701
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Yang N, Li S, Li G, Zhang S, Tang X, Ni S, Jian X, Xu C, Zhu J, Lu M. The role of extracellular vesicles in mediating progression, metastasis and potential treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3683-3695. [PMID: 27713136 PMCID: PMC5356911 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. As vectors for intercellular information exchange, the potential role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in HCC formation, progression and therapy has been widely investigated. In this review, we explore the current status of the researches in this field. Altogether there is undeniable evidence that EVs play a crucial role in HCC development, metastasis. Moreover, EVs have shown great potential as drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the treatment of HCC. Exosomal miRNAs derived from HCC cells can enhance transformed cell growth in recipient cells by modulating the expression of transforming growth factor-β activated kinase-1(TAK1) and downstream signaling molecules. Furthermore, vacuolar protein sortin 4 homolog A(VPS4A) and insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-1 regulate exosome-mediated miRNAs transfer. Immune cells- derived EVs containing integrin αMβ2 or CD147 may facilitate HCC metastasis. In addition, EVs-mediated shuttle of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), specifically linc- VLDLR and linc-ROR promote chemoresistance of malignant cells. Heat shock proteins (HSPs)-harboring exosomes derived from HCC tumor cells increase the antitumor effect of natural killer (NK) cells, thus enhancing HCC immunotherapy. Indeed, inhibition of HCC tumor growth has been associated with tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEX)-pulsed dentritic cells (DCs). Exosomes are also essential in liver metastasis during colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). Therefore, as nucleic acid and drug delivery vehicles, EVs show a tremendous potential for effective treatment against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibin Yang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Liver Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guoxiang Li
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shengguo Zhang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Liver Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Liver Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shunlan Ni
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Liver Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Jian
- Department of The First Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cunlai Xu
- Department of Respiration, Lishui People's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Jiayin Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingqin Lu
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Institute of Liver Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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702
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Kim YS, Ahn JS, Kim S, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kang JS. The potential theragnostic (diagnostic+therapeutic) application of exosomes in diverse biomedical fields. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:113-125. [PMID: 29520164 PMCID: PMC5840070 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter that are derived from the exocytosis of the intraluminal vesicles of many cell types including immune cells, stem cells, cardiovascular cells and tumor cells. Exosomes participate in intercellular communication by delivering their contents to recipient cells, with or without direct contact between cells, and thereby influence physiological and pathological processes. They are present in various body fluids and contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and microRNAs that can be transported to surrounding cells. Theragnosis is a concept in next-generation medicine that simultaneously combines accurate diagnostics with therapeutic effects. Molecular components in exosomes have been found to be related to certain diseases and treatment responses, indicating that they may have applications in diagnosis via molecular imaging and biomarker detection. In addition, recent studies have reported that exosomes have immunotherapeutic applications or can act as a drug delivery system for targeted therapies with drugs and biomolecules. In this review, we describe the formation, structure, and physiological roles of exosomes. We also discuss their roles in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The potential applications of exosomes for theragnostic purposes in various diseases are also discussed. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the physiological and pathological roles of exosomes as well as their diagnostic and therapeutic uses, including emerging exosome-based therapies that could not be applied until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Shin-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ju-Seop Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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703
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Conigliaro A, Fontana S, Raimondo S, Alessandro R. Exosomes: Nanocarriers of Biological Messages. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 998:23-43. [PMID: 28936730 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4397-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is crucial to maintain homeostasis in multicellular organism. Cells communicate each other by direct contact or by releasing factors that, soluble or packaged in membrane vesicles, can reach different regions of the organism. To date numerous studies highlighted the existence of several types of extracellular vesicles that, differing for dimension, origin and contents, play a role in physiological and/or pathological processes. Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes are emerging as efficient players to modulate target cells phenotype and as new non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools in multiple diseases. They, in fact, strictly reflect the type and functional status of the producing cells and are able to deliver their contents even over a long distance. The results accumulated in the last two decades and collected in this chapter, indicated that exosomes, can carry RNAs, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, DNA, lipids, metabolites and proteins; a deeper understanding of their contents is therefore needed to get the most from this incredible cell product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Conigliaro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Simona Fontana
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90133, Italy.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.
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704
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Boriachek K, Islam MN, Möller A, Salomon C, Nguyen NT, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Shiddiky MJA. Biological Functions and Current Advances in Isolation and Detection Strategies for Exosome Nanovesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702153. [PMID: 29282861 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale (≈30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are shed by most types of cells and circulate in bodily fluids. Exosomes carry a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA and can work as cargo to transfer this information to recipient cells. Recent studies on exosomes have shown that they play an important role in various biological processes, such as intercellular signaling, coagulation, inflammation, and cellular homeostasis. These functional roles are attributed to their ability to transfer RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids, thereby affecting the physiological and pathological conditions in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative, infectious, and autoimmune diseases (e.g., cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis). Due to these unique characteristics, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases via noninvasive or minimally invasive procedures. Over the last decade, a plethora of methodologies have been developed for analyzing disease-specific exosomes using optical and nonoptical tools. Here, the major biological functions, significance, and potential role of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the most commonly used techniques for exosome analysis, highlighting the major technical challenges and limitations of existing techniques, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Boriachek
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Nazmul Islam
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
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705
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Tao S, Guo S, Zhang C. Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700449. [PMID: 29619297 PMCID: PMC5827100 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous nanosized membrane vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins and nucleic acids, which are active in intercellular communications. EVs are increasingly seen as a vital component of many biological functions that were once considered to require the direct participation of stem cells. Consequently, transplantation of EVs is gradually becoming considered an alternative to stem cell transplantation due to their significant advantages, including their relatively low probability of neoplastic transformation and abnormal differentiation. However, as research has progressed, it is realized that EVs derived from native-source cells may have various shortcomings, which can be corrected by modification and optimization. To date, attempts are made to modify or improve almost all the components of EVs, including the lipid bilayer, proteins, and nucleic acids, launching a new era of modularized EV therapy through the "modular design" of EV components. One high-yield technique, generating EV mimetic nanovesicles, will help to make industrial production of modularized EVs a reality. These modularized EVs have highly customized "modular design" components related to biological function and targeted delivery and are proposed as a promising approach to achieve personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Shang‐Chun Guo
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Chang‐Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
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706
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Jung MK, Mun JY. Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29364263 DOI: 10.3791/56482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The contents and morphology of the secreted vesicles reflect cell behavior or physiological status, for example cell growth, migration, cleavage, and death. The exosomes' role may depend highly on size, and the size of exosomes varies from 30 to 300 nm. The most widely used method for exosome imaging is negative staining, while other results are based on Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The typical exosome's morphology assessed through negative staining is a cup-shape, but further details are not yet clear. An exosome well-characterized through structural study is necessary particular in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, function-dependent morphology should be verified by electron microscopy techniques such as labeling a specific protein in the detailed structure of exosome. To observe detailed structure, ultrathin sectioned images and negative stained images of exosomes were compared. In this protocol, we suggest transmission electron microscopy for the imaging of exosomes including negative staining, whole mount immuno-staining, block preparation, thin section, and immuno-gold labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyo Jung
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Synaptic Circuit Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute;
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707
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells and can be found in cell culture supernatants and biofluids. EVs carry proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular components and can deliver these to nearby or distant cells, making EVs of interest as both disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. EVs in biofluids are heterogeneous, coming from different cell types and from different sources with the cell, which limits the usefulness of bulk EV analysis methods that report the average features of all EVs present. Single-particle measurements such as flow cytometry would be preferred, but the small size and low abundance of surface antigens challenges conventional flow cytometry approaches, leading to the development of vesicle-specific assays and experimental design. Among the key issues that have emerged are: (a) judicious choice of detection (triggering) approach; (b) appropriate control experiments to confirm the vesicular nature of the detected events and the contribution of coincidence (aka swarm detection); and (c) the importance of fluorescence calibration to allow data to be compared over time and between laboratories. We illustrate these issues in the context of fluorescence-triggered Vesicle Flow Cytometry (VFC), a general approach to the quantitative measurement of EV number, size, and surface marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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708
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Timari H, Shamsasenjan K, Movassaghpour A, Akbarzadehlaleh P, Pashoutan Sarvar D, Aqmasheh S. The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Hematopoietic Stem Cells Fate. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:531-546. [PMID: 29399543 PMCID: PMC5788208 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent stem cells, with self-renewal ability as well as ability to generate all blood cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells, with self-renewal ability, and capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types. MSCs have supporting effects on hematopoiesis; through direct intercellular communications as well as secreting cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recent investigations demonstrated that some biological functions and effects of MSCs are mediated by their EVs. MSC-EVs are the cell membrane and endosomal membrane compartments, which are important mediators in the intercellular communications. MSC-EVs contain some of the molecules such as proteins, mRNA, siRNA, and miRNA from their parental cells. MSC-EVs are able to inhibit tumor, repair damaged tissue, and modulate immune system responses. MSC-EVs compared to their parental cells, may have the specific safety advantages such as the lower potential to trigger immune system responses and limited side effects. Recently some studies demonstrated the effect of MSC-EVs on the expansion, differentiation, and clinical applications of HSCs such as improvement of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and inhibition of graft versus host disease (GVHD). HSCT may be the only therapeutic choice for patients who suffer from malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders. However, there are several severe side effects such GVHD that restricts the successfulness of HSCT. In this review, we will discuss the most important effects of MSCs and MSC-EVs on the improvement of HSCT, inhibition and treatment of GVHD, as well as, on the expansion of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamze Timari
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology Oncology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Akbarzadehlaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sara Aqmasheh
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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709
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Quezada C, Torres Á, Niechi I, Uribe D, Contreras-Duarte S, Toledo F, San Martín R, Gutiérrez J, Sobrevia L. Role of extracellular vesicles in glioma progression. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 60:38-51. [PMID: 29222067 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer biology has emerged as a focus of the study of great importance and has been shown to directly influence tumour development in several cancers including brain tumours, such as gliomas. Gliomas are the most aggressive brain tumours, and in the last time, a considerable effort has been made to understand their biology. Studies focus in the signalling pathways involved in the processes of angiogenesis, viability, drug resistance and immune response evasion, as well as gliomas ability to infiltrate healthy tissue, a phenomenon regulated by the migratory and invasive capacity of the cells within a tumour. In this review, we summarize the different types and classifications of extracellular vesicles, their intravesicular content, and their role in the regulation of tumour progression processes in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Quezada
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Ángelo Torres
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Susana Contreras-Duarte
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory (CSDL), School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile.
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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710
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You B, Shan Y, Bao L, Chen J, Yang L, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Shi S, You Y. The biology and function of extracellular vesicles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2017; 52:38-46. [PMID: 29138808 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed vesicles, which play an important role in intercellular communication. Increasing number of studies have shown that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles might be involved in the transfer of oncogenic cargo (proteins, lipids, messenger RNA, microRNA, non-coding RNAs and DNA) through which cancer cells could shape the tumor microenvironment and influence tumor progression. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived extracellular vesicles have also reported to facilitate tumor proliferation, metastasis and immune escape. Moreover, nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived extracellular vesicles might serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets. The present review provides information on the biological and clinical significance of extracellular vesicles in tumors, especially in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Lili Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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711
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Samuel P, Fabbri M, Carter DRF. Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Cancer: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28941129 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a major barrier to the successful treatment of cancer. The mechanisms by which therapeutic resistance arises are multifactorial. Recent evidence has shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in mediating drug resistance. EVs are small vesicles carrying a variety of macromolecular cargo released by cells into the extracellular space and can be taken up into recipient cells, resulting in transfer of cellular material. EVs can mediate drug resistance by several mechanisms. They can serve as a pathway for sequestration of cytotoxic drugs, reducing the effective concentration at target sites. They can act as decoys carrying membrane proteins and capturing monoclonal antibodies intended to target receptors at the cell surface. EVs from resistant tumor cells can deliver mRNA, miRNA, long noncoding RNA, and protein inducing resistance in sensitive cells. This provides a new model for how resistance that arises can then spread through a heterogeneous tumor. EVs also mediate cross-talk between cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, leading to tumor progression and acquisition of therapeutic resistance. In this review, we will describe what is known about how EVs can induce drug resistance, and discuss the ways in which EVs could be used as therapeutic targets or diagnostic markers for managing cancer treatment. While further characterization of the vesiculome and the mechanisms of EV function are still required, EVs offer an exciting opportunity in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Samuel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Molecular Immunology University of Southern California-Keck School of Medicine Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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712
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Cell transfer of information via miR-loaded exosomes: a biophysical approach. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 46:803-811. [PMID: 29043382 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new communication route among cells was reported in recent years, via extracellular vesicles and their cargo. Exosomes in particular are attracting increasing interest as privileged mediators of this cell communication route. The exosome-mediated transfer of nucleic acids, especially of microRNAs, is particularly promising for their use both as biomarkers of pathologies and as a therapeutic tool. Here, a simplified model of interaction among cells, microRNAs and vesicles is studied using a biophysical approach. A synthetic and fluorescent microRNA (i.e. miR-1246 conjugated with TAMRA) was selected to model cell communication, monitoring its internalization in cells. The fluorescent miR-1246, either naked or included in synthetic or natural vesicles, was incubated with human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) for different times. A comparison between this human microRNA and its DNA copy or an exogenous microRNA (from Caenorhabditis elegans) allowed assessment of the specificity of the information transfer through microRNAs, and especially associated with exosomes. The uptake of naked miR-1246 was indeed higher both in terms of number of targeted cells and intensity of fluorescence signal with respect to the other nucleic acids tested. The same occurred with miR-1246 loaded exosomes, evidencing a specific uptake only partially due to the lipidic components and present only when the human microRNA was loaded in exosomes, which were themselves derived from the same MCF7 cells.
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713
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Dabbah M, Attar-Schneider O, Tartakover Matalon S, Shefler I, Jarchwsky Dolberg O, Lishner M, Drucker L. Microvesicles derived from normal and multiple myeloma bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentially modulate myeloma cells' phenotype and translation initiation. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:708-716. [PMID: 28838065 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells' interaction with the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment critically hinders disease therapy. Previously, we showed that MM co-culture with BM-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) caused co-modulation of translation initiation (TI) and cell phenotype and implicated secreted components, specifically microvesicles (MVs). Here, we studied the role of the BM-MSCs [normal donors (ND) and MM] secreted MVs in design of MM cells' phenotype, TI and signaling. BM-MSCs' MVs collected from BM-MSCs (MM/ND) cultures were applied to MM cell lines. After MVs uptake confirmation, the MM cells were assayed for viability, cell count and death, proliferation, migration, invasion, autophagy, TI status (factors, regulators, targets) and MAPKs activation. The interdependence of MAPKs, TI and autophagy was determined (inhibitors). ND-MSCs MVs' treated MM cells demonstrated a rapid (5 min) activation of MAPKs followed by a persistent decrease (1-24 h), while MM-MSCs MVs' treated cells demonstrated a rapid and continued (5 min-24 h) activation of MAPKs and TI (↑25-200%, P < 0.05). Within 24 h, BM-MSCs MVs were internalized by MM cells evoking opposite responses according to MVs origin. ND-MSCs' MVs decreased viability, proliferation, migration and TI (↓15-80%; P < 0.05), whereas MM-MSCs' MVs increased them (↑10-250%, P < 0.05). Inhibition of MAPKs in MM-MSCs MVs treated MM cells decreased TI and inhibition of autophagy elevated cell death. These data demonstrate that BM-MSCs MVs have a fundamental effect on MM cells phenotype in accordance with normal or pathological source implemented via TI modulation. Future studies will aim to elucidate the involvement of MVs-MM receptor ligand interactions and cargo transfer in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Dabbah
- Oncogenetic, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Shelly Tartakover Matalon
- Oncogenetic, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Michael Lishner
- Oncogenetic, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Internal Medicine A, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Liat Drucker
- Oncogenetic, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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714
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715
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Roberts-Dalton HD, Cocks A, Falcon-Perez JM, Sayers EJ, Webber JP, Watson P, Clayton A, Jones AT. Fluorescence labelling of extracellular vesicles using a novel thiol-based strategy for quantitative analysis of cellular delivery and intracellular traffic. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13693-13706. [PMID: 28880029 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are naturally derived nanovesicles generated in and released by numerous cell types. As extracellular entities they have the capacity to interact with neighbouring cells and distant tissues and affect physiological processes as well as being implicated in numerous diseases including tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration. They are also under intense investigation as delivery vectors for biotherapeutics. The ways in which EVs interact with recipient cells to influence cell physiology and deliver a macromolecular payload are at the early stages of exploration. A significant challenge within these studies is the ability to label EVs directly or indirectly with fluorescent probes to allow visualization without compromising functionality. Here, we present a thiol-based fluorescence labelling method allowing comprehensive analysis of the cellular uptake of prostate cancer derived EVs in live cells using confocal microscopy. Labelling of the EVs in this way did not influence their size and had no effect on their ability to induce differentiation of lung fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. For endocytosis analyses, depletion of key endocytic proteins and the use of chemical inhibitors (Dynasore, EIPA, Rottlerin and IPA-3) indicated that fluid-phase endocytosis and/or macropinocytosis was involved in EV internalisation. Over a period of six hours EVs were observed to increasingly co-localise with lysosomes, indicating a possible termination point following internalisation. Overall this method provides new opportunities for analysing the cellular dynamics of EVs as biological entities affecting cell and whole body physiology as well as investigating their potential as drug delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Roberts-Dalton
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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716
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Insights into the Diagnostic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles and Their miRNA Signature from Liquid Biopsy as Early Biomarkers of Diabetic Micro/Macrovascular Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091974. [PMID: 28906481 PMCID: PMC5618623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous population of small vesicles, consisting of a phospholipidic bilayer surrounding a soluble interior cargo. Almost all cell types release EVs, thus they are naturally present in all body fluids. Among the several potential applications, EVs could be used as drug delivery vehicles in disease treatment, in immune therapy because of their immunomodulatory properties and in regenerative medicine. In addition to general markers, EVs are characterized by the presence of specific biomarkers (proteins and miRNAs) that allow the identification of their cell or tissue origin. For these features, they represent a potential powerful diagnostic tool to monitor state and progression of specific diseases. A large body of studies supports the idea that endothelial derived (EMPs) together with platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by micro- and macrovascular damages, including diabetes. Existing literature suggests that the detection of circulating EMPs and PMPs and their specific miRNA profile may represent a very useful non-invasive signature to achieve information on the onset of peculiar disease manifestations. In this review, we discuss the possible utility of EVs in the early diagnosis of diabetes-associated microvascular complications, specifically related to kidney.
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717
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Serum-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) impact on vascular remodeling and prevent muscle damage in acute hind limb ischemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8180. [PMID: 28811546 PMCID: PMC5557987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum is an abundant and accessible source of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs). Serum-EV (sEV) pro-angiogenic capability and mechanisms are herein analyzed using an in vitro assay which predicts sEV angiogenic potential in vivo. Effective sEVs (e-sEVs) also improved vascular remodeling and prevented muscle damage in a mouse model of acute hind limb ischemia. e-sEV angiogenic proteomic and transcriptomic analyses show a positive correlation with matrix-metalloproteinase activation and extracellular matrix organization, cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways, Insulin-like Growth Factor and platelet pathways, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor signaling. A discrete gene signature, which highlights differences in e-sEV and ineffective-EV biological activity, was identified using gene ontology (GO) functional analysis. An enrichment of genes associated with the Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) signaling cascade is associated with e-sEV administration but not with ineffective-EVs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis on the inhibitor of DNA binding I (ID1) promoter region, and the knock-down of small mother against decapentaplegic (SMAD)1–5 proteins confirmed GO functional analyses. This study demonstrates sEV pro-angiogenic activity, validates a simple, sEV pro-angiogenic assay which predicts their biological activity in vivo, and identifies the TGFβ1 cascade as a relevant mediator. We propose serum as a readily available source of EVs for therapeutic purposes.
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718
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Jung AL, Herkt CE, Schulz C, Bolte K, Seidel K, Scheller N, Sittka-Stark A, Bertrams W, Schmeck B. Legionella pneumophila infection activates bystander cells differentially by bacterial and host cell vesicles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6301. [PMID: 28740179 PMCID: PMC5524687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles from eukaryotic cells and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from gram-negative bacteria have been described as mediators of pathogen-host interaction and intercellular communication. Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is a causative agent of severe pneumonia. The differential effect of bacterial and host cell vesicles in L. pneumophila infection is unknown so far. We infected THP-1-derived or primary human macrophages with L. pneumophila and isolated supernatant vesicles by differential centrifugation. We observed an increase of exosomes in the 100 k pellet by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, and protein markers. This fraction additionally contained Legionella LPS, indicating also the presence of OMVs. In contrast, vesicles in the 16 k pellet, representing microparticles, decreased during infection. The 100 k vesicle fraction activated uninfected primary human alveolar epithelial cells, A549 cells, and THP-1 cells. Epithelial cell activation was reduced by exosome depletion (anti-CD63, or GW4869), or blocking of IL-1β in the supernatant. In contrast, the response of THP-1 cells to vesicles was reduced by a TLR2-neutralizing antibody, UV-inactivation of bacteria, or – partially – RNase-treatment of vesicles. Taken together, we found that during L. pneumophila infection, neighbouring epithelial cells were predominantly activated by exosomes and cytokines, whereas myeloid cells were activated by bacterial OMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Elena Herkt
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christine Schulz
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bolte
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicoletta Scheller
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sittka-Stark
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Labor Berlin Services GmbH, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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719
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Extracellular vesicles: their role in cancer biology and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem J 2017; 474:21-45. [PMID: 28008089 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical across an assortment of physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an integral facet of intercellular communication largely through the transfer of functional cargo such as proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNA (miRNAs), DNAs and lipids. EVs, especially exosomes and shed microvesicles, represent an important delivery medium in the tumour micro-environment through the reciprocal dissemination of signals between cancer and resident stromal cells to facilitate tumorigenesis and metastasis. An important step of the metastatic cascade is the reprogramming of cancer cells from an epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype (epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT), which is associated with increased aggressiveness, invasiveness and metastatic potential. There is now increasing evidence demonstrating that EVs released by cells undergoing EMT are reprogrammed (protein and RNA content) during this process. This review summarises current knowledge of EV-mediated functional transfer of proteins and RNA species (mRNA, miRNA, long non-coding RNA) between cells in cancer biology and the EMT process. An in-depth understanding of EVs associated with EMT, with emphasis on molecular composition (proteins and RNA species), will provide fundamental insights into cancer biology.
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720
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Caivano A, La Rocca F, Laurenzana I, Trino S, De Luca L, Lamorte D, Del Vecchio L, Musto P. Extracellular Vesicles in Hematological Malignancies: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1183. [PMID: 28574430 PMCID: PMC5486006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of particles, between 15 nanometers and 10 microns in diameter, released by almost all cell types in physiological and pathological conditions, including tumors. EVs have recently emerged as particularly interesting informative vehicles, so that they could be considered a true "cell biopsy". Indeed, EV cargo, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, generally reflects the nature and status of the origin cells. In some cases, EVs are enriched of peculiar molecular cargo, thus suggesting at least a degree of specific cellular packaging. EVs are identified as important and critical players in intercellular communications in short and long distance interplays. Here, we examine the physiological role of EVs and their activity in cross-talk between bone marrow microenvironment and neoplastic cells in hematological malignancies (HMs). In these diseases, HM EVs can modify tumor and bone marrow microenvironment, making the latter "stronger" in supporting malignancy, inducing drug resistance, and suppressing the immune system. Moreover, EVs are abundant in biologic fluids and protect their molecular cargo against degradation. For these and other "natural" characteristics, EVs could be potential biomarkers in a context of HM liquid biopsy and therapeutic tools. These aspects will be also analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Caivano
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 858028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Francesco La Rocca
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Laurenzana
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 858028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Stefania Trino
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 858028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Luciana De Luca
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 858028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lamorte
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 858028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Luigi Del Vecchio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
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721
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De Luca L, Trino S, Laurenzana I, Lamorte D, Caivano A, Del Vecchio L, Musto P. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Role in Hematopoietic Transplantation? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051022. [PMID: 28486431 PMCID: PMC5454935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous cellular population containing different progenitors able to repair tissues, support hematopoiesis, and modulate immune and inflammatory responses. Several clinical trials have used MSCs in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) to prevent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment failure, reduce aplasia post chemotherapy, and to control graft versus host disease (GvHD). The efficacy of MSCs is linked to their immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory properties primarily due to the release of soluble factors. Recent studies indicate that most of these effects are mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-EVs have therefore therapeutic effects in regenerative medicine, tumor inhibition, and immune-regulation. MSC-EVs may offer specific advantages for patient safety, such as lower propensity to trigger innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been also shown that MSC-EVs can prevent or treat acute-GvHD by modulating the immune-response and, combined with HSCs, may contribute to the hematopoietic microenvironment reconstitution. Finally, MSC-EVs may provide a new potential therapeutic option (e.g., transplantation, gene therapy) for different diseases, particularly hematological malignancies. In this review, we will describe MSC and MSC-EVs role in improving allo-HSCT procedures and in treating GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana De Luca
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Stefania Trino
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Laurenzana
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lamorte
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Antonella Caivano
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Luigi Del Vecchio
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., 80147 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
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722
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Kohli S, Isermann B. Placental hemostasis and sterile inflammation: New insights into gestational vascular disease. Thromb Res 2017; 151 Suppl 1:S30-S33. [PMID: 28262230 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(17)30063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the coagulation and inflammatory systems are physiologically occurring during pregnancy. However, excess activation of either system is well documented in gestational vascular diseases (GVD). GVD are placenta-mediated pregnancy complications and a major cause of feto-maternal morbidity and mortality. The causal relevance of excess coagulation and inflammatory responses for GVD remains largely unknown. Deciphering the causal relationship of excess coagulation and inflammation in GVD may allow conceptualizing new therapeutic approaches to combat GVD. Platelet activation and procoagulant extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a link between coagulation and inflammation and their activation or generation in GVD is well established. As recently shown EVs cause sterile placental inflammation by activating maternal platelets that release ATP and activate purinergic receptor signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome in the embryonic trophoblast. This thrombo-inflammatory mechanism suggests a novel link between coagulation activation and sterile inflammation in GVD. These findings highlight a role of anti-platelet therapies in GVD. In addition, targeting the inflammasome alone or in combination with platelet inhibition may provide a new therapeutic strategy in GVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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723
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Pariset E, Agache V, Millet A. Extracellular Vesicles: Isolation Methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700040. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Pariset
- CEA; LETI; MINATEC Campus 38054 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Vincent Agache
- CEA; LETI; MINATEC Campus 38054 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Arnaud Millet
- ATIP/Avenir Team “Mechanobiology, Immunity and Cancer”; Inserm U1205, Brain-Tech Lab 38054 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes; 38000 Grenoble France
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724
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Barreiro K, Holthofer H. Urinary extracellular vesicles. A promising shortcut to novel biomarker discoveries. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:217-227. [PMID: 28429073 PMCID: PMC5487850 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic and genomic techniques have reached full maturity and are providing unforeseen details for the comprehensive understanding of disease pathologies at a fraction of previous costs. However, for kidney diseases, many gaps in such information remain to inhibit major advances in the prevention, treatment and diagnostics of these devastating diseases, which have enormous global impact. The discovery of ubiquitous extracellular vesicles (EV) in all bodily fluids is rapidly increasing the fundamental knowledge of disease mechanisms and the ways in which cells communicate with distant locations in processes of cancer spread, immunological regulation, barrier functions and general modulation of cellular activity. In this review, we describe some of the most prominent research streams and findings utilizing urinary extracellular vesicles as highly versatile and dynamic tools with their extraordinary protein and small regulatory RNA species. While being a highly promising approach, the relatively young field of EV research suffers from a lack of adherence to strict standardization and carefully scrutinized methods for obtaining fully reproducible results. With the appropriate guidelines and standardization achieved, urine is foreseen as forming a unique, robust and easy route for determining accurate and personalized disease signatures and as providing highly useful early biomarkers of the disease pathology of the kidney and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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725
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Fang S, Tian H, Li X, Jin D, Li X, Kong J, Yang C, Yang X, Lu Y, Luo Y, Lin B, Niu W, Liu T. Clinical application of a microfluidic chip for immunocapture and quantification of circulating exosomes to assist breast cancer diagnosis and molecular classification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175050. [PMID: 28369094 PMCID: PMC5378374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been attracted by exosomes in blood-based diagnosis because cancer cells release more exosomes in serum than normal cells and these exosomes overexpress a certain number of cancer-related biomarkers. However, capture and biomarker analysis of exosomes for clinical application are technically challenging. In this study, we developed a microfluidic chip for immunocapture and quantification of circulating exosomes from small sample volume and applied this device in clinical study. Circulating EpCAM-positive exosomes were measured in 6 cases breast cancer patients and 3 healthy controls to assist diagnosis. A significant increase in the EpCAM-positive exosome level in these patients was detected, compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, we quantified circulating HER2-positive exosomes in 19 cases of breast cancer patients for molecular classification. We demonstrated that the exosomal HER2 expression levels were almost consistent with that in tumor tissues assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The microfluidic chip might provide a new platform to assist breast cancer diagnosis and molecular classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Fang
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongzhu Tian
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiancheng Li
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Jin
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Kong
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Niu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (WN)
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (WN)
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726
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Xi X, Li T, Huang Y, Sun J, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Lu ZJ. RNA Biomarkers: Frontier of Precision Medicine for Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2017; 3:ncrna3010009. [PMID: 29657281 PMCID: PMC5832009 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna3010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential part of central dogma, RNA delivers genetic and regulatory information and reflects cellular states. Based on high-throughput sequencing technologies, cumulating data show that various RNA molecules are able to serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, for instance, cancer. In particular, detectable in various bio-fluids, such as serum, saliva and urine, extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are emerging as non-invasive biomarkers for earlier cancer diagnosis, tumor progression monitor, and prediction of therapy response. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on various types of RNA biomarkers, especially extracellular RNAs, in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and illustrate several well-known RNA biomarkers of clinical utility. In addition, we describe and discuss general procedures and issues in investigating exRNA biomarkers, and perspectives on utility of exRNAs in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Xi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tianxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yiming Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiahui Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yumin Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhi John Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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727
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Varela-Eirin M, Varela-Vazquez A, Rodríguez-Candela Mateos M, Vila-Sanjurjo A, Fonseca E, Mascareñas JL, Eugenio Vázquez M, Mayan MD. Recruitment of RNA molecules by connexin RNA-binding motifs: Implication in RNA and DNA transport through microvesicles and exosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:728-736. [PMID: 28167212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) are integral membrane proteins that form high-conductance plasma membrane channels, allowing communication from cell to cell (via gap junctions) and from cells to the extracellular environment (via hemichannels). Initially described for their role in joining excitable cells (nerve and muscle), gap junctions (GJs) are found between virtually all cells in solid tissues and are essential for functional coordination by enabling the direct transfer of small signalling molecules, metabolites, ions, and electrical signals from cell to cell. Several studies have revealed diverse channel-independent functions of Cxs, which include the control of cell growth and tumourigenicity. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most widespread Cx in the human body. The myriad roles of Cx43 and its implication in the development of disorders such as cancer, inflammation, osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's disease have given rise to many novel questions. Several RNA- and DNA-binding motifs were predicted in the Cx43 and Cx26 sequences using different computational methods. This review provides insights into new, ground-breaking functions of Cxs, highlighting important areas for future work such as transfer of genetic information through extracellular vesicles. We discuss the implication of potential RNA- and DNA-binding domains in the Cx43 and Cx26 sequences in the cellular communication and control of signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Eirin
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CH-Universitario A Coruña (XXIAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), University of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Adrian Varela-Vazquez
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CH-Universitario A Coruña (XXIAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), University of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marina Rodríguez-Candela Mateos
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CH-Universitario A Coruña (XXIAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), University of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Anton Vila-Sanjurjo
- Grupo GIBE, Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de A Coruña (UDC), Campus Zapateira, s/n 15.071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CH-Universitario A Coruña (XXIAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), University of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José L Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Eugenio Vázquez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria D Mayan
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), CH-Universitario A Coruña (XXIAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), University of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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728
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Sharma A. Transgenerational epigenetics: Integrating soma to germline communication with gametic inheritance. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 163:15-22. [PMID: 28093237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supporting germline mediated epigenetic inheritance of environmentally induced traits has increasingly emerged over the past several years. Although the mechanisms underlying this inheritance remain unclear, recent findings suggest that parental gamete-borne epigenetic factors, particularly RNAs, affect post-fertilization and developmental gene regulation, ultimately leading to phenotypic appearance in the offspring. Complex processes involving gene expression and epigenetic regulation are considered to perpetuate across generations. In addition to transfer of germline factors, epigenetic inheritance via gametes also requires a mechanism whereby the information pertaining to the induced traits is communicated from soma to germline. Despite violating a century-old view in biology, this communication seems to play a role in transmission of environmental effects across generations. Circulating RNAs, especially those associated with extracellular vesicles like exosomes, are emerging as promising candidates that can transmit gene regulatory information in this direction. Cumulatively, these new observations provide a basis to integrate epigenetic inheritance. With significant implications in health, disease and ageing, the latter appears poised to revolutionize biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Sukhdev Vihar, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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729
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Wu AYT, Lai CPK. Tracking Extracellular Vesicles Delivery and RNA Translation Using Multiplexed Reporters. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1660:255-265. [PMID: 28828663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7253-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating extracellular vesicle (EV; e.g., exosomes, microvesicles) delivery and translation of its RNA cargo with an accurate spatiotemporal resolution is critical in helping understand EV's role under normal and pathological conditions. We here describe a multiplexed fluorescent and bioluminescent reporter strategy to simultaneously monitor and quantify EV delivery, as well as EV-RNA translation in EV-recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yan-Tang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Charles Pin-Kuang Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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730
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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731
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Hauser P, Wang S, Didenko VV. Apoptotic Bodies: Selective Detection in Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1554:193-200. [PMID: 28185192 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6759-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Normal and dying cells release various types of membrane-bound vesicles including microvesicles, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies. These vesicles play important roles in intercellular communication and signal transduction. However, their diverse forms and subtypes fluctuate in size and other properties. In result current purification approaches do not fully discriminate between different categories of extracellular vesicles. Here, we present a fluorescence technique that specifically identifies apoptotic bodies in preparations of microvesicles, exosomes, and other extracellular vesicles.The approach exclusively labels the vesicles that contain DNA with 5'PO4 blunt-ended DNA breaks, such as those produced by the apoptotic CAD nuclease during apoptotic DNA degradation. The technique can be useful in studies of apoptosis involving microvesicles and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hauser
- Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sha Wang
- Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vladimir V Didenko
- Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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732
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Nargesi AA, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles for Renal Repair. Curr Gene Ther 2017; 17:29-42. [PMID: 28403795 PMCID: PMC5628022 DOI: 10.2174/1566523217666170412110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to attenuate renal injury and dysfunction in several animal models, and its efficacy is currently being tested in clinical trials for patients with renal disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that MSCs release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that deliver genes, microRNAs and proteins to recipient cells, acting as mediators of MSC paracrine actions. In this context, it is critical to characterize the MSC-derived EV cargo to elucidate their potential contribution to renal repair. In recent years, researchers have performed high-throughput sequencing and proteomic analysis to detect and identify genes, microRNAs, and proteins enriched in MSC-derived EVs. CONCLUSION The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the MSC-derived EV secretome to shed light into the mechanisms mediating MSC renal repair, and discusses preclinical and clinical studies testing the efficacy of MSC-derived EVs for treating renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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733
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Exosomal miR-486 regulates hypoxia-induced erythroid differentiation of erythroleukemia cells through targeting Sirt1. Exp Cell Res 2016; 351:74-81. [PMID: 28043832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the hypoxia-induced erythroid differentiation of hematopoietic cells. In this study, we identified that miR-486 was a rapid response miRNA to hypoxia in erythroleukemia TF-1 cells. Hypoxia exposure increased both intracellular and miR-486 levels of TF-1 cells. Ectopic miR-486 expression enhanced the growth and erythroid differentiation of TF-1 cells, whereas miR-486 inhibition suppressed their growth and erythroid differentiation. Treatment of TF-1 and cord blood CD34+ cells with exogenous containing miR-486 resulted in an increase of intracellular miR-486 level and enhanced erythroid differentiation. Furthermore, we identified that Sirt1 is a miR-486 target gene which modulates hypoxia-induced erythroid differentiation of TF-1 cells. Thus we identified a novel miRNA regulatory network that contributes to hypoxia-induced erythroid differentiation of hematopoietic cells.
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734
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Soares VYR, Atai NA, Fujita T, Dilwali S, Sivaraman S, Landegger LD, Hochberg FH, Oliveira CAPC, Bahmad F, Breakefield XO, Stankovic KM. Extracellular vesicles derived from human vestibular schwannomas associated with poor hearing damage cochlear cells. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1498-1507. [PMID: 27194145 PMCID: PMC5063517 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a tumor of the vestibular nerve that transmits balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs in 95% of patients with these tumors, but the cause of this loss is not well understood. We posit a role of VS-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a major contributing factor in cochlear nerve damage. METHODS Using differential centrifugation, we isolated EVs from VS cell line HEI-193 and primary cultured human VS cells from patients with good hearing or poor hearing. The EVs were characterized using a Nanosight device and transmission electron microscopy and by extracting their RNA content. The EVs' effects on cultured murine spiral ganglion cells and organotypic cochlear cultures were studied using a transwell dual-culture system and by direct labeling of EVs with PKH-67 dye. EV-induced changes in cochlear cells were quantified using confocal immunohistochemistry. Transfection of VS cells with a green fluorescent protein-containing plasmid was confirmed with reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Human VS cells, from patients with poor hearing, produced EVs that could damage both cultured murine cochlear sensory cells and neurons. In contrast, EVs derived from VS cells from patients with good hearing did not damage the cultured cochlear cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on EVs derived from VSs and on the capacity of EVs from VSs from patients with hearing loss to selectively damage cochlear cells, thereby identifying a potential novel mechanism of VS-associated sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Y R Soares
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Nadia A Atai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Takeshi Fujita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Sonam Dilwali
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Sarada Sivaraman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Lukas D Landegger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Fred H Hochberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Carlos A P C Oliveira
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Fayez Bahmad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
| | - Konstantina M Stankovic
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., S.D., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.Y.R.S., T.F., L.D.L., K.M.S.); Health Science Program and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (V.Y.R.S., C.A.P.C.O., F.B.); University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (N.A.A.); Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (N.A.A., S.S., X.O.B.); Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts (S.D., K.M.S); Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California (F.H.H.)
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735
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Ingato D, Lee JU, Sim SJ, Kwon YJ. Good things come in small packages: Overcoming challenges to harness extracellular vesicles for therapeutic delivery. J Control Release 2016; 241:174-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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736
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Lannigan J, Erdbruegger U. Imaging flow cytometry for the characterization of extracellular vesicles. Methods 2016; 112:55-67. [PMID: 27721015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are potent bio-activators and inter-cellular communicators that play an important role in both health and disease. It is for this reason there is a strong interest in understanding their composition and origin, with the hope of using them as important biomarkers or therapeutics. Due to their very small size, heterogeneity, and large numbers there has been a need for better tools to measure them in an accurate and high throughput manner. While traditional flow cytometry has been widely used for this purpose, there are inherent problems with this approach, as these instruments have traditionally been developed to measure whole cells, which are orders of magnitude larger and express many more molecules of identifying epitopes. Imaging flow cytometry, as performed with the ImagestreamX MKII, with its combination of increased fluorescence sensitivity, low background, image confirmation ability and powerful data analysis tools, provides a great tool to accurately evaluate EVs. We present here a comprehensive approach in applying this technology to the study of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Lannigan
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Core, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA.
| | - Uta Erdbruegger
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine/Nephrology Division, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0133, USA.
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737
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Xu W, Yang Z, Lu N. From pathogenesis to clinical application: insights into exosomes as transfer vectors in cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:156. [PMID: 27686593 PMCID: PMC5043625 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular membrane vesicles that are created by the fusion of an intracellular multivesicular body with the cell membrane. They are widely distributed in serum, urine, saliva and other biological fluids. As important transfer vectors for intercellular communication and genetic material, exosomes can stimulate target cells directly via receptor-mediated interactions or via the transfer of various bioactive molecules, such as cell membrane receptors, proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs, thus exerting their biological functions. This review focuses on the biological characteristics of exosomes, as well as their role and underlying mechanisms of action in the evolution of tumor formation, metastasis, drug resistance and other malignant behaviors. Additionally, this review emphasizes the potential applications of exosomes in the treatment of tumors. Further research may provide new ideas and methods to establish effective, exosome-based strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 YongWaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 YongWaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 YongWaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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738
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Zhang W, Zhou X, Zhang H, Yao Q, Liu Y, Dong Z. Extracellular vesicles in diagnosis and therapy of kidney diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F844-F851. [PMID: 27582107 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00429.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are endogenously produced, membrane-bound vesicles that contain various molecules. Depending on their size and origins, EVs are classified into apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. A fundamental function of EVs is to mediate intercellular communication. In kidneys, recent research has begun to suggest a role of EVs, especially exosomes, in cell-cell communication by transferring proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs to recipient cells as nanovectors. EVs may mediate the cross talk between various cell types within kidneys for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. They may also mediate the cross talk between kidneys and other organs under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney diseases, including renal fibrosis, end-stage renal disease, glomerular diseases, and diabetic nephropathy. The release of EVs with specific molecular contents into urine and plasma may be useful biomarkers for kidney disease. In addition, EVs produced by cultured cells may have therapeutic effects for these diseases. However, the role of EVs in kidney diseases is largely unclear, and the mechanism underlying EV production and secretion remains elusive. In this review, we introduce the basics of EVs and then analyze the present information about the involvement, diagnostic value, and therapeutic potential of EVs in major kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qisheng Yao
- Department of Urology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; .,Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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739
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Lee H, Zhang D, Minhas J, Jin Y. Extracellular Vesicles Facilitate the Intercellular Communications in the Pathogenesis of Lung Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 27722038 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of heterogeneous, nano-sized structures surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes that are released by cells. Depending on their size and mechanisms of formation, EVs are often referred to as exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies (AB). EVs are evolutionally conserved vesicles that mediate intercellular communications and cross-talk, via transferring proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Accumulating evidence suggests that EVs exert essential physiological and pathological functions on both their mother and recipient cells. Therefore, growing interests focus on the potentials of EVs to serve as novel targets for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Currently, extensive reports are yielded from cancer research. However, besides malignancy, EVs may also serve as crucial regulators in other devastating conditions, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI). The generation, regulation and function of EVs in ARDS/ALI are largely unexplored. In this mini review, we will briefly review the current understanding of EVs and their known physiological/pathological functions in the pathogenesis of ARDS/ALI. Previously, only scattered reports have been published in this field. We believe that further investigations focusing on EVs and their compositions will shed light on novel insights in the research of ARDS/ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Jasleen Minhas
- Internal Medicine, North Shore Medical Center, Salem Hospital, 81 Highland Ave, Salem, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
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740
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Extracellular vesicles in renal tissue damage and regeneration. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:83-91. [PMID: 27375075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) appear as important actors in cell-to-cell communication. EV content is characterized by proteins and RNA species that dynamically reflect cell and tissue state. Urinary EVs in particular may act in inter-nephron communication with possible beneficial or detrimental effects. Increasing interest is addressed to the pharmacological properties of EVs as a cell-free therapy, since several of the effects crAQ/tgqcedited to stem cells have been recapitulated by administration of their EVs. Preclinical data in models of renal damage indicate a general regenerative potential of EVs derived from mesenchymal stromal cells of different sources, including bone marrow, fetal tissues, urine and kidney. In this review we will discuss the results on the effect of EVs in repair of acute and chronic renal injury, and the mechanisms involved. In addition, we will analyse the strategies for EV pharmacological applications in renal regenerative medicine and limits and benefits involved.
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741
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Hood JL. Post isolation modification of exosomes for nanomedicine applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1745-56. [PMID: 27348448 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles. They innately possess ideal structural and biocompatible nanocarrier properties. Exosome components can be engineered at the cellular level. Alternatively, when exosome source cells are unavailable for customized exosome production, exosomes derived from a variety of biological origins can be modified post isolation which is the focus of this article. Modification of exosome surface structures allows for exosome imaging and tracking in vivo. Exosome membranes can be loaded with hydrophobic therapeutics to increase drug stability and efficacy. Hydrophilic therapeutics such as RNA can be encapsulated in exosomes to improve cellular delivery. Despite advances in post isolation exosome modification strategies, many challenges to effectively harnessing their therapeutic potential remain. Future topics of exploration include: matching exosome subtypes with nanomedicine applications, optimizing exosomal nanocarrier formulation and investigating how modified exosomes interface with the immune system. Research into these areas will greatly facilitate personalized exosome-based nanomedicine endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology & the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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742
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Nolan JP, Moore J. Extracellular vesicles: Great potential, many challenges. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 90:324-5. [PMID: 27061750 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John P Nolan
- The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - Jonni Moore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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743
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Abels ER, Breakefield XO. Introduction to Extracellular Vesicles: Biogenesis, RNA Cargo Selection, Content, Release, and Uptake. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:301-12. [PMID: 27053351 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1083] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles loaded with various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Release of extracellular vesicles from its cell of origin occurs either through the outward budding of the plasma membrane or through the inward budding of the endosomal membrane, resulting in the formation of multivesicular bodies, which release vesicles upon fusion with the plasma membrane. The release of vesicles can facilitate intercellular communication by contact with or by internalization of contents, either by fusion with the plasma membrane or by endocytosis into "recipient" cells. Although the interest in extracellular vesicle research is increasing, there are still no real standards in place to separate or classify the different types of vesicles. This review provides an introduction into this expanding and complex field of research focusing on the biogenesis, nucleic acid cargo loading, content, release, and uptake of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Abels
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology Research Group, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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744
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Xu R, Greening DW, Zhu HJ, Takahashi N, Simpson RJ. Extracellular vesicle isolation and characterization: toward clinical application. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1152-62. [PMID: 27035807 DOI: 10.1172/jci81129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two broad categories of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and shed microvesicles (sMVs), which differ in size distribution as well as protein and RNA profiles, have been described. EVs are known to play key roles in cell-cell communication, acting proximally as well as systemically. This Review discusses the nature of EV subtypes, strategies for isolating EVs from both cell-culture media and body fluids, and procedures for quantifying EVs. We also discuss proteins selectively enriched in exosomes and sMVs that have the potential for use as markers to discriminate between EV subtypes, as well as various applications of EVs in clinical diagnosis.
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745
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Junker K, Heinzelmann J, Beckham C, Ochiya T, Jenster G. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Urologic Malignancies. Eur Urol 2016; 70:323-31. [PMID: 26924769 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Research has increased significantly on small vesicles secreted by healthy and diseased cells. Recent discoveries have revealed their functional and biomarker roles in urologic diseases. Whether and how this knowledge of extracellular vesicles (EVs) affects translational research and clinical practices have become pertinent questions. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the currently available literature on the rising field of EVs, focusing on function and pathogenesis in urologic cancers and the usefulness of EVs as biomarkers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify original articles, review articles, and editorials regarding EVs in different types of urologic tumor diseases. Articles published between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed and selected with the consensus of all authors. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Besides soluble factors, different types of EVs are involved in the complex cross talk between different cell types. EVs regulate normal physiologic processes like spermatogenesis and renal function, as well as disease-specific processes including bladder, kidney, and prostate cancer. The content of EVs is derived from the cytoplasm of the donor cell. The proteins and RNAs within these EVs can be isolated from body fluids (eg, urine and blood) and represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. EVs are also candidate therapeutic targets and potentially useful as therapeutic vehicles. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that EVs are important regulators of cell-cell communication. The growing knowledge about their roles in urologic malignancies provides the basis for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, nucleic acid and the protein content of EVs holds promise for the discovery of urine- or serum-based biomarkers for kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer. PATIENT SUMMARY Normal and cancer cells secrete small vesicles that contain proteins and RNAs from the cell of origin. Changes in the diseased cells can be detected by examining the altered content of these vesicles when secreted in body fluids, for example, blood and urine. The recently discovered roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide new options to detect malignancy in the urine and blood. The uptake of EVs may be blocked therapeutically and thereby potentially impede cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Junker
- Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Joana Heinzelmann
- Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carla Beckham
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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746
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Kamińska A, Platt M, Kasprzyk J, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Gala-Błądzińska A, Woźnicka O, Jany BR, Krok F, Piekoszewski W, Kuźniewski M, Stępień EŁ. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Biomarkers of Renal Function in Diabetic Patients. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:5741518. [PMID: 28105442 PMCID: PMC5220476 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5741518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to check the relationship between the density of urinary EVs, their size distribution, and the progress of early renal damage in type 2 diabetic patients (DMt2). Patients were enrolled to this study, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) below 7% was a threshold for properly controlled diabetic patients (CD) and poorly controlled diabetic patients (UD). Patients were further divided into two groups: diabetic patients without renal failure (NRF) and with renal failure (RF) according to the Glomerular Filtration Rate. Density and diameter of EVs were determined by Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing. Additionally, EVs were visualized by means of Transmission and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. Nano-liquid chromatography coupled offline with mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) was applied for proteomic analysis. RF had reduced density of EVs compared to NRF. The size distribution study showed that CD had larger EVs (mode) than UD (115 versus 109 nm; p < 0.05); nevertheless the mean EVs diameter was smaller in controls than in the CD group (123 versus 134 nm; p < 0.05). It was demonstrated that EVs are abundant in urine. Albumin, uromodulin, and number of unique proteins related to cell stress and secretion were detected in the EVs fraction. Density and size of urinary EVs reflect deteriorated renal function and can be considered as potential renal damage biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kamińska
- Department of Medical Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mark Platt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Joanna Kasprzyk
- Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Benedykt R. Jany
- Department of Solid State Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Franciszek Krok
- Department of Solid State Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Kuźniewski
- Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Ł. Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- *Ewa Ł. Stępień:
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