751
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Kim UJ, Oh JK, Kannan K. Occurrence, Removal, and Environmental Emission of Organophosphate Flame Retardants/Plasticizers in a Wastewater Treatment Plant in New York State. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7872-7880. [PMID: 28605181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of 14 triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers and their two diester metabolites were investigated in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Albany area of New York State. All target OPFRs were found in wastewater, with average concentrations that ranged from 20.1 ng/L for tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) to 30 100 ng/L for tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) in influents and from 7.68 ng/L for TMPP to 12 600 ng/L for TBOEP in final effluents. TBOEP was the dominant compound in influents (max: 69 500 ng/L) followed in decreasing order by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP; max: 14 500 ng/L), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (BDCIPP; max: 4550 ng/L), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP; max: 3150 ng/L) and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP; max: 8450 ng/L). The fraction of TMPP sorbed to suspended particulate matter (SPM) was 56.4% of the total mass in wastewater, which was the highest among the target chemicals analyzed. The average concentrations of OPFRs in sludge were between 4.14 ng/g dw for tripropyl phosphate (TPP) and 7290 ng/g dw for TBOEP; for ash, they were between 2.17 ng/g dw for TMPP and 427 ng/g dw for triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The mass loadings of OPFRs into the WWTP ranged from 0.02 mg/day/person for TPP to 28.7 mg/day/person for TBOEP, whereas the emission from the WWTP ranged from 0.01 mg/day/person for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) to 5.12 mg/day/person for TCIPP. The removal efficiencies for OPFRs were slightly above 60% for TMPP, TBOEP, and tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) whereas those for other OPFRs were <40% (TPhP and BDCIPP) to negative values, suggesting incomplete removal in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Jung Keun Oh
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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752
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Wang G, Chen H, Du Z, Li J, Wang Z, Gao S. In vivo metabolism of organophosphate flame retardants and distribution of their main metabolites in adult zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:50-59. [PMID: 28292737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metabolism of chemicals as well as the distribution and depuration of their main metabolites in tissues are essential for evaluating their fate and potential toxicity in vivo. Herein, we investigated the metabolism of six typical organophosphate (OP) flame retardants (tripropyl phosphate (TPRP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tri-p-cresyl phosphate (p-TCP)) in adult zebrafish in laboratory at three levels (0, 1/150 LC50 (environmentally relevant level), and 1/30 LC50 per OP analog). Twenty main metabolites were detected in the liver of OPs-exposed zebrafish using high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-TOF). The reaction pathways involving scission of the ester bond (hydrolysis), cleavage of the ether bond, oxidative hydroxylation, dechlorination, and coupling with glucuronic acid were proposed, and were further confirmed by the frontier electron density and point charge calculations. Tissue distribution of the twenty metabolites revealed that liver and intestine with the highest levels of metabolites were the most active organs for OPs biotransformation among the studied tissues of intestine, liver, roe, brain, muscle, and gill, which showed the importance of hepatobiliary system (liver-bile-intestine) in the metabolism and excretion of OPs in zebrafish. Fast depuration of metabolites from tissues indicated that the formed metabolites might be not persistent in fish, and easily released into water. This study provides comprehensive information on the metabolism of OPs in the tissue of zebrafish, which might give some hints for the exploration of their toxic mechanism in aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Hanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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753
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Li J, Xie Z, Mi W, Lai S, Tian C, Emeis KC, Ebinghaus R. Organophosphate Esters in Air, Snow, and Seawater in the North Atlantic and the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6887-6896. [PMID: 28537717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been investigated in air, snow and seawater samples collected during the cruise of ARK-XXVIII/2 from sixth June to third July 2014 across the North Atlantic and the Arctic. The sum of gaseous and particle concentrations (ΣOPE) ranged from 35 to 343 pg/m3. The three chlorinated OPEs accounted for 88 ± 5% of the ΣOPE. The most abundant OPE was tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), with concentrations ranging from 30 to 227 pg/m3, followed by three major OPEs, such as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP, 0.8 to 82 pg/m3), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP, 2 to 19 pg/m3), and tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP, 0.3 to 14 pg/m3). The ΣOPE concentrations in snow and seawater ranged from 4356 to 10561 pg/L and from 348 to 8396 pg/L, respectively. The atmospheric particle-bound dry depositions of TCEP ranged from 2 to 12 ng/m2/day. The air-seawater gas exchange fluxes were dominated by net volatilization from seawater to air for TCEP (mean, 146 ± 239 ng/m2/day), TCPP (mean, 1670 ± 3031 ng/m2/day), TiBP (mean, 537 ± 581 ng/m2/day) and TnBP (mean, 230 ± 254 ng/m2/day). This study highlighted that OPEs are subject to long-range transport via both air and seawater from the European continent and seas to the North Atlantic and the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research , Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- University of Hamburg , School of Integrated Climate System Sciences, Hamburg, 20144, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research , Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Analytical Laboratory , Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS , Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Kay-Christian Emeis
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research , Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- University of Hamburg , School of Integrated Climate System Sciences, Hamburg, 20144, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research , Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
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754
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Yang X, Li X, Zhang L, Gong J. Electrospun template directed molecularly imprinted nanofibers incorporated with BiOI nanoflake arrays as photoactive electrode for photoelectrochemical detection of triphenyl phosphate. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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755
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Li C, Li L, Lin B, Fang Y, Yang H, Liu H, Xi Z. Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate induces toxicity by stimulating CaMK2 in PC12 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1784-1791. [PMID: 28181390 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is one of the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), which are regarded as suitable substitutes for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Previously, we have validated the toxicity of TDCIPP in PC12 cells owing to the induced alterations in GAP43, NF-H, CaMK2a/2b, and tubulin α/β proteins; however, limited information is currently available on the toxicity and mechanism of TDCIPP. In the present study, cytotoxicity effects were evaluated by exposing PC12 cells to different concentrations of TDCIPP (0-50 μM) for 4 days. To explore the possible mechanisms through which cytotoxicity is induced, changes in intracellular [Ca2+ ]i levels and the activation of calmodulin dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways were evaluated. Furthermore, PC12 cells were pretreated with CaMK2 inhibitor KN93 to investigate the relationship between TDCIPP-induced phosphorylation of CaMK2 and activation of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK pathways. Our results indicate that TDCIPP-induced toxicity might be associated with the overload of [Ca2+ ]i levels, increased phosphorylation of CaMK2, and activation of the JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK pathways, the lattermost of which was further demonstrated to be partially elicited by the CaMK2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Li
- Department of Toxicology, A Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Mentougou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Toxicology, A Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Department of Toxicology, A Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Fang
- Department of Toxicology, A Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglian Yang
- Department of Toxicology, A Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, A Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Department of Toxicology, A Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
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756
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Li C, Chen J, Xie HB, Zhao Y, Xia D, Xu T, Li X, Qiao X. Effects of Atmospheric Water on ·OH-initiated Oxidation of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: A DFT Investigation on TCPP. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5043-5051. [PMID: 28368609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), a widely used organophosphate flame retardant, has been recognized as an important atmospheric pollutant. It is notable that TCPP has potential for long-range atmospheric transport. However, its atmospheric fate is unknown, restricting its environmental risk assessment. Herein we performed quantum chemical calculations to investigate the atmospheric transformation mechanisms and kinetics of TCPP initiated by ·OH in the presence of O2/NO/NO2, and the effects of ubiquitous water on these reactions. Results show the H-abstraction pathways are the most favorable for the titled reaction. The calculated gaseous rate constant and lifetime at 298 K are 1.7 × 10-10 cm3molecule-1 s-1 and 1.7 h, respectively. However, when considering atmospheric water, the corresponding lifetime is about 0.5-20.2 days. This study reveals for the first time that water has a negative role in the ·OH-initiated degradation of TCPP by modifying the stabilities of prereactive complexes and transition states via forming hydrogen bonds, which unveils one underlying mechanism for the observed persistence of TCPP in the atmosphere. Water also influences secondary reaction pathways of selected TCPP radicals formed from the primary H-abstraction. These results demonstrate the importance of water in the evaluation of the atmospheric fate of newly synthesized chemicals and emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130117, China
| | - Deming Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xianliang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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757
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Liagkouridis I, Cequier E, Lazarov B, Palm Cousins A, Thomsen C, Stranger M, Cousins IT. Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:650-657. [PMID: 27614110 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of consumer goods and building materials can act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. We investigate the relationship between the emission source strength and the levels of 19 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and seven organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in air and dust collected in 38 indoor microenvironments in Norway. We use modeling methods to back-calculate emission rates from indoor air and dust measurements and identify possible indications of an emission-to-dust pathway. Experimentally based emission estimates provide a satisfactory indication of the relative emission strength of indoor sources. Modeling results indicate an up to two orders of magnitude enhanced emission strength for OPFRs (median emission rates of 0.083 and 0.41 μg h-1 for air-based and dust-based estimates) compared to BFRs (0.52 and 0.37 ng h-1 median emission rates). A consistent emission-to-dust signal, defined as higher dust-based than air-based emission estimates, was identified for four of the seven OPFRs, but only for one of the 19 BFRs. It is concluded, however, that uncertainty in model input parameters could potentially lead to the false identification of an emission-to-dust signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Liagkouridis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Cequier
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Lazarov
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - A Palm Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Thomsen
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Stranger
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - I T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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758
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Cui K, Wen J, Zeng F, Li S, Zhou X, Zeng Z. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate esters in urban soils of the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:514-520. [PMID: 28254716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
67 soil samples from the road greenbelts, the paddy/vegetable fields, the parks, the commercial and residential areas in the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China, were collected and analyzed for 11 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). OPEs were detected in all soil samples analyzed, which indicate that OPEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The ∑11OPEs concentrations ranged from 0.041 mg kg-1-dry weight (dw) to 1.37 mg kg-1-dw, with the mean and median concentrations of 0.25 mg kg-1-dw and 0.24 mg kg-1-dw, respectively. High concentrations of OPEs were observed in the roadside soils collected from the commercial areas with heavy traffic and extensive anthropogenic activities. Of 11 OPEs, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tri-cresyl-phosphate (TMPP), tributyl phosphate (TNBP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most abundant OPEs, contributing 42.8 ± 15.4%, 17.2 ± 11.9%, 10.9 ± 6.85% and 9.70 ± 9.56% of ∑11OPEs, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that OPEs accumulation in the urban soils derived from different sources. As compared to the results for other studies, the urban soils of Guangzhou were moderately polluted by OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyan Cui
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China; Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shuocong Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zunxiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
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759
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Tung EWY, Ahmed S, Peshdary V, Atlas E. Firemaster® 550 and its components isopropylated triphenyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate enhance adipogenesis and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (Pparγ) on the adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) promoter. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175855. [PMID: 28437481 PMCID: PMC5402942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Firemaster® 550 (FM550) is a chemical mixture currently used as an additive flame retardant in commercial products, and is comprised of 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tertrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and isopropylated triphenyl phosphate (IPTP). Animal and in vitro studies suggest that FM550, TPP and IPTP may have adipogenic effects and may exert these effects through PPARγ activation. Using murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, we investigated the detailed expression of transcription factors and adipogenic markers in response to FM550 and its components. Further we investigated the mechanism of action of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) on downstream targets of the receptor by focussing on the mature adipocyte marker, adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). In addition, we set to elucidate the components responsible for the adipogenic effects seen in the FM550 mixture. We show that FM550 and its components TPP, IPTP, and TBPH, but not TBB induced lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, despite displaying enhanced lipid accumulation, TBPH did not alter the mRNA or protein expression of terminal differentiation markers. In contrast, FM550, TPP, and IPTP treatment enhanced lipid accumulation, and mRNA and protein expression of terminal differentiation markers. To further delineate the mechanisms of action of FM550 and its components we focussed on aP2 promoter activity. For this purpose we used the enhancer region of the mouse aP2 promoter using a 584-bp reporter construct containing an active PPRE located 5.4 kb away from the transcription start site of aP2. Exposure to FM550, IPTP, and TPP significantly increased PPARγ mediated aP2 enhancer activity. Furthermore, we show that TPP- and IPTP-dependent upregulation of aP2 was significantly inhibited by the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that IPTP and TPP treatment led to the recruitment of PPARγ to the regulatory region of aP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Y. Tung
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaimaa Ahmed
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vian Peshdary
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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760
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761
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Zhou L, Hiltscher M, Gruber D, Püttmann W. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10992-11005. [PMID: 27230144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m3 with a median of 40.23 ng/m3, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m3), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m3) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m3), schools (36.23 ng/m3), day care centers (31.80 ng/m3), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m3) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhou
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Hiltscher
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Gruber
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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762
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Hoffman K, Butt CM, Webster TF, Preston EV, Hammel SC, Makey C, Lorenzo AM, Cooper EM, Carignan C, Meeker JD, Hauser R, Soubry A, Murphy SK, Price TM, Hoyo C, Mendelsohn E, Congleton J, Daniels JL, Stapleton HM. Temporal Trends in Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:112-118. [PMID: 28317001 PMCID: PMC5352975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, use of organophosphate compounds as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased. Numerous studies investigating biomarkers (i.e., urinary metabolites) demonstrate ubiquitous human exposure and suggest that human exposure may be increasing. To formally assess temporal trends, we combined data from 14 U.S. epidemiologic studies for which our laboratory group previously assessed exposure to two commonly used organophosphate compounds, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Using individual-level data and samples collected between 2002 and 2015, we assessed temporal and seasonal trends in urinary bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the metabolites of TDCIPP and TPHP, respectively. Data suggest that BDCIPP concentrations have increased dramatically since 2002. Samples collected in 2014 and 2015 had BDCIPP concentrations that were more than 15 times higher than those collected in 2002 and 2003 (10β = 16.5; 95% confidence interval from 9.64 to 28.3). Our results also demonstrate significant increases in DPHP levels; however, increases were much smaller than for BDCIPP. Additionally, results suggest that exposure varies seasonally, with significantly higher levels of exposure in summer for both TDCIPP and TPHP. Given these increases, more research is needed to determine whether the levels of exposure experienced by the general population are related to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Craig M. Butt
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Emma V. Preston
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Hammel
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Colleen Makey
- Boston
University School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Amelia M. Lorenzo
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ellen M. Cooper
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Courtney Carignan
- Harvard
T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John D. Meeker
- University
of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Russ Hauser
- Harvard
T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adelheid Soubry
- Epidemiology
Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven-University, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Thomas M. Price
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department
of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emma Mendelsohn
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Julie L. Daniels
- Department
of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas
School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Nicholas School of the Environment,
Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708. E-mail: . Phone: (919) 613-8717. Fax: (919) 684-8741
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763
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He C, Wang X, Thai P, Mueller JF, Gallen C, Li Y, Baduel C. Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust. Talanta 2017; 164:503-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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764
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Ballesteros J, Ortiz X, Jonker W, Helmus R, Jobst KJ, Parsons JR, Reiner EJ. Identification of Novel Brominated Compounds in Flame Retarded Plastics Containing TBBPA by Combining Isotope Pattern and Mass Defect Cluster Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1518-1526. [PMID: 28004576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of not only main flame retardants but also of related degradation products or impurities has gained attention in the last years and is relevant to assess the safety of our consumer products and the emission of potential contaminants into the environment. In this study, we show that plastics casings of electric/electronic devices containing TBBPA contain also a complex mixture of related brominated chemicals. These compounds were most probably coming from impurities, byproducts, or degradation products of TBBPA and TBBPA derivatives. A total of 14 brominated compounds were identified based on accurate mass measurements (formulas and tentative structures proposed). The formulas (or number of bromine elements) for 19 other brominated compounds of minor intensity are also provided. A new script for the recognition of halogenated compounds based on combining a simplified isotope pattern and mass defect cluster analysis was developed in R for the screening. The identified compounds could be relevant from an environmental and industrial point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joaquín Ballesteros
- Department of Electronic Technology, University of Málaga , Bulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Xavier Ortiz
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, M9P 3 V6 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Willem Jonker
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Helmus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, M9P 3 V6 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, M9P 3 V6 Toronto, ON, Canada
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765
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Dietary intake of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) using Swedish food market basket estimations. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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766
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Zhang W, Shen XY, Zhang WW, Chen H, Xu WP, Wei W. The effects of di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) on cellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and its potential mechanisms in the molecular level. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:245-252. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1273427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Ping Xu
- Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of Education Ministry, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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767
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Liu R, Lin Y, Ruan T, Jiang G. Occurrence of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and transformation products in urban and rural indoor dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:227-233. [PMID: 27916495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, seven synthetic phenolic antioxidant (SPA) analogues were positively found in urban and rural indoor dust samples collected from Shandong province in China, among which the novel 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol (AO 246), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-sec-butylphenol (DTBSBP), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DBP) and 4,4'-butylidenebis (2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-5- methyl-phenol) (AO 44B25) analogues accounted for 29% of total SPA concentrations (∑SPAs). Urban dust showed significantly higher ∑SPA levels (range: 1.56e3 - 2.03e4 ng/g) compared with those in rural indoor dust (668-4.39e3 ng/g, p < 0.05). 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was the dominate analogue in the urban indoor dust, which constituted of 74% in ΣSPAs. While, varied composition profiles of SPAs were noticed in rural indoor dust, for instance, AO 246 (46%) and BHT (43%) had similar contributions to ∑SPAs. Three BHT transformation products (TPs) were also detected in most of the urban and rural dust samples (>97%), with individual residue level in the same order: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) > 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- 4-methyl-2,5-cyclo-hexadienone (BHT-quinol) > 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzal-dehyde (BHT-CHO). Geometric mean values of total TP concentrations were 555 ng/g and 131 ng/g for urban and rural indoor dust samples, respectively. A preliminary estimated daily intake calculation at dust ingestion scenario suggested additional concerns might be paid to simultaneous exposure of several SPA analogues and TPs besides current focus on BHT exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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768
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Halloum W, Cariou R, Dervilly-Pinel G, Jaber F, Le Bizec B. APCI as an innovative ionization mode compared with EI and CI for the analysis of a large range of organophosphate esters using GC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:54-61. [PMID: 27868274 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are chemical compounds incorporated into materials as flame-proof and/or plasticizing agents. In this work, 13 non-halogenated and 5 halogenated OPEs were studied. Their mass spectra were interpreted and compared in terms of fragmentation patterns and dominant ions via various ionization techniques [electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) under vacuum and corona discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)] on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The novelty of this paper relies on the investigation of APCI technique for the analysis of OPEs via favored protonation mechanism, where the mass spectra were mostly dominated by the quasi-molecular ion [M + H]+ . The EI mass spectra were dominated by ions such as [H4 PO4 ]+ , [M-R]+ , [M-Cl]+ , and [M-Br]+ , and for some non-halogenated aryl OPEs, [M]+● was also observed. The CI mass spectra in positive mode were dominated by [M + H]+ and sometimes by [M-R]+ , while in negative mode, [M-R]- and more particularly [X]- and [X2 ]-● were mainly observed for the halogenated OPEs. Both EI and APCI techniques showed promising results for further development of instrumental method operating in selective reaction monitoring mode. Instrumental detection limits by using APCI mode were 2.5 to 25 times lower than using EI mode for the non-brominated OPEs, while they were determined at 50-100 times lower by the APCI mode than by the EI mode, for the two brominated OPEs. The method was applied to fish samples, and monitored transitions by using APCI mode showed higher specificity but lower stability compared with EI mode. The sensitivity in terms of signal-to-noise ratio varying from one compound to another. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Halloum
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
- Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), Lebanese University, 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ronan Cariou
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Farouk Jaber
- Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), Lebanese University, 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
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769
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Iqbal M, Syed JH, Katsoyiannis A, Malik RN, Farooqi A, Butt A, Li J, Zhang G, Cincinelli A, Jones KC. Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the freshwater ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:26-42. [PMID: 27741446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we have compiled and reviewed the previously published available literature on environmental distribution, behaviour, fate and regional trends of legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) including brominated (BFRs), organo-phosphate (OPFRs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in the freshwater ecosystem. Transport and fate is discussed briefly with the evidences of de-bromination, sedimentation and accumulation in biota. De-bromination of BDE-209 is considered of concern because the lower brominated congeners are more toxic and mobile thus posing increased risk to the freshwater ecosystem. The available data on temporal and spatial trends as yet, is too few to show any consistent trends, enabling only general conclusions to be drawn. There is a lack of temporal studies in Asia, while, overall the trends are mixed, with both increasing and decreasing concentrations of BFRs and OPFRs. OPFRs and NBFRs have replaced classical BFRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) in some countries but the amount of PBDEs in the environment is still considerable. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research are discussed emphasizing on further monitoring, advanced analytical methodologies, and risk assessment studies to completely understand the science of flame retardants in the freshwater ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Iqbal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14 NO - 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Abida Farooqi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Butt
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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770
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Eng ML, Letcher RJ, Williams TD, Elliott JE. In ovo tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate concentrations significantly decrease in late incubation after a single exposure via injection, with no evidence of effects on hatching success or latent effects on growth or reproduction in zebra finches. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:83-88. [PMID: 27207485 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) eggs were injected with the organophosphate triester flame retardant tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) at 0 μg/g, 0.01 μg/g, 1 μg/g, 10 μg/g, or 50 μg/g egg. Subsets of high-dose eggs were collected throughout incubation to measure TBOEP, which started declining in late incubation and then decreased rapidly to 28% of injected concentration by hatching. The authors found no effects of TBOEP on survival, growth, or reproduction even at very high doses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:83-88. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Eng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
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771
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Wang G, Du Z, Chen H, Su Y, Gao S, Mao L. Tissue-Specific Accumulation, Depuration, and Transformation of Triphenyl Phosphate (TPHP) in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13555-13564. [PMID: 27993046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding bioaccumulation and metabolism is critical for evaluating the fate and potential toxicity of compounds in vivo. We recently investigated, for the first time, the bioconcentration and tissue distribution of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and its main metabolites in selected tissues of adult zebrafish. To further confirm the metabolites, deuterated TPHP (d15-TPHP) was used in the exposure experiments at an environmentally relevant level (20 μg/L) and at 1/10 LC50 (100 μg/L). After 11-14 days of exposure to 100 μg/L of d15-TPHP, the accumulation and excretion of d15-TPHP reached equilibrium, at which point the intestine contained the highest d15-TPHP (μg/g wet weight, ww) concentration (3.12 ± 0.43), followed by the gills (2.76 ± 0.12) > brain (2.58 ± 0.19) > liver (2.30 ± 0.34) ≫ muscle (0.53 ± 0.04). The major metabolite of d15-TPHP, d10-diphenyl phosphate (d10-DPHP), was detected at significantly higher contents in the liver and intestine, at levels up to 3.0-3.5 times those of d15-TPHP. The metabolic pathways of TPHP were elucidated, including hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and glucuronic acid conjugation after hydroxylation. Finally, a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was used to explore the key factors influencing the bioaccumulation of d15-TPHP in zebrafish. These results provide important information for the understanding of the metabolism, disposition, and toxicology of TPHP in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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772
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Salamova A, Peverly AA, Venier M, Hites RA. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Particle Phase Organophosphate Ester Concentrations in the Atmosphere of the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13249-13255. [PMID: 27993071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of six organophosphate esters (OPEs) in atmospheric particle phase samples collected once every 12 days at five sites in the North American Great Lakes basin over the period of March 2012 to December 2014, inclusive, are reported. These OPEs include tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP). Median total OPE concentrations (∑OPE) ranged from 93 pg/m3 at Sleeping Bear Dunes to 1046 pg/m3 at Chicago. The ∑OPE levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at Chicago and Cleveland, our urban sites, than at our rural and remote sites. The composition profiles were dominated by chlorinated OPEs at the urban and rural sites and by nonchlorinated OPEs at the remote sites. The concentrations of all OPEs were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated to one another, suggesting that these compounds share similar sources. Most atmospheric ∑OPE concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreasing over time, with halving times of about 3.5 years at the urban sites and about 1.5 years at the rural and remote sites. Interestingly, TCEP and EHDP concentrations were increasing over time at the rural and remote sites with doubling times of 2.2 and 3.7 years, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Angela A Peverly
- Science and Mathematics Department, Eureka College , Eureka, Illinois 61530, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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773
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Castro-Jiménez J, González-Gaya B, Pizarro M, Casal P, Pizarro-Álvarez C, Dachs J. Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in the Global Oceanic Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12831-12839. [PMID: 27775328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers and have been detected ubiquitously in the remote atmosphere. Fourteen OPEs were analyzed in 115 aerosol phase samples collected from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans during the MALASPINA circumnavigation campaign. OPEs were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging from 360 to 4400 pg m-3 for the sum of compounds. No clear concentration trends were found between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The pattern was generally dominated by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), although tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) had a predominant role in samples close to continents and in those influenced by air masses originating in continents. The dry deposition fluxes of aerosol phase ∑14OPE ranged from 4 to 140 ng m-2 d-1. An estimation of the OPE gas phase concentration and gross absorption fluxes by using three different sets of physical chemical properties suggested that the atmosphere-ocean diffusive exchange of OPEs could be 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than dry deposition. The associated organic phosphorus inputs coming from diffusive OPE fluxes were estimated to potentially trigger up to 1.0% of the reported primary production in the most oligotrophic oceanic regions. However, the uncertainty associated with these calculations is high and mostly driven by the uncertainty of the physical chemical properties of OPEs. Further constraints of the physical chemical properties and fluxes of OPEs are urgently needed, in order to estimate their environmental fate and relevance as a diffusive source of new organic phosphorus to the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS/INSU, University of Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110 , 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Belén González-Gaya
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulo Casal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pizarro-Álvarez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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774
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Sun L, Tan H, Peng T, Wang S, Xu W, Qian H, Jin Y, Fu Z. Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants in early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2931-2940. [PMID: 27146889 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Because brominated flame retardants are being banned or phased out worldwide, organophosphate flame retardants have been used as alternatives on a large scale and have thus become ubiquitous environmental contaminants; this raises great concerns about their environmental health risk and toxicity. Considering that previous research has identified the nervous system as a sensitive target, Japanese medaka were used as an aquatic organism model to evaluate the developmental neurotoxicity of 4 organophosphate flame retardants: triphenyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The embryo toxicity test showed that organophosphate flame retardant exposure could decrease hatchability, delay time to hatching, increase the occurrence of malformations, reduce body length, and slow heart rate. Regarding locomotor behavior, exposure to the tested organophosphate flame retardants (except TCEP) for 96 h resulted in hypoactivity for medaka larvae in both the free-swimming and the dark-to-light photoperiod stimulation test. Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity and transcriptional responses of genes related to the nervous system likely provide a reasonable explanation for the neurobehavioral disruption. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates the developmental neurotoxicity of various organophosphate flame retardants with very different potency and contribute to the determination of which organophosphate flame retardants are appropriate substitutes, as well as the consideration of whether regulations are reasonable and required. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2931-2940. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hana Tan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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775
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Van den Eede N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Neels H, Covaci A. Does Biotransformation of Aryl Phosphate Flame Retardants in Blood Cast a New Perspective on Their Debated Biomarkers? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12439-12445. [PMID: 27766855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Aryl phosphate flame retardants (aryl-PFRs), such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), are emerging contaminants that can exhibit toxic properties, including severe aquatic toxicity and endocrine disruptive effects. Monitoring exposure to aryl-PFRs through specific biomarkers is necessary to assess the health risk associated with chronic exposure. Hydrolytic serum enzymes could play an important role in the formation of the hydrolysis product diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the seemingly most abundant in vivo biomarker of TPHP in urine. Here, we assess whether serum enzymes have an impact on the toxicokinetics of TPHP and EHDPHP and on the contribution of both aryl-PFRs to in vivo DPHP levels. TPHP and EHDPHP were incubated separately with pooled human serum to measure the formation of hydrolysis products DPHP and 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clearance of TPHP and EHDPHP was 70 and 8.6 mL/min/L serum (as measured by formation of DPHP and EHPHP, respectively). No discernible amount of DPHP was produced from EHDPHP by serum hydrolases. Our results suggest that serum hydrolases can significantly contribute to the in vivo levels of DPHP formed from TPHP and can play an important role in the toxicokinetics, toxicity, and selection of biomarkers for aryl-PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Van den Eede
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Neels
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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776
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Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate-induced apoptotic signaling pathways in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neurotoxicology 2016; 58:1-10. [PMID: 27816613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP, also known as TDCPP), an extensively used flame retardant, is frequently detected in the environment and biota. Recent studies have shown that TDCIPP has neurotoxic effects. In this study, we determined the mechanisms of TDCIPP-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. By using morphological examination, flow cytometry, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔYm) measurement, we confirmed that exposure to TDCIPP caused apoptosis accompanied by the activation of apoptosis-related genes (e.g. Bax and Bcl-2) and caspase 3 protein in SH-SY5Y cells. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) were also observed in TDCIPP-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Exposure to TDCIPP led to the activation of protein markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2a subunit (p-EIF2a), activation transcription factor (ATF4), glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and the proapoptotic factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). To determine the role of the ER in apoptosis, phenyl butyric acid (PBA), an ER stress inhibitor, was applied. Treatment with PBA effectively attenuated TDCIPP-induced ER stress and protected against apoptotic death in SH-SY5Y cells by inhibition of Bax expression and promotion of Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, we found that pretreatment of the cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) inhibited the ER stress response and prevented apoptosis. The combination of PBA and NAC pretreatment could further prevent TDCIPP induced ER-stress and apoptotic death compared with PBA or NAC pretreatment alone. Thus, in the present study, we demonstrated that TDCIPP induces cytotoxicity through a ROS-dependent mechanism involving ER stress and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in SH-SY5Y cells.
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777
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Giulivo M, Capri E, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental and biotic matrices using on-line turbulent flow chromatography-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1474:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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778
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Ali N, Eqani SAMAS, Ismail IMI, Malarvannan G, Kadi MW, Albar HMS, Rehan M, Covaci A. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:269-277. [PMID: 27343946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different flame retardants (FRs) namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), emerging brominated/chlorinated flame retardants (Br/Cl FRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) were analyzed in cars, air conditioner (AC) filters and floor dust of different households from Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To the best of our knowledge, this is first study in literature reporting emerging Br/Cl FRs and OPFRs in AC filter dust and also first to report on their occurrence in dust from KSA. Chlorinated alkyl phosphate, penta-BDEs, BDE-209, and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the major chemicals in dust samples from all microenvironments. ΣOPFRs occurred at median concentrations (ng/g dust) of 15,400, 10,500, and 3750 in AC filter, car and house floor dust, respectively. For all analyzed chemicals, relatively lower levels were observed in floor dust than car and AC filter dust. The profiles of FRs in car dust were different from AC filter and floor dust, which reflected their wider application as FR and plasticizer in variety of household and commercial products. For toddlers, assuming high dust intake and 95th percentile concentrations, the computed exposure estimation for BDE-99 was higher than RfD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Ismail
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohammad W Kadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Rehan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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779
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Saini A, Thaysen C, Jantunen L, McQueen RH, Diamond ML. From Clothing to Laundry Water: Investigating the Fate of Phthalates, Brominated Flame Retardants, and Organophosphate Esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9289-97. [PMID: 27507188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of phthalate esters, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) by clothing from indoor air and transfer via laundering to outdoors were investigated. Over 30 days cotton and polyester fabrics accumulated 3475 and 1950 ng/dm(2) ∑5phthalates, 65 and 78 ng/dm(2) ∑10BFRs, and 1200 and 310 ng/dm(2) ∑8OPEs, respectively. Planar surface area concentrations of OPEs and low molecular weight phthalates were significantly greater in cotton than polyester and similar for BFRs and high molecular weight phthalates. This difference was significantly and inversely correlated with KOW, suggesting greater sorption of polar compounds to polar cotton. Chemical release from cotton and polyester to laundry water was >80% of aliphatic OPEs (log KOW < 4), < 50% of OPEs with an aromatic structure, 50-100% of low molecular weight phthalates (log KOW 4-6), and < detection-35% of higher molecular weight phthalates (log KOW > 8) and BFRs (log KOW > 6). These results support the hypothesis that clothing acts an efficient conveyer of soluble semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoors to outdoors through accumulation from air and then release during laundering. Clothes drying could as well contribute to the release of chemicals emitted by electric dryers. The results also have implications for dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Clara Thaysen
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0 Canada
| | - Rachel H McQueen
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N1 Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
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780
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Lazarov B, Swinnen R, Poelmans D, Spruyt M, Goelen E, Covaci A, Stranger M. Influence of suspended particles on the emission of organophosphate flame retardant from insulation boards. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17183-17190. [PMID: 27215988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the presence of the so-called seed particles on the emission rate of Tris (1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) from polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulation boards was investigated in this study. Two Field and Laboratory Emission Test cells (FLEC) were placed on the surface of the same PIR board and respectively supplied with clean air (reference FLEC) and air containing laboratory-generated soot particles (test FLEC). The behavior of the area-specific emission rates (SER A ) over a time period of 10 days was studied by measuring the total (gas + particles) concentrations of TCIPP at the exhaust of each FLEC. The estimated SER A of TCIPP from the PIR board at the quasi-static equilibrium were found to be 0.82 μg m(-2) h(-1) in the absence of seed particles, while the addition of soot particles led to SER A of 2.16 μg m(-2) h(-1). This indicates an increase of the SER A of TCIPP from the PIR board with a factor of 3 in the presence of soot particles. The TCIPP partition coefficient to soot particles at the quasi-static equilibrium was 0.022 ± 0.012 m(3) μg(-1). In the next step, the influence of real-life particles on TCIPP emission rates was investigated by supplying the test FLEC with air from a professional kitchen where mainly frying and baking activities took place. Similar to the reference FLEC outcomes, SER A was also found to increase in this real-life experiment over a time period of 20 days by a factor 3 in the presence of particles generated during cooking activities. The median value of estimated particle-gas coefficient for this test was 0.062 ± 0.037 m(3) μg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Lazarov
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Rudi Swinnen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - David Poelmans
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Maarten Spruyt
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Eddy Goelen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marianne Stranger
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
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781
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Khan MU, Li J, Zhang G, Malik RN. New insight into the levels, distribution and health risk diagnosis of indoor and outdoor dust-bound FRs in colder, rural and industrial zones of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:662-674. [PMID: 27346442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This is the first robust study designed to probe selected flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor and outdoor dust of industrial, rural and background zones of Pakistan with special emphasis upon their occurrence, distribution and associated health risk. For this purpose, we analyzed FRs such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the total of 82 dust samples (indoor and outdoor) collected three from each zone: industrial, rural and background. We found higher concentrations of FRs (PBDEs, DP, NBFRs and OPFRs) in industrial zones as compared to the rural and background zones. Our results reveal that the concentrations of studied FRs are relatively higher in the indoor dust samples being compared with the outdoor dust and they are ranked as: ∑OPFRs > ∑NBFRs > ∑PBDEs > ∑DP. A significant correlation in the FRs levels between the indoor and outdoor dust suggest the potential intermixing of these compounds between them. The principal component analysis/multiple linear regression predicts the percent contribution of FRs from different consumer products in the indoor and outdoor dust of industrial, rural and background zones to trace their source origin. The FRs detected in the background zones reveal the dust-bound FRs suspended in the air might be shifted from different warmer zones or consumers products available/used in the same zones. Hazard quotient (HQ) for FRs via indoor and outdoor dust intake at mean and high dust scenarios to the exposed populations (adults and toddlers) are found free of risk (HQ < 1) in the target zones. Furthermore, our nascent results will provide a baseline record of FRs (PBDEs, DP, NBFRs and OPFRs) concentrations in the indoor and outdoor dust of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Khan
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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782
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Su G, Letcher RJ, Yu H. Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Aqueous Solution: pH-Dependent Hydrolysis, Kinetics, and Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8103-11. [PMID: 27347783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing ubiquity of organophosphate (OP) triesters as environmental contaminants, parameters affecting their aquatic chemical stabilities are currently unknown. The present study examined the pH-dependent (7, 9, 11, or 13) hydrolysis of 16 OP triesters in mixtures of 80 ng/mL for each OP triester over a period of 35 days at 20 °C. For the pH = 7, 9, and 11 solutions, 10 of the 16 OP triesters were stable and with no significant (p > 0.05) degradation. For the remaining 6 OP triesters, significant degradation occurred progressing from the pH = 7 to 11 solutions. At pH = 13, except for tributyl phosphate and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, 14 OP triesters were degraded with half-lives ranging from 0.0053 days (triphenyl phosphate) to 47 days (tripropyl phosphate). With increasingly basic pH the order of OP triester stability was group A (with alkyl moieties) > group B (chlorinated alkyl) > group C (aryl). Numerous OP diesters were identified depending on the pH level of the solution, whereas OP monoesters were not detectable. This is consistent with no significant (p > 0.05) depletion observed for 5 OP diesters in the same 4 solutions and over same 35 day period, suggesting OP diesters are end products of base-catalyzed hydrolysis of OP triesters. Our results demonstrated that pH-dependent hydrolysis of OP triesters does occur, and such instability would likely affect the fate of OP triesters in aqueous environments where the pH can be variable and basic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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783
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Xu F, Giovanoulis G, van Waes S, Padilla-Sanchez JA, Papadopoulou E, Magnér J, Haug LS, Neels H, Covaci A. Comprehensive Study of Human External Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants via Air, Dust, and Hand Wipes: The Importance of Sampling and Assessment Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7752-60. [PMID: 27350238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We compared the human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) via inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption using different sampling and assessment strategies. Air (indoor stationary air and personal ambient air), dust (floor dust and surface dust), and hand wipes were sampled from 61 participants and their houses. We found that stationary air contains higher levels of ΣPFRs (median = 163 ng/m(3), IQR = 161 ng/m(3)) than personal air (median = 44 ng/m(3), IQR = 55 ng/m(3)), suggesting that the stationary air sample could generate a larger bias for inhalation exposure assessment. Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate isomers (ΣTCPP) accounted for over 80% of ΣPFRs in both stationary and personal air. PFRs were frequently detected in both surface dust (ΣPFRs median = 33 100 ng/g, IQR = 62 300 ng/g) and floor dust (ΣPFRs median = 20 500 ng/g, IQR = 30 300 ng/g). Tris(2-butoxylethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) accounted for 40% and 60% of ΣPFRs in surface and floor dust, respectively, followed by ΣTCPP (30% and 20%, respectively). TBOEP (median = 46 ng, IQR = 69 ng) and ΣTCPP (median = 37 ng, IQR = 49 ng) were also frequently detected in hand wipe samples. For the first time, a comprehensive assessment of human exposure to PFRs via inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption was conducted with individual personal data rather than reference factors of the general population. Inhalation seems to be the major exposure pathway for ΣTCPP and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), while participants had higher exposure to TBOEP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) via dust ingestion. Estimated exposure to ΣPFRs was the highest with stationary air inhalation (median =34 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1), IQR = 38 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1)), followed by surface dust ingestion (median = 13 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1), IQR = 28 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1)), floor dust ingestion and personal air inhalation. The median dermal exposure on hand wipes was 0.32 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1) (IQR = 0.58 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1)) for ΣTCPP. The selection of sampling and assessment strategies could significantly affect the results of exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Xu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Sofie van Waes
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sanchez
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Jorgen Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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784
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Wan W, Zhang S, Huang H, Wu T. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus esters in soils and wheat plants in a plastic waste treatment area in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:349-353. [PMID: 27107259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study for the first time reported the occurrence, distribution and concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soils caused by plastic waste treatment, as well as their influence on OPE accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Eight OPEs were detected with the total concentrations of 38-1250 ng/g dry weight in the soils from the treatment sites, and tributoxyethyl phosphate and tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate present as the dominant OPEs. There were similar distribution patterns of OPEs and significant correlations between the total OPE concentrations in the soils from the plastic waste treatment sites with those in the nearby farmlands (P < 0.005), indicating that plastic waste treatment caused the OPE contamination of farmland soils. The uptake and translocation of OPEs by wheat were determined, with OPEs of high hydrophobicity more easily taken up from soils and OPEs with low hydrophobicity more liable to be translocated acropetally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 050018, China
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785
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Ren X, Cao L, Yang Y, Wan B, Wang S, Guo L. In vitro assessment of thyroid hormone receptor activity of four organophosphate esters. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 45:185-190. [PMID: 27372132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous animal experiments have implied that organophosphate esters (OPEs) have a disruption effect on the thyroid endocrine system. However, knowledge of the toxicological mechanism remains limited. In this study, the activities of four OPEs have been characterized against the thyroid hormone (TH) nuclear receptor (TR) using two in vitro models, with the aim of evaluating their toxicity mechanisms towards the TR. The results of a TH-dependent cell proliferation assay showed that tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl)phosphate (TDCPP) could induce cell growth, while the other three OPEs had no effect. The results of a luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that all four of the OPEs tested in the current study showed agonistic activity towards TRβ, with TDCPP being the most potent one. Moreover, molecular docking revealed that all the tested OPEs could fit into the ligand binding pocket of TRβ, with TDCPP binding more effectively than the other three OPEs. Taken together, these data suggest that OPEs might disrupt the thyroid endocrine system via a mechanism involving the activation of TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Linying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lianghong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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786
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Xiang P, Liu RY, Sun HJ, Han YH, He RW, Cui XY, Ma LQ. Molecular mechanisms of dust-induced toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells: Water and organic extract of office and house dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:348-356. [PMID: 27131017 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells are continually exposed to dust in the air, which may cause corneal epithelium damage. Both water and organic soluble contaminants in dust may contribute to cytotoxicity in HCE cells, however, the associated toxicity mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, indoor dust from residential houses and commercial offices in Nanjing, China was collected and the effects of organic and water soluble fraction of dust on primary HCE cells were examined. The concentrations of heavy metals in the dust and dust extracts were determined by ICP-MS and PAHs by GC-MS, with office dust having greater concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than house dust. Based on LC50, organic extract was more toxic than water extract, and office dust was more toxic than house dust. Accordingly, the organic extracts induced more ROS, malondialdehyde, and 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine and higher expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), and AhR inducible genes (CYP1A1, and CYP1B1) than water extracts (p<0.05). Extracts of office dust presented greater suppression of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity than those of house dust. In addition, exposure to dust extracts activated NF-κB signal pathway except water extract of house dust. The results suggested that both water and organic soluble fractions of dust caused cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and activation of AhR inducible genes, with organic extracts having higher potential to induce adverse effects on primary HCE cells. The results based on primary HCE cells demonstrated the importance of reducing contaminants in indoor dust to reduce their adverse impacts on human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-He Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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787
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Canbaz D, van Velzen MJM, Hallner E, Zwinderman AH, Wickman M, Leonards PEG, van Ree R, van Rijt LS. Exposure to organophosphate and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants via indoor dust and childhood asthma. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:403-413. [PMID: 25952720 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the ubiquitous detection of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in indoor dust has raised health concerns, only very few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. Inhalation of dust is one of the exposure routes of FRs, especially in children and can be hazardous for the respiratory health. Moreover, PFRs are structurally similar to organophosphate pesticides, which have been associated with allergic asthma. Thus, we investigated whether the concentrations of PFRs and PBDEs in indoor dust are associated with the development of childhood asthma. We selected 110 children who developed asthma at 4 or at 8 years old and 110 matched controls from a large prospective birth cohort (BAMSE - Barn, Allergy, Milieu Stockholm Epidemiology). We analyzed the concentrations of 7 PFRs and 21 PBDEs in dust collected around 2 months after birth from the mother's mattress. The abundance rank in dust was as follows: TBOEP⪢TPHP>mmp-TMPP>EHDPHP~TDCIPP>TCEP~TCIPP~BDE-209⪢BDE-99>BDE-47>BDE-153>BDE-183>BDE-100. There was no positive association between the FRs in mattress dust and the development of childhood asthma. In contrast, dust collected from mattresses of the mothers of children who would develop asthma contained significant lower levels of TPHP and mmp-TMPP. This study provides data on a wide range of PFRs and PBDEs in dust samples and development of asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Canbaz
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J M van Velzen
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Hallner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A H Zwinderman
- Department Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs's Children's Hospital, Institute of Sodersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Ree
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L S van Rijt
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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788
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Ding J, Xu Z, Huang W, Feng L, Yang F. Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in human placenta in Eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:211-7. [PMID: 26950635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used in various products as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. Although widespread OPE exposure is expected in humans, the accumulation of OPEs has seldom been studied in the human body. In this study, 12 OPE analogs were analyzed in 50 human placentas collected in Eastern China. The concentrations of the 9 most frequently detected OPEs (Σ9OPEs) ranged from 34.4 to 862ng/g lipid weight (lw), with a median of 301ng/g lw. Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was identified as the most abundant analog, with a median concentration of 142ng/g lw, followed by tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Statistical analysis showed no analog of OPEs or Σ9OPEs was positively correlated with the lipid content of the placentas. There were no correlations observed between the OPE concentrations and maternal characteristics. Food consumption habits exhibited weak effects on OPE levels in the placentas. Further investigation is required to determine the effects of OPEs on fetuses due to the expected increase in maternal exposure to these esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Limin Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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789
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Hou R, Xu Y, Wang Z. Review of OPFRs in animals and humans: Absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure research. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:78-90. [PMID: 27010170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are commonly detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants. Considering the adverse effects of OPFRs, many researchers have paid their attention on the absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism and internal exposure processes of OPFRs in animals and humans. In this article, we first review the diverse absorption routes of OPFRs by animals and humans (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption and gill absorption). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials of OPFRs in different types of organisms and food webs are also summarized, based on quite limited available data and results. For metabolism, we review the Phase-I and Phase-II metabolic processes for each type of OPFRs (chlorinated OPFRs, alkyl-OPFRs and aryl-OPFRs) in the animals and humans, as well as toxicokinetic information and putative exposure biomarkers on OPFRs. Finally, we highlight gaps in our knowledge and critical directions for future internal exposure studies of OPFRs in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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790
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Zheng X, Xu F, Luo X, Mai B, Covaci A. Phosphate flame retardants and novel brominated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an e-waste recycling region in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:545-550. [PMID: 26460270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) (2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-benzoate (EH-TBB) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP)) were measured in free-range chicken eggs from three e-waste recycling sites and a negative control site located in Guangdong province, Southern China. BEH-TEBP, tris-(chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris-(chloropropyl)-phosphate (∑TCPP, two isomers) and tris-(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP) were detected in more than 50% of eggs samples with low concentrations. The median values of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs were 0.17-0.46 ng/g ww (wet weight) and 1.62-2.59 ng/g ww in eggs from the e-waste sites, respectively. The results indicate that EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP and PFRs are less persistent and bioaccumulative than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken eggs, and possibly also in other bio-matrices. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were identified in albumen with higher frequencies, but at similar concentrations compared to yolk, while BEH-TEBP was mainly detected in yolk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs from consumption of chicken eggs ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and 0.32-0.52 ng/kg bw/day for adults, and 0.20-0.54 and 1.89-3.02 ng/kg bw/day for children in e-waste sites, respectively. Indoor dust ingestion seems to be a more important pathway for the intake of these FRs, while egg consumption is probably a more important exposure pathway for PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Xu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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791
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Sun L, Xu W, Peng T, Chen H, Ren L, Tan H, Xiao D, Qian H, Fu Z. Developmental exposure of zebrafish larvae to organophosphate flame retardants causes neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 55:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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792
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Lee S, Barron MG. A mechanism-based 3D-QSAR approach for classification and prediction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potency of organophosphate and carbamate analogs. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:347-63. [PMID: 27055524 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate esters can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by binding covalently to a serine residue in the enzyme active site, and their inhibitory potency depends largely on affinity for the enzyme and the reactivity of the ester. Despite this understanding, there has been no mechanism-based in silico approach for classification and prediction of the inhibitory potency of ether OPs or carbamates. This prompted us to develop a three dimensional prediction framework for OPs, carbamates, and their analogs. Inhibitory structures of a compound that can form the covalent bond were identified through analysis of docked conformations of the compound and its metabolites. Inhibitory potencies of the selected structures were then predicted using a previously developed three dimensional quantitative structure-active relationship. This approach was validated with a large number of structurally diverse OP and carbamate compounds encompassing widely used insecticides and structural analogs including OP flame retardants and thio- and dithiocarbamate pesticides. The modeling revealed that: (1) in addition to classical OP metabolic activation, the toxicity of carbamate compounds can be dependent on biotransformation, (2) OP and carbamate analogs such as OP flame retardants and thiocarbamate herbicides can act as AChEI, (3) hydrogen bonds at the oxyanion hole is critical for AChE inhibition through the covalent bond, and (4) π-π interaction with Trp86 is necessary for strong inhibition of AChE. Our combined computation approach provided detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of OP and carbamate compounds and may be useful for screening a diversity of chemical structures for AChE inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehan Lee
- Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA.
| | - Mace G Barron
- Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA
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793
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Santín G, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Simultaneous determination of 16 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1441:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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794
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Aragón Á, Van den Eede N, de Boer J, Covaci A. Impurities of Resorcinol Bis(diphenyl phosphate) in Plastics and Dust Collected on Electric/Electronic Material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1934-1940. [PMID: 26794620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant widely used in electric and electronic equipment. It has been detected in house dust of several European countries according to recent literature. Similar to other flame retardants, RDP formulations and products treated with RDP, such as plastics, can contain RDP impurities, byproducts and breakdown products. In this study, we use screening methods based on wide scope solvent extraction and high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of RDP related compounds in products and in dust. We analyzed both plastics from electrical/electronic equipment that contained RDP and indoor dust collected on and around surfaces of this equipment. A variety of compounds, namely TPHP, hydroxylated TPHP and RDP (meta-HO-TPHP and meta-HO-RDP), dihydroxylated TPHP, RDP with the loss of a phenyl group (RDP-[Phe]) and RDP oligomers were detected in plastics containing high levels of RDP. Regarding dust samples collected on electronics, TPHP meta-HO-TPHP, meta-HO-RDP, RDP-[Phe] and RDP oligomers were detected. High concentrations of meta-HO-TPHP (20-14 227 ng/g), TPHP (222-50 728 ng/g) and RDP (23-29 118 ng/g) were found in many of the dust samples, so that these compounds seem to easily migrate into the environment. These RDP impurities, byproducts and breakdown products are for the first time reported in indoor dust. Meta-HO-TPHP could be relevant for future biomonitoring studies concerning flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- VU University Amsterdam , Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Álvaro Aragón
- VU University Amsterdam , Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- VU University Amsterdam , Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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795
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Gao L, Shi Y, Li W, Liu J, Cai Y. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate triesters and diesters in sludge from sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:143-9. [PMID: 26657359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 14 organophosphate (OP) triesters and 5 diesters were investigated in sludge from eight sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Beijing, China, during 2008-2014. Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TCrP) were the predominant triesters with the average concentration of 233-137 μg/kg, respectively. Also, the polar and hydrophilic trimethyl phosphate (TMP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP) were detected in 19% and 74% of sludge samples, respectively. Three of five diesters were detected in sludge samples, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) revealed the highest average concentration of 96.0 μg/kg, followed by diphenyl phosphate (DPhP, 18.0 μg/kg). The levels of OP triesters in sludge varied with the compositions of the sewage and treatment capacity of STPs, as well as the adjacent sources. In comparison with that in the former years, relatively higher concentration of total OP triesters in sludge was observed in 2014, which is consistent with the rapid growth in consumption of these chemicals in China. Finally, environmental risk assessment indicated potential harmful effects of OP triesters on soil microorganisms after sludge landfill or fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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796
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Tan XX, Luo XJ, Zheng XB, Li ZR, Sun RX, Mai BX. Distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments from the Pearl River Delta in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:77-84. [PMID: 26657357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Twelve organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were identified in the sediments and the sediment core collected from the rivers and the estuary in the Pearl River Delta, with the aim of investigating their spatial and vertical distributions. The concentrations of PFRs ranged from 8.3 to 470 ng/g dry weight with high levels of PFRs in the urban area and the e-waste recycling region. Generally, TPhP, TCPP, TEHP, TCEP, and TBEP were the dominant compounds of the PFRs, the composition of which varied across the different regions, reflecting the different sources of PFRs. In the estuary, the PFRs mainly derived from the Xijiang River and the Shunde sections. Increased concentrations of halogen-containing PFRs have been observed in the upper layers of the sediment core. Conversely, relatively high concentrations of halogen-free PFRs were observed in the lower layers of the sediment core, indicating different usage patterns or environmental behaviors between the halogen and the non-halogen PFRs in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zong-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Run-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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797
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Shi Y, Gao L, Li W, Wang Y, Liu J, Cai Y. Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 209:1-10. [PMID: 26618261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, spatial distribution and seasonal variation of 14 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in urban surface water (river and lake water) from July 2013 to June 2014 in Beijing, China. Sewage influent and effluent samples, as well as rainwater and road runoff samples were also analyzed as the potential sources of OPEs in surface water. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most abundant OPEs with the average concentrations of 291 ng L(-1) and 219 ng L(-1), respectively. Relatively high concentrations of OPEs were detected in rivers located at southern and eastern urban of Beijing, which was probably attributed to the treated and untreated sewage discharge. Besides, higher levels of OPEs were observed in urban surface water in the summer, and the wet deposition (rainfall) was confirmed to be an important factor for this observation. Risk assessment showed low or medium risk of OPEs for the organisms (algae, crustacean and fish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Civil and Environment Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Civil and Environment Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- Civil and Environment Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
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798
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Luo P, Bao LJ, Guo Y, Li SM, Zeng EY. Size-dependent atmospheric deposition and inhalation exposure of particle-bound organophosphate flame retardants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:504-11. [PMID: 26414926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric size-fractionated particles were collected at different heights in an e-waste recycling zone (QY) and urban Guangzhou (GZ), China and analyzed for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The total air concentrations of eight OPFRs were 130±130 and 138±127 ng m(-3) in QY and GZ, respectively. Compositional profiles of chlorinated OPFRs were different between QY and GZ, but the size distribution patterns of all OPFRs were not significantly different at different heights. Estimated atmospheric deposition fluxes of OPFRs were 51±67 and 55±13 μg m(-2) d(-1) in QY and GZ, respectively, and the coarse particles (Dp>1.8 μm) dominated both the dry and wet deposition fluxes. Moreover, not all particle-bound OPFRs were inhalable and deposited in the human respiratory tract. The calculated inhalation doses of OPFRs were much lower than the reference doses, suggesting that potential health risk due to inhalation exposure to particle-bound OPFRs in the e-waste recycling zone and urban site was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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799
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Bui TT, Giovanoulis G, Cousins AP, Magnér J, Cousins IT, de Wit CA. Human exposure, hazard and risk of alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:451-467. [PMID: 26410720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters have been used for over a decade, but data regarding emissions, human exposure and health effects are limited. Here we review 20 alternative plasticizers in current use and their human exposure, hazard and risk. Physicochemical properties are collated for these diverse alternatives and log KOW values range over 15 orders of magnitude and log KAW and log KOA values over about 9 orders of magnitude. Most substances are hydrophobic with low volatility and are produced in high volumes for use in multiple applications. There is an increasing trend in the total use of alternative plasticizers in Sweden compared to common phthalate esters in the last 10 years, especially for DINCH. Evaluative indoor fate modeling reveals that most alternatives are distributed to vertical surfaces (e.g. walls or ceilings). Only TXIB and GTA are predicted to be predominantly distributed to indoor air. Human exposure data are lacking and clear evidence for human exposure only exists for DEHT and DINCH, which show increasing trends in body burdens. Human intake rates are collected and compared with limit values with resulting risk ratios below 1 except for infant's exposure to ESBO. PBT properties of the alternatives indicate mostly no reasons for concern, except that TEHPA is estimated to be persistent and TCP toxic. A caveat is that non-standard toxicological endpoint results are not available and, similar to phthalate esters, the alternatives are likely "pseudo-persistent". Key data gaps for more comprehensive risk assessment are identified and include: analytical methods to measure metabolites in biological fluids and tissues, toxicological information regarding non-standard endpoints such as endocrine disruption and a further refined exposure assessment in order to consider high risk groups such as infants, toddlers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Bui
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Georgios Giovanoulis
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Palm Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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800
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Petropoulou SSE, Petreas M, Park JS. Analytical methodology using ion-pair liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of four di-ester metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in California human urine. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:70-80. [PMID: 26818234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl- and aryl-esters of phosphoric acid (both halogenated and non-halogenated) are mainly used as flame retardants (FRs), among other applications, in furniture and consumer products and they are collectively known as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The absorption, biotransformation or elimination of many of these chemicals in humans and their possible health effects are not yet well known. A major reason for the limited information is the nature of these compounds, which causes several technical difficulties in their isolation and sensitive determination. A novel analytical liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the accurate and sensitive determination of four urinary OPFR metabolites: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), using mixed-mode solid phase extraction and isotope. For the first time all four analytes can be identified in one chromatographic run. An extensive investigation of method development parameters (enzymatic hydrolysis, matrix effects, process efficiency, sources of background interferences, linearity, accuracy, precision, stabilities and limits of detection and quantification) was performed in order to address previously reported method inconsistencies and select a process with the highest accuracy and sensitivity. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Luna C18 (2) (2.00 mm × 150 mm, 3 μm) with mobile phase 80:20 v/v water: MeOH and MeOH: water 95:5 v/v, both containing 1mM tributylamine and 1mM acetic acid. Limits of detection were 0.025 ng mL(-1) for BDCIPP and BCIPP and 0.1 ng mL(-1) for DPhP and BCEP. Absolute recoveries of all four analytes and their labeled compounds were in the range of 88-107%. The method was tested on 13 adult California urine samples. BCEP was detected at 0.4-15 ng mL(-1) with a geometric mean (GM): 1.9 ng mL(-1); BDCIPP at 0.5-7.3 ng mL(-1), (GM: 2.5 ng mL(-1)) and DPhP at <MDL-5.6 ng mL(-1), (GM: 1.7 ng mL(-1)). BCIPP was detected for the first time in US samples in 92.3% of the samples with two to three times lower values (range <MDL-3.5 ng mL(-1) and GM: 0.4 ng mL(-1)) than the other OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
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