes], Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII], 28029 Madrid, Spain
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733
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The Microbiome and Metabolome of Preterm Infant Stool Are Personalized and Not Driven by Health Outcomes, Including Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Late-Onset Sepsis. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00104-18. [PMID: 29875143 PMCID: PMC5990886 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00104-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants face health problems likely related to microbial exposures, including sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. However, the role of the gut microbiome in preterm infant health is poorly understood. Microbial colonization differs from that of healthy term babies because it occurs in the NICU and is often perturbed by antibiotics. We measured bacterial compositions and metabolomic profiles of 77 fecal samples from 32 preterm infants to investigate the differences between microbiomes in health and disease. Rather than finding microbial signatures of disease, we found that both the preterm infant microbiome and the metabolome were personalized and that the preterm infant gut microbiome is enriched in microbes that commonly dominate in the presence of antibiotics. These results contribute to the growing knowledge of the preterm infant microbiome and emphasize that a personalized view will be important to disentangle the health consequences of the preterm infant microbiome. The assembly and development of the gut microbiome in infants have important consequences for immediate and long-term health. Preterm infants represent an abnormal case for bacterial colonization because of early exposure to bacteria and frequent use of antibiotics. To better understand the assembly of the gut microbiota in preterm infants, fecal samples were collected from 32 very low birth weight preterm infants over the first 6 weeks of life. Infant health outcomes included health, late-onset sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We characterized bacterial compositions by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomes by untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Preterm infant fecal samples lacked beneficial Bifidobacterium spp. and were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus organisms due to nearly uniform antibiotic administration. Most of the variance between the microbial community compositions could be attributed to the baby from which the sample derived (permutational multivariate analysis of variance [PERMANOVA] R2 = 0.48, P < 0.001), while clinical status (health, NEC, or late-onset sepsis) and overlapping times in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) did not explain a significant amount of variation in bacterial composition. Fecal metabolomes were also found to be unique to the individual (PERMANOVA R2 = 0.43, P < 0.001) and weakly associated with bacterial composition (Mantel statistic r = 0.23 ± 0.05, P < 0.05). No measured metabolites were found to be associated with necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, or a healthy outcome. Overall, preterm infant gut microbial communities were personalized and reflected antibiotic usage. IMPORTANCE Preterm infants face health problems likely related to microbial exposures, including sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. However, the role of the gut microbiome in preterm infant health is poorly understood. Microbial colonization differs from that of healthy term babies because it occurs in the NICU and is often perturbed by antibiotics. We measured bacterial compositions and metabolomic profiles of 77 fecal samples from 32 preterm infants to investigate the differences between microbiomes in health and disease. Rather than finding microbial signatures of disease, we found that both the preterm infant microbiome and the metabolome were personalized and that the preterm infant gut microbiome is enriched in microbes that commonly dominate in the presence of antibiotics. These results contribute to the growing knowledge of the preterm infant microbiome and emphasize that a personalized view will be important to disentangle the health consequences of the preterm infant microbiome.
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734
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Pimentel G, Burton KJ, von Ah U, Bütikofer U, Pralong FP, Vionnet N, Portmann R, Vergères G. Metabolic Footprinting of Fermented Milk Consumption in Serum of Healthy Men. J Nutr 2018; 148:851-860. [PMID: 29788433 PMCID: PMC5991204 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fermentation is a widely used method of natural food preservation that has consequences on the nutritional value of the transformed food. Fermented dairy products are increasingly investigated in view of their ability to exert health benefits beyond their nutritional qualities. Objective To explore the mechanisms underpinning the health benefits of fermented dairy intake, the present study followed the effects of milk fermentation, from changes in the product metabolome to consequences on the human serum metabolome after its ingestion. Methods A randomized crossover study design was conducted in 14 healthy men [mean age: 24.6 y; mean body mass index (in kg/m2): 21.8]. At the beginning of each test phase, serum samples were taken 6 h postprandially after the ingestion of 800 g of a nonfermented milk or a probiotic yogurt. During the 2-wk test phases, subjects consumed 400 g of the assigned test product daily (200 g, 2 times/d). Serum samples were taken from fasting participants at the end of each test phase. The serum metabolome was assessed through the use of LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. Results Postprandial serum metabolomes after milk or yogurt intake could be differentiated [orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) Q2 = 0.74]. Yogurt intake was characterized by higher concentrations of 7 free amino acids (including proline, P = 0.03), reduced concentrations of 5 bile acids (including glycocholic acid, P = 0.04), and modulation of 4 indole derivative compounds (including indole lactic acid, P = 0.01). Fasting serum samples after 2 wk of daily intake of milk or yogurt could also be differentiated based on their metabolic profiles (OPLS-DA Q2 = 0.56) and were discussed in light of the postprandial results. Conclusion Metabolic pathways related to amino acids, indole derivatives, and bile acids were modulated in healthy men by the intake of yogurt. Further investigation to explore novel health effects of fermented dairy products is warranted.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02230345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Pimentel
- Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn J Burton
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ueli von Ah
- Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Bütikofer
- Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - François P Pralong
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Vionnet
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reto Portmann
- Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guy Vergères
- Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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735
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Targeting the PXR-TLR4 signaling pathway to reduce intestinal inflammation in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:1031-1040. [PMID: 29360809 PMCID: PMC5959752 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThere is substantial evidence that signaling through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) contributes to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a xenobiotic sensor and signaling intermediate for certain host-bacterial metabolites, has been shown to negatively regulate TLR4 signaling. Here we investigated the relationship between PXR and TLR4 in the developing murine intestine and explored the capacity of PXR to modulate inflammatory pathways involved in experimental NEC.MethodsWild-type and PXR-/- mice were studied at various time points of development in an experimental model of NEC. In addition, we studied the ability of the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA), a known PXR agonist in liver, to activate intestinal PXR and reduce NEC-related intestinal inflammation.ResultsWe found a reciprocal relationship between the developmental expression of PXR and TLR4 in wild-type murine intestine, with PXR acting to reduce TLR4 expression by decreasing TLR4 mRNA stability. In addition, PXR-/- mice exhibited a remarkably heightened severity of disease in experimental NEC. Moreover, LCA attenuated intestinal proinflammatory responses in the early stages of experimental NEC.ConclusionThese findings provide proactive insights into the regulation of TLR4 in the developing intestine. Targeting PXR may be a novel approach for NEC prevention.
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736
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Indole Propionic Acid: a Small Molecule Links between Gut Microbiota and Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:62/5/e00389-18. [PMID: 29700005 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00389-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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737
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Chittim CL, Irwin SM, Balskus EP. Deciphering Human Gut Microbiota-Nutrient Interactions: A Role for Biochemistry. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2567-2577. [PMID: 29669199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human gut contains trillions of microorganisms that play a central role in many aspects of host biology, including the provision of key nutrients from the diet. However, our appreciation of how gut microbes and their extensive metabolic capabilities affect the nutritional status of the human host is in its infancy. In this Perspective, we highlight how recent efforts to elucidate the biochemical basis for gut microbial metabolism of dietary components are reshaping our view of these organisms' roles in host nutrition. Gaining a molecular understanding of gut microbe-nutrient interactions will enhance our knowledge of how diet affects host health and disease, ultimately enabling personalized nutrition and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina L Chittim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Stephania M Irwin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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738
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Parthasarathy A, Cross PJ, Dobson RCJ, Adams LE, Savka MA, Hudson AO. A Three-Ring Circus: Metabolism of the Three Proteogenic Aromatic Amino Acids and Their Role in the Health of Plants and Animals. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:29. [PMID: 29682508 PMCID: PMC5897657 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan are the three aromatic amino acids (AAA) involved in protein synthesis. These amino acids and their metabolism are linked to the synthesis of a variety of secondary metabolites, a subset of which are involved in numerous anabolic pathways responsible for the synthesis of pigment compounds, plant hormones and biological polymers, to name a few. In addition, these metabolites derived from the AAA pathways mediate the transmission of nervous signals, quench reactive oxygen species in the brain, and are involved in the vast palette of animal coloration among others pathways. The AAA and metabolites derived from them also have integral roles in the health of both plants and animals. This review delineates the de novo biosynthesis of the AAA by microbes and plants, and the branching out of AAA metabolism into major secondary metabolic pathways in plants such as the phenylpropanoid pathway. Organisms that do not possess the enzymatic machinery for the de novo synthesis of AAA must obtain these primary metabolites from their diet. Therefore, the metabolism of AAA by the host animal and the resident microflora are important for the health of all animals. In addition, the AAA metabolite-mediated host-pathogen interactions in general, as well as potential beneficial and harmful AAA-derived compounds produced by gut bacteria are discussed. Apart from the AAA biosynthetic pathways in plants and microbes such as the shikimate pathway and the tryptophan pathway, this review also deals with AAA catabolism in plants, AAA degradation via the monoamine and kynurenine pathways in animals, and AAA catabolism via the 3-aryllactate and kynurenine pathways in animal-associated microbes. Emphasis will be placed on structural and functional aspects of several key AAA-related enzymes, such as shikimate synthase, chorismate mutase, anthranilate synthase, tryptophan synthase, tyrosine aminotransferase, dopachrome tautomerase, radical dehydratase, and type III CoA-transferase. The past development and current potential for interventions including the development of herbicides and antibiotics that target key enzymes in AAA-related pathways, as well as AAA-linked secondary metabolism leading to antimicrobials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Penelope J. Cross
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lily E. Adams
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael A. Savka
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - André O. Hudson
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
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Whole-Cell Screen of Fragment Library Identifies Gut Microbiota Metabolite Indole Propionic Acid as Antitubercular. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01571-17. [PMID: 29229639 PMCID: PMC5826148 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01571-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several key antituberculosis drugs, including pyrazinamide, with a molecular mass of 123.1 g/mol, are smaller than the usual drug-like molecules. Current drug discovery efforts focus on the screening of larger compounds with molecular masses centered around 400 to 500 g/mol. Fragment (molecular mass < 300 g/mol) libraries have not been systematically explored for antitubercular activity. Here we screened a collection of 1,000 fragments, present in the Maybridge Ro3 library, for whole-cell activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Twenty-nine primary hits showed dose-dependent growth inhibition equal to or better than that of pyrazinamide. The most potent hit, indole propionic acid [IPA; 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid], a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota, was profiled in vivo. The molecule was well tolerated in mice and showed adequate pharmacokinetic properties. In a mouse model of acute M. tuberculosis infection, IPA reduced the bacterial load in the spleen 7-fold. Our results suggest that IPA should be evaluated as an add-on to current regimens and that fragment libraries should be further explored to identify antimycobacterial lead candidates.
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VanHook AM. Papers of note in
Nature
551
(7682). Sci Signal 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar6316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This week’s articles highlight proteostasis in the germ line, tumor cell survival in high-oxygen environments, and gut symbiont metabolites that affect intestinal physiology and systemic immunity.
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