801
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Jalilvand S, Shoja Z, Nourijelyani K, Tohidi HR, Hamkar R. Meta-analysis of type-specific human papillomavirus prevalence in Iranian women with normal cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer: Implications for screening and vaccination. J Med Virol 2014; 87:287-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Keramat Nourijelyani
- Biostatistics Department; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Tohidi
- Faculty of Health; Gonabad University of Medical Sciences; Gonabad Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center; Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Science Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Rasool Hamkar
- Virology Department; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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802
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García-Pérez R, Ibáñez C, Godínez JM, Aréchiga N, Garin I, Pérez-Suárez G, de Paz O, Juste J, Echevarría JE, Bravo IG. Novel papillomaviruses in free-ranging Iberian bats: no virus-host co-evolution, no strict host specificity, and hints for recombination. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:94-104. [PMID: 24391150 PMCID: PMC3914694 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are widespread pathogens. However, the extent of PV infections in bats remains largely unknown. This work represents the first comprehensive study of PVs in Iberian bats. We identified four novel PVs in the mucosa of free-ranging Eptesicus serotinus (EserPV1, EserPV2, and EserPV3) and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (RferPV1) individuals and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships within the viral family. We further assessed their prevalence in different populations of E. serotinus and its close relative E. isabellinus. Although it is frequent to read that PVs co-evolve with their host, that PVs are highly species-specific, and that PVs do not usually recombine, our results suggest otherwise. First, strict virus–host co-evolution is rejected by the existence of five, distantly related bat PV lineages and by the lack of congruence between bats and bat PVs phylogenies. Second, the ability of EserPV2 and EserPV3 to infect two different bat species (E. serotinus and E. isabellinus) argues against strict host specificity. Finally, the description of a second noncoding region in the RferPV1 genome reinforces the view of an increased susceptibility to recombination in the E2-L2 genomic region. These findings prompt the question of whether the prevailing paradigms regarding PVs evolution should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Pérez
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
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803
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Fernández A, Marshall M, Esguep A. Human Papilloma Virus and oral cancer: Narrative review of the literature. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2014.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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804
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Aromseree S, Chaiwongkot A, Ekalaksananan T, Kongyingyoes B, Patarapadungkit N, Pientong C. The three most common human papillomavirus oncogenic types and their integration state in Thai women with cervical precancerous lesions and carcinomas. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1911-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Arkom Chaiwongkot
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Bunkerd Kongyingyoes
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | | | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
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805
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Evans M, Powell NG. Sexual health in oral oncology: Breaking the news to patients with human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Head Neck 2014; 36:1529-33. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ned G. Powell
- HPV Oncology Group; School of Medicine, Cardiff University; United Kingdom
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806
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Improved detection reveals active β-papillomavirus infection in skin lesions from kidney transplant recipients. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1101-15. [PMID: 24390217 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether detection of β-HPV gene products, as defined in epidermodysplasia verruciformis skin cancer, could also be observed in lesions from kidney transplant recipients alongside the viral DNA. A total of 111 samples, corresponding to 79 skin lesions abscised from 17 kidney transplant recipients, have been analyzed. The initial PCR analysis demonstrated that β-HPV-DNA was highly present in our tumor series (85%). Using a combination of antibodies raised against the E4 and L1 proteins of the β-genotypes, we were able to visualize productive infection in 4 out of 19 actinic keratoses, and in the pathological borders of 1 out of 14 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 out of 31 basal cell carcinomas. Increased expression of the cellular proliferation marker minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (MCM7), that extended into the upper epithelial layers, was a common feature of all the E4-positive areas, indicating that cells were driven into the cell cycle in areas of productive viral infections. Although the present study does not directly demonstrate a causal role of these viruses, the detection of E4 and L1 positivity in actinic keratosis and the adjacent pathological epithelium of skin cancer, clearly shows that β-HPV are actively replicating in the intraepidermal precursor lesions of kidney transplant recipients and can therefore cooperate with other carcinogenic agents, such as UVB, favoring skin cancer promotion.
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807
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Bosch FX, Broker TR, Forman D, Moscicki AB, Gillison ML, Doorbar J, Stern PL, Stanley M, Arbyn M, Poljak M, Cuzick J, Castle PE, Schiller JT, Markowitz LE, Fisher WA, Canfell K, Denny LA, Franco EL, Steben M, Kane MA, Schiffman M, Meijer CJLM, Sankaranarayanan R, Castellsagué X, Kim JJ, Brotons M, Alemany L, Albero G, Diaz M, de Sanjosé S. Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases. Vaccine 2014; 31 Suppl 5:F1-31. [PMID: 24331745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as one of the major causes of infection-related cancer worldwide, as well as the causal factor in other diseases. Strong evidence for a causal etiology with HPV has been stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cancers of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx (including base of the tongue and tonsils). Of the estimated 12.7 million new cancers occurring in 2008 worldwide, 4.8% were attributable to HPV infection, with substantially higher incidence and mortality rates seen in developing versus developed countries. In recent years, we have gained tremendous knowledge about HPVs and their interactions with host cells, tissues and the immune system; have validated and implemented strategies for safe and efficacious prophylactic vaccination against HPV infections; have developed increasingly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tools for HPV detection for use in cervical cancer screening; and have substantially increased global awareness of HPV and its many associated diseases in women, men, and children. While these achievements exemplify the success of biomedical research in generating important public health interventions, they also generate new and daunting challenges: costs of HPV prevention and medical care, the implementation of what is technically possible, socio-political resistance to prevention opportunities, and the very wide ranges of national economic capabilities and health care systems. Gains and challenges faced in the quest for comprehensive control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers and other disease are summarized in this review. The information presented may be viewed in terms of a reframed paradigm of prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases that will include strategic combinations of at least four major components: 1) routine introduction of HPV vaccines to women in all countries, 2) extension and simplification of existing screening programs using HPV-based technology, 3) extension of adapted screening programs to developing populations, and 4) consideration of the broader spectrum of cancers and other diseases preventable by HPV vaccination in women, as well as in men. Despite the huge advances already achieved, there must be ongoing efforts including international advocacy to achieve widespread-optimally universal-implementation of HPV prevention strategies in both developed and developing countries. This article summarizes information from the chapters presented in a special ICO Monograph 'Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases' Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012. Additional details on each subtopic and full information regarding the supporting literature references may be found in the original chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Bosch
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Thomas R Broker
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David Forman
- Section of Cancer Information, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Anna-Barbara Moscicki
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maura L Gillison
- Viral Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Peter L Stern
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Marc Arbyn
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - John T Schiller
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauri E Markowitz
- National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William A Fisher
- Department of Psychology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, Social Sciences Centre 7428, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Canfell
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, The University of NSW, Australia and Cancer Epidemiology Research Unit, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, Australia (past affiliation)
| | - Lynette A Denny
- Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eduardo L Franco
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Steben
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark A Kane
- Consultant on Immunization Policy, Mercer Island, WA, USA
| | - Mark Schiffman
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chris J L M Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jane J Kim
- Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Brotons
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laia Alemany
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ginesa Albero
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mireia Diaz
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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808
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Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as one of the major causes of infection-related cancer worldwide, as well as the causal factor in other diseases. Strong evidence for a causal etiology with HPV has been stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cancers of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx (including base of the tongue and tonsils). Of the estimated 12.7 million new cancers occurring in 2008 worldwide, 4.8% were attributable to HPV infection, with substantially higher incidence and mortality rates seen in developing versus developed countries. In recent years, we have gained tremendous knowledge about HPVs and their interactions with host cells, tissues and the immune system; have validated and implemented strategies for safe and efficacious prophylactic vaccination against HPV infections; have developed increasingly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tools for HPV detection for use in cervical cancer screening; and have substantially increased global awareness of HPV and its many associated diseases in women, men, and children. While these achievements exemplify the success of biomedical research in generating important public health interventions, they also generate new and daunting challenges: costs of HPV prevention and medical care, the implementation of what is technically possible, socio-political resistance to prevention opportunities, and the very wide ranges of national economic capabilities and health care systems. Gains and challenges faced in the quest for comprehensive control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers and other disease are summarized in this review. The information presented may be viewed in terms of a reframed paradigm of prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases that will include strategic combinations of at least four major components: 1) routine introduction of HPV vaccines to women in all countries, 2) extension and simplification of existing screening programs using HPV-based technology, 3) extension of adapted screening programs to developing populations, and 4) consideration of the broader spectrum of cancers and other diseases preventable by HPV vaccination in women, as well as in men. Despite the huge advances already achieved, there must be ongoing efforts including international advocacy to achieve widespread-optimally universal-implementation of HPV prevention strategies in both developed and developing countries. This article summarizes information from the chapters presented in a special ICO Monograph 'Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases' Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012. Additional details on each subtopic and full information regarding the supporting literature references may be found in the original chapters.
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809
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Noventa M, Ancona E, Cosmi E, Saccardi C, Litta P, D'Antona D, Nardelli GB, Gizzo S. Usefulness, methods and rationale of lymph nodes HPV-DNA investigation in estimating risk of early stage cervical cancer recurrence: a systematic literature review. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:853-67. [PMID: 25039008 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic involvement of pelvic lymph-nodes (LNs), generally found in 0-29.3 % of early stages, is the most important prognostic factor in cervical cancer (CC). However, even in non-metastatic LNs, recurrence rate reaches 10-15 %. The role of HPV-DNA presence in pelvic LNs has been a point of debate in the last two decades. The aim of this systematic review is to collect all available data about LNs HPV-DNA detection in patients affected by early-stage CC in order to elucidate its clinical and surgical usefulness to choose the best surgical treatment, the necessity of adjuvant therapy and to estimate the overall oncological prognosis. The available data in this field results very patchy and often conflicting in the results. The high correlation between HPV-DNA genome detected in primary lesion and the one detected in LNs, as well as the high correlation between LNs metastatic involvement and HPV-DNA presence, lead to hypothesize that LNs HPV presence represents a potential risk-factor for recurrence and poor oncological prognosis. The large disparities in recurrence-rate of cases with LNs positive for HPV-DNA test and negative for metastases could be explained by the relative "inappropriateness" of PCR test to discriminate the presence of HPV-genome alone (condition necessary but not sufficient) or in association with squamous cells (condition necessary and sufficient). The use of ISH test for HPV-DNA detection in LNs, particularly if associated to CK19-assay, improve the accuracy of micro-metastasis detection, and the identification of patients with negative histology but potentially at high-risk of recurrence and poor oncological prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Noventa
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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810
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High-risk human papillomavirus E6 protein promotes reprogramming of Fanconi anemia patient cells through repression of p53 but does not allow for sustained growth of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Virol 2014; 88:11315-26. [PMID: 25031356 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01533-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED DNA repair plays a crucial role in embryonic and somatic stem cell biology and cell reprogramming. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, which promotes error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks, is required for somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Thus, cells from Fanconi anemia patients, which lack this critical pathway, fail to be reprogrammed to iPSC under standard conditions unless the defective FA gene is complemented. In this study, we utilized the oncogenes of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) to overcome the resistance of FA patient cells to reprogramming. We found that E6, but not E7, recovers FA iPSC colony formation and, furthermore, that p53 inhibition is necessary and sufficient for this activity. The iPSC colonies resulting from each of these approaches stained positive for alkaline phosphatase, NANOG, and Tra-1-60, indicating that they were fully reprogrammed into pluripotent cells. However, FA iPSC were incapable of outgrowth into stable iPSC lines regardless of p53 suppression, whereas their FA-complemented counterparts grew efficiently. Thus, we conclude that the FA pathway is required for the growth of iPSC beyond reprogramming and that p53-independent mechanisms are involved. IMPORTANCE A novel approach is described whereby HPV oncogenes are used as tools to uncover DNA repair-related molecular mechanisms affecting somatic cell reprogramming. The findings indicate that p53-dependent mechanisms block FA cells from reprogramming but also uncover a previously unrecognized defect in FA iPSC proliferation independent of p53.
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811
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Landini MM, Borgogna C, Peretti A, Colombo E, Zavattaro E, Boldorini R, Miglio U, Doorbar J, Ravanini P, Kumar R, Moratto D, Badolato R, De Andrea M, Gariglio M. α- and β-Papillomavirus infection in a young patient with an unclassified primary T-cell immunodeficiency and multiple mucosal and cutaneous lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:108-15.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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812
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Abstract
Fifty years ago, inoculation with bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found to cause mesenchymal tumors of the skin in cattle and horses, as well as tumors of the bladder in cattle. Subsequent to these studies of BPVs, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) were found to cause cervical cancer resulting in intense research into papillomaviruses. During the past 50 years, the ways that HPVs and BPVs cause disease have been investigated, and both HPVs and BPVs have been associated with an increasingly diverse range of diseases. Herein, the biology, oncogenic mechanisms, and diseases associated with BPVs are compared with those of HPVs. As reviewed, there are currently significant differences between BPVs and HPVs. However, research 50 years ago into BPVs formed a prologue for the recognition that papillomaviruses have a significant role in human disease, and it is possible that future research may similarly reveal that BPVs are less different from HPVs than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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813
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Donalisio M, Massari S, Argenziano M, Manfroni G, Cagno V, Civra A, Sabatini S, Cecchetti V, Loregian A, Cavalli R, Lembo D, Tabarrini O. Ethyl 1,8-Naphthyridone-3-carboxylates Downregulate Human Papillomavirus-16 E6 and E7 Oncogene Expression. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5649-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Donalisio
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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814
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Bosch FX, Broker TR, Forman D, Moscicki AB, Gillison ML, Doorbar J, Stern PL, Stanley M, Arbyn M, Poljak M, Cuzick J, Castle PE, Schiller JT, Markowitz LE, Fisher WA, Canfell K, Denny LA, Franco EL, Steben M, Kane MA, Schiffman M, Meijer CJLM, Sankaranarayanan R, Castellsagué X, Kim JJ, Brotons M, Alemany L, Albero G, Diaz M, de Sanjosé S. Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases. Vaccine 2014; 31 Suppl 8:I1-31. [PMID: 24229716 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as one of the major causes of infection-related cancer worldwide, as well as the causal factor in other diseases. Strong evidence for a causal etiology with HPV has been stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cancers of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx (including base of the tongue and tonsils). Of the estimated 12.7 million new cancers occurring in 2008 worldwide, 4.8% were attributable to HPV infection, with substantially higher incidence and mortality rates seen in developing versus developed countries. In recent years, we have gained tremendous knowledge about HPVs and their interactions with host cells, tissues and the immune system; have validated and implemented strategies for safe and efficacious prophylactic vaccination against HPV infections; have developed increasingly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tools for HPV detection for use in cervical cancer screening; and have substantially increased global awareness of HPV and its many associated diseases in women, men, and children. While these achievements exemplify the success of biomedical research in generating important public health interventions, they also generate new and daunting challenges: costs of HPV prevention and medical care, the implementation of what is technically possible, socio-political resistance to prevention opportunities, and the very wide ranges of national economic capabilities and health care systems. Gains and challenges faced in the quest for comprehensive control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers and other disease are summarized in this review. The information presented may be viewed in terms of a reframed paradigm of prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases that will include strategic combinations of at least four major components: 1) routine introduction of HPV vaccines to women in all countries, 2) extension and simplification of existing screening programs using HPV-based technology, 3) extension of adapted screening programs to developing populations, and 4) consideration of the broader spectrum of cancers and other diseases preventable by HPV vaccination in women, as well as in men. Despite the huge advances already achieved, there must be ongoing efforts including international advocacy to achieve widespread-optimally universal-implementation of HPV prevention strategies in both developed and developing countries. This article summarizes information from the chapters presented in a special ICO Monograph 'Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases' Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012. Additional details on each subtopic and full information regarding the supporting literature references may be found in the original chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Bosch
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
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815
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Omran OM, AlSheeha M. Human Papilloma Virus Early Proteins E6 (HPV16/18-E6) and the Cell Cycle Marker P16 (INK4a) are Useful Prognostic Markers in Uterine Cervical Carcinomas in Qassim Region- Saudi Arabia. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:157-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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816
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Optimization of HPV DNA detection in urine by improving collection, storage, and extraction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2005-14. [PMID: 24916950 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of using urine for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA have been evaluated in disease surveillance, epidemiological studies, and screening for cervical cancers in specific subgroups. HPV DNA testing in urine is being considered for important purposes, notably the monitoring of HPV vaccination in adolescent girls and young women who do not wish to have a vaginal examination. The need to optimize and standardize sampling, storage, and processing has been reported.In this paper, we examined the impact of a DNA-conservation buffer, the extraction method, and urine sampling on the detection of HPV DNA and human DNA in urine provided by 44 women with a cytologically normal but HPV DNA-positive cervical sample. Ten women provided first-void and midstream urine samples. DNA analysis was performed using real-time PCR to allow quantification of HPV and human DNA.The results showed that an optimized method for HPV DNA detection in urine should (a) prevent DNA degradation during extraction and storage, (b) recover cell-free HPV DNA in addition to cell-associated DNA, (c) process a sufficient volume of urine, and (d) use a first-void sample.In addition, we found that detectable human DNA in urine may not be a good internal control for sample validity. HPV prevalence data that are based on urine samples collected, stored, and/or processed under suboptimal conditions may underestimate infection rates.
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817
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Sudenga SL, Wiener HW, King CC, Rompalo AM, Cu-Uvin S, Klein RS, Shah KV, Sobel JD, Jamieson DJ, Shrestha S. Dense genotyping of immune-related loci identifies variants associated with clearance of HPV among HIV-positive women in the HIV epidemiology research study (HERS). PLoS One 2014; 9:e99109. [PMID: 24918582 PMCID: PMC4053382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a necessary and causal factor of cervical cancer. Most women naturally clear HPV infections; however, the biological mechanisms related to HPV pathogenesis have not been clearly elucidated. Host genetic factors that specifically regulate immune response could play an important role. All HIV-positive women in the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) with a HR-HPV infection and at least one follow-up biannual visit were included in the study. Cervicovaginal lavage samples were tested for HPV using type-specific HPV hybridization assays. Type-specific HPV clearance was defined as two consecutive HPV-negative tests after a positive test. DNA from participants was genotyped for 196,524 variants within 186 known immune related loci using the custom ImmunoChip microarray. To assess the influence of each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with HR-HPV clearance, the Cox proportional hazards model with the Wei-Lin-Weissfeld approach was used, adjusting for CD4+ count, low risk HPV (LR-HPV) co-infection, and relevant confounders. Three analytical models were performed: race-specific (African Americans (n = 258), European Americans (n = 87), Hispanics (n = 55), race-adjusted combined analysis, and meta-analysis of pooled independent race-specific analyses. Women were followed for a median time of 1,617 days. Overall, three SNPs (rs1112085, rs11102637, and rs12030900) in the MAGI-3 gene and one SNP (rs8031627) in the SMAD3 gene were associated with HR-HPV clearance (p<10(-6)). A variant (rs1633038) in HLA-G were also significantly associated in African American. Results from this study support associations of immune-related genes, having potential biological mechanism, with differential cervical HR-HPV infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L. Sudenga
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Caroline C. King
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Rompalo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Cu-Uvin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Klein
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keerti V. Shah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack D. Sobel
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Denise J. Jamieson
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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818
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Godínez J, Nicolás-Párraga S, Pimenoff V, Mengual-Chuliá B, Muñoz N, Bosch F, Sánchez G, McCloskey J, Bravo I. Phylogenetically related, clinically different: human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 variants distribution in genital warts and in laryngeal papillomatosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O406-13. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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819
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Broniarczyk J, Bergant M, Goździcka-Józefiak A, Banks L. Human papillomavirus infection requires the TSG101 component of the ESCRT machinery. Virology 2014; 460-461:83-90. [PMID: 25010273 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) requires the minor capsid component L2, which plays an essential role in directing appropriate endosomal trafficking. Previous studies have indicated an infection route involving multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs), and an essential element in their biogenesis is the ESCRT machinery. Here we show that the ESCRT component TSG101 is required for optimal infection with both HPV-16 and BPV-1, with loss of TSG101 resulting in a decrease in viral infection, whereas overexpressed TSG101 increases rates of infection. We find that L2 proteins from multiple PV types interact with TSG101 and show that this interaction contributes to an alteration in the subcellular distribution of L2. In addition, TSG101 can modulate the levels of L2 polyubiquitination. These results demonstrate that TSG101 plays an important part in infection with diverse PVs, and suggests that trafficking of HPV through the ESCRT machinery and MVBs is part of infectious virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Broniarczyk
- Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Martina Bergant
- Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Anna Goździcka-Józefiak
- Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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820
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Wang Y, Li X, Song S, Wu J. Development of Basal-Like HaCaT Keratinocytes Containing the Genome of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 11 for Screening of Anti-HPV Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1154-63. [PMID: 24874507 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114536987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Condylomata acuminata (CA), induced by low-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. The increasing incidence and the high recurrence rate of CA have significantly contributed to public health problems around the world. Because HPVs cannot be cultured in vitro for a long time, there has been little progress in the development of HPV-specific antiviral agents. In this study, we established an HPV11.HaCaT system by introducing the recircularized genome of HPV-11 into HaCaT keratinocytes with transfection techniques and cultured them in a special medium. The existence and replication of HPV-11 DNA were positively detected in established HPV11.HaCaT cells. The HPV-11 DNA in HPV11.HaCaT cells has been stably replicated in definite passages of cells. We preliminarily studied the anti-HPV-11 effects of recombinant human interferon α1b (rhIFN-α) and 13-hexyl-palmatine hydrochloride (HP-13) in HPV11.HaCaT cells. The results suggest that HP-13 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HPV11.HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas rhIFN-α did not. HP-13 and rhIFN-α inhibited the replication of HPV-11 DNA and the expression of E1(∧)E4 mRNA in HPV11.HaCaT cells. In conclusion, the established HPV11.HaCaT cells can provide us with a convenient and relatively stable tool for screening anti-HPV-11 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Shasha Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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821
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Aydin I, Weber S, Snijder B, Samperio Ventayol P, Kühbacher A, Becker M, Day PM, Schiller JT, Kann M, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Schelhaas M. Large scale RNAi reveals the requirement of nuclear envelope breakdown for nuclear import of human papillomaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004162. [PMID: 24874089 PMCID: PMC4038628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-step, high-throughput RNAi silencing screen was used to identify host cell factors required during human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection. Analysis of validated hits implicated a cluster of mitotic genes and revealed a previously undetermined mechanism for import of the viral DNA (vDNA) into the nucleus. In interphase cells, viruses were endocytosed, routed to the perinuclear area, and uncoated, but the vDNA failed to be imported into the nucleus. Upon nuclear envelope perforation in interphase cells HPV16 infection occured. During mitosis, the vDNA and L2 associated with host cell chromatin on the metaphase plate. Hence, we propose that HPV16 requires nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis for access of the vDNA to the nucleoplasm. The results accentuate the value of genes found by RNAi screens for investigation of viral infections. The list of cell functions required during HPV16 infection will, moreover, provide a resource for future virus-host cell interaction studies. Certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the etiological cause of cervical cancers and other epithelial tumors. Recent advances in the development of anti-HPV vaccines and their increasing deployment provide hope for a significant decrease of these cancers in the future. However, many details of the transmission of HPV between infected and uninfected individuals are still not well understood. In particular, the multistep process of entry into host cells is only partially characterized. Here, we used a systematic RNAi silencing approach to identify host cell proteins required during HPV16 infection, the most prevalent cancer-causing HPV. Our results indicated that HPV entry requires cells to divide. Cell division is important, since it removes the barrier between the nucleoplasm and the cytosol, so that the virus can access the nucleus for transcription and replication. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the entry process of an important pathogen, and explains why it can only infect the stem cells or transiently amplifying cells of human skin or mucosa. This work also highlights a novel nuclear import strategy for DNA viruses, which typically use the nuclear import machinery to access the nucleoplasm for infection, Thus, HPV entry displays another unique aspect uncommon to most other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Aydin
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Weber
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Samperio Ventayol
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Becker
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Patricia M Day
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John T Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Kann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucas Pelkmans
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
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822
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Morbini P, Dal Bello B, Alberizzi P, Mannarini L, Mevio N, Garotta M, Mura F, Tinelli C, Bertino G, Benazzo M. Oral HPV infection and persistence in patients with head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 116:474-84. [PMID: 24035114 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the oral mucosa of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and its correlation with prognosis. STUDY DESIGN HPV infection was characterized in tumors and pre and posttreatment oral scrapings in 51 patients with HNSCC and matched controls using the SPF10 LiPA Extra assay. p16INK4A immunostain and in situ hybridization for high-risk HPV genotypes recognized transcriptionally active infection in tumor samples. The risk of infection was compared in patients and controls. The association of pretreatment HPV status with recurrence and survival and with posttreatment HPV persistence was assessed. RESULTS Oral HPV infection risk was significantly higher in patients with HNSCC than in controls (P < .001). Oral HPV infection was associated with infection in the first posttreatment scrapings (P = .015), but did not affect recurrence or prognosis. CONCLUSION Oral HPV infection is frequent in patients with HNSCC and has no prognostic implications, suggesting that posttreatment polymerase chain reaction monitoring on oral cells is not effective to monitor patient recurrence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Morbini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Pathology IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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823
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Bergeron C, Ronco G, Reuschenbach M, Wentzensen N, Arbyn M, Stoler M, von Knebel Doeberitz M. The clinical impact of using p16(INK4a) immunochemistry in cervical histopathology and cytology: an update of recent developments. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2741-51. [PMID: 24740700 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer screening test performance has been hampered by either lack of sensitivity of Pap cytology or lack of specificity of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) testing. This uncertainty can lead to unnecessary referral and treatment, which is disturbing for patients and increases costs for health care providers. The identification of p16(INK4a) as a marker for neoplastic transformation of cervical squamous epithelial cells by HPVs allows the identification of HPV-transformed cells in histopathology or cytopathology specimens. Diagnostic studies have demonstrated that the use of p16(INK4a) immunohistochemistry substantially improves the reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of histopathologic diagnoses. p16(INK4a) cytology has substantially higher sensitivity for detection of cervical precancer in comparison to conventional Pap tests. Compared to HPV DNA tests, immunochemical detection of p16(INK4a) -stained cells demonstrates a significantly improved specificity with remarkably good sensitivity. About 15 years after the initial observation that p16(INK4a) is overexpressed in HPV-transformed cells we review the accumulated clinical evidence suggesting that p16(INK4a) can serve as a useful biomarker in the routine diagnostic work up of patients with HPV infections and associated lesions of the female anogenital tract.
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824
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Chen X, Liu H, Zhang T, Liu Y, Xie X, Wang Z, Xu X. A vaccine of L2 epitope repeats fused with a modified IgG1 Fc induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity against divergent human papillomavirus types. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95448. [PMID: 24802101 PMCID: PMC4011685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current human papillomavirus (HPV) major capsid protein L1 virus-like particles (VLPs)-based vaccines in clinic induce strong HPV type-specific neutralizing antibody responses. To develop pan-HPV vaccines, here, we show that the fusion protein E3R4 consisting of three repeats of HPV16 L2 aa 17–36 epitope (E3) and a modified human IgG1 Fc scaffold (R4) induces cross-neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity against divergent HPV types. E3R4 was expressed as a secreted protein in baculovirus expression system and could be simply purified by one step Protein A affinity chromatography with the purity above 90%. Vaccination of E3R4 formulated with Freunds adjuvant not only induced cross-neutralizing antibodies against HPV pseudovirus types 16, 18, 45, 52, 58, 6, 11 and 5 in mice, but also protected mice against vaginal challenges with HPV pseudovirus types 16, 45, 52, 58, 11 and 5 for at least eleven months after the first immunization. Moreover, vaccination of E3R4 formulated with FDA approved adjuvant alum plus monophosphoryl lipid A also induced cross-neutralizing antibodies against HPV types 16, 18 and 6 in rabbits. Thus, our results demonstrate that delivery of L2 antigen as a modified Fc-fusion protein may facilitate pan-HPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xixiu Xie
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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825
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Pytynia KB, Dahlstrom KR, Sturgis EM. Epidemiology of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:380-6. [PMID: 24461628 PMCID: PMC4444216 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx is increasing in incidence in epidemic proportion. This site specific increase in incidence is due to an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related squamous cell carcinoma, while the incidence of tobacco related squamous cell carcinoma is decreasing. In particular, the incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increased among middle aged white men, and sexual behavior is a risk factor. HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma represents a growing etiologically distinct subset of head and neck cancers with unique epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characteristics that differ from those of HPV-unassociated cancers. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of HPV-related OPSCC, the prevalence of oral/oropharyngeal HPV infection, and efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of HPV-related OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Pytynia
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Kristina R Dahlstrom
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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826
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HAM SUNYOUNG, KIM KIHONG, KWON TAEHO, BAK YESOL, LEE DONGHUN, SONG YONGSEOK, PARK SUHO, PARK YUNSUN, KIM MANSUB, KANG JEONGWOO, HONG JINTAE, YOON DOYOUNG. Luteolin induces intrinsic apoptosis via inhibition of E6/E7 oncogenes and activation of extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways in HPV-18-associated cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2683-91. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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827
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Introcaso CE, Dunne EF, Hariri S, Panicker G, Unger ER, Markowitz LE. Prevaccine era human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18 seropositivity in the USA, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2003–2006: Table 1. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90:505-8. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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828
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Bol V, Grégoire V. Biological basis for increased sensitivity to radiation therapy in HPV-positive head and neck cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:696028. [PMID: 24804233 PMCID: PMC3996288 DOI: 10.1155/2014/696028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is commonly linked to the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, a link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and a subgroup of head and neck cancers has been established. These HPV-positive tumors represent a distinct biological entity with overexpression of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. It has been shown in several clinical studies that HPV-positive HNSCCs have a more favorable outcome and greater response to radiotherapy. The reason for improved prognosis of HPV-related HNSCC remains speculative, but it could be owned to multiple factors. One hypothesis is that HPV-positive cells are intrinsically more sensitive to standard therapies and thus respond better to treatment. Another possibility is that HPV-positive tumors uniquely express viral proteins that induce an immune response during therapy that helps clear tumors and prevents recurrence. Here, we will review current evidence for the biological basis of increased radiosensitivity in HPV-positive HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Bol
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B1.5407 Avenue Hippocrate, No. 54-55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - V. Grégoire
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B1.5407 Avenue Hippocrate, No. 54-55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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829
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Abstract
A wide range of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes have been detected in oral mucosa. Clinical infections with low-risk genotypes manifest as squamous papilloma, condyloma acuminatum, verruca vulgaris, or multifocal epithelial hyperplasia. Clinical infections with high-risk genotypes have been associated with malignant lesions. The most common genotype isolated from subclinical infection is HPV-16. A causal role for HPV in carcinogenesis of oral squamous carcinoma is minimal. Ongoing vaccination against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 is expected to decrease the spread of infection and decrease the carcinogenic potential of HPV-16 in the oropharynx and oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Pringle
- Oral Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, 3401 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19040, USA.
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830
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Escobar-Hoyos LF, Yang J, Zhu J, Cavallo JA, Zhai H, Burke S, Koller A, Chen EI, Shroyer KR. Keratin 17 in premalignant and malignant squamous lesions of the cervix: proteomic discovery and immunohistochemical validation as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:621-30. [PMID: 24051697 PMCID: PMC4026928 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most previously described immunohistochemical markers of cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma may help to improve diagnostic accuracy but have a minimal prognostic value. The goals of the current study were to identify and validate novel candidate biomarkers that could potentially improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy for cervical HSIL and squamous cell carcinoma. Microdissected tissue sections from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded normal ectocervical squamous mucosa, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), HSIL and squamous cell carcinoma sections were analyzed by mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics for biomarker discovery. The diagnostic specificity of candidate biomarkers was subsequently evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays. Among 1750 proteins identified by proteomic analyses, keratin 4 (KRT4) and keratin 17 (KRT17) showed reciprocal patterns of expression in the spectrum of cases ranging from normal ectocervical squamous mucosa to squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that KRT4 expression was significantly decreased in squamous cell carcinoma compared with the other diagnostic categories. By contrast, KRT17 expression was significantly increased in HSIL and squamous cell carcinoma compared with normal ectocervical squamous mucosa and LSIL. KRT17 was also highly expressed in immature squamous metaplasia and in endocervical reserve cells but was generally not detected in mature squamous metaplasia. Furthermore, high levels of KRT17 expression were significantly associated with poor survival of squamous cell carcinoma patients (Hazard ratio=14.76, P=0.01). In summary, both KRT4 and KRT17 expressions are related to the histopathology of the cervical squamous mucosa; KRT17 is highly overexpressed in immature squamous metaplasia, in HSIL, and in squamous cell carcinoma and the level of KRT17 in squamous cell carcinoma may help to identify patients who are at greatest risk for cervical cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Escobar-Hoyos
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Department of Biology, Research Group Genetic Toxicology and Cytogenetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Education, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Julie-Ann Cavallo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhai
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Burke
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Antonius Koller
- Proteomics Center, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Emily I Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA,Proteomics Center, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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831
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Darragh TM, Wilbur DC. Letter to the editor - reply. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18:E64-5. [PMID: 24670379 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0b013e3182976077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Darragh
- UCSF Mt Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, CA Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
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832
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Male and couple fertility impairment due to HPV-DNA sperm infection: update on molecular mechanism and clinical impact--systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:230263. [PMID: 24783196 PMCID: PMC3982419 DOI: 10.1155/2014/230263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences identify Human Papillomavirus (HPV) sperm infection as a possible cause of male and couple infertility. It acts through different mechanisms at various steps of human conception and early gestational development. We performed a systematic review to assess the role of HPV semen infection on male and couple infertility. Analysis of available and eligible data does not permit us to fund clear evidences about clinical impact of HPV infection on fertility, although sperm parameters impairment is the most widely recognized effect. Regarding biomolecular implications, the available data are often conflicting. More studies are required to define the role of HPV sperm infection in clinical practice. The great majority of evidences are obtained by in vitro studies and this fact represents a limitation for the clinical management of HPVDNA sperm infection. Understanding the biological significance of HPV-DNA semen infection could permit us to explain most of the idiopathic male and couple infertility, leading to a better management of infertile men and a better timing for sperm banking storage before ART cycles.
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833
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Shulzhenko N, Lyng H, Sanson GF, Morgun A. Ménage à trois: an evolutionary interplay between human papillomavirus, a tumor, and a woman. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:345-53. [PMID: 24674660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) being a key etiologic factor of this devastating disease. In this article, we describe modern advances in the genomics and transcriptomics of cervical cancer that led to uncovering the key gene drivers. We also introduce, herein, a model of cervical carcinogenesis that explains how the interplay between virus, tumor, and woman results in the selection of clones that simultaneously harbor genomic amplifications for genes that drive cell cycle, antiviral response, and inhibit cell differentiation. The new model may help researchers understand the controversies in antiviral therapy and immunogenetics of this cancer and may provide a basis for future research directions in early diagnostics and personalization of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerdine F Sanson
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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834
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Evans MF, Peng Z, Clark KM, Adamson CSC, Ma XJ, Wu X, Wang H, Luo Y, Cooper K. HPV E6/E7 RNA in situ hybridization signal patterns as biomarkers of three-tier cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91142. [PMID: 24625757 PMCID: PMC3953338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical lesion grading is critical for effective patient management. A three-tier classification (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 1, 2 or 3) based on H&E slide review is widely used. However, for reasons of considerable inter-observer variation in CIN grade assignment and for want of a biomarker validating a three-fold stratification, CAP-ASCCP LAST consensus guidelines recommend a two-tier system: low- or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL or HSIL). In this study, high-risk HPV E6/E7 and p16 mRNA expression patterns in eighty-six CIN lesions were investigated by RNAscope chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Specimens were also screened by immunohistochemistry for p16INK4a (clone E6H4), and by tyramide-based CISH for HPV DNA. HPV genotyping was performed by GP5+/6+ PCR combined with cycle-sequencing. Abundant high-risk HPV RNA CISH signals were detected in 26/32 (81.3%) CIN 1, 22/22 (100%) CIN 2 and in 32/32 (100%) CIN 3 lesions. CIN 1 staining patterns were typified (67.7% specimens) by abundant diffusely staining nuclei in the upper epithelial layers; CIN 2 lesions mostly (66.7%) showed a combination of superficial diffuse-stained nuclei and multiple dot-like nuclear and cytoplasmic signals throughout the epithelium; CIN 3 lesions were characterized (87.5%) by multiple dot-like nuclear and cytoplasmic signals throughout the epithelial thickness and absence/scarcity of diffusely staining nuclei (trend across CIN grades: P<0.0001). These data are consistent with productive phase HPV infections exemplifying CIN 1, transformative phase infections CIN 3, whereas CIN 2 shows both productive and transformative phase elements. Three-tier data correlation was not found for the other assays examined. The dual discernment of diffuse and/or dot-like signals together with the assay's high sensitivity for HPV support the use of HPV E6/E7 RNA CISH as an adjunct test for deciding lesion grade when CIN 2 grading may be beneficial (e.g. among young women) or when 'LSIL vs. HSIL' assignment is equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhihua Peng
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Kelli M. Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Christine S.-C. Adamson
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jun Ma
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc., Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Xingyong Wu
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc., Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc., Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Yuling Luo
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc., Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Kumarasen Cooper
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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835
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Ancillary Diagnostics in Gynecologic Cytology. Surg Pathol Clin 2014; 7:89-103. [PMID: 26839271 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytology has been the mainstay of cervical dysplasia and cancer screening in the United States. The specificity of a woman harboring a high-grade lesion when identified as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion on Pap test is high; however, the test suffers from low sensitivity. Epidemiology studies have demonstrated that human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 account for most cervical squamous cell carcinomas. Tests have been developed to identify high-risk HPV, some specifically to identify HPV 16 and 18. Simultaneous to the increase in HPV detection methods, interdisciplinary groups are making recommendations on the managerial use of the tests.
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836
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837
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Dochez C, Bogers JJ, Verhelst R, Rees H. HPV vaccines to prevent cervical cancer and genital warts: an update. Vaccine 2014; 32:1595-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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838
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Hartwig FP, Entiauspe LG, Nunes EM, Rodrigues FM, Collares T, Seixas FK, da Silveira MF. Evidence for an epistatic effect between TP53 R72P and MDM2 T309G SNPs in HIV infection: a cross-sectional study in women from South Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89489. [PMID: 24586820 PMCID: PMC3938491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of TP53 R72P and MDM2 T309G SNPs with HPV infection status, HPV oncogenic risk and HIV infection status. DESIGN Cross-sectional study combining two groups (150 HIV-negative and 100 HIV-positive) of women. METHODS Data was collected using a closed questionnaire. DNA was extracted from cervical samples. HPV infection status was determined by nested-PCR, and HPV oncogenic risk group by Sanger sequencing. Both SNPS were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Crude and adjusted associations involving each exposure (R72P and T309G SNPs, as well as 13 models of epistasis) and each outcome (HPV status, HPV oncogenic risk group and HIV infection) were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS R72P SNP was protectively associated with HPV status (overdominant model), as well as T309G SNP with HPV oncogenic risk (strongest in the overdominant model). No epistatic model was associated with HPV status, but a dominant (R72P over T309G) protective epistatic effect was observed for HPV oncogenic risk. HIV status was strongly associated (risk factor) with different epistatic models, especially in models based on a visual inspection of the results. Moreover, HIV status was evidenced to be an effect mediator of the associations involving HPV oncogenic risk. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for a role of R72P and T309G SNPs in HPV status and HPV oncogenic risk (respectively), and strong associations were found for an epistatic effect in HIV status. Prospective studies in larger samples are warranted to validate our findings, which point to a novel role of these SNPs in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pires Hartwig
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gonçalves Entiauspe
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center (Biotechnology Unit), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Emily Montosa Nunes
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Martins Rodrigues
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center (Biotechnology Unit), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center (Biotechnology Unit), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Freitas da Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Maternal and Child Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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839
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The tetraspanin CD151 in papillomavirus infection. Viruses 2014; 6:893-908. [PMID: 24553111 PMCID: PMC3939487 DOI: 10.3390/v6020893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses that infect skin and mucosa. The most oncogenic subtype, HPV16, causes various types of cancer, including cervical, anal, and head and neck cancers. During the multistep process of infection, numerous host proteins are required for the delivery of virus genetic information into the nucleus of target cells. Over the last two decades, many host-cell proteins such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, integrins, growth factor receptors, actin and the tetraspanin CD151 have been described to be involved in the process of infectious entry of HPV16. Tetraspanins have the ability to organize membrane microdomains and to directly influence the function of associated molecules, including binding of receptors to their ligands, receptor oligomerization and signal transduction. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on CD151, and CD151-associated partners during HPV infection and discuss the underlying mechanisms.
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840
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Correlation between human papillomavirus and p16 overexpression in oropharyngeal tumours: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1587-94. [PMID: 24518594 PMCID: PMC3960616 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A significant proportion of squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx (OP-SCC) are related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and p16 overexpression. This subgroup proves better prognosis and survival but no evidence exists on the correlation between HPV and p16 overexpression based on diagnostic measures and definition of p16 overexpression. We evaluated means of p16 and HPV diagnostics, and quantified overexpression of p16 in HPV-positive and -negative OP-SCCs by mode of immunohistochemical staining of carcinoma cells. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 1980 until October 2012. We applied the following inclusion criteria: a minimum of 20 cases of site-specific OP-SCCs, and HPV and p16 results present. Studies were categorised into three groups based on their definition of p16 overexpression: verbal definition, nuclear and cytoplasmatic staining between 5 and 69%, and ⩾70% staining. Results: We identified 39 studies with available outcome data (n=3926): 22 studies (n=1980) used PCR, 6 studies (n=688) used ISH, and 11 studies (n=1258) used both PCR and ISH for HPV diagnostics. The methods showed similar HPV-positive results. Overall, 52.5% of the cases (n=2062) were HPV positive. As to p16 overexpression, 17 studies (n=1684) used a minimum of 5–69% staining, and 7 studies (n=764) used ⩾70% staining. Fifteen studies (n=1478) referred to a verbal definition. Studies showed high heterogeneity in diagnostics of HPV and definition of p16. The correlation between HPV positivity and p16 overexpression proved best numerically in the group applying ⩾70% staining for p16 overexpression. The group with verbal definitions had a significantly lower false-positive rate, but along with the group applying 5–69% staining showed a worse sensitivity compared with ⩾70% staining. Conclusions: There are substantial differences in how studies diagnose HPV and define p16 overexpression. Numerically, p16 staining is better to predict the presence of HPV (i.e. larger sensitivity), when the cutoff is set at ⩾70% of cytoplasmatic and nuclear staining.
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841
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Day PM, Schelhaas M. Concepts of papillomavirus entry into host cells. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 4:24-31. [PMID: 24525291 PMCID: PMC3951680 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses enter basal cells of stratified epithelia. Assembly of new virions occurs in infected cells during terminal differentiation. This unique biology is reflected in the mechanism of entry. Extracellularly, the interaction of nonenveloped capsids with several host cell proteins, after binding, results in discrete conformational changes. Asynchronous internalization occurs over several hours by an endocytic mechanism related to, but distinct from macropinocytosis. Intracellular trafficking leads virions through the endosomal system, and from late endosomes to the trans-Golgi-network, before nuclear delivery. Here, we discuss the existing data with the aim to synthesize an integrated model of the stepwise process of entry, thereby highlighting key open questions. Additionally, we relate data from experiments with cultured cells to in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Day
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, CiM, Münster, Germany.
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842
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843
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Di Domenico F, De Marco F, Perluigi M. Proteomics strategies to analyze HPV-transformed cells: relevance to cervical cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:461-72. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2013.842469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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844
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Murall CL, McCann KS, Bauch CT. Revising ecological assumptions about Human papillomavirus interactions and type replacement. J Theor Biol 2014; 350:98-109. [PMID: 24412334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The controversy over whether vaccine-targeted HPV types will be replaced by other oncogenic, non-vaccine-targeted types remains unresolved. This is in part because little is known about the ecology of HPV types. Patient data has been interpreted to suggest independence or facilitative interactions between types and therefore replacement is believed to be unlikely. With a novel mathematical model, we investigated which HPV type interactions and their immune responses gave qualitatively similar patterns frequently observed in patients. To assess the possibility of type replacement, vaccination was added to see if non-vaccine-targeted types increased their 'niche'. Our model predicts that independence and facilitation are not necessary for the coexistence of types inside hosts, especially given the patchy nature of HPV infection. In fact, independence and facilitation inadequately represented co-infected patients. We found that some form of competition is likely in natural co-infections. Hence, non-vaccine-targeted types that are not cross-reactive with the vaccine could spread to more patches and can increase their viral load in vaccinated hosts. The degree to which this happens will depend on replication and patch colonization rates. Our results suggest that independence between types could be a fallacy, and so without conclusively untangling HPV within-host ecology, type replacement remains theoretically viable. More ecological thinking is needed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lía Murall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Canada.
| | - Kevin S McCann
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Chris T Bauch
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Canada
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845
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Clinical validation of the HPV-risk assay, a novel real-time PCR assay for detection of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA by targeting the E7 region. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:890-6. [PMID: 24391196 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03195-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The HPV-Risk assay is a novel real-time PCR assay targeting the E7 region of 15 high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types (i.e., HPV16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -39, -45, -51, -52, -56, -58, -59, -66, -67, and -68), and provides additional genotype information for HPV16 and HPV18. This study evaluated the clinical performance and reproducibility of the HPV-Risk assay with cervical scraping specimens and its utility with self-collected (cervico)vaginal specimens. The clinical performance of the HPV-Risk assay for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) with cervical scraping specimens was evaluated by a noninferiority analysis, relative to high-risk HPV GP5+/6+ PCR, following international guidelines for HPV test requirements for cervical cancer screening. The HPV-Risk assay showed clinical sensitivity for CIN2+ of 97.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.1 to 99.3%; 67/69 samples) and a clinical specificity for CIN2+ of 94.3% (95% CI, 92.5 to 95.7%; 777/824 samples). The clinical sensitivity and specificity were noninferior to those of GP5+/6+ PCR (noninferiority score test, P=0.006 and 0.0003, respectively). Intralaboratory reproducibility over time (99.5% [95% CI, 98.6 to 99.8%]; 544/547 samples, kappa=0.99) and interlaboratory agreement (99.2% [95% CI, 98.6 to 99.8%]; 527/531 samples, kappa=0.98) for the HPV-Risk assay with cervical scraping specimens were high. The agreement of the HPV-Risk assay results for self-collected (cervico)vaginal specimens and clinician-obtained cervical scraping specimens was also high, i.e., 95.9% (95% CI, 85.1 to 99.0%; 47/49 samples, kappa=0.90) for self-collected lavage samples and 91.6% (95% CI, 84.6 to 95.6%; 98/107 samples, kappa=0.82) for self-collected brush samples. In conclusion, the HPV-Risk assay meets the cross-sectional clinical and reproducibility criteria of the international guidelines for HPV test requirements and can be considered clinically validated for cervical screening purposes. The compatibility of the HPV-Risk assay with self-collected specimens supports its utility for HPV self-sampling.
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846
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Nakahara T, Kiyono T. [Regulation of human papillomavirus (HPV) genome replication in the viral life cycle and its association with the viral persistence and cancer development]. Uirusu 2014; 64:57-66. [PMID: 25765981 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.64.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections account for more than 5% of all cancers (11% in women) such as cervical cancer worldwide. HPVs infect to basal cells of the stratified squamous epithelium and establish persistent infection within the basal compartment. HR-HPV infections can persist more than a decade, leading to development of cancers. The life cycle of HPVs is tightly associated with the differentiation processes of the stratified squamous epithelium; the replication of the viral genome and the expression of the viral genes are strictly regulated depending on differentiation of the host keratinocytes. The viral genome is transiently amplified immediately following infection and then maintained at constant copy numbers in the basal cells. In terminally differentiating keratinocytes, the viral genome is drastically amplified. However, molecular mechanisms underlying switching these three stages of viral genome replication in the viral life cycle are poorly understood. Recently, it has become evident that DNA damage response pathways are involved in the regulation of HPV genome replication. In this review, we would like to introduce recent findings describing the associations of DNA damage response with HPV genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakahara
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Virology
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847
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Poljak M, Kocjan BJ, Hošnjak L. Role of human papillomaviruses in esophageal carcinoma: an updated systematic review from 1982 to 2013. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Tobacco, alcohol and betel quid are known etiological agents of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A meta-analysis in 2012 and a literature update (1982–August 2013) identified 159 studies with a total of 11,310 ESCCs tested for the presence of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). HPV DNA was present in 30.3% of fESCCs, with substantial geographic differences. A recent meta-analysis of 21 case–control studies investigating the HPV–ESCC association showed that HPVs increase the risk of ESCC at least threefold. Vaccine-preventable HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the most commonly identified HPV types in ESCC in both low- and high-incidence settings. HPVs should now be seriously considered as etiological agents for at least a subset of ESCC, and more studies are needed to provide conclusive evidence that HPVs cause ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Poljak
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Zaloška 4, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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848
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Bosch FX, Broker TR, Forman D, Moscicki AB, Gillison ML, Doorbar J, Stern PL, Stanley M, Arbyn M, Poljak M, Cuzick J, Castle PE, Schiller JT, Markowitz LE, Fisher WA, Canfell K, Denny LA, Franco EL, Steben M, Kane MA, Schiffman M, Meijer CJLM, Sankaranarayanan R, Castellsagué X, Kim JJ, Brotons M, Alemany L, Albero G, Diaz M, de Sanjosé S. Comprehensive control of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases. Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 7:H1-31. [PMID: 24332295 PMCID: PMC7605442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as one of the major causes of infection-related cancer worldwide, as well as the causal factor in other diseases. Strong evidence for a causal etiology with HPV has been stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cancers of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx (including base of the tongue and tonsils). Of the estimated 12.7 million new cancers occurring in 2008 worldwide, 4.8% were attributable to HPV infection, with substantially higher incidence and mortality rates seen in developing versus developed countries. In recent years, we have gained tremendous knowledge about HPVs and their interactions with host cells, tissues and the immune system; have validated and implemented strategies for safe and efficacious prophylactic vaccination against HPV infections; have developed increasingly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tools for HPV detection for use in cervical cancer screening; and have substantially increased global awareness of HPV and its many associated diseases in women, men, and children. While these achievements exemplify the success of biomedical research in generating important public health interventions, they also generate new and daunting challenges: costs of HPV prevention and medical care, the implementation of what is technically possible, socio-political resistance to prevention opportunities, and the very wide ranges of national economic capabilities and health care systems. Gains and challenges faced in the quest for comprehensive control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers and other disease are summarized in this review. The information presented may be viewed in terms of a reframed paradigm of prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases that will include strategic combinations of at least four major components: 1) routine introduction of HPV vaccines to women in all countries, 2) extension and simplification of existing screening programs using HPV-based technology, 3) extension of adapted screening programs to developing populations, and 4) consideration of the broader spectrum of cancers and other diseases preventable by HPV vaccination in women, as well as in men. Despite the huge advances already achieved, there must be ongoing efforts including international advocacy to achieve widespread-optimally universal-implementation of HPV prevention strategies in both developed and developing countries. This article summarizes information from the chapters presented in a special ICO Monograph 'Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases' Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012. Additional details on each subtopic and full information regarding the supporting literature references may be found in the original chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Bosch
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Thomas R Broker
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David Forman
- Section of Cancer Information, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Anna-Barbara Moscicki
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maura L Gillison
- Viral Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Peter L Stern
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Marc Arbyn
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - John T Schiller
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauri E Markowitz
- National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William A Fisher
- Department of Psychology and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, Social Sciences Centre 7428, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Canfell
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, The University of NSW, Australia and Cancer Epidemiology Research Unit, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, Australia (past affiliation)
| | - Lynette A Denny
- Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eduardo L Franco
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Steben
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark A Kane
- Consultant on Immunization Policy, Mercer Island, WA, USA
| | - Mark Schiffman
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chris J L M Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jane J Kim
- Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Brotons
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laia Alemany
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ginesa Albero
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mireia Diaz
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program (CERP), Institut Català d'Oncologia - Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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849
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Odar K, Kocjan BJ, Hošnjak L, Gale N, Poljak M, Zidar N. Verrucous carcinoma of the head and neck - not a human papillomavirus-related tumour? J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:635-45. [PMID: 24350715 PMCID: PMC4000115 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Association between verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the head and neck and human papillomaviruses (HPV) is highly controversial. Previous prevalence studies focused mostly on α-PV, while little is known about other PV genera. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of a broad spectrum of HPV in VC of the head and neck using sensitive and specific molecular assays. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of 30 VC and 30 location-matched normal tissue samples were analysed, by using six different polymerase chain reaction-based methods targeting DNA of at least 87 HPV types from α-PV, β-PV, γ-PV and μ-PV genera, and immunohistochemistry against p16 protein. α-PV, γ-PV and μ-PV were not detected. β-PV DNA was detected in 5/30 VC (16.7%) and in 18/30 normal tissue samples (60.0%): HPV-19, -24 and -36 were identified in VC, and HPV-5, -9, -12, -23, -24, -38, -47, -49 and -96 in normal tissue, whereas HPV type was not determined in 2/5 cases of VC and in 6/18 normal tissue samples. p16 expression was detected in a subset of samples and was higher in VC than in normal tissue. However, the reaction was predominantly cytoplasmic and only occasionally nuclear, and the extent of staining did not exceed 75%. Our results indicate that α-PV, γ-PV and μ-PV are not associated with aetiopathogenesis of VC of the head and neck. β-PV DNA in a subset of VC and normal tissue might reflect incidental colonization, but its potential biological significance needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Odar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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850
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Tyler M, Tumban E, Chackerian B. Second-generation prophylactic HPV vaccines: successes and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 13:247-55. [PMID: 24350614 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.865523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of HPV as the causative factor in cervical cancer has led to the development of the HPV vaccines Gardasil and Cervarix. These vaccines effectively protect against two HPV types associated with 70% of cervical cancer cases. Despite this success, researchers continue to develop second-generation HPV vaccines to protect against more HPV types and allow increased uptake in developing countries. While a reformulated vaccine based on the current technology is currently in clinical trials, another strategy consists of targeting highly conserved epitopes in the minor capsid protein of HPV, L2. Vaccines targeting L2 induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, capable of blocking infection by a wide range of HPV types. Several vaccine designs have been developed to optimize the display of L2 epitopes to the immune system and to reduce the cost of manufacture and distribution. L2-based vaccines show considerable promise as a potential next-generation HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Tyler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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