701
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Han S, Kim J. Perceived Needs for Support Program for Family With Child Sexual Abuse Victim in South Korea: Focus Group Interview With Therapists and Mothers. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:738-756. [PMID: 27802125 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1221489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed perceived needs for psychological support program for family with victim of child sexual abuse in South Korea. We conducted two separate focus group interviews with five therapists who served child sexual abuse victims and families as well as four mothers of a child sexual abuse victim. Consensual qualitative research analysis revealed four domains: Emotional support for parents, psychoeducation, family therapy, and tailored and flexible service delivery. Core ideas of the four domains were identified. The results were consistent with the family support program contents developed in Western countries and suggested culture-specific contents and culturally sensitive service delivery. Clinical implications for developing family support program in South Korea were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suejung Han
- a Department of Psychology , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois , USA
| | - Jinsook Kim
- b Department of Counseling Psychology , Seoul Digital University , Seoul , Korea
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702
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Yount KM, James-Hawkins L, Cheong YF, Naved RT. Men's Perpetration of Partner Violence in Bangladesh: Community Gender Norms and Violence in Childhood. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2016. [PMID: 29520198 DOI: 10.1037/men0000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Men's perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) is common, but its multilevel determinants are understudied. We leveraged novel data from a probability sample of 570 junior men (married, 18-34 years) from 50 urban and 62 rural communities who took part in the Bangladesh survey of the 2011 UN Multi-Country Study of Men and Violence. We tested whether more equitable community gender norms among senior men (N=938; married, 35-49 years) was negatively associated, and a junior man's greater exposure to childhood violence was positively associated, with his lifetime count (or scope) of physical IPV acts perpetrated. We also tested whether more equitable community gender norms mitigated the association of more violence in childhood with the lifetime scope of physical IPV acts perpetrated. Among younger married men, 50% reportedly ever perpetrated physical IPV, the mean lifetime scope of physical IPV types perpetrated was 1.1 (SD 1.3) out of 5.0 listed. A majority (64%) reported childhood exposure to violence. In multilevel Poisson models, a man with more childhood exposure to violence had a higher log scope (Est. 0.31, SE 0.04, p<.001) and a man living amidst the most equitable gender norms had a lower log scope (Est. -0.52, SE 0.19, p<.01) of physical IPV acts perpetrated; however, no significant cross-level interaction was observed. Interventions that address the trauma of childhood violence and that promote more equitable community gender norms may be needed to mitigate IPV perpetration by younger men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruchira T Naved
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh
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703
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Mikton C. Adapting and retesting evidence-based child maltreatment prevention programs: a case study in Canada. HEALTH PROMOTION AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION IN CANADA-RESEARCH POLICY AND PRACTICE 2016; 35:168-70. [PMID: 26605566 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.35.8/9.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada is timely, as child maltreatment is a significant public health problem; globally, the number affected is at least in the hundreds of millions. One-quarter of adults report having been physically abused and over one-third emotionally abused as children; one in 5 women and one in 13 men report having been sexually abused. Recent national surveys of violence against children conducted in Africa and in other low- and middle-income countries reveal rates of childhood physical, sexual and emotional abuse even higher than the global rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mikton
- Prevention of Violence (PVL), Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention (NVI), Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, World Health Organization
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704
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Speaking the unspeakable: Artistic expression in eating disorder research and schema therapy. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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705
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Nathanson D, Woolfenden S, Zwi K. Is there a role for paediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners in the management of child sexual assault in Australia? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 59:13-25. [PMID: 27490516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Australia, paediatricians and Child Protection Specialists provide the medical and forensic examinations of child victims of sexual assault. There are workforce challenges in the recruitment and retention of doctors to undertake child sexual assault (CSA) work particularly in remote and rural areas. Pediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (PSANE) programs have existed in the USA and the UK for many years. Using Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) methodology, a systematic search of the literature was performed to ascertain what is known about SANE programs, to evaluate the evidence for their effectiveness across a number of domains (accessibility, health and legal outcomes and cost effectiveness) and to inform policy on models of care and elements of best practice which may be appropriate for local implementation in Australia. This review showed that despite the limited evidence available and significant gaps in the evidence, SANEs provide a high standard of medical care and are not detrimental to the legal process. By providing recommendations regarding the potential value, effectiveness and feasibility of establishing a PSANE program in Australia, this article may be of interest to other high income countries facing similar workforce challenges in meeting the needs of children with alleged sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Nathanson
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, c/o Department of Community Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospital, Cnr Avoca and Barker Streets, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Susan Woolfenden
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, c/o Department of Community Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospital, Cnr Avoca and Barker Streets, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; UNSW School of Women's and Children's Health, c/o Department of Community Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospital, Cnr Avoca and Barker Streets, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Karen Zwi
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, c/o Department of Community Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospital, Cnr Avoca and Barker Streets, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; UNSW School of Women's and Children's Health, c/o Department of Community Child Health, Sydney Children's Hospital, Cnr Avoca and Barker Streets, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
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706
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Tomori C, McFall AM, Srikrishnan AK, Mehta SH, Nimmagadda N, Anand S, Vasudevan CK, Solomon S, Solomon SS, Celentano DD. The prevalence and impact of childhood sexual abuse on HIV-risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in India. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:784. [PMID: 27520978 PMCID: PMC4983056 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a significant global public health problem, which is associated with negative psychosocial outcomes and high-risk sexual behaviors in adults. Men who have sex with men (MSM) often report higher prevalence of CSA history than the general population, and CSA may play a key role in MSM’s greater vulnerability to HIV. Methods This study examined the prevalence of CSA history and its impact on the number of recent HIV-related risk behaviors (unprotected anal intercourse, high number of male and female sexual partners, alcohol use, drug use, and sex work in prior 6 months) and lifetime risk behaviors and experiences (high number of lifetime male and female sexual partners, early sexual debut, injection drug use, sex work, and intimate partner violence) among 11,788 adult MSM recruited via respondent driven sampling across 12 sites in India, with additional insights from thematic analysis of qualitative research with 363 MSM from 15 sites. Results Nearly a quarter (22.4 %) of participants experienced CSA, with substantially higher prevalence of CSA in the South and among kothis (feminine sexual identity). Qualitative findings revealed that older, trusted men may target young and, especially, gender nonconforming boys, and perpetrators’ social position facilitates nondisclosure. CSA may also initiate further same-sex encounters, including sex work. In multivariable analysis, MSM who experienced CSA had 21 % higher rate of recent (adjusted rate ratio [aRR = 1.21], 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–1.28), and 2.0 times higher lifetime (aRR = 2.04, 95 % CI: 1.75–2.38) HIV-related behaviors/experiences compared with those who did not. Conclusion This large, mixed-methods study found high overall prevalence of CSA among MSM (22.4 %), with substantially higher prevalence among MSM residing in the South and among more feminine sexual identities. Qualitative findings highlighted boys’ vulnerabilities to CSA, especially gender nonconformity, and CSA’s role in further sexual encounters, including sex work. Additionally, CSA was associated with an elevated rate of recent, and an even higher rate of lifetime HIV-related risk factors. Our results suggest an acute need for the development of CSA prevention interventions and the integration of mental health services for MSM with histories of CSA as part of HIV-prevention efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3446-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Tomori
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, E6648, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Allison M McFall
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, E6648, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Shruti H Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, E6648, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Santhanam Anand
- YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | | | - Suniti Solomon
- YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Sunil S Solomon
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, E6648, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David D Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, E6648, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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707
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Singer MJ, Humphreys KL, Lee SS. Coping Self-Efficacy Mediates the Association Between Child Abuse and ADHD in Adulthood. J Atten Disord 2016. [PMID: 23204062 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712465337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether individual differences in coping self-efficacy mediated the association of child abuse and symptoms of ADHD in young adults. METHOD Self-reported measures of coping self-efficacy, child abuse, and ADHD were obtained from 66 adults. RESULTS Adults who reported childhood physical or sexual abuse (prior to the age of 17) had significantly higher levels of ADHD than those who did not. Individual differences in coping self-efficacy fully mediated the association between child abuse and ADHD symptoms in adulthood, such that individuals who endorsed child abuse had lower coping self-efficacy, and coping self-efficacy negatively predicted ADHD symptoms. DISCUSSION The findings suggest a potential causal mechanism by which childhood physical and sexual abuse may result in ADHD symptoms later in life. Interventions that improve coping skills may be useful in preventing later ADHD symptoms among adults with a childhood history of physical and sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve S Lee
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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708
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Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Godbout N, Bédard MG, Charest É, Briere J, Sabourin S. Emotional and Sexual Correlates of Child Sexual Abuse as a Function of Self-Definition Status. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2016; 21:228-238. [PMID: 27364540 DOI: 10.1177/1077559516656069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Among individuals defined as having been sexually abused based on legal criteria, some will self-report having been abused and some will not. Yet, the empirical correlates of self-definition status are not well studied. Different definitions of abuse may lead to varying prevalence rates and contradictory findings regarding psychological outcomes. The present study examined whether, among legally defined sexual abuse survivors, identifying oneself as having experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was associated with more severe abuse, negative emotional reactions toward the abuse, and current sexual reactions. A convenience sample of 1,021 French-speaking Canadians completed self-report questionnaires online. The prevalence of legally defined CSA was 21.3% in women and 19.6% in men, as compared to 7.1% in women and 3.8% in men for self-defined CSA. Among legally defined sexual abuse survivors, those who identified themselves as CSA survivors had been abused more frequently, were more likely to report a male aggressor, and more often described abuse by a parental figure than those who did not self-identify as abused. Further, self-defined CSA was associated with more negative postabuse reactions and sexual avoidance, whereas those not identifying as sexually abused were more likely to report sexual compulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada, and Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
| | - Natacha Godbout
- Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, and Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
| | - Maryline Germain Bédard
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada, and Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
| | - Émilie Charest
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada, and Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
| | - John Briere
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stéphane Sabourin
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada, and Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
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709
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Daray FM, Rojas SM, Bridges AJ, Badour CL, Grendas L, Rodante D, Puppo S, Rebok F. The independent effects of child sexual abuse and impulsivity on lifetime suicide attempts among female patients. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 58:91-98. [PMID: 27352091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a causal agent in many negative adulthood outcomes, including the risk for life-threatening behaviors such as suicide ideation and suicide attempts. Traumatic events such as CSA may pose risk in the healthy development of cognitive and emotional functioning during childhood. In fact, high impulsivity, a risk factor for suicidal behavior, is characteristic of CSA victims. The current study aims to understand the relations among CSA, impulsivity, and frequency of lifetime suicide attempts among a female patient sample admitted for suicidal behavior. Participants included 177 female patients between the ages of 18 and 63 years admitted at two hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Number of previous suicide attempts and CSA were assessed via structured interviews, while impulsivity was assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). A model of structural equations was employed to evaluate the role of impulsivity in the relation between CSA and suicide attempts. CSA (β=.18, p<.05) and impulsivity (β=.24, p<.05) were associated with the number of previous suicide attempts. However, impulsivity was not significantly associated with CSA (β=.09, p>.05). CSA and impulsivity are independently associated with lifetime suicide attempts among female patients with recent suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Daray
- "Dr. Braulio A. Moyano" Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Sasha M Rojas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, United States
| | - Ana J Bridges
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, United States
| | | | - Leandro Grendas
- "Dr. Braulio A. Moyano" Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Demián Rodante
- "Dr. Braulio A. Moyano" Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Puppo
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Rebok
- "Dr. Braulio A. Moyano" Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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710
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Vagi KJ, Brookmeyer KA, Gladden RM, Chiang LF, Brooks A, Nyunt MZ, Kwesigabo G, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL. Sexual Violence Against Female and Male Children in the United Republic of Tanzania. Violence Against Women 2016; 22:1788-1807. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801216634466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During a household survey in Tanzania, a nationally representative sample of females and males aged 13-24 years reported any experiences of sexual violence that occurred before the age of 18 years. The authors explore the prevalence, circumstances, and health outcomes associated with childhood sexual violence. The results suggest that violence against children in Tanzania is pervasive, with roughly three in 10 females and one in eight males experiencing some form of childhood sexual violence, and its health consequences are severe. Results are being used by the Tanzanian government to implement a National Plan of Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Vagi
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Laura F. Chiang
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Brooks
- UNICEF Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre/West and Central Africa Regional Office, Dakar-Yoff, Sénégal
| | | | - Gideon Kwesigabo
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - James A. Mercy
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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711
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Reitsema AM, Grietens H. Is Anybody Listening? The Literature on the Dialogical Process of Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure Reviewed. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:330-340. [PMID: 25951841 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015584368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an exploratory review of the current literature on child sexual abuse disclosure in everyday contexts. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of relevant publications on the process of child sexual abuse disclosure, in order to generate new directions for future research and clinical practice. The findings of the exploratory review show that disclosure is a relational process, which is renegotiated by each interaction and evolves over an extended period of time. The characteristics and reactions of the interaction partner appear to be as critical to this process as the behavior and words of children themselves. Methodological limitations of the review and the publications are discussed, as well as directions for future research and implications for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Reitsema
- Centre for Special Needs Education & Youth Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Grietens
- Centre for Special Needs Education & Youth Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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712
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Baur E, Forsman M, Santtila P, Johansson A, Sandnabba K, Långström N. Paraphilic Sexual Interests and Sexually Coercive Behavior: A Population-Based Twin Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1163-1172. [PMID: 26754158 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior research with selected clinical and forensic samples suggests associations between paraphilic sexual interests (e.g., exhibitionism and sexual sadism) and sexually coercive behavior. However, no study to date used a large, representative and genetically informative population sample to address the potential causal nature of this association. We used self-report data on paraphilic and sexually coercive behavior from 5990 18- to 32-year-old male and female twins from a contemporary Finnish population cohort. Logistic regression and co-twin control models were employed to examine if paraphilic behaviors were causally related to coercive behavior or if suggested links were confounded by familial (genetic or common family environment) risk factors. Results indicated that associations between four out of five tested paraphilic behaviors (exhibitionism, masochism, sadism, and voyeurism, respectively) and sexually coercive behavior were moderate to strong. Transvestic fetishism was not independently associated with sexual coercion. Comparisons of twins reporting paraphilic behavior with their paraphilic behavior-discordant twin further suggested that associations were largely independent of shared genetic and environmental confounds, consistent with a causal association. In conclusion, similar to previously reported predictive effects of paraphilias on sexual crime recidivism, paraphilic behavior among young adults in the general population increases sexual offending risk. Further, early identification of paraphilic interest and preventive interventions with at-risk individuals might also reduce perpetration of first-time sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baur
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- LWL-Maßregelvollzugsklinik, Herne, Germany
| | - Mats Forsman
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, PO Box 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Sandnabba
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Långström
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, PO Box 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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713
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Al-Eissa MA, Saleheen HN, AlMadani S, AlBuhairan FS, Weber A, Fluke JD, Almuneef M, Casillas KL. Determining prevalence of maltreatment among children in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Child Care Health Dev 2016; 42:565-71. [PMID: 26879326 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to find out the overall prevalence rates for the major forms of abuse among adolescents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the differences in prevalence by age, gender and living arrangement. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted in secondary high schools in five of the 13 main regions of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during 2012. Through a multistage stratified sampling technique, a sample (n = 16 939) of adolescents (15-19 years) were identified and invited to participate. The ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Child was used for data collection. The previous year's occurrence of violence exposure, psychological, physical and sexual abuse, and neglect were assessed. RESULTS Nearly 90% of the adolescents were between 16 and 18 years of age, and over 80% were cared for by both of their biological parents. Annual prevalence of various forms of abuse in the year before the 2012 assessment ranged between 0.10 and 0.65, with the lowest rate for sexual abuse and the highest for psychological abuse. Significantly, greater rates of all forms of abuse/exposure were found when participants lived with their mother or father only (versus with both), and even greater rates for all when they lived with their biological parent and a step-parent. Rates for violence exposure, psychological abuse and neglect were significantly greater for girls, and rate of sexual abuse was greater for boys. CONCLUSIONS More attention should be given to the effect of adolescent maltreatment particularly among girls. In addition, sexual abuse prevention programme should be targeted among boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Al-Eissa
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H N Saleheen
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S AlMadani
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F S AlBuhairan
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Weber
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, USA.,The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Gary Pavilion at Children's Hospital Colorado, USA
| | - J D Fluke
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, USA.,The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Gary Pavilion at Children's Hospital Colorado, USA
| | - M Almuneef
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - K L Casillas
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, USA.,The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Gary Pavilion at Children's Hospital Colorado, USA
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714
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Wangamati CK, Combs Thorsen V, Gele AA, Sundby J. Postrape care services to minors in Kenya: are the services healing or hurting survivors? Int J Womens Health 2016; 8:249-59. [PMID: 27445506 PMCID: PMC4938142 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a global problem and a growing concern in Sub-Saharan Africa. It constitutes a profound violation of human rights. To address this problem, Kenya has established the Sexual Offences Act. In addition, Kenya has developed national guidelines on the management of sexual violence to grant minors access to health care. However, little is known about the experiences of sexually abused minors when they interact with the health and legal system. Accordingly, this study uses a triangulation of methods in the follow-up of two adolescent girls. Health records were reviewed, interactions between the girls and service providers were observed, in-depth interviews were conducted with the girls, and informal discussions were held with guardians and service providers. Findings indicated that the minors’ rights to quality health care and protection were being violated. Protocols on postrape care delivery were unavailable. Furthermore, the health facility was ill equipped and poorly stocked. Health providers showed little regard for informed assent, confidentiality, and privacy while offering postrape care. Similarly, in the justice system, processing was met with delays and unresponsive law enforcement. Health providers and police officers are in grave need of training in sexual and gender-based violence, its consequences, comprehensive postrape care, and sexual and reproductive health rights to ensure the protection of minors’ rights. Health administrators should ensure that facilities are equipped with skilled health providers, medical supplies, and equipment. Additionally, policies on the protection and care of sexually abused minors in Kenya require amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viva Combs Thorsen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Abdi Ali Gele
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne Sundby
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
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715
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Guedes A, Bott S, Garcia-Moreno C, Colombini M. Bridging the gaps: a global review of intersections of violence against women and violence against children. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:31516. [PMID: 27329936 PMCID: PMC4916258 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.31516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The international community recognises violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) as global human rights and public health problems. Historically, research, programmes, and policies on these forms of violence followed parallel but distinct trajectories. Some have called for efforts to bridge these gaps, based in part on evidence that individuals and families often experience multiple forms of violence that may be difficult to address in isolation, and that violence in childhood elevates the risk of violence against women. Methods This article presents a narrative review of evidence on intersections between VAC and VAW – including sexual violence by non-partners, with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Results We identify and review evidence for six intersections: 1) VAC and VAW have many shared risk factors. 2) Social norms often support VAW and VAC and discourage help-seeking. 3) Child maltreatment and partner violence often co-occur within the same household. 4) Both VAC and VAW can produce intergenerational effects. 5) Many forms of VAC and VAW have common and compounding consequences across the lifespan. 6) VAC and VAW intersect during adolescence, a time of heightened vulnerability to certain kinds of violence. Conclusions Evidence of common correlates suggests that consolidating efforts to address shared risk factors may help prevent both forms of violence. Common consequences and intergenerational effects suggest a need for more integrated early intervention. Adolescence falls between and within traditional domains of both fields and deserves greater attention. Opportunities for greater collaboration include preparing service providers to address multiple forms of violence, better coordination between services for women and for children, school-based strategies, parenting programmes, and programming for adolescent health and development. There is also a need for more coordination among researchers working on VAC and VAW as countries prepare to measure progress towards 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guedes
- Family, Gender and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Sarah Bott
- Family, Gender and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claudia Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Colombini
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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716
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Kaye-Tzadok A, Davidson-Arad B. The Contribution of Cognitive Strategies to the Resilience of Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Non-Abused Women. Violence Against Women 2016; 23:993-1015. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801216652506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the contribution of four strategies—self-forgiveness, realistic control, unrealistic control, and hope—to the resilience of 100 women survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), as compared with 84 non-sexually abused women. The findings show that CSA survivors exhibited lower resilience, lower self-forgiveness, lower hope, and higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms (PTS). They also indicate that resilience was explained by the participants’ financial status, PTS severity, and two cognitive strategies—self-forgiveness and hope. Finally, PTS and hope mediated the relation between CSA and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Kaye-Tzadok
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
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717
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Jud A, Fegert JM, Finkelhor D. On the incidence and prevalence of child maltreatment: a research agenda. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2016; 10:17. [PMID: 27303442 PMCID: PMC4907083 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-016-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on child maltreatment epidemiology has primarily been focused on population surveys with adult respondents. Far less attention has been paid to analyzing reported incidents of alleged child maltreatment and corresponding agency responses. This type of research is however indispensable to know how well a child protection system works and if the most vulnerable are identified and served. Notable findings of child maltreatment epidemiological research are summarized and directions for future studies discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany ,School of Social Work, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
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718
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Mathews B, Lee XJ, Norman RE. Impact of a new mandatory reporting law on reporting and identification of child sexual abuse: A seven year time trend analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 56:62-79. [PMID: 27155543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is widespread and difficult to detect. To enhance case identification, many societies have enacted mandatory reporting laws requiring designated professionals, most often police, teachers, doctors and nurses, to report suspected cases to government child welfare agencies. Little research has explored the effects of introducing a reporting law on the number of reports made, and the outcomes of those reports. This study explored the impact of a new legislative mandatory reporting duty for child sexual abuse in the State of Western Australia over seven years. We analyzed data about numbers and outcomes of reports by mandated reporters, for periods before the law (2006-2008) and after the law (2009-2012). Results indicate that the number of reports by mandated reporters of suspected child sexual abuse increased by a factor of 3.7, from an annual mean of 662 in the three year pre-law period to 2448 in the four year post-law period. The increase in the first two post-law years was contextually and statistically significant. Report numbers stabilized in 2010-2012, at one report per 210 children. The number of investigated reports increased threefold, from an annual mean of 451 in the pre-law period to 1363 in the post-law period. Significant decline in the proportion of mandated reports that were investigated in the first two post-law years suggested the new level of reporting and investigative need exceeded what was anticipated. However, a subsequent significant increase restored the pre-law proportion, suggesting systemic adaptive capacity. The number of substantiated investigations doubled, from an annual mean of 160 in the pre-law period to 327 in the post-law period, indicating twice as many sexually abused children were being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mathews
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Queensland, Australia.
| | - Xing Ju Lee
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia; Mathematical Sciences School, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rosana E Norman
- Mathematical Sciences School, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
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719
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Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. Sexual harassment victimization in adolescence: Associations with family background. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 56:11-19. [PMID: 27131452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment has been studies as a mechanism reproducing inequality between sexes, as gender based discrimination, and more recently, as a public health problem. The role of family-related factors for subjection to sexual harassment in adolescent has been little studied. Our aim was to study the role of socio-demographic family factors and parental involvement in adolescent's persona life for experiences of sexual harassment among 14-18-year-old population girls and boys. An anonymous cross-sectional classroom survey was carried out in comprehensive and secondary schools in Finland. 90953 boys and 91746 girls aged 14-18 participated. Sexual harassment was elicited with five questions. Family structure, parental education, parental unemployment and parental involvement as perceived by the adolescent were elicited. The data were analyzed using cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics and logistic regressions. All types of sexual harassment experiences elicited were more common among girls than among boys. Parental unemployment, not living with both parents and low parental education were associated with higher likelihood of reporting experiences of sexual harassment, and parental involvement in the adolescent's personal life was associated with less reported sexual harassment. Parental involvement in an adolescent's life may be protective of perceived sexual harassment. Adolescents from socio-economically disadvantaged families are more vulnerable to sexual harassment than their more advantaged peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino
- University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 30014 University of Tampere, Finland; Vanha Vaasa Hospital, Vierinkiventie 1, 65380 Vaasa, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland.
| | - Sari Fröjd
- University of Tampere, School of Health Sciences, 33014 University of Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mauri Marttunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Box 590, 00029 HUS, Finland.
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720
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Clarke K, Patalay P, Allen E, Knight L, Naker D, Devries K. Patterns and predictors of violence against children in Uganda: a latent class analysis. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010443. [PMID: 27221125 PMCID: PMC4885281 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore patterns of physical, emotional and sexual violence against Ugandan children. DESIGN Latent class and multinomial logistic regression analysis of cross-sectional data. SETTING Luwero District, Uganda. PARTICIPANTS In all, 3706 primary 5, 6 and 7 students attending 42 primary schools. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE To measure violence, we used the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool-Child Institutional. We used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess mental health and administered reading, spelling and maths tests. RESULTS We identified three violence classes. Class 1 (N=696 18.8%) was characterised by emotional and physical violence by parents and relatives, and sexual and emotional abuse by boyfriends, girlfriends and unrelated adults outside school. Class 2 (N=975 26.3%) was characterised by physical, emotional and sexual violence by peers (male and female students). Children in Classes 1 and 2 also had a high probability of exposure to emotional and physical violence by school staff. Class 3 (N=2035 54.9%) was characterised by physical violence by school staff and a lower probability of all other forms of violence compared to Classes 1 and 2. Children in Classes 1 and 2 were more likely to have worked for money (Class 1 Relative Risk Ratio 1.97, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.51; Class 2 1.55, 1.29 to 1.86), been absent from school in the previous week (Class 1 1.31, 1.02 to 1.67; Class 2 1.34, 1.10 to 1.63) and to have more mental health difficulties (Class 1 1.09, 1.07 to 1.11; Class 2 1.11, 1.09 to 1.13) compared to children in Class 3. Female sex (3.44, 2.48 to 4.78) and number of children sharing a sleeping area predicted being in Class 1. CONCLUSIONS Childhood violence in Uganda forms distinct patterns, clustered by perpetrator and setting. Research is needed to understand experiences of victimised children, and to develop mental health interventions for those with severe violence exposures. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01678846; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Clarke
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Louise Knight
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Karen Devries
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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721
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Child sexual abuse: Raising awareness and empathy is essential to promote new public health responses. J Public Health Policy 2016; 37:304-314. [PMID: 27171859 DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a major global public health concern, affecting one in eight children and causing massive costs including depression, unwanted pregnancy, and HIV. The gravity of this global issue is reflected by the United Nations' new effort to respond to sexual abuse in the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals. The fundamental policy aims are to improve prevention, identification, and optimal responses to sexual abuse. As shown in our literature review, policymakers face difficult challenges because child sexual abuse is hidden, psychologically complex, and socially sensitive. This article offers new ideas for international progress. Insights about needed strategies are informed by an innovative multidisciplinary analysis of research from public health, medicine, social science, psychology, and neurology. Using an ecological model comprising individual, institutional, and societal dimensions, we propose that two preconditions for progress are the enhancement of awareness of child sexual abuse, and of empathic responses towards its victims.Journal of Public Health Policy advance online publication, 12 May 2016; doi:10.1057/jphp.2016.21.
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722
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Greger HK, Myhre AK, Lydersen S, Jozefiak T. Child maltreatment and quality of life: a study of adolescents in residential care. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2016; 14:74. [PMID: 27161357 PMCID: PMC4862063 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-016-0479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is an important risk factor for mental and physical health problems. Adolescents living in residential youth care (RYC) have experienced a high rate of childhood maltreatment and are a high-risk group for psychiatric disorders. Quality of life (QoL) is a subjective, multidimensional concept that goes beyond medical diagnoses. There is a lack of research regarding the associations between childhood maltreatment and QoL. In the present study, we compare self-reported QoL between adolescents in RYC in Norway with and without maltreatment histories, and adolescents from the general population. We also study the impact of number of types of adversities on QoL. METHODS Adolescents aged 12-23 years living in RYC in Norway were invited to participate in the study; 400 participated, yielding a response rate of 67 %. Maltreatment histories were assessed through interviews with trained research assistants, and completed by 335 adolescents. Previous exposure to maltreatment was reported by 237 adolescents. The Questionnaire for Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (KINDL-R) was used. Nonexposed peers in RYC (n = 98) and a sample of adolescents from the general population (n = 1017) were used for comparison. General linear model analyses (ANCOVA) were conducted with five KINDL-R life domains as dependent variables. Linear regression was used to study the effect of number of types of adversities. RESULTS Exposed adolescents in RYC reported poorer QoL than peers in control groups. Compared with nonexposed peers in RYC, the 95 % confidence intervals for mean score differences on the KINDL-R subdomains (0-100 scale) were 1.9-11.4 (Physical Well-being), 2.2-11.1 (Emotional Well-being), -0.7-10.0 (Self-esteem), and 1.8-10.9 (Friends). Compared with the general population sample, the 95 % confidence intervals for mean score differences were 9.7-17.6 (Physical Well-being), 7.9-15.3 (Emotional Well-being), 3.6-12.5 (Self-esteem), and 5.3-12.8 (Friends). Number of types of adversities was associated with a poorer QoL score on all subdomains (Physical- and Emotional Well-being, Self-esteem, Friends, and School). CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatment was associated with a poorer QoL score. We suggest the use of QoL and maltreatment measures for all children and adolescents in RYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Klæboe Greger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Pb 6810 Elgeseter, 7433, Trondheim, Norway. .,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Faculty of Medicine, RKBU Central Norway, Pb 8905 MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Arne Kristian Myhre
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Faculty of Medicine, Pb 8905 MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Clinic, St.Olavs Hospital, Pb 3250 Sluppen, 7006, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Faculty of Medicine, RKBU Central Norway, Pb 8905 MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Jozefiak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Pb 6810 Elgeseter, 7433, Trondheim, Norway.,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Faculty of Medicine, RKBU Central Norway, Pb 8905 MTFS, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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723
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Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Childhood physical and sexual abuse, and adult health risk behaviours among university students from 24 countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2016.1163899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Peltzer
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
- Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
- HIV/AIDS/STIs/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Supa Pengpid
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
- Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
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724
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Mikton CR, Butchart A, Dahlberg LL, Krug EG. Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:652-659. [PMID: 26689979 PMCID: PMC5868961 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interpersonal violence affects millions of people worldwide, often has lifelong consequences, and is gaining recognition as an important global public health problem. There has been no assessment of measures countries are taking to address it. This report aims to assess such measures and provide a baseline against which to track future progress. METHODS In each country, with help from a government-appointed National Data Coordinator, representatives from six to ten sectors completed a questionnaire before convening in a consensus meeting to decide on final country data; 133 of 194 (69%) WHO Member States participated. The questionnaire covered data, plans, prevention measures, and victim services. Data were collected between November 2012 and June 2014, and analyzed between June and October 2014. Global and country-level homicides for 2000-2012 were also calculated for all 194 Members. RESULTS Worldwide, 475,000 people were homicide victims in 2012 and homicide rates declined by 16% from 2000 to 2012. Data on fatal and, in particular, non-fatal forms of violence are lacking in many countries. Each of the 18 types of surveyed prevention programs was reported to be implemented in a third of the 133 participating countries; each law was reported to exist in 80% of countries, but fully enforced in just 57%; and each victim service was reported to be in place in just more than half of the countries. CONCLUSIONS Although many countries have begun to tackle violence, serious gaps remain, and public health researchers have a critical role to play in addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Mikton
- Department for the Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Butchart
- Department for the Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Etienne G Krug
- Department for the Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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725
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Anderson GD. The Continuum of Disclosure: Exploring Factors Predicting Tentative Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse Allegations During Forensic Interviews and the Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Research. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:382-402. [PMID: 27266535 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1153559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When a child sexual abuse investigation ensues, many children do not disclose readily to professionals. Defining disclosure beyond the disclosure versus nondisclosure dichotomy is essential, yet little research exists on factors associated with a continuum of disclosure, including active and tentative disclosure. Through the coding of 196 forensic interviews using content analysis and subsequent regression analysis, findings suggest that children of color, children abused by adults, unintentional initial disclosure, and those lacking family support were more likely to tentatively disclose in this study. Implications include a need to understand tentative disclosure as part of a normal continuum of disclosure within court proceedings and investigations of abuse allegations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn D Anderson
- a School of Social Work , University of Minnesota Duluth , Duluth , Minnesota, United States
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726
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Sumner SA, Mercy JA, Buluma R, Mwangi MW, Marcelin LH, Kheam T, Lea V, Brookmeyer K, Kress H, Hillis SD. Childhood Sexual Violence Against Boys: A Study in 3 Countries. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3386. [PMID: 27244799 PMCID: PMC5819871 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Globally, little evidence exists on sexual violence against boys. We sought to produce the first internationally comparable estimates of the magnitude, characteristics, risk factors, and consequences of sexual violence against boys in 3 diverse countries. METHODS We conducted nationally representative, multistage cluster Violence Against Children Surveys in Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia among males aged 13 to 24 years. Differences between countries for boys experiencing sexual violence (including sexual touching, attempted sex, and forced/coerced sex) before age 18 years were examined by using χ(2) and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS In Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia, respectively, 1459, 1456, and 1255 males completed surveys. The prevalence of experiencing any form of sexual violence ranged from 23.1% (95% confidence Interval [CI]: 20.0-26.2) in Haiti to 14.8% (95% CI: 12.0-17.7) in Kenya, and 5.6% (95% CI: 4.0-7.2) in Cambodia. The largest share of perpetrators in Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia, respectively, were friends/neighbors (64.7%), romantic partners (37.2%), and relatives (37.0%). Most episodes occurred inside perpetrators' or victims' homes in Haiti (60.4%), contrasted with outside the home in Kenya (65.3%) and Cambodia (52.1%). The most common time period for violence in Haiti, Kenya, and Cambodia was the afternoon (55.0%), evening (41.3%), and morning (38.2%), respectively. Adverse health effects associated with violence were common, including increased odds of transactional sex, alcohol abuse, sexually transmitted infections, anxiety/depression, suicidal ideation/attempts, and violent gender attitudes. CONCLUSIONS Differences were noted between countries in the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of sexual violence, yet associations with adverse health effects were pervasive. Prevention strategies tailored to individual locales are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Sumner
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, Georgia,Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James A. Mercy
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mary W. Mwangi
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Louis H. Marcelin
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development, Portau-Prince, Haiti,Department of Anthropology and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - They Kheam
- National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veronica Lea
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathryn Brookmeyer
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center For HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Howard Kress
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan D. Hillis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
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727
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Signal T, Taylor N, Prentice K, McDade M, Burke KJ. Going to the dogs: A quasi-experimental assessment of animal assisted therapy for children who have experienced abuse. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1165098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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728
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Cui N, Xue J, Connolly CA, Liu J. Does the gender of parent or child matter in child maltreatment in China? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 54:1-9. [PMID: 26826981 PMCID: PMC7485598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a public health problem worldwide, and China is no exception. However, the pattern of child maltreatment remains unknown, including whether the gender of children and their parents has an impact on the occurrence of maltreatment. This study aims at examining the rates and frequency of child maltreatment, including physical abuse, psychological abuse and neglect perpetrated by mothers and fathers. We also test whether the interaction between parents' gender and their child's gender affects the occurrence of child maltreatment in China. 997 children from the China Jintan Child Cohort Study participated in the present study and reported their maltreatment experience perpetrated by their mothers and fathers using the questionnaire, Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC_CA). Generalized linear model analyses show that boys were more likely than girls to report physical abuse, and, in particular, boys were more likely than girls to be physically abused by their fathers. On the other hand, mothers were more likely than fathers to exhibit psychological aggression and use corporal punishment for both boys and girls. There was no difference based on the child's or parent's gender in the occurrence of neglect. The findings present empirical evidence that enhances the understanding of the pattern of child maltreatment in China, provide implications for social workers and health professionals to identify children at risk of child maltreatment, and shed light on future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jia Xue
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia A Connolly
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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729
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Joyal CC, Carpentier J, Martin C. Discriminant factors for adolescent sexual offending: On the usefulness of considering both victim age and sibling incest. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 54:10-22. [PMID: 26901696 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pathways and circumstances of juvenile sexual offending is of utmost importance. However, juvenile sexual offenders (JSO) represent an especially diverse group of individuals, and several categorizations have been proposed to obtain more homogeneous subgroups. Victim age-based and family relation-based categorizations are particularly promising because they seem theoretically and clinically relevant. Empirical results however are still inconsistent, and most studies have not considered these two dimensions jointly. The first goal of this study was to further examine the value of subgrouping JSO according to the age of their victim. A second goal was to determine the supplementary value, if any, of considering sibling incest. Based on a sample of 351 male JSO, it was first confirmed that sexual abuse of children was more strongly related to asociality (social skill deficits) than sexual abuse of peers, the latter being more closely associated with antisociality (general delinquency). The relevance of considering mixed-type JSO (with both child and peer victims) separately was also confirmed. More importantly, multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated that adding sibling incest to the equation was useful. JSO of intra-familial child were significantly more likely to have been victimized during their own childhood compared to JSO with extra-familial victims. Nevertheless, adolescents who had committed sibling incest obtained middle ground results on most variables (except for crime severity), suggesting that they constitute a distinct but not extreme, subgroup. This study confirmed the utility of using both the age and the family relation with the victim in characterizing juvenile sexual offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Joyal
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, G9A 5H7; Research Center, Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; International Center for Comparative Criminology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Carpentier
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, G9A 5H7; Research Center, Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; International Center for Comparative Criminology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Martin
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, G9A 5H7; Research Center, Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; International Center for Comparative Criminology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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730
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Gilgun JF, Anderson G. Mothers' Experiences with Pastoral Care in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2016; 55:680-694. [PMID: 26245977 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on case study research with four mothers who asked for help from their pastors when they learned, or had reason to believe, that their husbands had sexually abused children in their families. In their own words, mothers gave accounts of how the pastors responded. Some were helpful and knowledgeable, some appeared bewildered, and others were hostile and blaming toward the women. This article will sensitize pastors and other pastoral counselors to issues that child sexual abuse raises. In addition, the research responds to Mahoney's (J Marriage Fam 72:805-827, 2010) observations about the scarcity of knowledge on whether religion helps or harms families during times of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Gilgun
- School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 1404 Gorter Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Gwendolyn Anderson
- Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota, 220 Bohannon Hall, 1207 Ordean Court, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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731
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732
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The Good School Toolkit for reducing physical violence from school staff to primary school students: a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Uganda. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2016; 3:e378-86. [PMID: 26087985 PMCID: PMC4928210 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Violence against children from school staff is widespread in various settings, but few interventions address this. We tested whether the Good School Toolkit—a complex behavioural intervention designed by Ugandan not-for-profit organisation Raising Voices—could reduce physical violence from school staff to Ugandan primary school children. Methods We randomly selected 42 primary schools (clusters) from 151 schools in Luwero District, Uganda, with more than 40 primary 5 students and no existing governance interventions. All schools agreed to be enrolled. All students in primary 5, 6, and 7 (approximate ages 11–14 years) and all staff members who spoke either English or Luganda and could provide informed consent were eligible for participation in cross-sectional baseline and endline surveys in June–July 2012 and 2014, respectively. We randomly assigned 21 schools to receive the Good School Toolkit and 21 to a waitlisted control group in September, 2012. The intervention was implemented from September, 2012, to April, 2014. Owing to the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to mask assignment. The primary outcome, assessed in 2014, was past week physical violence from school staff, measured by students' self-reports using the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool—Child Institutional. Analyses were by intention to treat, and are adjusted for clustering within schools and for baseline school-level means of continuous outcomes. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01678846. Findings No schools left the study. At 18-month follow-up, 3820 (92·4%) of 4138 randomly sampled students participated in a cross-sectional survey. Prevalence of past week physical violence was lower in the intervention schools (595/1921, 31·0%) than in the control schools (924/1899, 48·7%; odds ratio 0·40, 95% CI 0·26–0·64, p<0·0001). No adverse events related to the intervention were detected, but 434 children were referred to child protective services because of what they disclosed in the follow-up survey. Interpretation The Good School Toolkit is an effective intervention to reduce violence against children from school staff in Ugandan primary schools. Funding MRC, DfID, Wellcome Trust, Hewlett Foundation.
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733
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Hébert M, Langevin R, Daigneault I. The association between peer victimization, PTSD, and dissociation in child victims of sexual abuse. J Affect Disord 2016; 193:227-32. [PMID: 26773922 PMCID: PMC5167569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually abused children present a host of psychological difficulties, including dissociation and post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms. Negative repercussions associated with sexual abuse may interfere with children's ability to interact competently with their peers, and might put them at risk for peer victimization. The aims of the study were 1) to describe peer victimization experiences of sexually abused children using a multi-informant approach (self, parents, teachers), and 2) to examine if peer victimization experiences are associated with clinical levels of PTSD and dissociation after controlling for relevant variables. METHOD Participants were 158 children (104 girls and 54 boys; Mean age=9.10) and their non-offending parents consulting after the disclosure of sexual abuse. Children, parents, and teachers completed a measure assessing peer victimization (Self-Report Victimization Scale). Measures of trauma-related symptoms (PTSD and dissociation) were used as outcome variables. RESULTS More than half (60%) of sexually abused children reported being picked on, 51% reported sustaining verbal victimization and a third (35%) physical victimization by peers in the school context. Inter-informant agreement was higher between parents and teachers than between self-reports and adults' reports. Peer victimization experiences increased the odds by up to three-fold for clinical levels of dissociation and PTSD symptoms. LIMITATIONS Our findings are based on cross-sectional data, and therefore, causal relationships cannot be inferred. No control group was included in the study. CONCLUSIONS Results have significant relevance for prevention and intervention. Clinicians should include assessment of peer victimization experiences when evaluating sexually abused school-aged children. Prevention initiatives in terms of peer victimization could indirectly prevent worsening of symptoms in abused children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Hébert
- Département de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8.
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734
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Långström N, Babchishin KM, Fazel S, Lichtenstein P, Frisell T. Sexual offending runs in families: A 37-year nationwide study. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 44:713-20. [PMID: 25855722 PMCID: PMC4469797 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual crime is an important public health concern. The possible causes of sexual aggression, however, remain uncertain. METHODS We examined familial aggregation and the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to sexual crime by linking longitudinal, nationwide Swedish crime and multigenerational family registers. We included all men convicted of any sexual offence (N = 21,566), specifically rape of an adult (N = 6131) and child molestation (N = 4465), from 1973 to 2009. Sexual crime rates among fathers and brothers of sexual offenders were compared with corresponding rates in fathers and brothers of age-matched population control men without sexual crime convictions. We also modelled the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors to the liability of sexual offending. RESULTS We found strong familial aggregation of sexual crime [odds ratio (OR) = 5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.5-5.9] among full brothers of convicted sexual offenders. Familial aggregation was lower in father-son dyads (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 3.2-4.4) among paternal half-brothers (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.5-2.9) and maternal half-brothers (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-2.4). Statistical modelling of the strength and patterns of familial aggregation suggested that genetic factors (40%) and non-shared environmental factors (58%) explained the liability to offend sexually more than shared environmental influences (2%). Further, genetic effects tended to be weaker for rape of an adult (19%) than for child molestation (46%). CONCLUSIONS We report strong evidence of familial clustering of sexual offending, primarily accounted for by genes rather than shared environmental influences. Future research should possibly test the effectiveness of selective prevention efforts for male first-degree relatives of sexually aggressive individuals, and consider familial risk in sexual violence risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Långström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden, University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health, Ottawa, Canada, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, UK and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Corresponding author. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Kelly M Babchishin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden, University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health, Ottawa, Canada, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, UK and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden, University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health, Ottawa, Canada, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, UK and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden, University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health, Ottawa, Canada, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, UK and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisell
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden, University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health, Ottawa, Canada, University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, UK and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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735
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Hélie S, Fast E, Turcotte D, Trocmé N, Tourigny M, Fallon B. Québec Incidence Study on the situations investigated by child protective services: Major findings for 2008 and comparison with 1998. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2016; 106:eS7-13. [PMID: 26978694 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.106.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Québec Incidence Study on situations investigated by child protective services (QIS) has been conducted in 5-year cycles since 1998 in collaboration with all 16 Québec child protection agencies. It provides reliable estimates of the incidence and characteristics of investigated children. The aim of this paper is to discuss major findings from the QIS-2008 and to compare them with the findings from QIS-1998. METHODS Two representative samples of children who were investigated by child protection services during the same three-month time frame in 1998 (N = 4,771) and in 2008 (N = 3,079) were constituted. Caseworkers were asked to complete the QIS data collection form for each sampled child. Annual estimates of the number of children investigated with different characteristics were computed and compared across both cycles. Statistical tests were performed to identify significant differences. RESULTS While the rate of children investigated increased between 1998 and 2008, the rate of substantiated cases remained stable at 12 and 11 per 1,000 children in the population respectively. Furthermore, substantiated cases in 2008 were less severe than in 1998 along several dimensions, such as co-occurrence, emotional harm and duration. CONCLUSION Combined with the stability in the rate of substantiated cases, the decline in the severity of the situations seems encouraging but questions the necessity of a CPS intervention for some of these families. These findings are consistent with the ones reported in other countries, but Québec rates are below the rates estimated for Canada, where substantiated maltreatment almost doubled during the same time frame. Aspects of social policies in Québec may play a role in this situation and need to be examined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Hélie
- Centre de recherche Jeunes en difficulté du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux-Centre-sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal.
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736
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Li M, D'Arcy C, Meng X. Maltreatment in childhood substantially increases the risk of adult depression and anxiety in prospective cohort studies: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proportional attributable fractions. Psychol Med 2016; 46:717-730. [PMID: 26708271 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature supports a strong relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental illness but most studies reviewed are cross-sectional and/or use recall to assess maltreatment and are thus prone to temporality and recall bias. Research on the potential prospective impact of maltreatment reduction on the incidence of psychiatric disorders is scarce. METHOD Electronic databases and grey literature from 1990 to 2014 were searched for English-language cohort studies with criteria for depression and/or anxiety and non-recall measurement of childhood maltreatment. Systematic review with meta-analysis synthesized the results. Study quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias were examined. Initial screening of titles and abstracts resulted in 199 papers being reviewed. Eight high-quality articles met eligibility criteria. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) estimated potential preventive impact. RESULTS The pooled odds ratio (OR) between any type of maltreatment and depression was 2.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-3.01] and 2.70 (95% CI 2.10-3.47) for anxiety. For specific types of maltreatment and depression or anxiety disorders, the ORs were: physical abuse (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.25-3.19), sexual abuse (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.88-3.75), and neglect (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.35-2.23). PAFs suggest that over one-half of global depression and anxiety cases are potentially attributable to self-reported childhood maltreatment. A 10-25% reduction in maltreatment could potentially prevent 31.4-80.3 million depression and anxiety cases worldwide. CONCLUSION This review provides robust evidence of childhood maltreatment increasing the risk for depression and anxiety, and reinforces the need for effective programs and policies to reduce its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- School of Public Health,University of Saskatchewan,Saskatoon,Canada
| | - C D'Arcy
- School of Public Health,University of Saskatchewan,Saskatoon,Canada
| | - X Meng
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Saskatchewan,Saskatoon,Canada
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737
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Hillis S, Mercy J, Amobi A, Kress H. Global Prevalence of Past-year Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review and Minimum Estimates. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20154079. [PMID: 26810785 PMCID: PMC6496958 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence confirms associations between childhood violence and major causes of mortality in adulthood. A synthesis of data on past-year prevalence of violence against children will help advance the United Nations' call to end all violence against children. OBJECTIVES Investigators systematically reviewed population-based surveys on the prevalence of past-year violence against children and synthesized the best available evidence to generate minimum regional and global estimates. DATA SOURCES We searched Medline, PubMed, Global Health, NBASE, CINAHL, and the World Wide Web for reports of representative surveys estimating prevalences of violence against children. STUDY SELECTION Two investigators independently assessed surveys against inclusion criteria and rated those included on indicators of quality. DATA EXTRACTION Investigators extracted data on past-year prevalences of violent victimization by country, age group, and type (physical, sexual, emotional, or multiple types). We used a triangulation approach which synthesized data to generate minimum regional prevalences, derived from population-weighted averages of the country-specific prevalences. RESULTS Thirty-eight reports provided quality data for 96 countries on past-year prevalences of violence against children. Base case estimates showed a minimum of 50% or more of children in Asia, Africa, and Northern America experienced past-year violence, and that globally over half of all children-1 billion children, ages 2-17 years-experienced such violence. LIMITATIONS Due to variations in timing and types of violence reported, triangulation could only be used to generate minimum prevalence estimates. CONCLUSIONS Expanded population-based surveillance of violence against children is essential to target prevention and drive the urgent investment in action endorsed in the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hillis
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | | | - Adaugo Amobi
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Springe L, Pulmanis T, Velika B, Pudule I, Grīnberga D, Villeruša A. Self-reported suicide attempts and exposure to different types of violence and neglect during childhood: Findings from a young adult population survey in Latvia. Scand J Public Health 2016; 44:411-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494816631394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Suicide rates in Latvia are among the highest in the EU. Among 18–25 year-old young adults, it is the second leading cause of death. This study investigates the prevalence of self-reported suicide attempts in young adults and examines its association with neglect or violence of a physical, emotional or sexual nature. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 1259 young adults 18–25 years of age, selected by targeted quota sampling from secondary and vocational schools. Results: The prevalence of self-reported suicide attempts was 6.1%. Physical and emotional adverse experiences showed clear associations with attempted suicide. Although prevalence of reported physical neglect was higher than for physical violence (27.0% versus 16.3%, respectively) the latter posed a higher risk for attempted suicide (OR = 4.0; 95% CI, 2.4–6.6). Conversely, emotional violence had a higher prevalence than emotional neglect (31.5% vs. 23.6%, respectively), but neglect showed a stronger association with attempted suicide (OR = 4.4; 95% CI, 2.6–7.3). Conclusions: The high OR for attempted suicide associated with emotional neglect, together with findings that emotional violence had the highest prevalence, and that emotional neglect and emotional violence showed the highest population attributable risk fraction (PopAR%) of 46.8 and 40.4, respectively, suggested that emotional factors merit special attention in further investigations of attempted suicide among young adults in Latvia. The targeted quota sampling method from five cities representing all regions of Latvia and 43.8% of its population, ensure national relevance of our findings for policy and program development by legislative, educational and public health institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauma Springe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Latvia
| | - Toms Pulmanis
- Department of Health Promotion, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Biruta Velika
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pudule
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daiga Grīnberga
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anita Villeruša
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Latvia
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739
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Pereda N, Abad J, Guilera G. Lifetime Prevalence and Characteristics of Child Sexual Victimization in a Community Sample of Spanish Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:142-158. [PMID: 26849005 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the lifetime prevalence and characteristics of self-reported child sexual victimization and associations between sexual victimization and sociodemographic characteristics and victimological profiles in community adolescents in Spain. The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (Finkelhor, Hamby, Ormrod, & Turner, 2005) was applied to a sample of 1,105 community adolescents (M = 14.52 years, SD = 1.76). Experience of sexual victimization (with or without physical contact) was reported by 8.8% of the sample, at a mean age of 13 years old. Sexual victimization was more prevalent in girls (14.2%) and in older adolescents (10.6%). Offenders were mainly male (87.6%) and were mostly friends, neighbors, or schoolmates (52.6%). No injuries resulted from victimization (4.3%), although the percentage of penetration or attempted penetration was very high (30.6%). Only 9.3% of victims reported the incident to the police or the justice system. In regard to victimological profiles, sexual victims also experienced other forms of victimization (M = 7.16; SD = 3.39): boys reported more conventional crimes, peer and sibling victimization, and witnessing community violence than other victims, whereas sexually victimized girls reported more caregiver victimization and property crimes. Sexually victimized youth present a distinctive sociodemographic and victimological profile. Professionals need to be aware of these characteristics in order to conduct adequate prevention programs. We also need to assess a wide range of victimization experiences when treating sexual abuse victims in order to make adolescents less vulnerable to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Pereda
- a Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Judit Abad
- a Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Georgina Guilera
- a Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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740
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Abstract
Emotion regulation is closely related to mental health in children and adults. Low emotion regulation competencies have been found in school-aged sexually abused girls. The aim of the present study was to investigate emotion regulation competencies in sexually abused preschool girls and boys using a multi-informant approach. Emotion regulation was assessed in 62 sexually abused and 65 non-abused preschoolers using the Emotion Regulation Checklist and the MacArthur Story Stem Battery. Both parents and educators reported lower emotion regulation competencies in sexually abused preschoolers, especially boys, than in non-abused children. The narrative task completed by the children also revealed lower emotion regulation competencies in sexually abused boys. These findings could have an important impact on intervention programs offered to these at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Langevin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP8888 succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Louise Cossette
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP8888 succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Martine Hébert
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Schick M, Schönbucher V, Landolt MA, Schnyder U, Xu W, Maier T, Mohler-Kuo M. Child Maltreatment and Migration: A Population-Based Study Among Immigrant and Native Adolescents in Switzerland. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2016; 21:3-15. [PMID: 26590238 DOI: 10.1177/1077559515617019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence rates of child maltreatment (CM) can differ substantially between countries and ethnicities. Reasons, however, are complex and not sufficiently understood. METHOD This epidemiological study examined prevalence and risk factors of various types of CM in a population-based representative sample of native and immigrant adolescents in Switzerland (N = 6,787). RESULTS The prevalence of CM in general was lowest in the native group, higher in the Western immigrant group, and highest in the non-Western immigrant groups. An immigrant background was related to an overrepresentation of several risk factors for CM. Adjusted odds ratio of an immigrant background were still significant for physical and emotional abuse but not for neglect and sexual assault. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the prevalence of CM across ethnographic origins are at least partially related to socioeconomic and ecologic risk factors. The distribution of risk factors may vary depending on the contexts of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthis Schick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Schönbucher
- Psychiatric Services of the Canton of St. Gallen-North, Wil, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Landolt
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland Division of Child and Adolescent Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Maier
- Psychiatric Services of the Canton of St. Gallen-North, Wil, Switzerland These authors contributed equally to this publication
| | - Meichun Mohler-Kuo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland These authors contributed equally to this publication
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742
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Beier KM, Oezdemir UC, Schlinzig E, Groll A, Hupp E, Hellenschmidt T. "Just dreaming of them": The Berlin Project for Primary Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse by Juveniles (PPJ). CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 52:1-10. [PMID: 26773897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Berlin Project for Primary Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse by Juveniles (PPJ) offers diagnostic and therapeutic help to 12-to-18-year-old juveniles with a sexual preference for the prepubescent and/or early pubescent body of children and who apply for treatment on a voluntary basis. The project goal is to prevent primary or recurrent child sexual abuse as well as primary or recurrent use of child abuse images. Treatment aims to enable affected juveniles to obtain control over their conflictual sexual behaviors. In the present article, the origin of the PPJ; its main approach, including the conception of a media campaign; as well as results from the first year of a three-year study are presented. Further, initial characterizations of juveniles taking part in the project for the first 12 months are provided. The results confirmed that the group of 12-to-18-year-old juveniles with a sexual preference for prepubescent and/or early pubescent minors exists as a target group for primary preventive measures and that they can be assessed for their sexual preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus M Beier
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Umut C Oezdemir
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliza Schlinzig
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Groll
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Hupp
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hellenschmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Vivantes Hospital in Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
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743
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Kloppen K, Haugland S, Svedin CG, Mæhle M, Breivik K. Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in the Nordic Countries: A Literature Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:37-55. [PMID: 26809050 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2015.1108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review examined child sexual abuse in the Nordic countries focusing on prevalence rates and victims' age and relationship to the perpetrator. The results show a prevalence of child sexual abuse (broadly defined) between 3-23% for boys and 11-36% for girls. The prevalence rates for contact abuse were 1-12% for boys and 6-30% for girls, while 0.3-6.8% of the boys and 1.1-13.5% of the girls reported penetrating abuse. The findings suggest an increased risk of abuse from early adolescence. In adolescence, peers may constitute the largest group of perpetrators. The results highlight the need for preventive efforts also targeting peer abuse. Future research should include cross-national and repeated studies using comparable methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siren Haugland
- b Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carl Göran Svedin
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magne Mæhle
- d Department of Social Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Kyrre Breivik
- b Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
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744
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Mukwege D, Alumeti D, Himpens J, Cadière GB. Treatment of rape-induced urogenital and lower gastrointestinal lesions among girls aged 5 years or younger. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 132:292-6. [PMID: 26797200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes after treatment of rape-induced urogenital and lower gastrointestinal lesions among young girls. METHODS In a retrospective study, data were assessed from girls aged 5 years or younger who were treated for sexual-assault-related injuries at the General Referral Hospital, Panzi, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo, between 2004 and 2014. Data were obtained from review of charts, records of the mother's impressions and physical examinations, and photographic evidence. Elective surgery had been reserved for patients experiencing fecal and/or urinary incontinence. RESULTS Overall, 205 girls aged 5 years or younger presented with rape injuries: 162 (79.1%) had only mucocutaneous lesions, 22 (10.7%) had musculocutaneous lesions, and 21 (10.2%) had musculocutaneous lesions complicated by fecal and/or urinary incontinence. Among the 21 girls who underwent perineal surgery, two with fecal and urinary incontinence and perforation of the peritoneum of Douglas pouch were additionally treated by laparoscopy. Among 16 patients with fecal incontinence, the continence score had improved significantly at 10.4 months after surgery (P<0.001). Concomitant urinary incontinence subsided for four of five patients but persisted for one who had a gunshot wound to the vagina. Cosmetic outcome was normal in 19 cases. CONCLUSION For rape survivors aged 5 years or younger, a treatment strategy by which surgery is reserved for incontinent patients provided good cosmetic and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mukwege
- Gynaecology and General Surgery, Panzi General Referral Hospital, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Desiré Alumeti
- Pediatric Surgery, Panzi General Referral Hospital, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jacques Himpens
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy-Bernard Cadière
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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745
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Nwogu NN, Agrawal L, Chambers S, Buagas AB, Daniele RM, Singleton JK. Effectiveness of Child Advocacy Centers and the multidisciplinary team approach on prosecution rates of alleged sex offenders and satisfaction of non-offending caregivers with allegations of child sexual abuse: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:93-129. [PMID: 26767818 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse is a multifaceted issue that negatively affects the lives of millions of children worldwide. These children suffer numerous medical and psychological long-term adverse effects both in childhood and adulthood. It is imperative to implement evidence- based interventions for the investigation of this crime. The use of Child Advocacy Centers and the multidisciplinary team approach may improve the investigation of child sexual abuse. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of Child Advocacy Centers and the multidisciplinary team approach on prosecution rates of alleged sex offenders and satisfaction of non-offending caregivers of children less than 18 years of age, with allegations of child sexual abuse. INCLUSION CRITERIA TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS Children under 18 years, of any race, ethnicity or gender with allegations of child sexual abuse. Other participants included in this review are non-offending caregivers of children with allegations of child sexual abuse, and alleged sex offenders. Type of intervention : The use of Child Advocacy Centers and the multidisciplinary team approach on child sexual abuse investigations. Types of outcomes : Prosecution rates of alleged sex offenders and the satisfaction of non-offending caregivers of children with allegations of child sexual abuse. Types of studies: This review includes quasi-experimental and descriptive studies. SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy aimed to find published and unpublished articles in the English language published from 1985 through April 2015 for inclusion. The databases searched include: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Criminal Justice Periodicals, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses and Criminal Justice Collections. An additional grey literature search was conducted. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY Two reviewers evaluated the included studies for methodological quality using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted using standardized data extraction instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute. DATA SYNTHESIS Due to heterogeneity between the included studies, statistical meta-analysis was not possible. Results are presented in a narrative form. CONCLUSIONS The use of Child Advocacy Centers and the multidisciplinary team approach in child sexual abuse investigation may have positive benefits in increasing non-offending caregivers' satisfaction and prosecution rates of alleged sex offenders. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Utilization of Child Advocacy Centers and the multidisciplinary team approach for child sexual abuse investigations may be beneficial in improving prosecution rates and the experiences of families involved. The use of satisfaction surveys for non-offending caregivers may be an effective tool to evaluate the satisfaction with services rendered by Child Advocacy Centers. Findings from this review may help to guide reforms. It is hoped that client satisfaction may lead to or improve utilization of services important for the healing process of victims of abuse. Child Advocacy Center multidisciplinary team interventions may improve prosecution rates and satisfaction of non-offending caregiver’ in children less than 18 years of age with allegations of child sexual abuse (Grade B). When available, children with allegations of child sexual abuse should be referred to Child Advocacy Centers for evaluation (Grade B). The use of non-offending caregiver satisfaction survey is recommended to evaluate the ongoing effectiveness of the Child Advocacy Centers multidisciplinary team approach. The quality improvement process will help measure the quality of care rendered by a Child Advocacy Centers and identify areas in need of improvement so a Child Advocacy Centers can continue to provide optimal care in the investigation of child sexual abuse while improving the utilization of services important for the healing process for victims of abuse (Grade B). IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Future studies may consider interventions that include greater sample size and more diverse ethnic groups to promote generalizability of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi N Nwogu
- College of Health Professions, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynet Agrawal
- College of Health Professions, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Archiel B Buagas
- College of Health Professions, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rose Mary Daniele
- The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): a Collaborating Center of the Joanna Briggs Institute
| | - Joanne K Singleton
- The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): a Collaborating Center of the Joanna Briggs Institute
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746
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Gagnier C, Collin-Vézina D. The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:221-41. [PMID: 26934546 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the diversity in the disclosure process of male survivors of child sexual abuse. Disclosure is a complex process for victims of both genders, however masculine norms and stereotypes have contributed to an environment that often negates the experiences of men. The disclosure process of 17 adult male survivors of child sexual abuse was explored using transcripts of telephone interviews. A combination of two qualitative methodologies, the phenomenological method and interpretive description approach, was used to analyze this secondary data. The results indicated that the majority of the men in the study waited until adulthood to disclose their abuse, with negative stereotypes contributing to their delayed disclosures. In terms of specific experiences with disclosure, the participants found they received both positive and negative responses. These results were consistent with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gagnier
- a MSW, School of Social Work , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
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747
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Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam EG, Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Ruscio AM, Shahly V, Stein DJ, Petukhova M, Hill E, Alonso J, Atwoli L, Bunting B, Bruffaerts R, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, de Girolamo G, Florescu S, Gureje O, Huang Y, Lepine JP, Kawakami N, Kovess-Masfety V, Medina-Mora ME, Navarro-Mateu F, Piazza M, Posada-Villa J, Scott KM, Shalev A, Slade T, ten Have M, Torres Y, Viana MC, Zarkov Z, Koenen KC. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol Med 2016; 46:327-343. [PMID: 26511595 PMCID: PMC4869975 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable research has documented that exposure to traumatic events has negative effects on physical and mental health. Much less research has examined the predictors of traumatic event exposure. Increased understanding of risk factors for exposure to traumatic events could be of considerable value in targeting preventive interventions and anticipating service needs. METHOD General population surveys in 24 countries with a combined sample of 68 894 adult respondents across six continents assessed exposure to 29 traumatic event types. Differences in prevalence were examined with cross-tabulations. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether traumatic event types clustered into interpretable factors. Survival analysis was carried out to examine associations of sociodemographic characteristics and prior traumatic events with subsequent exposure. RESULTS Over 70% of respondents reported a traumatic event; 30.5% were exposed to four or more. Five types - witnessing death or serious injury, the unexpected death of a loved one, being mugged, being in a life-threatening automobile accident, and experiencing a life-threatening illness or injury - accounted for over half of all exposures. Exposure varied by country, sociodemographics and history of prior traumatic events. Being married was the most consistent protective factor. Exposure to interpersonal violence had the strongest associations with subsequent traumatic events. CONCLUSIONS Given the near ubiquity of exposure, limited resources may best be dedicated to those that are more likely to be further exposed such as victims of interpersonal violence. Identifying mechanisms that account for the associations of prior interpersonal violence with subsequent trauma is critical to develop interventions to prevent revictimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Benjet
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E. Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - E. G. Karam
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R. C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K. A. McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A. M. Ruscio
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V. Shahly
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D. J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - M. Petukhova
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E. Hill
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Alonso
- IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Parc de Salut Mar; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF); and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - L. Atwoli
- Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu, Kenya
| | - B. Bunting
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R. Bruffaerts
- Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum – Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. M. Caldas-de-Almeida
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G. de Girolamo
- IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
| | - S. Florescu
- National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - O. Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Y. Huang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - J. P. Lepine
- Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - N. Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - M. E. Medina-Mora
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F. Navarro-Mateu
- IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Subdirección General de Salud Mental y Asistencia Psiquiátrica, Servicio Murciano de Salud, El Palmar (Murcia), Spain
| | - M. Piazza
- National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | | | - K. M. Scott
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A. Shalev
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T. Slade
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M. ten Have
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Y. Torres
- Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - M. C. Viana
- Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Z. Zarkov
- Directorate Mental Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K. C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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748
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McElroy E, Shevlin M, Elklit A, Hyland P, Murphy S, Murphy J. Prevalence and predictors of Axis I disorders in a large sample of treatment-seeking victims of sexual abuse and incest. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:30686. [PMID: 27064976 PMCID: PMC4827144 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.30686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a common occurrence and a robust, yet non-specific, predictor of adult psychopathology. While many demographic and abuse factors have been shown to impact this relationship, their common and specific effects remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study sought to assess the prevalence of Axis I disorders in a large sample of help-seeking victims of sexual trauma, and to examine the common and specific effects of demographic and abuse characteristics across these different diagnoses. METHOD The participants were attendees at four treatment centres in Denmark that provide psychological therapy for victims of CSA (N=434). Axis I disorders were assessed using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between CSA characteristics (age of onset, duration, number of abusers, number of abusive acts) and 10 adult clinical syndromes. RESULTS There was significant variation in the prevalence of disorders and the abuse characteristics were differentially associated with the outcome variables. Having experienced sexual abuse from more than one perpetrator was the strongest predictor of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between CSA and adult psychopathology is complex. Abuse characteristics have both unique and shared effects across different diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin McElroy
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK;
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Ask Elklit
- National Center of Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Philip Hyland
- Department of Psychology, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Murphy
- National Center of Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jamie Murphy
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
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749
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Disentangling the Association Between Child Abuse and Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:79-90. [PMID: 26461853 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the association between distinct types of child abuse--sexual (CSA), physical (CPA), and emotional (CEA)--and different eating disorders (EDs). METHODS Electronic databases were searched through January 2014. Studies reporting rates of CSA, CPA, and CEA in people with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED), as compared with individuals without EDs, were included. Pooled analyses were based on odds ratios (ORs), with relevant 95% confidence intervals (CIs), weighting each study with inverse variance models with random effects. Risk of publication bias was estimated. RESULTS Thirty-two of 1714 studies assessed for eligibility met the inclusion criteria, involving more than 14,000 individuals. The association between EDs and any child abuse showed a random-effects pooled OR of 3.21 (95% CI = 2.29-4.51, p < .001) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 57.2%, p = .005), whereas for CSA, this was 1.92 (95% CI = 1.13-3.28, p = .017), 2.73 (95% CI = 1.96-3.79, p < .001), and 2.31 (95% CI = 1.66-3.20, p < .001), for AN, BN, and BED, respectively. However, adjusting for publication bias, the estimate for CSA and AN was not significant (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.59-1.88, p = .85). Although CPA was associated with AN, BN, and BED, CEA was associated just with BN and BED. CONCLUSIONS BN and BED are associated with childhood abuse, whereas AN shows mixed results. Individuals with similar trauma should be monitored for early recognition of EDs. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (an international prospective register of systematic reviews) with the reference number CRD42014007360.
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750
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Soares ALG, Howe LD, Matijasevich A, Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AMB, Gonçalves H. Adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence and related factors in adolescents of a Brazilian birth cohort. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 51:21-30. [PMID: 26707919 PMCID: PMC4710615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can affect people's health and wellbeing not only at the time the ACE is experienced, but also later in life. The majority of studies on ACEs are carried out in high-income countries and little is known about its prevalence in low and middle-income countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ACEs, associations between ACEs and sociodemographic factors, and the interrelationship between types of ACEs in adolescents of a Brazilian birth cohort. Data from 3,951 adolescents (78.4% of the original cohort) from the 1993 Pelotas Cohort were analyzed. Seven types of ACEs were assessed in those up to 18 years old: physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, domestic violence, parental separation and parental death. The most common ACE was parental separation (42%), followed by emotional neglect (19.7%) and domestic violence (10.3%). Approximately 85% of the adolescents experienced at least one ACE, and females reported a higher number of adversities. Several socioeconomic, demographic and family-related characteristics were associated with the occurrence of ACEs, e.g. non-white skin color, low family income, low maternal schooling, absence of mother's partner, maternal smoking, and poor maternal mental health. A strong interrelationship was observed among the ACEs, indicating clustering of risk. These aspects should be considered by health and social care professionals in the prevention and identification of childhood adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana M B Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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