99751
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The imitation game: Effects of social cues on ‘imitation’ are domain-general in nature. Neuroimage 2016; 139:368-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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99752
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Stewart S, Wiley JF, McDermott CJ, Thompson DR. Is the last "man" standing in comedy the least funny? A retrospective cohort study of elite stand-up comedians versus other entertainers. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:789-93. [PMID: 27394976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to confirm, in a large, diverse cohort of elite Stand-up Comedians and other entertainers, that there is an inverse association between comedic ability and longevity. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 200 Stand-up Comedians (13% women), 113 Comedy Actors (17.5% women), and 184 Dramatic Actors (29.3% women) listed in the top 200 in each category in a popular online ranking website. Longevity within each group was examined adjusting for life expectancy by year of birth and within-group ranking score. RESULTS Stand-up Comedians were younger than Comedy Actors (median birth year 1962 versus 1947: p<0.001) and Dramatic Actors (1962 versus 1946: p<0.001). Overall, 36/200 (18.0%), 33/114 (29.0%) and 56/184 (30.9%) of Stand-up Comedians, Comedy Actors and Dramatic Actors, respectively, had died (p=0.011). There was a significant gradient (p=0.011) in the age of death, with Stand-up Comedians dying at a younger age (67.1±21.3years) than their Comedy Actor (68.9±15.4years) and Dramatic Actor (70.7±16.6years) counterparts. Stand-up Comedians (38.9% versus 19.6%) were more likely to die prematurely compared to Dramatic Actors; p=0.043, OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.87). Independent of year of birth, for Stand-up Comedians alone, higher comedy rank was associated with shorter longevity (hazard ratio 0.938, 95% CI 0.880 to 0.999 for a 10-rank difference; p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS These data reaffirm an adverse relationship between comedic ability and longevity, with elite Stand-up Comedians more highly rated by the public more likely to die prematurely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stewart
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Health Service Research to Reduce Inequality in Heart Disease, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Joshua F Wiley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Primary Care and Prevention, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Cressida J McDermott
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre of Research Excellence in Health Service Research to Reduce Inequality in Heart Disease, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - David R Thompson
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for the Heart and Mind, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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99753
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Major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression in prepubertal children from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 70:65-76. [PMID: 27624424 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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99754
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Abstract
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment is a quick, effective technique with which to manage substance use in adolescents and young adults. Use of a validated measure for detecting substance use and abuse is significantly more effective than unvalidated tools or provider intuition. There are a variety of validated tools available to use in the adolescent/young adult population, and there are opportunities to increase the efficiency and scalability of screening by using computerized questionnaires. This area continues to evolve rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Borus
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Iman Parhami
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sharon Levy
- Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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99755
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Lien M, Saksvik PØ. Healthy Change Processes-A Diary Study of Five Organizational Units. Establishing a Healthy Change Feedback Loop. Stress Health 2016; 32:258-269. [PMID: 27748027 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores a change process in the Central Norway Regional Health Authority that was brought about by the implementation of a new economics and logistics system. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to understanding of how employees' attitudes towards change develop over time and how attitudes differ between the five health trusts under this authority. In this paper, we argue that a process-oriented focus through a longitudinal diary method, in addition to action research and feedback loops, will provide greater understanding of the evaluation of organizational change and interventions. This is explored through the assumption that different units will have different perspectives and attitudes towards the same intervention over time because of different contextual and time-related factors. The diary method aims to capture the context, events, reflections and interactions when they occur and allows for a nuanced frame of reference for the different phases of the implementation process and how these phases are perceived by employees. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lien
- Work and Organizational Psychology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway. .,Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration, Stjørdal, Norway.
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99756
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Cerrada CJ, Ra CK, Shin HS, Dzubur E, Huh J. Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Identify Common Smoking Situations Among Korean American Emerging Adults. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 17:892-902. [PMID: 27476588 PMCID: PMC5030172 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides detailed contextual information about smoking habits among young Korean American smokers with the goal of characterizing situations where they are most at risk for smoking. Relevant situational factors included location, social context, concurrent activities, time of day, affective states, and food and beverage consumption. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) over 7 days, participants (N = 78) were instructed to respond to smoking prompts (n = 2614) and non-smoking prompts (n = 2136) randomly scheduled throughout the day. At each prompt, participants completed a short survey about immediate contextual factors. We used multilevel models to evaluate the association between contextual factors and smoking and further explored the distribution of smoking locations and concurrent activities across each social context and reason for smoking. Compared to non-smoking events, smoking events were associated with being outside, the presence of Korean friends, socializing, consuming alcohol, and experiencing more stress relative to one's average stress level (all ps < .01). Further analyses involving only smoking events showed that when participants smoked alone, they were most commonly at home (50 %) and most often studying/working (28 %). When smoking with Korean friends, participants were most often outside (38 %) and socializing (54 %). When smoking to reduce craving, participants were most often at home (39 %) and studying/working (25 %). To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide detailed descriptions of real-time smoking contexts among young Korean American smokers. Information with this level of granularity is needed to develop effective just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jules Cerrada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Chaelin Karen Ra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Hee-Sung Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
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99757
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Richmond RC, Hemani G, Tilling K, Davey Smith G, Relton CL. Challenges and novel approaches for investigating molecular mediation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:R149-R156. [PMID: 27439390 PMCID: PMC5036871 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding mediation is useful for identifying intermediates lying between an exposure and an outcome which, when intervened upon, will block (some or all of) the causal pathway between the exposure and outcome. Mediation approaches used in conventional epidemiology have been adapted to understanding the role of molecular intermediates in situations of high-dimensional omics data with varying degrees of success. In particular, the limitations of observational epidemiological study including confounding, reverse causation and measurement error can afflict conventional mediation approaches and may lead to incorrect conclusions regarding causal effects. Solutions to analysing mediation which overcome these problems include the use of instrumental variable methods such as Mendelian randomization, which may be applied to evaluate causality in increasingly complex networks of omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - G Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - K Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - G Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - C L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
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99758
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Daspe MÈ, Sabourin S, Godbout N, Lussier Y, Hébert M. Neuroticism and Men's Sexual Coercion as Reported by Both Partners in a Community Sample of Couples. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2016; 53:1036-1046. [PMID: 26606538 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2015.1094778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Compared with other forms of intimate partner violence, very little is known about sexual coercion (SC) and its correlates in intact couples from the general population. Among potential dispositional risk factors for SC, neuroticism has been related to various aspects of couple functioning, including psychological and physical partner abuse. Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, we suggest the existence of two maladaptive profiles on the neuroticism dimension and examine the curvilinear association between neuroticism and men's SC. A total of 299 adult couples completed measures of neuroticism and SC perpetrated by the male partner. Descriptive analyses indicated that SC translated mainly into insistence or partner pressure to engage the other in unwanted sexual activities. Results confirmed the hypothesis that both lower and higher levels of men's neuroticism predict higher levels of men's perpetrated SC, while low to moderate levels of neuroticism predict lower levels of men's SC. These findings contribute to the empirical literature on SC in community samples of couples and bear significant clinical implications for the evaluation and treatment of couples experiencing these negative sexual experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Daspe
- a Department of Sexology , Université du Québec à Montréal
- b Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS)
| | - Stéphane Sabourin
- b Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS)
- c School of Psychology, Université Laval
| | - Natacha Godbout
- a Department of Sexology , Université du Québec à Montréal
- b Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS)
| | - Yvan Lussier
- b Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS)
- d Department of Psychology , Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
| | - Martine Hébert
- a Department of Sexology , Université du Québec à Montréal
- b Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS)
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99759
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Testing burnout syndrome as a psychiatric disorder among nursing staff of different medical settings. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xme.0000490935.75081.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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99760
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Herbig B, Schneider A, Nowak D. Does office space occupation matter? The role of the number of persons per enclosed office space, psychosocial work characteristics, and environmental satisfaction in the physical and mental health of employees. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:755-767. [PMID: 26537539 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the effects of office space occupation, psychosocial work characteristics, and environmental satisfaction on physical and mental health of office workers in small-sized and open-plan offices as well as possible underlying mechanisms. Office space occupation was characterized as number of persons per one enclosed office space. A total of 207 office employees with similar jobs in offices with different space occupation were surveyed regarding their work situation (psychosocial work characteristics, satisfaction with privacy, acoustics, and control) and health (psychosomatic complaints, irritation, mental well-being, and work ability). Binary logistic and linear regression analyses as well as bootstrapped mediation analyses were used to determine associations and underlying mechanisms. Employee health was significantly associated with all work characteristics. Psychosocial work stressors had the strongest relation to physical and mental health (OR range: 1.66-3.72). The effect of office space occupation on employee health was mediated by stressors and environmental satisfaction, but not by psychosocial work resources. As assumed by sociotechnical approaches, a higher number of persons per enclosed office space was associated with adverse health effects. However, the strongest associations were found with psychosocial work stressors. When revising office design, a holistic approach to work (re)design is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Herbig
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Muenchen, Germany.
| | - A Schneider
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Muenchen, Germany
| | - D Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Muenchen, Germany
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99761
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Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1593-659. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from having been used and misused for at least four millennia for, among others, recreational and medicinal purposes, the cannabis plant and its most peculiar chemical components, the plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), have the merit to have led humanity to discover one of the most intriguing and pleiotropic endogenous signaling systems, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review article aims to describe and critically discuss, in the most comprehensive possible manner, the multifaceted aspects of 1) the pharmacology and potential impact on mammalian physiology of all major phytocannabinoids, and not only of the most famous one Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 2) the adaptive pro-homeostatic physiological, or maladaptive pathological, roles of the ECS in mammalian cells, tissues, and organs. In doing so, we have respected the chronological order of the milestones of the millennial route from medicinal/recreational cannabis to the ECS and beyond, as it is now clear that some of the early steps in this long path, which were originally neglected, are becoming important again. The emerging picture is rather complex, but still supports the belief that more important discoveries on human physiology, and new therapies, might come in the future from new knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
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99762
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Kubiliene N, Jenkins S, Gouliquer L, Cameron CA. Agency and communion in A Day in the Lifeof a thriving older adult. JOURNAL OF RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY & AGING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2016.1220878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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99763
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Hypermedia exploration stimulates multiperspective reasoning in elementary school children with high working memory capacity: A tablet computer study. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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99764
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Crafting one's job to take charge of role overload: When proactivity requires adaptivity across levels. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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99765
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99766
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Rezvani A, Chang A, Wiewiora A, Ashkanasy NM, Jordan PJ, Zolin R. Manager emotional intelligence and project success: The mediating role of job satisfaction and trust. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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99767
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Floricel S, Michela JL, Piperca S. Complexity, uncertainty-reduction strategies, and project performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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99768
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[Development of the Japanese version of the Thought Control Ability Questionnaire and evaluation of its reliability and validity]. SHINRIGAKU KENKYU : THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 87:405-14. [PMID: 29620335 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.87.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrusive thoughts and difficulty in controlling thoughts are common, not only for people with psychological disorders, but also for healthy people. Individual differences in thought control ability may underlie such problems. The Thought Control Ability Questionnaire (TCAQ), which consists of 25 items, was developed by Luciano et al. (2005) in order to measure individual differences in the perceived ability to control unwanted intrusive thoughts. The purpose of the present study was to develop the Japanese version of the TCAQ and evaluate its reliability and validity. We translated the English version of the TCAQ into Japanese. We also conducted confirmatory factor analysis with a one factor solution, similar to the previous study. Based on the analysis, we excluded items whose factor loadings were lower than .30, resulting in 22 items for the Japanese version of the TCAQ. The model exhibited acceptable goodness-of-fit. The Japanese version of the TCAQ also demonstrated good reliability as well as evidence of construct validity. Thus, the development of the Japanese version of the TCAQ was successful.
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99769
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Edwards RC, Hans SL. Prenatal Depressive Symptoms and Toddler Behavior Problems: The Role of Maternal Sensitivity and Child Sex. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:696-707. [PMID: 26521260 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that maternal depression during pregnancy is associated with child behavioral outcomes even after accounting for later maternal depression. The purpose of this study was to examine various mechanisms, including maternal sensitivity, neonatal problems, and concurrent maternal depression, that might explain the association between prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and toddler behavior problems. Young, low income, African American mothers (n = 196) were interviewed during pregnancy and at 24-months postpartum, medical records were collected at the birth, and mother-child interactions were video-recorded at 24 months. Path analyses revealed that the association between prenatal depression and toddler behavior problems was mediated by maternal sensitivity and maternal depressive symptoms at 24 months. No evidence was found for a mediating effect of neonatal problems. Path models examining sex differences suggested that different mediating factors may be important for boys and girls, with boys being particularly susceptible to the effects of maternal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Edwards
- School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago, 969 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Sydney L Hans
- School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago, 969 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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99770
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Abstract
The decision in RJ Reynolds vs. FDA (2012) to invalidate FDA's proposed graphic health warnings was based in part on the reasoning that the proposed graphic warnings cued emotional responses and therefore could not be considered "factual." However, this reasoning demonstrated the courts' fundamental misunderstanding of current behavioral-science research. In contrast to the courts' artificial separation of emotions from fact, we synthesize and interpret relevant research in basic decision sciences and describe an evidence-based characterization of how emotions influence consumer decision making through multiple mechanisms. We then explore how behavioral research gets "lost in translation" in the legal process and recommend ways that behavioral scientists can work with attorneys to remedy this problem. In order for science-based tobacco regulation to survive legal challenges from the tobacco industry, courts must have access to and be able to understand and apply the relevant research. Accordingly, behavioral laboratory researchers must consider the courts as an additional audience when designing research and reporting results. Researchers wishing to influence policy should also work closely with public health lawyers to have the greatest impact on the legal system.
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99771
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Erel H, Levy DA. Orienting of visual attention in aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:357-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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99772
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Pediatric Palliative Care and Child Psychiatry: A Model for Enhancing Practice and Collaboration. J Palliat Med 2016; 19:1032-1038. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2015.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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99773
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Fiedler G, Zhang X. Quantifying accommodation to prosthesis interventions in persons with lower limb loss. Gait Posture 2016; 50:14-16. [PMID: 27552724 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Determining the appropriate amount of accommodation time is an important component of research protocol design in the field of limb prosthetics. Insufficiently short or excessively long accommodation periods may limit the external validity of findings and/or the economic efficiency and ethical innocuousness of a study. However, issuing general recommendations is difficult, as individual accommodation periods are affected by subject characteristics, the nature of the intervention, and possibly a number of environmental factors. We are discussing an approach to determine individual accommodation times based on the assumption that the process of becoming accustomed to a prosthetic intervention follows a similar exponential "learning curve" as many other learning processes that have been previously investigated. Initial data collected with a small subject sample gives some indication that gait cycle symmetry changes along the hypothesized curve trajectory. If those preliminary results can be confirmed it may be possible to extrapolate a subject's eventual level of accommodation based on a small data set that is easily collected during the first twenty minutes after introducing a prosthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goeran Fiedler
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, Suite 403, Bakery Square, 6425 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States.
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, Suite 403, Bakery Square, 6425 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States; Capital Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, 10 Xitoutiao, You Anmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
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99774
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Speth J, Schloerscheidt AM, Speth C. As we fall asleep we forget about the future: A quantitative linguistic analysis of mentation reports from hypnagogia. Conscious Cogn 2016; 45:235-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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99775
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Pizzagalli DA. Psychobiology of the intersection and divergence of depression and anxiety. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:891-894. [PMID: 27699942 PMCID: PMC5113722 DOI: 10.1002/da.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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99776
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Work, meaning, and gene regulation: Findings from a Japanese information technology firm. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 72:175-81. [PMID: 27434635 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The meaning in life, typically reflected in a sense of purpose, growth, or social embeddedness (called eudaimonic well-being, EWB), has been linked to favorable health outcomes. In particular, this experience is inversely associated with the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), which involves up-regulation of genes linked to inflammation and down-regulation of genes linked to viral resistance. So far, however, little is known about how this transcriptome profile might be situated in specific socio-cultural contexts. Here, we tested 106 male workers at a large Japanese IT firm and found that the CTRA is inversely associated not only with general EWB but also with a more contextualized sense of meaning derived from the perceived significance of one's work and a sense of interdependence with others in the workplace. These results expand previous links between personal well-being and CTRA gene expression to include the socio-cultural determinants of meaning in life.
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99777
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Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:81-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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99778
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Naumann FL, Marshall S, Shulruf B, Jones PD. Exploring examiner judgement of professional competence in rater based assessment. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2016; 21:775-788. [PMID: 26796200 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-016-9665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise physiology courses have transitioned to competency based, forcing Universities to rethink assessment to ensure students are competent to practice. This study built on earlier research to explore rater cognition, capturing factors that contribute to assessor decision making about students' competency. The aims were to determine the source of variation in the examination process and document the factors impacting on examiner judgment. Examiner judgement was explored from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective. Twenty-three examiners viewed three video encounters of student performance on an OSCE. Once rated, analysis of variance was performed to determine where the variance was attributed. A semi-structured interview drew out the examiners reasoning behind their ratings. Results highlighted variability of the process of observation, judgement and rating, with each examiner viewing student performance from different lenses. However, at a global level, analysis of variance indicated that the examiner had a minimal impact on the variance, with the majority of variance explained by the student performance on task. One anomaly noted was in the assessment of technical competency, whereby the examiner had a large impact on the rating, linked to assessing according to curriculum content. The thought processes behind judgement were diverse and if the qualitative results had been used in isolation, may have led to the researchers drawing conclusions that the examined performances would have yielded widely different ratings. However, as a cohort, the examiners were able to distinguish good and poor levels of competency with the majority of student competency linked to the varying ability of the student.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Naumann
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Stephen Marshall
- UNSW Arts and Social Science, Learning and Teaching, The University of New South Wales Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Boaz Shulruf
- UNSW Medicine, Medical Education, The University of New South Wales Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Philip D Jones
- UNSW Medicine, Medical Education, The University of New South Wales Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia
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99779
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Hejazi M, Movahedi MF, Askari O, Higbee BS. Novel Chemo-Attractants for Trapping Tomato Leafminer Moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:2074-2081. [PMID: 27567219 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The tomato leafminer moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is a devastating pest for tomatoes in Iran and throughout the world. This pest reduces tomato yields in farms and greenhouses. It appears some floral odors are significant attractants for tomato leafminer moth. In this study, the effects of three floral compounds, phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), acetic acid (AA), and 3-methyl-1-butanol (MB), were evaluated as trap attractants for tomato leafminer moth. The attractants were tested separately, combined, and blended in binary and tertiary. Lures were tested in delta and water pan traps under field conditions and compared with unbaited traps as controls. Results indicated that water pan traps caught more moths than delta traps. Also treatments with PAA + AA combined and the AA + MB blend were strongly attractive to tomato leafminer moth males compared with other treatments in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hejazi
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran (; )
| | - M F Movahedi
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran (; )
| | - O Askari
- Plant Protection Organization, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran
| | - B S Higbee
- Director, Entomology Research, Wonderful Orchards, 6801 E. Lerdo Hwy, Shafter, CA 93263
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99780
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Dynamic network interactions supporting internally-oriented cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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99781
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Cassidy AR, White MT, DeMaso DR, Newburger JW, Bellinger DC. Processing speed, executive function, and academic achievement in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: Testing a longitudinal developmental cascade model. Neuropsychology 2016; 30:874-885. [PMID: 27077787 PMCID: PMC5042819 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish executive function (EF) structure/organization and test a longitudinal developmental cascade model linking processing speed (PS) and EF skills at 8-years of age to academic achievement outcomes, both at 8- and 16-years, in a large sample of children/adolescents with surgically repaired dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). METHOD Data for this study come from the 8- (n = 155) and 16-year (n = 139) time points of the Boston Circulatory Arrest Study and included WISC-III, Trail Making Test, Test of Variables of Attention, and WIAT/WIAT-II tasks. RESULTS A 2-factor model (Working Memory/Inhibition and Shifting) provided the best fit for the EF data, χ²(3) = 1.581, p = .66, RMSEA = 0, CFI = 1, NNFI = 1.044). Working Memory/Inhibition and Shifting factors were not correlated. In the structural equation model, PS was directly related to both EF factors and Reading at 8 years, and was indirectly related to Math and Reading achievement, both concurrently and longitudinally, via its effects on Working Memory/Inhibition. Shifting at 8 years was significantly associated with Math (but not Reading) at 16 years. CONCLUSIONS The academic difficulties experienced by children and adolescents with d-TGA may be driven, at least in part, by underlying deficits in processing speed and aspects of executive function. Intervention efforts aimed at bolstering these abilities, particularly if implemented early in development, may prove beneficial in improving academic outcomes and, perhaps by extension, in reducing the stress and diminished self-confidence often associated with academic underachievement. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Cassidy
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Matthew T White
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - David R DeMaso
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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99782
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Xiao Q, Moore SC, Keadle SK, Xiang YB, Zheng W, Peters TM, Leitzmann MF, Ji BT, Sampson JN, Shu XO, Matthews CE. Objectively measured physical activity and plasma metabolomics in the Shanghai Physical Activity Study. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1433-1444. [PMID: 27073263 PMCID: PMC5100606 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated with a variety of health benefits, but the biological mechanisms that explain these associations remain unclear. Metabolomics is a powerful tool to comprehensively evaluate global metabolic signature associated with physical activity and helps to pinpoint the pathways that mediate the health effects of physical activity. There has been limited research on metabolomics and habitual physical activity, and no metabolomics study has examined sedentary behaviour and physical activity of different intensities. METHODS In a group of Chinese adults (N = 277), we used an untargeted approach to examine 328 plasma metabolites in relation to accelerometer-measured physical activity, including overall volume of physical activity (physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and duration of physically active time) and sedentary time, and measures related to different intensities of physical activity (moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA), light activity, average physical activity intensity). RESULTS We identified 11 metabolites that were associated with total activity, with a false discovery rate of 0.2 or lower. Notably, we observed generally lower levels of amino acids in the valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism pathway and of carbohydrates in sugar metabolism among participants with higher activity levels. Moreover, we found that PAEE, time spent in light activity and duration of physically active time were associated with a similar metabolic pattern, whereas the metabolic signature associated with sedentary time mirrored this pattern. In contrast, average activity intensity and time spent in MVPA appeared to be associated with somewhat different metabolic patterns. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the metabolomics patterns support a beneficial role of higher volume of physical activity in cardiometabolic health. Our findings identified candidate pathways and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the health effects of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven C Moore
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah K Keadle
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tricia M Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael F Leitzmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles E Matthews
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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99783
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Zimmer Z, Hanson HA, Smith KR. Offspring Socioeconomic Status and Parent Mortality Within a Historical Population. Demography 2016; 53:1583-1603. [PMID: 27664009 PMCID: PMC5086077 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-016-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Considering a network approach to health determinants, we test the hypothesis that benefits of high socioeconomic status (SES) may be transmitted up the generational ladder from offspring to parents. Studies that examine own SES and own health outcomes, or SES of parents and outcomes of young or adolescent children, are common. Those that investigate SES of offspring and their association with parental health are rare. Employing data from a historical population of individuals extracted from a comprehensive population database that links demographic and vital records across generations, this study tests the hypothesis that higher offspring SES associates with lower parental mortality after controlling for parental SES. The sample includes 29,972 individuals born between 1864 and 1883 whose offspring were born between 1886 and 1920. SES is operationalized using Nam-Powers occupational status scores divided into quartiles and a category for farmers. Models assess mortality risk after age 40. Included is a test for whether effects are proportional across parents who died younger and older. Estimated life expectancies across categories of offspring SES conditioned on parental SES are calculated to illustrate specifically how differences in SES relate to differences in years lived. Results indicate a longevity penalty for those whose offspring have low SES and a longevity dividend for those with high-SES offspring. The influence of offspring attributes on well-being of parents points to fluid and myriad linkages between generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Zimmer
- Department of Family Studies & Gerontology, and Canada Research Chair in Global Aging and Community, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Heidi A Hanson
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ken R Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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99784
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Silva RF, Plis SM, Sui J, Pattichis MS, Adalı T, Calhoun VD. Blind Source Separation for Unimodal and Multimodal Brain Networks: A Unifying Framework for Subspace Modeling. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2016; 10:1134-1149. [PMID: 28461840 PMCID: PMC5409135 DOI: 10.1109/jstsp.2016.2594945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous advances in the study of the human brain were fostered by successful applications of blind source separation (BSS) methods to a wide range of imaging modalities. The main focus has been on extracting "networks" represented as the underlying latent sources. While the broad success in learning latent representations from multiple datasets has promoted the wide presence of BSS in modern neuroscience, it also introduced a wide variety of objective functions, underlying graphical structures, and parameter constraints for each method. Such diversity, combined with a host of datatype-specific know-how, can cause a sense of disorder and confusion, hampering a practitioner's judgment and impeding further development. We organize the diverse landscape of BSS models by exposing its key features and combining them to establish a novel unifying view of the area. In the process, we unveil important connections among models according to their properties and subspace structures. Consequently, a high-level descriptive structure is exposed, ultimately helping practitioners select the right model for their applications. Equipped with that knowledge, we review the current state of BSS applications to neuroimaging. The gained insight into model connections elicits a broader sense of generalization, highlighting several directions for model development. In light of that, we discuss emerging multi-dataset multidimensional (MDM) models and summarize their benefits for the study of the healthy brain and disease-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogers F. Silva
- Dept. of ECE at The University of New Mexico, NM USA
- The Mind Research Network, LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Sergey M. Plis
- The Mind Research Network, LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Jing Sui
- Brainnetome Center & NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
- The Mind Research Network, LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | | | - Tülay Adalı
- Dept. of CSEE, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Dept. of ECE at The University of New Mexico, NM USAThe Mind Research Network, LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
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99785
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Badr H, Milbury K, Majeed N, Carmack CL, Ahmad Z, Gritz ER. Natural language use and couples' adjustment to head and neck cancer. Health Psychol 2016; 35:1069-80. [PMID: 27441867 PMCID: PMC5033707 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This multimethod prospective study examined whether emotional disclosure and coping focus as conveyed through natural language use are associated with the psychological and marital adjustment of head and neck cancer patients and their spouses. METHOD One-hundred twenty-three patients (85% men; age X¯ = 56.8 years, SD = 10.4) and their spouses completed surveys prior to, following, and 4 months after engaging in a videotaped discussion about cancer in the laboratory. Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) software assessed counts of positive/negative emotion words and first-person singular (I-talk), second person (you-talk), and first-person plural (we-talk) pronouns. Using a grounded theory approach, discussions were also analyzed to describe how emotion words and pronouns were used and what was being discussed. RESULTS Emotion words were most often used to disclose thoughts/feelings or uncertainty about the future, and to express gratitude or acknowledgment to one's partner. Although patients who disclosed more negative emotion during the discussion reported more positive mood following the discussion (p < .05), no significant associations between emotion word use and patient or spouse psychological and marital adjustment were found. Patients used significantly more I-talk than spouses and spouses used significantly more you-talk than patients (ps < .01). Patients and spouses reported more positive mood following the discussion when they used more we-talk. They also reported less distress at the 4-month follow-up when their partners used more we-talk during the discussion (p < .01). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that emotional disclosure may be less important to one's cancer adjustment than having a partner who one sees as instrumental to the coping process. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Badr
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kathrin Milbury
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nadia Majeed
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Zeba Ahmad
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ellen R. Gritz
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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99786
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Ursache A, Noble KG. Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00531. [PMID: 27781144 PMCID: PMC5064342 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence links socioeconomic status (SES) to children's brain structure. Few studies, however, have specifically investigated relations of SES to white matter structure. Further, although several studies have demonstrated that family SES is related to development of brain areas that support executive functions (EF), less is known about the role that white matter structure plays in the relation of SES to EF. One possibility is that white matter differences may partially explain SES disparities in EF (i.e., a mediating relationship). Alternatively, SES may differentially shape brain-behavior relations such that the relation of white matter structure to EF may differ as a function of SES (i.e., a moderating relationship). METHOD In a diverse sample of 1082 children and adolescents aged 3-21 years, we examined socioeconomic disparities in white matter macrostructure and microstructure. We further investigated relations between family SES, children's white matter volume and integrity in tracts supporting EF, and performance on EF tasks. RESULTS Socioeconomic status was associated with fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume in multiple white matter tracts. Additionally, family income moderated the relation between white matter structure and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, across multiple tracts of interest, lower FA or lower volume was associated with reduced cognitive flexibility among children from lower income families. In contrast, children from higher income families showed preserved cognitive flexibility in the face of low white matter FA or volume. SES factors did not mediate or moderate links between white matter and either working memory or inhibitory control. CONCLUSIONS This work adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that the socioeconomic contexts in which children develop not only shape cognitive functioning and its underlying neurobiology, but may also shape the relations between brain and behavior.
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99787
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The life and times of individuals scoring high and low on dispositional greed. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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99788
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99789
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99790
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Giving the benefit of the doubt: The role of vulnerability in the perception of Dark Triad behaviours. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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99791
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Williams A, Oliver C, Aumer K, Meyers C. Racial microaggressions and perceptions of Internet memes. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99792
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Abstract
Abstract. Correlated change in personality is essential to understanding change and development. It refers to the question of whether and to what degree changes in personality are interrelated over time within and between individuals. Compared to the longstanding literature on personality development, relatively less research has focused on correlated change in personality. The main goal of this paper is thus to discuss the potential of this concept for the field of personality development. First, we define correlated change and propose a categorization framework with multiple dimensions. Second, we discuss several theoretical concepts of correlated change that help understand the patterns, causes, and mechanisms underlying correlated change in personality. Third, we briefly describe several statistical approaches to modeling correlated change. Fourth, we summarize previous research on correlated change in personality. We focus our research on (a) correlated change within the Big Five personality traits, and (b) between the Big Five personality traits and three domains of life. Finally, we conclude by discussing challenges and future directions of the concept for the field of personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Allemand
- Department of Psychology, University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging,” University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mike Martin
- Department of Psychology, Gerontology Center, University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging,” University of Zurich, Switzerland
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99793
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Zhou H, Zhou Q, Xu L. Unilateral hippocampal inactivation or lesion selectively impairs remote contextual fear memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3639-46. [PMID: 27485536 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Contextual fear memory depends on the hippocampus, but the role of unilateral hippocampus in this type of memory remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Herein, pharmacological inactivation or excitotoxic lesions were used to study the role of unilateral hippocampus in the stages of contextual fear memory. RESULTS The pharmacological experiments revealed that compared with the control groups, unilateral hippocampal blockade did not impair 1-day recent memory following learning, whereas bilateral hippocampal blockade significantly impaired this memory. The lesion experiments showed that compared with the control groups, the formed contextual fear memory was retained for 7 days and that 30-day remote memory was markedly reduced in unilateral hippocampal lesion groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that an intact bilateral hippocampus is required for the formation of remote memory and that unilateral hippocampus is sufficient for recent contextual fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming, 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming, 650223, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming, 650223, People's Republic of China. .,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China.
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99794
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Loprinzi PD, Nooe A. Executive function influences sedentary behavior: A longitudinal study. Health Promot Perspect 2016; 6:180-184. [PMID: 27766234 PMCID: PMC5071784 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No study has evaluated the effects of executive function on follow-up sedentary behavior, which was this study’s purpose.
Methods: A longitudinal design was employed among 18 young adult college students (Mage = 23.7 years; 88.9% female). Accelerometer-determined sedentary behavior and physical activity, along with executive function, were assessed at baseline. Approximately 8 weeks later, re-assessment of accelerometer-determined sedentary behavior and physical activity occurred. Executive function was assessed using the Parametric Go/No-Go (PGNG) computer task. From this, 2 primary executive function outcome parameters were evaluated, including the Simple Rule and Repeating Rule.
Results: After adjusting for baseline sedentary behavior, age, gender, body mass index and baseline moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), for every 25% increase in the number of correctly identified targets for the Repeating rule at the baseline assessment, participants engaged in 91.8 fewer minutes of sedentary behavior at the follow-up assessment (β = -91.8; 95% CI: -173.5, -10.0; P = 0.03). Results were unchanged when also adjusting for total baseline or follow-up physical activity.
Conclusion: Greater executive function is associated with less follow-up sedentary behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Allison Nooe
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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99795
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Jones P, Sok J, Tranter R, Blanco-Penedo I, Fall N, Fourichon C, Hogeveen H, Krieger M, Sundrum A. Assessing, and understanding, European organic dairy farmers’ intentions to improve herd health. Prev Vet Med 2016; 133:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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99796
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Amygdala-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms of the Tac2 Pathway in Fear Learning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2714-22. [PMID: 27238620 PMCID: PMC5026739 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently we determined that activation of the tachykinin 2 (Tac2) pathway in the central amygdala (CeA) is necessary and sufficient for the modulation of fear memories. The Tac2 pathway includes the Tac2 gene, which encodes the neuropeptide neurokinin B and its corresponding receptor neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R). In this study, using Tac2-cre and Tac2-GFP mice, we applied a combination of in vivo (optogenetics) and multiple in vitro techniques to further explore the mechanisms of action within the Tac2 pathway. In transgenic mice that express ChR2 solely in Tac2 neurons, in vivo optogenetic stimulation of CeA Tac2-expressing neurons during fear acquisition enhanced fear memory consolidation and drove action potential firing in vitro. In addition, Tac2-CeA neurons were shown to co-express striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase, which may have an important role in regulating Nk3R signaling during fear conditioning. These data extend our current understanding for the underlying mechanism(s) for the role of the Tac2 pathway in the regulation of fear memory, which may serve as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of fear-related disorders.
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99797
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De Panfilis C, Meehan KB, Cain NM, Clarkin JF. Effortful Control, Rejection Sensitivity, and Borderline Personality Disorder Features in Adulthood. J Pers Disord 2016; 30:595-612. [PMID: 26623540 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2015_29_226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This investigation examined the moderating role of effortful control (EC) in the association between rejection sensitivity (RS) and its subsequent interpersonal distress (IP-distress) on borderline personality disorder (BPD) features. In total, 625 multicultural undergraduates (Study 1) and 562 community international adults (Study 2) completed scales evaluating EC, RS, IP-distress, and BPD features; Study 2 participants also self-reported both anxious and angry expectations of rejection. In both samples, EC moderated the mediating effect of IP-distress in the link between RS and BPD-related psychopathology. The extent to which RS was associated with BPD symptoms through increased IP-distress was greater for individuals with low EC and less so for those with high EC. Thus, low self-regulatory abilities may foster the association between RS and BPD by magnifying interpersonal distress. The implications and limitations of findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Panfilis
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Psychiatry, University of Parma, Italy.,Personality Disorders Lab, Parma, Italy
| | - Kevin B Meehan
- Department of Psychology, PhD Program in Clinical Psychology, Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Nicole M Cain
- Department of Psychology, PhD Program in Clinical Psychology, Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - John F Clarkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York, USA
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99798
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Wenzlaff F, Briken P, Dekker A. Video-Based Eye Tracking in Sex Research: A Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2016; 53:1008-1019. [PMID: 26689496 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2015.1107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although eye tracking has been used for decades, it has gained popularity in the area of sex research only recently. The aim of this article is to examine the potential merits of eye tracking for this field. We present a systematic review of the current use of video-based eye-tracking technology in this area, evaluate the findings, and identify future research opportunities. A total of 34 relevant studies published between 2006 and 2014 were identified for inclusion by means of online databases and other methods. We grouped them into three main areas of research: body perception and attractiveness, forensic research, and sexual orientation. Despite the methodological and theoretical differences across the studies, eye tracking has been shown to be a promising tool for sex research. The article suggests there is much potential for further studies to employ this technique because it is noninvasive and yet still allows for the assessment of both conscious and unconscious perceptional processes. Furthermore, eye tracking can be implemented in investigations of various theoretical backgrounds, ranging from biology to the social sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Wenzlaff
- a Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Peer Briken
- a Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Arne Dekker
- a Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
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99799
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Ortega F, Vidal F. Culture: by the brain and in the brain? HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2016; 23:965-983. [PMID: 27992048 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702016000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, several disciplines have emerged at the interface between neuroscience and the social and human sciences. For the most part, they aim at capturing the commonalities that underlay the heterogeneity of human behaviors and experiences. Neuroanthropology and cultural neuroscience, or the "neurodisciplines of culture," appear different, since their goal is to understand specificity rather than commonality and to address how cultural differences are inscribed in the brain. After offering an overview of these disciplines, and of their relation to endeavors such as cultural psychology and social neuroscience, this article discusses some of the most representative studies in the area in order to explore in which ways they are relevant for an understanding of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ortega
- Professor, Instituto de Medicina Social/ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 7º andar 20550-013 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil.
| | - Fernando Vidal
- Professor, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies; Centro de Historia de la Ciencia/Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Carrer San Magrans, s.n. 08193 - Bellaterra - Barcelona - Spain.
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99800
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Mental health among UK inner city non-heterosexuals: the role of risk factors, protective factors and place. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2016; 25:450-461. [PMID: 26264675 PMCID: PMC7137594 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796015000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual minorities experience excess psychological ill health globally, yet the UK data exploring reasons for poor mental health among sexual minorities is lacking. This study compares the prevalence of a measure of well-being, symptoms of common mental disorder (CMD), lifetime suicidal ideation, harmful alcohol and drug use among inner city non-heterosexual and heterosexual individuals. It is the first UK study which aims to quantify how much major, everyday and anticipated discrimination; lifetime and childhood trauma; and coping strategies for dealing with unfair treatment, predict excess mental ill health among non-heterosexuals. Further, inner city and national outcomes are compared. METHODS Self-report survey data came from the South East London Community Health study (N = 1052) and the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (N = 7403). RESULTS Adjustments for greater exposure to measured experiences of discrimination and lifetime and childhood trauma had a small to moderate impact on effect sizes for adverse health outcomes though in fully adjusted models, non-heterosexual orientation remained strongly associated with CMD, lifetime suicidal ideation, harmful alcohol and drug use. There was limited support for the hypothesis that measured coping strategies might mediate some of these associations. The inner city sample had poorer mental health overall compared with the national sample and the discrepancy was larger for non-heterosexuals than heterosexuals. CONCLUSIONS Childhood and adult adversity substantially influence but do not account for sexual orientation-related mental health disparities. Longitudinal work taking a life course approach with more specific measures of discrimination and coping is required to further understand these associations. Sexual minorities should be considered as a priority in the design and delivery of health and social services.
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