99901
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Choi S, Sainz B, Corcoran P, Uprichard S, Jeong H. Characterization of increased drug metabolism activity in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated Huh7 hepatoma cells. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:205-17. [PMID: 19280519 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802613620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize Huh7 cells' baseline capacity to metabolize drugs and to investigate whether the drug metabolism was enhanced upon treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of major Phase I and Phase II enzymes were determined by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and activities of major drug-metabolizing enzymes were examined using probe drugs by analysing relevant metabolite production rates. The expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in control Huh7 cells were generally very low, but DMSO treatment dramatically increased the mRNA levels of most drug-metabolizing enzymes as well as other liver-specific proteins. Importantly, functionality assays confirmed concomitant increases in drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Additionally, treatment of the Huh7 cells with 3-methylcholanthrene induced cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 expression. The results indicate that DMSO treatment of Huh7 cells profoundly enhances their differentiation state, thus improving the usefulness of this common cell line as an in vitro hepatocyte model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choi
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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99902
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Yang H, Ramani K, Xia M, Ko KS, Li TWH, Oh P, Li J, Lu SC. Dysregulation of glutathione synthesis during cholestasis in mice: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Hepatology 2009; 49:1982-91. [PMID: 19399914 PMCID: PMC2692579 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glutathione (GSH) provides important antioxidant defense and regulates multiple critical processes including fibrogenesis. There are conflicting literature studies regarding changes in GSH during cholestasis. Here we examined changes in the GSH synthetic enzymes during bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice and how treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and/or S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) affects the expression of these enzymes and liver injury. The hepatic expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) subunits and GSH synthase (GS) increased transiently after BDL but fell to 50% of baseline by 2 weeks. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) trans-activates gene expression by way of the antioxidant response element (ARE), which controls the expression of all three genes. Despite increased Nrf2 nuclear levels, Nrf2 nuclear binding to ARE fell 2 weeks after BDL. Nuclear levels of c-Maf and MafG, which can negatively regulate ARE, were persistently induced during BDL and the dominant proteins bound to ARE on day 14. UDCA and SAMe induced the expression of GCL subunits and raised GSH levels. They increased nuclear Nrf2 levels, prevented c-Maf and MafG induction, and prevented the fall in Nrf2 nuclear binding to ARE. Combined treatment had additive effects, reduced liver cell death, and prevented fibrosis. CONCLUSION GSH synthesis falls during later stages of BDL due to lower expression of GSH synthetic enzymes. UDCA and SAMe treatment prevented this fall and combined therapy was more effective on preserving GSH levels and preventing liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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99903
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Leiser SC, Bowlby MR, Comery TA, Dunlop J. A cog in cognition: How the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is geared towards improving cognitive deficits. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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99904
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Nwe K, Brechbiel MW. Growing applications of "click chemistry" for bioconjugation in contemporary biomedical research. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:289-302. [PMID: 19538051 PMCID: PMC2811415 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This update summarizes the growing application of "click" chemistry in diverse areas such as bioconjugation, drug discovery, materials science, and radiochemistry. This update also discusses click chemistry reactions that proceed rapidly with high selectivity, specificity, and yield. Two important characteristics make click chemistry so attractive for assembling compounds, reagents, and biomolecules for preclinical and clinical applications. First, click reactions are bio-orthogonal; neither the reactants nor their product's functional groups interact with functionalized biomolecules. Second, the reactions proceed with ease under mild nontoxic conditions, such as at room temperature and, usually, in water. The copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition, azide-alkyne [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition, Staudinger ligation, and azide-phosphine ligation each possess these unique qualities. These reactions can be used to modify one cellular component while leaving others unharmed or untouched. Click chemistry has found increasing applications in all aspects of drug discovery in medicinal chemistry, such as for generating lead compounds through combinatorial methods. Bioconjugation via click chemistry is rigorously employed in proteomics and nucleic research. In radiochemistry, selective radiolabeling of biomolecules in cells and living organisms for imaging and therapy has been realized by this technology. Bifunctional chelating agents for several radionuclides useful for positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography imaging have also been prepared by using click chemistry. This review concludes that click chemistry is not the perfect conjugation and assembly technology for all applications, but provides a powerful, attractive alternative to conventional chemistry. This chemistry has proven itself to be superior in satisfying many criteria (e.g., biocompatibility, selectivity, yield, stereospecificity, and so forth); thus, one can expect it will consequently become a more routine strategy in the near future for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kido Nwe
- Radioimmune and Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
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99905
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Phillips JM, Burgoon LD, Goodman JI. Phenobarbital elicits unique, early changes in the expression of hepatic genes that affect critical pathways in tumor-prone B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Sci 2009; 109:193-205. [PMID: 19270015 PMCID: PMC2683922 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
At 2 and 4 weeks following treatment with phenobarbital (PB), the classical nongenotoxic rodent liver carcinogen, we elucidated unique gene expression changes (both induction and repression) in liver tumor-susceptible B6C3F1 mice, as compared with the relatively resistant C57BL/6. Based on their cancer-related roles, we believe that altered expression of at least some of these genes might underlie PB-induced liver tumorigenesis. Putative constitutive active/androstane (CAR) response elements (CAREs), a subset of PB response elements, were present within multiple genes whose expression was uniquely altered in the B6C3F1 mice, suggesting a role for CAR in their regulation. Additionally, three DNA methyltransferase genes (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b) were repressed uniquely in the tumor-prone B6C3F1 mice, and all possess putative CAREs, providing a potential direct link between PB and expression of key genes that regulate DNA methylation status. Previously, we demonstrated that PB-elicited unique regions of altered methylation (RAMs) in B6C3F1 mice, as compared with the relatively resistant C57BL/6, at 2 and 4 weeks, and annotation of the regions harboring these changes revealed 51 genes. This is extended by the current study, which employed RNA isolated from the same liver tissue used in the earlier investigations. Genes elucidated from both the methylation and expression analyses are involved in identical processes/pathways (e.g., cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition, invasion/metastasis, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, transforming growth factor-beta, and Wnt signaling). Therefore, these changes might represent very early events that directly contribute to PB-induced tumorigenesis. It is instructive to consider the possibility that, in a hypothesis-driven fashion, these genes are initial candidates that could be utilized to develop a biomarker "fingerprint" of early exposure to PB and PB-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyle D. Burgoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Gene Expression in Development and Disease Initiative
| | - Jay I. Goodman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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99906
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Abstract
A new synthesis of the anticancer drug gefitinib is described starting from methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate. The sequence involves alkylation of the starting material, followed by nitration, reduction, cyclisation, chlorination and amination reactions. This new method has six steps, uses a much cheaper starting material and has higher yields than other methods. It is suitable for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youguang Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Mingdong Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Shaoning Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
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99907
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Tapiolas DM, Bowden BF, Abou-Mansour E, Willis RH, Doyle JR, Muirhead AN, Liptrot C, Llewellyn LE, Wolff CWW, Wright AD, Motti CA. Eusynstyelamides A, B, and C, nNOS inhibitors, from the ascidian Eusynstyela latericius. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1115-20. [PMID: 19505081 DOI: 10.1021/np900099j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Eusynstyelamides A-C (1-3) were isolated from the Great Barrier Reef ascidian Eusynstyela latericius, together with the known metabolites homarine and trigonelline. The structures of 1-3, with relative configurations, were elucidated by interpretation of their spectroscopic data (NMR, MS, UV, IR, and CD). The NMR data of 1 were found to be virtually identical to that reported for eusynstyelamide (4), isolated from E. misakiensis, indicating that a revision of the structure of 4 is needed. Eusynstyelamides A-C exhibited inhibitory activity against neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), with IC(50) values of 41.7, 4.3, and 5.8 microM, respectively, whereas they were found to be nontoxic toward the three human tumor cell lines MCF-7 (breast), SF-268 (CNS), and H-460 (lung). Compounds 1 and 2 displayed mild inhibitory activity toward Staphylococcus aureus (IC(50) 5.6 and 6.5 mM, respectively) and mild inhibitory activity toward the C(4) plant regulatory enzyme pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) (IC(50) values of 19 and 20 mM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Tapiolas
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB no. 3, Townsville MC, Queensland, 4810, Australia.
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99908
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Schuchardt JP, Wahlström D, Rüegg J, Giese N, Stefan M, Hopf H, Pongratz I, Håkansson H, Eichele G, Pettersson K, Nau H. The endogenous retinoid metaboliteS-4-oxo-9-cis-13,14-dihydro-retinoic acid activates retinoic acid receptor signalling bothin vitroandin vivo. FEBS J 2009; 276:3043-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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99909
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Krauchenco S, Martins NH, Sanches M, Polikarpov I. Effectiveness of commercial inhibitors against subtype F HIV-1 protease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:638-45. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802321740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Krauchenco
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadia H. Martins
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Sanches
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192CEP 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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99910
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Raemer PC, Kohl K, Watzl C. Statins inhibit NK‐cell cytotoxicity by interfering with LFA‐1‐mediated conjugate formation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1456-65. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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99911
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Placzek AN, Zhang TA, Dani JA. Nicotinic mechanisms influencing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:752-60. [PMID: 19434057 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed throughout the hippocampus, and nicotinic signaling plays an important role in neuronal function. In the context of learning and memory related behaviors associated with hippocampal function, a potentially significant feature of nAChR activity is the impact it has on synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons has long been considered a contributing cellular mechanism of learning and memory. These same kinds of cellular mechanisms are a factor in the development of nicotine addiction. Nicotinic signaling has been demonstrated by in vitro studies to affect synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons via multiple steps, and the signaling has also been shown to evoke synaptic plasticity in vivo. This review focuses on the nAChRs subtypes that contribute to hippocampal synaptic plasticity at the cellular and circuit level. It also considers nicotinic influences over long-term changes in the hippocampus that may contribute to addiction.
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99912
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Carchietti E, Cecchi A, Leonardi M. Adverse Reactions to Iodinated Contrast Media: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment. Neuroradiol J 2009; 22:281-304. [DOI: 10.1177/197140090902200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Carchietti
- Neuroradiology Unit, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital; Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Cecchi
- Neuroradiology Unit, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital; Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Leonardi
- Neuroradiology Unit, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital; Bologna, Italy
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99913
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Suliburk JW, Ward JL, Helmer KS, Adams SD, Zuckerbraun BS, Mercer DW. Ketamine-induced hepatoprotection: the role of heme oxygenase-1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1360-9. [PMID: 19372106 PMCID: PMC2697945 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00038.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes hepatic injury that is mediated, in part, by upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Ketamine has been shown to prevent these effects. Because upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has hepatoprotective effects, as does carbon monoxide (CO), an end product of the HO-1 catalytic reaction, we examined the effects of HO-1 inhibition on ketamine-induced hepatoprotection and assessed whether CO could attenuate LPS-induced hepatic injury. One group of rats received ketamine (70 mg/kg ip) or saline concurrently with either the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX (50 micromol/kg ip) or saline. Another group of rats received inhalational CO (250 ppm over 1 h) or room air. All rats were given LPS (20 mg/kg ip) or saline 1 h later and euthanized 5 h after LPS or saline. Liver was collected for iNOS, COX-2, and HO-1 (Western blot), NF-kappaB and PPAR-gamma analysis (EMSA), and iNOS and COX-2 mRNA analysis (RT-PCR). Serum was collected to measure alanine aminotransferase as an index of hepatocellular injury. HO-1 inhibition attenuated ketamine-induced hepatoprotection and downregulation of iNOS and COX-2 protein. CO prevented LPS-induced hepatic injury and upregulation of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. Although CO abolished the ability of LPS to diminish PPAR-gamma activity, it enhanced NF-kappaB activity. These data suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of ketamine are mediated primarily by HO-1 and its end product CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Suliburk
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and Department of Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeremy L. Ward
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and Department of Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth S. Helmer
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and Department of Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sasha D. Adams
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and Department of Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian S. Zuckerbraun
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and Department of Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David W. Mercer
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and Department of Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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99914
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Mohs AM, Duan H, Kairdolf BA, Smith AM, Nie S. Proton-Resistant Quantum Dots: Stability in Gastrointestinal Fluids and Implications for Oral Delivery of Nanoparticle Agents. NANO RESEARCH 2009; 2:500-508. [PMID: 20379372 PMCID: PMC2850447 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-009-9046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have shown great promise as fluorescent probes for molecular, cellular and in-vivo imaging. However, the fluorescence of traditional polymer-encapsulated QDs is often quenched by proton-induced etching in acidic environments. This is a major problem for QD applications in the gastrointestinal tract because the gastric (stomach) environment is strongly acidic (pH 1-2). Here we report the use of proton-resistant surface coatings to stabilize QD fluorescence under acidic conditions. Using both hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) and its polyethylene glycol derivative (PEG grafted PEI), we show that the fluorescence of core-shell CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs is effectively protected from quenching in simulated gastric fluids. In comparison, amphiphilic lipid or polymer coatings provide no protection under similarly acidic conditions. The proton-resistant QDs are found to cause moderate membrane damage to cultured epithelial cells, but PEGylation (PEG grafting) can be used to reduce cellular toxicity and to improved nanoparticle stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Mohs
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 101 Woodruff Circle NE, Suite 2001, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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99915
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Ubhi K, Rockenstein E, Doppler E, Mante M, Adame A, Patrick C, Trejo M, Crews L, Paulino A, Moessler H, Masliah E. Neurofibrillary and neurodegenerative pathology in APP-transgenic mice injected with AAV2-mutant TAU: neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:699-712. [PMID: 19252918 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to be the most common cause of cognitive and motor alterations in the aging population. Accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta)-protein oligomers and the microtubule associated protein-TAU might be responsible for the neurological damage. We have previously shown that Cerebrolysin (CBL) reduces the synaptic and behavioral deficits in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic (tg) mice by decreasing APP phosphorylation via modulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) and cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) activity. These kinases also regulate TAU phosphorylation and are involved in promoting neurofibrillary pathology. In order to investigate the neuroprotective effects of CBL on TAU pathology, a new model for neurofibrillary alterations was developed using somatic gene transfer with adeno-associated virus (AAV2)-mutant (mut) TAU (P301L). The Thy1-APP tg mice (3 m/o) received bilateral injections of AAV2-mutTAU or AAV2-GFP, into the hippocampus. After 3 months, compared to non-tg controls, in APP tg mice intra-hippocampal injections with AAV2-mutTAU resulted in localized increased accumulation of phosphorylated TAU and neurodegeneration. Compared with vehicle controls, treatment with CBL in APP tg injected with AAV2-mutTAU resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of TAU phosphorylation at critical sites dependent on GSK3beta and CDK5 activity. This was accompanied by amelioration of the neurodegenerative alterations in the hippocampus. This study supports the concept that the neuroprotective effects of CBL may involve the reduction of TAU phosphorylation by regulating kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0624, USA
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99916
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Hook V, Funkelstein L, Toneff T, Mosier C, Hwang SR. Human pituitary contains dual cathepsin L and prohormone convertase processing pathway components involved in converting POMC into the peptide hormones ACTH, alpha-MSH, and beta-endorphin. Endocrine 2009; 35:429-37. [PMID: 19343278 PMCID: PMC2731682 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The production of the peptide hormones ACTH, alpha-MSH, and beta-endorphin requires proteolytic processing of POMC which is hypothesized to utilize dual cysteine- and subtilisin-like protease pathways, consisting of the secretory vesicle cathepsin L pathway and the well-known subtilisin-like prohormone convertase (PC) pathway. To gain knowledge of these protease components in human pituitary where POMC-derived peptide hormones are produced, this study investigated the presence of these protease pathway components in human pituitary. With respect to the cathepsin L pathway, human pituitary contained cathepsin L of 27-29 kDa and aminopeptidase B of approximately 64 kDa, similar to those in secretory vesicles of related neuroendocrine tissues. The serpin inhibitor endopin 2, a selective inhibitor of cathepsin L, was also present. With respect to the PC pathway, human pituitary expresses PC1/3 and PC2 of approximately 60-65 kDa, which represent active PC1/3 and PC2; peptide hormone production then utilizes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) which is present as a protein of approximately 55 kDa. Analyses of POMC products in human pituitary showed that they resemble those in mouse pituitary which utilizes cathepsin L and PC2 for POMC processing. These findings suggest that human pituitary may utilize the cathepsin L and prohormone convertase pathways for producing POMC-derived peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0744, USA.
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99917
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Buczynski MW, Dumlao DS, Dennis EA. Thematic Review Series: Proteomics. An integrated omics analysis of eicosanoid biology. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1015-38. [PMID: 19244215 PMCID: PMC2681385 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r900004-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids have been implicated in a vast number of devastating inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, pain, and cancer. Currently, over a hundred different eicosanoids have been identified, with many having potent bioactive signaling capacity. These lipid metabolites are synthesized de novo by at least 50 unique enzymes, many of which have been cloned and characterized. Due to the extensive characterization of eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways, this field provides a unique framework for integrating genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics toward the investigation of disease pathology. To facilitate a concerted systems biology approach, this review outlines the proteins implicated in eicosanoid biosynthesis and signaling in human, mouse, and rat. Applications of the extensive genomic and lipidomic research to date illustrate the questions in eicosanoid signaling that could be uniquely addressed by a thorough analysis of the entire eicosanoid proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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99918
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Sinija V, Mishra H. FT-NIR spectroscopy for caffeine estimation in instant green tea powder and granules. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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99919
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Tyrosine sulfation: an increasingly recognised post-translational modification of secreted proteins. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:299-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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99920
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Nakayama S, Atsumi R, Takakusa H, Kobayashi Y, Kurihara A, Nagai Y, Nakai D, Okazaki O. A Zone Classification System for Risk Assessment of Idiosyncratic Drug Toxicity Using Daily Dose and Covalent Binding. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1970-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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99921
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Privalsky ML, Lee S, Hahm JB, Young BM, Fong RNG, Chan IH. The p160 coactivator PAS-B motif stabilizes nuclear receptor binding and contributes to isoform-specific regulation by thyroid hormone receptors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19554-63. [PMID: 19487700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.007542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are hormone-regulated transcription factors that play multiple roles in vertebrate endocrinology and development. TRs are expressed as a series of distinct receptor isoforms that mediate different biological functions. The TRbeta2 isoform is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus, pituitary, cochlea, and retina, and displays an enhanced response to hormone agonist relative to the other TR isoforms. We report here that the unusual transcriptional properties of TRbeta2 parallel the ability of this isoform to bind p160 coactivators cooperatively through multiple contact surfaces; the more broadly expressed TRbeta1 isoform, in contrast, utilizes a single contact mechanism. Intriguingly, the PAS-B domain in the p160 N terminus plays a previously unanticipated role in permitting TRbeta2 to recruit coactivator at limiting triiodothyronine concentrations. The PAS-B sequences also play an important role in coactivator binding by estrogen receptor-alpha. We propose that the PAS-B domain of the p160 coactivators is an important modulator of coactivator recruitment for a specific subset of nuclear receptors, permitting stronger transcriptional activation at lower hormone concentrations than would otherwise occur, and allowing isoform-specific mRNA splicing to customize the hormone response in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Privalsky
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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99922
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99923
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Mysterious alpha6-containing nAChRs: function, pharmacology, and pathophysiology. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:740-51. [PMID: 19498417 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels and widely expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. nAChRs play crucial roles in modulating a wide range of higher cognitive functions by mediating presynaptic, postsynaptic, and extrasynaptic signaling. Thus far, nine alpha (alpha2-alpha10) and three beta (beta2, beta3, and beta4) subunits have been identified in the CNS, and these subunits assemble to form a diversity of functional nAChRs. Although alpha4beta2- and alpha7-nAChRs are the two major functional nAChR types in the CNS, alpha6*-nAChRs are abundantly expressed in the midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) system, including mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways, and particularly present in presynaptic nerve terminals. Recently, functional and pharmacological profiles of alpha6*-nAChRs have been assessed with the use of alpha6 subunit blockers such as alpha-conotoxin MII and PIA, and also by using alpha6 subunit knockout mice. By modulating DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and modulating GABA release onto DAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), alpha6*-nAChRs may play important roles in the mediation of nicotine reward and addiction. Furthermore, alpha6*-nAChRs in the nigrostriatal DAergic system may be promising targets for selective preventative treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, alpha6*-nAChRs may hold promise for future clinical treatment of human disorders, such as nicotine addiction and PD. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent advances in the understanding of alpha6*-nAChR function, pharmacology and pathophysiology.
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99924
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Dougherty JJ, Nichols RA. Cross-regulation between colocalized nicotinic acetylcholine and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors on presynaptic nerve terminals. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:788-94. [PMID: 19498419 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Substantial colocalization of functionally independent alpha4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5-HT(3) serotonin receptors on presynaptic terminals has been observed in brain. The present study was aimed at addressing whether nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5-HT(3) serotonin receptors interact on the same presynaptic terminal, suggesting a convergence of cholinergic and serotonergic regulation. METHODS Ca(2+) responses in individual, isolated nerve endings purified from rat striatum were measured using confocal imaging. RESULTS Application of 500 nmol/L nicotine following sustained stimulation with the highly selective 5-HT(3) receptor agonist m-chlorophenylbiguanide at 100 nmol/L resulted in markedly reduced Ca(2+) responses (28% of control) in only those striatal nerve endings that originally responded to m-chlorophenylbiguanide. The cross-regulation developed over several minutes. Presynaptic nerve endings that had not responded to m-chlorophenylbiguanide, indicating that 5-HT(3) receptors were not present, displayed typical responses to nicotine. Application of m-chlorophenylbiguanide following sustained stimulation with nicotine resulted in partially attenuated Ca(2+) responses (49% of control). Application of m-chlorophenylbiguanide following sustained stimulation with m-chlorophenylbiguanide also resulted in a strong attenuation of Ca(2+) responses (12% of control), whereas nicotine-induced Ca(2+) responses following sustained stimulation with nicotine were not significantly different from control. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the presynaptic Ca(2+) increases evoked by either 5-HT(3) receptor or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation regulate subsequent responses to 5-HT(3) receptor activation, but that only 5-HT(3) receptors cross-regulate subsequent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses. The findings suggest a specific interaction between the two receptor systems in the same striatal nerve terminal, likely involving Ca(2+)-dependent intracellular pathways that regulate these signaling systems at one or more levels.
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99925
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Design, synthesis and evaluations of acridone derivatives using Candida albicans—Search for MDR modulators led to the identification of an anti-candidiasis agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3973-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99926
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Lee JH, Lee DU, Jeong CS. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis ethanol extract and its constituents reduce the risks of gastritis and reverse gastric lesions in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1127-31. [PMID: 19425231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE) extract and its constituents, such as ursolic acid and genipin, on gastritis in rats and the growth of human gastric cancer cells. The GJE extract, ursolic acid and genipin showed the acid-neutralizing capacities, the antioxidant activities, and the inhibitory effects on the growth of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which are almost equivalent to positive control compounds. In addition, the GJE extract and ursolic acid had cytotoxic activity against AGS and SUN638 gastric cancer cells. The genipin and ursolic acid inhibited significant HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Taken together, GJE extract and its constituents might have antigastritic activities, associated with the antioxidant activities, acid-neutralizing capacities, and anti-H. pylori action. Also, we could suggest that genipin and ursolic acid may be useful for the treatment and/or protection of gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hyuk Lee
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
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99927
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Ali SF, Jiang H, Rongzhu L, Milatovic D, Aschner M. Methamphetamine Dysregulates Redox Status in Primary Rat Astrocyte and Mesencephalic Neuronal Cultures. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEUROPROTECTION AND NEUROREGENERATION 2009; 1:52-59. [PMID: 30627316 PMCID: PMC6322417 DOI: 10.1166/ajnn.2009.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide structural, metabolic and trophic support to neurons. They are directly involved in the regulation of neuronal transmission and synaptic activity and respond to the synaptic release and remove neurotransmitters from the extracellular fluid. The dysfunction of astrocytes has been implicated in multiple neurotoxicities, including those associated with drugs of abuse. Methamphetamine (METH) has long-lasting neurotoxic effects, yet little is known about the mechanisms that govern METH-induced neural dysfunction, and especially the astrocytic control over the extracellular milieu. The purpose of this study was to clarify the response of astrocytes and neurons treated with METH and determine their relative sensitivity to this drug of abuse. Confluent rat primary astrocyte and mesencephalic neuron cultures were treated for 24 hrs with 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mM METH, and the initial rate of glutamate and glutamine uptake was measured over a 5 min period. Additional studies examined the effect of METH (24 hr exposure at similar concentrations) on oxidative endpoints, namely glutathione (GSH) levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and isoprostane (IsoP) levels, considered to be the most accurate biomarker of lipid peroxidation. There was no effect of METH on the rates of glutamate and glutamine uptake, and these were indistinguishable from controls. However, METH concentration-dependently affected astrocytic and neuronal GSH levels, leading to a significant decrease in redox potential at all of the tested concentrations (p<0.05). METH also significantly enhanced astrocytic LDH release at the 0.5 and 1.0 mM exposures. Consistent with the changes in IsoPs, METH (0.5 and 1.0 mM) also increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor with a key role in regulating oxidative stress responses. However, this Nrf2 increased in expression was observed only in astrocytes and no effect was noted in neurons. Taken together, this study establishes that METH affects both astrocyte and neuronal functions, and that oxidative stress is a proximate mechanism for METH's-induced neurotoxicity on both cell types. Furthermore, in response to oxidative stress astrocytes efficiently upregulated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and transcription. These effects were absent in neurons. Combined with their lower content of GSH, these characteristics may account for the greater sensitivity of neurons to METH-induce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, AR
| | - H. Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - L. Rongzhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - D. Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - M. Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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99928
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Hernandez J, Mota L, Baldwin W. Activation of CAR and PXR by Dietary, Environmental and Occupational Chemicals Alters Drug Metabolism, Intermediary Metabolism, and Cell Proliferation. CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2009; 7:81-105. [PMID: 20871735 PMCID: PMC2944248 DOI: 10.2174/187569209788654005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane × receptor (PXR) are activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands, such as steroid hormones, bile acids, pharmaceuticals, and environmental, dietary, and occupational chemicals. In turn, they induce phase I-III detoxification enzymes and transporters that help eliminate these chemicals. Because many of the chemicals that activate CAR and PXR are environmentally-relevant (dietary and anthropogenic), studies need to address whether these chemicals or mixtures of these chemicals may increase the susceptibility to adverse drug interactions. In addition, CAR and PXR are involved in hepatic proliferation, intermediary metabolism, and protection from cholestasis. Therefore, activation of CAR and PXR may have a wide variety of implications for personalized medicine through physiological effects on metabolism and cell proliferation; some beneficial and others adverse. Identifying the chemicals that activate these promiscuous nuclear receptors and understanding how these chemicals may act in concert will help us predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs), predict cholestasis and steatosis, and regulate intermediary metabolism. This review summarizes the available data on CAR and PXR, including the environmental chemicals that activate these receptors, the genes they control, and the physiological processes that are perturbed or depend on CAR and PXR action. This knowledge contributes to a foundation that will be necessary to discern interindividual differences in the downstream biological pathways regulated by these key nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.P. Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L.C. Mota
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC, USA
| | - W.S. Baldwin
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC, USA
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99929
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Dölen G, Bear MF. Fragile x syndrome and autism: from disease model to therapeutic targets. J Neurodev Disord 2009; 1:133-40. [PMID: 21547712 PMCID: PMC3164025 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-009-9015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is an umbrella diagnosis with several different etiologies. Fragile X syndrome (FXS), one of the first identified and leading causes of autism, has been modeled in mice using molecular genetic manipulation. These Fmr1 knockout mice have recently been used to identify a new putative therapeutic target, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), for the treatment of FXS. Moreover, mGluR5 signaling cascades interact with a number of synaptic proteins, many of which have been implicated in autism, raising the possibility that therapeutic targets identified for FXS may have efficacy in treating multiple other causes of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Dölen
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,
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99930
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in response to growth factors, cytokines, G protein-coupled receptor agonists, or shear stress, and function as signaling molecules in nonphagocytes. However, it is poorly understood how freely diffusible ROS can activate specific signaling, so-called "redox signaling." NADPH oxidases are a major source of ROS and now recognized to have specific subcellular localizations, and this targeting to specific compartments is required for localized ROS production. One important mechanism may involve the interaction of oxidase subunits with various targeting proteins localized in lamellipodial leading edge and focal adhesions/complexes. ROS are believed to inactivate protein tyrosine phosphatases, thereby establishing a positive-feedback system that promotes activation of specific redox signaling pathways involved in various functions. Additionally, ROS production may be localized through interactions of NADPH oxidase with signaling platforms associated with caveolae/lipid rafts, endosomes, and nucleus. These indicate that the specificity of ROS-mediated signal transduction may be modulated by the localization of Nox isoforms and their regulatory subunits within specific subcellular compartments. This review summarizes the recent progress on compartmentalization of redox signaling via activation of NADPH oxidase, which is implicated in cell biology and pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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99931
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Yang CS, Wang X, Lu G, Picinich SC. Cancer prevention by tea: animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:429-39. [PMID: 19472429 PMCID: PMC2829848 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of tea, especially green tea, and tea polyphenols have been shown to inhibit the formation and development of tumours at different organ sites in animal models. There is considerable evidence that tea polyphenols, in particular (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibit enzyme activities and signal transduction pathways, resulting in the suppression of cell proliferation and enhancement of apoptosis, as well as the inhibition of cell invasion,angiogenesis and metastasis. Here, we review these biological activities and existing data relating tea consumption to human cancer risk in an attempt to understand the potential use of tea for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory of Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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99932
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Deupree SM, Schoenfisch MH. Morphological analysis of the antimicrobial action of nitric oxide on gram-negative pathogens using atomic force microscopy. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1405-15. [PMID: 19250890 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the morphological changes of two gram-negative pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, after exposure to nitric oxide (NO). The time-dependent effects of NO released from a xerogel coating and the concentration-dependent effects rendered by a small molecule that releases NO in a bolus were examined and compared. Bacteria exhibited irregular and degraded exteriors. With NO-releasing surfaces, an increase in surface debris and disorganized adhesion patterns were observed compared to controls. Analysis of cell surface topography revealed that increasing membrane roughness correlated with higher doses of NO. At a lower total dose, NO delivered via a bolus resulted in greater membrane roughness than NO released from a surface via a sustained flux. At sub-inhibitory levels, treatment with amoxicillin, an antibiotic known to compromise the integrity of the cell wall, led to morphologies resembling those resulting from NO treatment. Our observations indicate that cell envelope deterioration is a visible consequence of NO-exposure for both gram-negative species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Deupree
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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99933
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Glutamine attenuates tubular cell apoptosis in acute kidney injury via inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation of 14-3-3*. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2033-44. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a005ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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99934
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Lim JH, Woo JS, Shin YW. Cilostazol protects endothelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis through ERK1/2- and P38 MAPK-dependent pathways. Korean J Intern Med 2009; 24:113-22. [PMID: 19543489 PMCID: PMC2698619 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We examined the effects of cilostazol on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and its relationship with cilostazol-mediated protection against apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated endothelial cells. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to LPS and cilostazol with and without specific inhibitors of MAPKs; changes in MAPK activity in association with cell viability and apoptotic signaling were investigated. RESULTS Cilostazol protected HUVECs against LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing the mitochondrial permeability transition, cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and subsequent activation of caspases, stimulating extracellullar signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK signaling, and increasing phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and Bcl-2 expression, while suppressing Bax expression. These cilostazol-mediated cellular events were effectively blocked by MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1/2) and p38 MAPK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Cilostazol protects HUVECs against LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling. Activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, and subsequent stimulation of CREB phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression, may be responsible for the cellular signaling mechanism of cilostazol-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Woo
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung-Woo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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99935
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Ishii H, Niioka T, Izumi H. Difference between male and female rats in cholinergic activity of parasympathetic vasodilatation in the masseter muscle. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:533-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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99936
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Shanthanelson M, Arvanian VL, Mendell LM. Input-specific plasticity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic responses in neonatal rat motoneurons. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:2125-36. [PMID: 19490018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lumbar motoneurons can be activated monosynaptically by two glutamatergic synaptic inputs: the segmental dorsal root (DR) and the descending ventrolateral funiculus (VLF). To determine whether their N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are independent, we used (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine-hydrogen-maleate (MK-801), known to induce a use-dependent irreversible block of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). In the presence of MK-801 (in bath) and non-NMDA antagonists (in bath, to isolate NMDARs pharmacologically), we first stimulated the DR. After MK-801 blockade of DR synaptic input, the VLF was stimulated. Its response was found to be not significantly different from its control value, suggesting that the DR stimulus activated very few, if any, receptors also activated by VLF stimulation. Similar findings were obtained if the stimulation order was reversed. Both inputs also elicited a polysynaptic NMDAR-mediated response. Evoking the DR polysynaptic response in the presence of MK-801 eliminated the corresponding VLF response; the reverse did not occur. Surprisingly, when MK-801 was washed from the bath, both the DR and the VLF responses could recover, although the recovery of the DR monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses was reliably greater than those associated with the VLF. Recovery was prevented if extrasynaptic receptors were activated by bath-applied NMDA in the presence of MK-801, consistent with the possibility that recovery was due to movement of extrasynaptic receptors into parts of the membrane accessible to transmitter released by DR and VLF stimulation. These novel findings suggest that segmental glutamatergic inputs to motoneurons are more susceptible to plastic changes than those from central nervous system white matter inputs at this developmental stage.
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99937
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Celentano M, Caprioli D, Dipasquale P, Cardillo V, Nencini P, Gaetani S, Badiani A, Badiani A. Drug context differently regulates cocaine versus heroin self-administration and cocaine- versus heroin-induced Fos mRNA expression in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204:349-60. [PMID: 19169671 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have previously reported that cocaine self-administration is facilitated in male rats not residing in the test chambers (Non Resident rats) relative to rats living in the test chambers at all times (Resident rats). Surprisingly, the opposite was found for heroin. MATERIALS AND METHODS We predicted that, when given access to both cocaine and heroin on alternate days, Non Resident rats would take more cocaine relative to heroin than Resident rats. Heroin (25.0 microg/kg) and cocaine (400 microg/kg), were made alternately available for 14 self-administration sessions, on a fixed ratio (FR) schedule that was progressively increased from FR1 to FR5. Next, some rats underwent a progressive-ratio procedure for heroin and cocaine. The other rats continued to alternate heroin and cocaine self-administration for 12 additional sessions, during which the FR schedule was progressively increased from FR10 to FR100. The second aim of the study was to investigate Fos mRNA expression in Resident and Non Resident rats treated with non-contingent intravenous infusion of "self-administration doses" of heroin (25.0 microg/kg) and cocaine (400 microg/kg). RESULTS We found that: (1) drug-taking context differentially modulates intravenous cocaine versus heroin self-administration; (2) very low doses of cocaine and heroin are sufficient to induce Fos mRNA expression in the posterior caudate; (3) drug-administration context differentially modulates cocaine- versus heroin-induced Fos mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the context of drug taking can play a powerful role in modulating cocaine versus heroin intake in the laboratory rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Celentano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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99938
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Garner M, Möhler H, Stein DJ, Mueggler T, Baldwin DS. Research in anxiety disorders: from the bench to the bedside. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:381-90. [PMID: 19327970 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of ethologically based behavioural animal models has clarified the anxiolytic properties of a range of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide receptor agonists and antagonists, with several models predicting efficacy in human clinical samples. Neuro-cognitive models of human anxiety and findings from fMRI suggest dysfunction in amygdala-prefrontal circuitry underlies biases in emotion activation and regulation. Cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in emotion processing can be manipulated pharmacologically, and research continues to identify genetic polymorphisms and interactions with environmental risk factors that co-vary with anxiety-related behaviour and neuro-cognitive endophenotypes. This paper describes findings from a range of research strategies in anxiety, discussed at the recent ECNP Targeted Expert Meeting on anxiety disorders and anxiolytic drugs. The efficacy of existing pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders is discussed, with particular reference to drugs modulating serotonergic, noradrenergic and gabaergic mechanisms, and novel targets including glutamate, CCK, NPY, adenosine and AVP. Clinical and neurobiological predictors of active treatment and placebo response are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Garner
- School of Psychology and Division of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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99939
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Dobaczewski M, Frangogiannis NG. Chemokines and cardiac fibrosis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2009; 1:391-405. [PMID: 19482709 DOI: 10.2741/s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the chemokine family play an important role in reparative fibrosis and are involved in the pathogenesis of remodeling following myocardial infarction. Chemokines may regulate the fibrotic process through recruitment and activation of mononuclear cell subsets and fibroblast progenitors (fibrocytes), by exerting direct effects on resident fibroblasts, and by modulating angiogenesis. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 is the best studied chemokine in cardiac fibrosis. Disruption of the MCP-1 axis reduces fibrosis attenuating dilation of the infarcted ventricle. In addition, MCP-1 signaling is activated in response to insults that do not cause cardiomyocyte death, such as brief ischemia or pressure overload and regulates fibrous tissue deposition in experimental models of fibrotic non-infarctive cardiomyopathy. Understanding the role of chemokine-mediated interactions in the development of cardiac fibrosis may identify novel therapeutic targets for treatment of patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Dobaczewski
- Section of Cardiovascular Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza BCM620, Houston TX 77030 USA
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99940
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Frey UH, Adamzik M, Kottenberg-Assenmacher E, Jakob H, Manthey I, Broecker-Preuss M, Bergmann L, Heusch G, Siffert W, Peters J, Leineweber K. A novel functional haplotype in the human GNAS gene alters Gαs expression, responsiveness to β-adrenoceptor stimulation, and peri-operative cardiac performance. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:1402-1410. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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99941
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Robinson E, Grieve DJ. Significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the cardiovascular system in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:246-63. [PMID: 19318113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Three isoforms of PPAR have been identified, alpha, delta and gamma, which play distinct roles in the regulation of key metabolic processes, such as glucose and lipid redistribution. PPARalpha is expressed predominantly in the liver, kidney and heart, and is primarily involved in fatty acid oxidation. PPARgamma is mainly associated with adipose tissue, where it controls adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. PPARdelta is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed, but as yet its function has not been clearly defined. Activators of PPARalpha (fibrates) and gamma (thiazolidinediones) have been used clinically for a number of years in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia and to improve insulin sensitivity in diabetes. More recently, PPAR activation has been found to confer additional benefits on endothelial function, inflammation and thrombosis, suggesting that PPAR agonists may be good candidates for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that PPAR activators are capable of reducing blood pressure and attenuating the development of atherosclerosis and cardiac hypertrophy. This review will provide a detailed discussion of the current understanding of basic PPAR physiology, with particular reference to the cardiovascular system. It will also examine the evidence supporting the involvement of the different PPAR isoforms in cardiovascular disease and discuss the current and potential future clinical applications of PPAR activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Robinson
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 3rd Floor, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
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99942
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Decker DA, Galligan JJ. Cross-inhibition between nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and P2X receptors in myenteric neurons and HEK-293 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1267-76. [PMID: 19342512 PMCID: PMC2697951 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00048.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls gut function. P2X receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated cation channels that mediate fast synaptic excitation in the ENS. Close molecular coupling in enteric neuronal membranes contributes to a mutually inhibitory interaction between these receptors; this effect is called cross-inhibition. We studied the molecular mechanisms responsible for cross-inhibition. Whole cell patch-clamp techniques were used to measure P2X- and nAChR-mediated currents in cultured enteric neurons and HEK-293 cells. In cultured myenteric neurons, ACh (3 mM) and ATP (1 mM) coapplication evoked an inward current that was only 57 +/- 6% (P < 0.05) of the predicted current that would have occurred if the two populations of channels were activated independently. In HEK-293 cells coexpressing alpha(3)beta(4) nAChR/P2X(2) receptors, coapplication of ATP and ACh caused a current that was 58 +/- 7% of the predicted current (P < 0.05). To test the importance of P2X subunit COOH-terminal tail length on cross-inhibition, P2X(3) and P2X(4) subunits, which have shorter COOH-terminal tails, were studied. Cross-inhibition with alpha(3)beta(4) nAChRs and P2X(3) or P2X(4) subunits was similar to that occurring with P2X(2) subunits. P2X receptor or alpha(3)beta(4) nAChR desensitization did not prevent receptor cross-inhibition. These data indicate that the alpha(3)beta(4)-P2X receptor interaction is not restricted to P2X(2) subunits. In addition, active and desensitized conformations of the P2X receptor inhibit nAChR function. These molecular interactions may modulate the function of synapses that use ATP and ACh as fast synaptic transmitters in the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A. Decker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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99943
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Chohan ZH, Supuran CT, Ben Hadda T, Nasim FUH, Khan KM. Metal based isatin-derived sulfonamides: Their synthesis, characterization, coordination behavior and biological activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:859-70. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802447636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid H. Chohan
- Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 350019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Taibi Ben Hadda
- Laboratoire Chimie des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences, Oujda, 60000, Morocco
| | | | - Khalid M. Khan
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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99944
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Armen TA, Sai-Sudhakar CB, Blais D, Awad H. Anesthetic Management for Combined Double-Valve and Coronary Artery Bypass in a Patient With Acute Intermittent Porphyria. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009; 23:364-8. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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99945
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Mechanism-based medication development for the treatment of nicotine dependence. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:723-39. [PMID: 19434058 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is a global problem with serious health consequences. Though some treatment options exist, there remains a great need for new effective pharmacotherapies to aid smokers in maintaining long-term abstinence. In the present article, we first discuss the neural mechanisms underlying nicotine reward, and then review various mechanism-based pharmacological agents for the treatment of nicotine dependence. An oversimplified hypothesis of addiction to tobacco is that nicotine is the major addictive component of tobacco. Nicotine binds to alpha4beta2 and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located on dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, which causes an increase in extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). That increase in DA reinforces tobacco use, particularly during the acquisition phase. Enhanced glutamate transmission to DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area appears to play an important role in this process. In addition, chronic nicotine treatment increases endocannabinoid levels in the mesolimbic DA system, which indirectly modulates NAc DA release and nicotine reward. Accordingly, pharmacological agents that target brain acetylcholine, DA, glutamate, GABA, or endocannabonoid signaling systems have been proposed to interrupt nicotine action. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic strategies that alter plasma nicotine availability, metabolism and clearance also significantly alter nicotine's action in the brain. Progress using these pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic agents is reviewed. For drugs in each category, we discuss the mechanistic rationale for their potential anti-nicotine efficacy, major findings in preclinical and clinical studies, and future research directions.
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99946
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Oh SH, Lee SY, Choi CH, Lee SH, Lim SC. Cadmium adaptation is regulated by multidrug resistance-associated protein-mediated Akt pathway and metallothionein induction. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:883-91. [PMID: 19557366 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms involved in adaptation of lung epithelial cells to cadmium (Cd), we established a cell line that exhibits Cd-resistance (RWI38). RWI38 showed approximately 5-fold greater Cd-resistance (MTT assays) than WI38 cells, and cross-resistance to Zn and cisplatin. RWI38 cells also demonstrated an upregulated level of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and metallothionein (MT) (as shown by Western blot analysis and RT-PCR studies). The protein level of MRP decreased after Cd exposure in WI38 cells, but was sustained at high levels in RWI38 cells, leading led to enhanced calcein efflux. Cd induced Akt phosphorylation in RWI38 but not WI38 cells; this was prevented by probenecid or siRNA for MRP, both of which led to enhanced cell death, as demonstrated by capsase-3 activation and decreased cell viability. These results suggest a functional role for MRP in the regulation of the Akt pathway as well in the efflux pumping of drugs, thereby contributing toward the adaptation of cells to Cd toxicity. The findings of this study could be potentially beneficial in the design of therapeutic targets for Cd-induced tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Oh
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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99947
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D'Introno A, Paradiso A, Scoditti E, D'Amico L, De Paolis A, Carluccio MA, Nicoletti I, DeGara L, Santino A, Giovinazzo G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of tomato fruits synthesizing different amounts of stilbenes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:422-429. [PMID: 19490505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a plant phenolic compound, is found in grapes and red wine, but is not widely distributed in other common food sources. The pathway for resveratrol biosynthesis is well characterized. Metabolic engineering of this compound has been achieved in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in order to improve their nutritional value. Tomato plants synthesizing resveratrol were obtained via the heterologous expression of a grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cDNA encoding for the enzyme stilbene synthase (StSy), under the control of the fruit-specific promoter TomLoxB. The resulting LoxS transgenic plants accumulated trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid, in particular in the skin of the mature fruits. Quantitative analyses carried out on LoxS fruits were compared with those of a tomato line constitutively expressing the stsy gene (35SS). The LoxS fruits contained levels of trans-resveratrol that were 20-fold lower than those previously reported for the 35SS line. The total antioxidant capability and ascorbate content in transformed fruits were also evaluated, and a significant increase in both was found in the LoxS and 35SS lines. These results could explain the higher capability of transgenic fruits to counteract the pro-inflammatory effects of phorbol ester in monocyte-macrophages via the inhibition of induced cyclo-oxygenase-2 enzyme.
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99948
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Pinheiro SP, Tworoger SS, Cramer DW, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and incidence of ovarian cancer in 2 large prospective cohorts. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:1378-87. [PMID: 19342401 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic data on the association between nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ovarian cancer risk have been inconsistent. The authors prospectively examined the association between regular use of aspirin and nonaspirin NSAIDs and ovarian cancer incidence among 197,486 participants of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Nurses' Health Study-II (NHS-II) over 24 and 16 years of follow-up, respectively. Information on aspirin was initially assessed in 1980 (NHS) and 1989 (NHS-II) and on nonaspirin NSAIDs and acetaminophen in 1990 (NHS) and 1989 (NHS-II) and updated throughout follow-up. The authors used Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for ovarian cancer risk factors. A total of 666 confirmed cases of epithelial ovarian cancer were identified over 2,790,986 person-years of follow-up. The hazard ratios associated with regular use of aspirin, nonaspirin NSAIDs, and acetaminophen were 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 1.33), 0.81 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.01), and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.43), respectively. The authors did not observe a dose-response relation with increased frequency or duration of regular use of any of these medications and ovarian cancer incidence. The results did not differ substantially by tumor histology. In this large prospective study, the authors found no compelling evidence to support an association between regular use of aspirin, nonaspirin NSAIDs, or acetaminophen and ovarian cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Pinheiro
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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99949
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Shiwen X, Leask A, Abraham DJ, Fonseca C. Endothelin receptor selectivity: evidence from in vitro and pre-clinical models of scleroderma. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39 Suppl 2:19-26. [PMID: 19335743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scleroderma [systemic sclerosis (SSc)] is a spectrum of connective tissue diseases characterized by micro- and macro-vasculopathy, inflammation and autoimmunity and tissue remodelling that often leads to excessive scarring and fibrosis in both interstitial and vascular compartments. Pre-clinical investigations and gene association studies have led to improved understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis and to the identification of key molecular candidates that may represent potentially useful disease biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets. Studies on the endothelin (ET) system, pre-dominantly ET-1 and the cell surface receptors [type A (ET(A))] and type B (ET(B))], have provided evidence for an important role of this system in the vascular and fibrotic pathologies in SSc. To date, promising clinical results, utilizing dual/mixed ET receptor antagonism have been obtained in two of the vascular complications associated with SSc, ischaemic digital ulceration and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Evidence suggests that ET-1 is able to activate and re-program the functional phenotypes of vascular smooth muscle cells, microvascular pericytes and tissue fibroblasts into pro-fibrogenic cell populations with myofibroblasts-like properties. The impact of receptor-selective, over mixed-receptor, antagonism has also been studied in vitro with respect to cell differentiation and proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis, production and deposition and in pathological cellular contraction. However, the complexity of the ET system, potential for receptor cross-talk, interactions with down-stream signal transduction cascades, as well as the potent inter-relationships with other important ligand-receptor pathways have made in vivo studies difficult to unravel. Moreover, little information is available on the role of the ET system and receptor selectivity in the recruitment and activation of mesenchymal progenitor cells in tissue remodelling and fibrosis or on the early inflammatory response. Here, we discuss the available pre-clinical evidence for the role of the ET system in tissue repair, scarring and fibrosis, using the connective tissue diseases SSc and model systems of fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shiwen
- University College London, London, UK
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99950
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Motika MS, Zhang J, Zheng X, Riedler K, Cashman JR. Novel variants of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) gene associated with trimethylaminuria. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 97:128-35. [PMID: 19321370 PMCID: PMC2739593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The disorder trimethylaminuria (TMAu) often manifests itself in a body odor for individuals affected. TMAu is due to decreased metabolism of dietary-derived trimethylamine (TMA). In a healthy individual, 95% or more of TMA is converted by the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3, EC 1.14.13.8) to non-odorous trimethylamine N-oxide (TMA N-oxide). Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FMO3 gene have been described and result in an enzyme with decreased or abolished functional activity for TMA N-oxygenation thus leading to TMAu. Herein, we report two novel mutations observed from phenotyping and genotyping two self-reporting individuals. Sequence analysis of the exon regions of the FMO3 gene of a young woman with severe TMAu revealed heterozygous mutations at positions 187 (V187A), 158 (E158K), 308 (E308G), and 305 (E305X). Familial genetic analysis showed that the E158K/V187A/E308G derived from the same allele from the mother, and the E305X was derived from the father. FMO3 variants V187A and V187A/E158K were characterized for oxygenation of several common FMO3 substrates (i.e., 5- and 8-DPT, mercaptoimidazole (MMI), TMA, and sulindac sulfide) and for its thermal stability. Our findings show that with the combination of V187A/E158K mutations in FMO3, the enzyme activity is severely affected and possibly contributes to the TMAu observed. In another study, genotyping analysis of a 17 year old female revealed a mutation that caused a frame shift after K415 and resulted in a protein variant with only 486 amino acid residues that was associated with severe TMAu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike S Motika
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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