99901
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Umemoto T, Hashimoto M, Matsumura T, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Suda T. Ca 2+-mitochondria axis drives cell division in hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2097-2113. [PMID: 29946000 PMCID: PMC6080917 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within the bone marrow (BM) show quiescent state with a low mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). In contrast, upon stress hematopoiesis, HSCs actively start to divide. However, the underlying mechanism for the initiation of HSC division still remains unclear. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the transition of cell cycle state in HSCs, we analyzed the change of mitochondria in HSCs after BM suppression induced by 5-fluoruracil (5-FU). We found that HSCs initiate cell division after exhibiting enhanced ΔΨm as a result of increased intracellular Ca2+ level. Although further activation of Ca2+-mitochondria pathway led to loss of HSCs after cell division, the appropriate suppression of intracellular Ca2+ level by exogenous adenosine or Nifedipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, prolonged cell division interval in HSCs, and simultaneously achieved both cell division and HSC maintenance. Collectively, our results indicate that the Ca2+-mitochondria pathway induces HSC division critically to determine HSC cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hashimoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Matsumura
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Toshio Suda
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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99902
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Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective. Nature 2018; 554:441-450. [PMID: 29469094 DOI: 10.1038/nature25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the case for investing in adolescence as a period of rapid growth, learning, adaptation, and formational neurobiological development. Adolescence is a dynamic maturational period during which young lives can pivot rapidly-in both negative and positive directions. Scientific progress in understanding adolescent development provides actionable insights into windows of opportunity during which policies can have a positive impact on developmental trajectories relating to health, education, and social and economic success. Given current global changes and challenges that affect adolescents, there is a compelling need to leverage these advances in developmental science to inform strategic investments in adolescent health.
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99903
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Liu Y, Rodenkirch C, Moskowitz N, Schriver B, Wang Q. Dynamic Lateralization of Pupil Dilation Evoked by Locus Coeruleus Activation Results from Sympathetic, Not Parasympathetic, Contributions. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3099-3112. [PMID: 28954227 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pupil size is collectively controlled by the sympathetic dilator and parasympathetic sphincter muscles. Locus coeruleus (LC) activation has been shown to evoke pupil dilation, but how the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways contribute to this dilation remains unknown. We examined pupil dilation elicited by LC activation in lightly anesthetized rats. Unilateral LC activation evoked bilateral but lateralized pupil dilation; i.e., the ipsilateral dilation was significantly larger than the contralateral dilation. Surgically blocking the ipsilateral, but not contralateral, sympathetic pathway significantly reduced lateralization, suggesting that lateralization is mainly due to sympathetic contribution. Moreover, we found that sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, contribution is correlated with LC activation frequency. Together, our results unveil the frequency-dependent contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to LC activation-evoked pupil dilation and suggest that lateralization in task-evoked pupil dilations may be used as a biomarker for autonomic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Charles Rodenkirch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Moskowitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brian Schriver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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99904
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Namiki S, Dickinson MH, Wong AM, Korff W, Card GM. The functional organization of descending sensory-motor pathways in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:e34272. [PMID: 29943730 PMCID: PMC6019073 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most animals, the brain controls the body via a set of descending neurons (DNs) that traverse the neck. DN activity activates, maintains or modulates locomotion and other behaviors. Individual DNs have been well-studied in species from insects to primates, but little is known about overall connectivity patterns across the DN population. We systematically investigated DN anatomy in Drosophila melanogaster and created over 100 transgenic lines targeting individual cell types. We identified roughly half of all Drosophila DNs and comprehensively map connectivity between sensory and motor neuropils in the brain and nerve cord, respectively. We find the nerve cord is a layered system of neuropils reflecting the fly's capability for two largely independent means of locomotion -- walking and flight -- using distinct sets of appendages. Our results reveal the basic functional map of descending pathways in flies and provide tools for systematic interrogation of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Namiki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael H Dickinson
- Division of Biology and BioengineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Allan M Wong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gwyneth M Card
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
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99905
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Jouaiti M, Caron L, Hénaff P. Hebbian Plasticity in CPG Controllers Facilitates Self-Synchronization for Human-Robot Handshaking. Front Neurorobot 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 29937725 PMCID: PMC6002514 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that human social interactions generate synchrony phenomena which are often unconscious. If the interaction between individuals is based on rhythmic movements, synchronized and coordinated movements will emerge from the social synchrony. This paper proposes a plausible model of plastic neural controllers that allows the emergence of synchronized movements in physical and rhythmical interactions. The controller is designed with central pattern generators (CPG) based on rhythmic Rowat-Selverston neurons endowed with neuronal and synaptic Hebbian plasticity. To demonstrate the interest of the proposed model, the case of handshaking is considered because it is a very common, both physically and socially, but also, a very complex act in the point of view of robotics, neuroscience and psychology. Plastic CPGs controllers are implemented in the joints of a simulated robotic arm that has to learn the frequency and amplitude of an external force applied to its effector, thus reproducing the act of handshaking with a human. Results show that the neural and synaptic Hebbian plasticity are working together leading to a natural and autonomous synchronization between the arm and the external force even if the frequency is changing during the movement. Moreover, a power consumption analysis shows that, by offering emergence of synchronized and coordinated movements, the plasticity mechanisms lead to a significant decrease in the energy spend by the robot actuators thus generating a more adaptive and natural human/robot handshake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lancelot Caron
- Information and Systems Department, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Hénaff
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria LORIA, Nancy, France.,Information and Systems Department, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Nancy, Nancy, France
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99906
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Cocco S, Podda MV, Grassi C. Role of BDNF Signaling in Memory Enhancement Induced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:427. [PMID: 29997473 PMCID: PMC6028595 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years numerous studies have provided encouraging results supporting the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as non-invasive brain stimulation technique to improve motor and cognitive functions in patients suffering from neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders as well as in healthy subjects. Among the multiple effects elicited by tDCS on cognitive functions, experimental evidence and clinical findings have highlighted the beneficial impact on long-term memory. Memory deficits occur during physiological aging as well as in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this scenario, non-invasive techniques for memory enhancement, such as tDCS, are receiving increasing attention. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms subtending tDCS effects is of pivotal importance for a more rationale use of this technique in clinical settings. Although we are still far from having a clear picture, recent literature on human and animal studies has pointed to the involvement of synaptic plasticity mechanisms in mediating tDCS effects on long-term memory. Here we review these studies focusing on the neurotrophin “brain-derived neurotrophic factor” (BDNF) as critical tDCS effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cocco
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria V Podda
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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99907
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Widrick JJ, Gibbs DE, Sanchez B, Gupta VA, Pakula A, Lawrence C, Beggs AH, Kunkel LM. An open source microcontroller based flume for evaluating swimming performance of larval, juvenile, and adult zebrafish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199712. [PMID: 29944715 PMCID: PMC6019105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are a preferred vertebrate model for delineating genotype-phenotype relationships. One of the most studied features of zebrafish is their exceptional swimming ability. By 7 days postfertilization (dpf), zebrafish spend over two-thirds of their time engaged in spontaneous swimming activity and several months later they are capable of attaining some of the fastest swimming velocities relative to body length ever recorded in the laboratory. However, laboratory-assembled flumes capable of achieving the slow flow velocities characteristics of larvae as well as the relatively fast maximal velocities of adults have not been described in sufficient detail to allow easy replication. Here we describe an easily assembled, open-source zebrafish-scaled flume for assessing swimming performance. The flume uses two independent spherical-impeller pumps modulated by a microcontroller to achieve flow velocities ranging from 1 to 70 cm s−1. The microcontroller also monitors water temperature and flow velocity and sends these data to a personal computer for real-time display and storage. Incremental protocols for assessing maximal swimming speed (Umax) were developed, stored in custom software, and then uploaded to the microcontroller in order to assess performance of larval (14, 21, 28 dpf), juvenile (35, 42 dpf), and adult (8, 22 month) zebrafish. The flume had sufficient range and sensitivity to detect developmental changes in Umax of larvae and juveniles, an 18–24% faster Umax of adult males vs. females, and a 14–20% age-related reduction in Umax for the oldest zebrafish. Detailed information is provided to assemble and operate this low-cost, versatile, and reliable tool for assessing zebrafish swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Widrick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Devin E. Gibbs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Vandana A. Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Anna Pakula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Christian Lawrence
- Aquatic Resources Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alan H. Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Kunkel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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99908
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Neurodynamic Evidence Supports a Forced-Excursion Model of Decision-Making under Speed/Accuracy Instructions. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0159-18. [PMID: 29951578 PMCID: PMC6019391 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0159-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary pressures suggest that choices should be optimized to maximize rewards, by appropriately trading speed for accuracy. This speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) is commonly explained by variation in just the baseline-to-boundary distance, i.e., the excursion, of accumulation-to-bound models of perceptual decision-making. However, neural evidence is not consistent with this explanation. A compelling account of speeded choice should explain both overt behavior and the full range of associated brain signatures. Here, we reconcile seemingly contradictory behavioral and neural findings. In two variants of the same experiment, we triangulated upon the neural underpinnings of the SAT in the human brain using both EEG and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We found that distinct neural signals, namely the event-related potential (ERP) centroparietal positivity (CPP) and a smoothed motor-evoked potential (MEP) signal, which have both previously been shown to relate to decision-related accumulation, revealed qualitatively similar average neurodynamic profiles with only subtle differences between SAT conditions. These signals were then modelled from behavior by either incorporating traditional boundary variation or utilizing a forced excursion. These model variants are mathematically equivalent, in terms of their behavioral predictions, hence providing identical fits to correct and erroneous reaction time distributions. However, the forced-excursion version instantiates SAT via a more global change in parameters and implied neural activity, a process conceptually akin to, but mathematically distinct from, urgency. This variant better captured both ERP and MEP neural profiles, suggesting that the SAT may be implemented via neural gain modulation, and reconciling standard modelling approaches with human neural data.
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99909
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Hong H, Wang X, Lu T, Zorio DAR, Wang Y, Sanchez JT. Diverse Intrinsic Properties Shape Functional Phenotype of Low-Frequency Neurons in the Auditory Brainstem. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:175. [PMID: 29997479 PMCID: PMC6028565 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the auditory system, tonotopy is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequencies are processed. Defined by the organization of neurons and their inputs, tonotopy emphasizes distinctions in neuronal structure and function across topographic gradients and is a common feature shared among vertebrates. In this study we characterized action potential firing patterns and ion channel properties from neurons located in the extremely low-frequency region of the chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM), an auditory brainstem structure. We found that NM neurons responsible for encoding the lowest sound frequencies (termed NMc neurons) have enhanced excitability and fired bursts of action potentials to sinusoidal inputs ≤10 Hz; a distinct firing pattern compared to higher-frequency neurons. This response property was due to lower amounts of voltage dependent potassium (KV) conductances, unique combination of KV subunits and specialized sodium (NaV) channel properties. Particularly, NMc neurons had significantly lower KV1 and KV3 currents, but higher KV2 current. NMc neurons also showed larger and faster transient NaV current (INaT) with different voltage dependence of inactivation from higher-frequency neurons. In contrast, significantly smaller resurgent sodium current (INaR) was present in NMc with kinetics and voltage dependence that differed from higher-frequency neurons. Immunohistochemistry showed expression of NaV1.6 channel subtypes across the tonotopic axis. However, various immunoreactive patterns were observed between regions, likely underlying some tonotopic differences in INaT and INaR. Finally, using pharmacology and computational modeling, we concluded that KV3, KV2 channels and INaR work synergistically to regulate burst firing in NMc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hong
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Program in Neuroscience Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Ting Lu
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Diego A. R. Zorio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Program in Neuroscience Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Program in Neuroscience Florida State University College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jason Tait Sanchez
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- The Hugh Knowles Hearing Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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99910
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Listening effort during speech perception enhances auditory and lexical processing for non-native listeners and accents. Cognition 2018; 179:163-170. [PMID: 29957515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Speech communication in a non-native language (L2) can feel effortful, and the present study suggests that this effort affects both auditory and lexical processing. EEG recordings (electroencephalography) were made from native English (L1) and Korean listeners while they listened to English sentences spoken with two accents (English and Korean) in the presence of a distracting talker. Neural entrainment (i.e., phase locking between the EEG recording and the speech amplitude envelope) was measured for target and distractor talkers. L2 listeners had relatively greater entrainment for target talkers than did L1 listeners, likely because their difficulty with L2 speech recognition caused them to focus more attention on the speech signal. N400 was measured for the final word in each sentence, and L2 listeners had greater lexical processing in high-predictability sentences than did L1 listeners. L1 listeners had greater target-talker entrainment when listening to the more difficult L2 accent than their own L1 accent, and similarly had larger N400 responses for the L2 accent. It thus appears that the increased effort of L2 listeners, as well as L1 listeners understanding L2 speech, modulates their auditory and lexical processing during speech recognition. This may provide a mechanism to compensate for their perceptual challenges under adverse conditions.
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99911
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Liu SP, Friedrich F, Petersen DS, Büsse S, Gorb SN, Beutel RG. The thoracic anatomy of the swift louseflyCrataerina pallida(Diptera)—functional implications and character evolution in Hippoboscoidea. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Pei Liu
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Sebastian Petersen
- Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Büsse
- Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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99912
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Muthukumaraswamy SD, Liley DT. 1/f electrophysiological spectra in resting and drug-induced states can be explained by the dynamics of multiple oscillatory relaxation processes. Neuroimage 2018; 179:582-595. [PMID: 29959047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological recordings are dominated by arhythmical activity whose spectra can be characterised by power-law functions, and on this basis are often referred to as reflecting scale-free brain dynamics (1/fβ). Relatively little is known regarding the neural generators and temporal dynamics of this arhythmical behaviour compared to rhythmical behaviour. Here we used Irregularly Resampled AutoSpectral Analysis (IRASA) to quantify β, in both the high (5-100 Hz, βhf) and low frequency bands (0.1-2.5 Hz, βlf) in MEG/EEG/ECoG recordings and to separate arhythmical from rhythmical modes of activity, such as, alpha rhythms. In MEG/EEG/ECoG data, we demonstrate that oscillatory alpha power dynamically correlates over time with βhf and similarly, participants with higher rhythmical alpha power have higher βhf. In a series of pharmaco-MEG investigations using the GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine, the glutamatergic AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel, the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine and the mixed partial serotonergic agonist LSD, a variety of effects on both βhf and βlf were observed. Additionally, strong modulations of βhf were seen in monkey ECoG data during general anaesthesia using propofol and ketamine. We develop and test a unifying model which can explain, the 1/f nature of electrophysiological spectra, their dynamic interaction with oscillatory rhythms as well as the sensitivity of 1/f activity to drug interventions by considering electrophysiological spectra as being generated by a collection of stochastically perturbed damped oscillators having a distribution of relaxation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh D Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - David Tj Liley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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99913
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Gaines JL, Finn KE, Slopsema JP, Heyboer LA, Polasek KH. A model of motor and sensory axon activation in the median nerve using surface electrical stimulation. J Comput Neurosci 2018; 45:29-43. [PMID: 29946922 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-018-0689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface electrical stimulation has the potential to be a powerful and non-invasive treatment for a variety of medical conditions but currently it is difficult to obtain consistent evoked responses. A viable clinical system must be able to adapt to variations in individuals to produce repeatable results. To more fully study the effect of these variations without performing exhaustive testing on human subjects, a system of computer models was created to predict motor and sensory axon activation in the median nerve due to surface electrical stimulation at the elbow. An anatomically-based finite element model of the arm was built to accurately predict voltages resulting from surface electrical stimulation. In addition, two axon models were developed based on previously published models to incorporate physiological differences between sensory and motor axons. This resulted in axon models that could reproduce experimental results for conduction velocity, strength-duration curves and activation threshold. Differences in experimentally obtained action potential shape between the motor and sensory axons were reflected in the models. The models predicted a lower threshold for sensory axons than motor axons of the same diameter, allowing a range of sensory axons to be activated before any motor axons. This system of models will be a useful tool for development of surface electrical stimulation as a method to target specific neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Gaines
- Hope College, 223F Vanderwerf, 27 Graves Place, Holland, MI, 49423, USA
| | - Kathleen E Finn
- Hope College, 223F Vanderwerf, 27 Graves Place, Holland, MI, 49423, USA
| | - Julia P Slopsema
- Hope College, 223F Vanderwerf, 27 Graves Place, Holland, MI, 49423, USA.,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Lane A Heyboer
- Hope College, 223F Vanderwerf, 27 Graves Place, Holland, MI, 49423, USA
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99914
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Buhusi CV, Reyes MB, Gathers CA, Oprisan SA, Buhusi M. Inactivation of the Medial-Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Interval Timing Precision, but Not Timing Accuracy or Scalar Timing in a Peak-Interval Procedure in Rats. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:20. [PMID: 29988576 PMCID: PMC6026933 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor sequence learning, planning and execution of goal-directed behaviors, and decision making rely on accurate time estimation and production of durations in the seconds-to-minutes range. The pathways involved in planning and execution of goal-directed behaviors include cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry modulated by dopaminergic inputs. A critical feature of interval timing is its scalar property, by which the precision of timing is proportional to the timed duration. We examined the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in timing by evaluating the effect of its reversible inactivation on timing accuracy, timing precision and scalar timing. Rats were trained to time two durations in a peak-interval (PI) procedure. Reversible mPFC inactivation using GABA agonist muscimol resulted in decreased timing precision, with no effect on timing accuracy and scalar timing. These results are partly at odds with studies suggesting that ramping prefrontal activity is crucial to timing but closely match simulations with the Striatal Beat Frequency (SBF) model proposing that timing is coded by the coincidental activation of striatal neurons by cortical inputs. Computer simulations indicate that in SBF, gradual inactivation of cortical inputs results in a gradual decrease in timing precision with preservation of timing accuracy and scalar timing. Further studies are needed to differentiate between timing models based on coincidence detection and timing models based on ramping mPFC activity, and clarify whether mPFC is specifically involved in timing, or more generally involved in attention, working memory, or response selection/inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin V Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, USTAR BioInnovations Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Marcelo B Reyes
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Cody-Aaron Gathers
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sorinel A Oprisan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mona Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, USTAR BioInnovations Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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99915
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Hori S, Oda S, Suehiro Y, Iino Y, Mitani S. OFF-responses of interneurons optimize avoidance behaviors depending on stimulus strength via electrical synapses. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007477. [PMID: 29939997 PMCID: PMC6034901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of the types and timing of avoidance behaviors depending on the intensity of a noxious stimulus is essential for survival; however, processing in the central nervous system and its developmental basis are largely unknown. Here, we report that Caenorhabditis elegans preferentially selects one of three different types of avoidance behaviors depending on the strength of the noxious stimulus. We screened 210 neuronal transcription factors using a combination of optogenetics and RNA interference methods and identified 19 candidates required for avoidance behaviors. One candidate, gene lin-32 (abnormal cellLINeage32), which encodes an atonal homolog, is required for the neural fate determination of AIB interneurons and functions by regulating the expression of electrical and chemical synapse genes, namely, inx-1 (innexin 1) and AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptor glr-1. When examined by Ca imaging, AIB showed an OFF calcium increase to the noxious stimulus. The OFF calcium increase was provoked only by strong stimulation, suggesting a role for optimization of the avoidance behavior. However, lin-32 mutants showed an impaired AIB OFF calcium increase, concomitant with a reduced occurrence of the dynamic avoidance behavior called the "omega turn". The AIB neural responses may be transferred to downstream inter/motor neurons projecting to the neck muscles via electrical synapses comprising inx-1. Finally, we found a correlation between powerful contractions of the neck muscles and omega turns. Thus, the central regulation of the magnitude and timing of activation of the AIB interneurons optimizes the probability of omega turn depending on the stimulus context. For survival, animals exhibit appropriate behaviors depending on the type and strength of a stimulus; however, processing in the central nervous system and its developmental basis are largely unknown. Here, we performed RNA interference screening of 210 transcription factors by observing the avoidance behaviors evoked by a harmful stimulus and identified 19 candidates with behavioral defects. One candidate gene, lin-32, which encodes a homologue of a well-conserved transcription factor, atonal, that plays a key role in cell type specification, is required for the optimization of avoidance behaviors. lin-32 regulates the expression of various synaptic genes in the key neurons required for the optimization of avoidance behaviors. The key neurons respond at the time of the removal of the strong stimulation, and an appropriate magnitude and timing of the calcium increase are required to determine the type and timing of dynamic avoidance behaviors. However, the key neuronal response does not occur in the lin-32 mutants. Activation of the key neurons may be transferred to the downstream neurons projecting to the neck muscles via electrical synapses. Finally, we show a correlation between powerful neck muscle contractions and dynamic avoidance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Hori
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Oda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Suehiro
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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99916
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Côté MP, Murray LM, Knikou M. Spinal Control of Locomotion: Individual Neurons, Their Circuits and Functions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:784. [PMID: 29988534 PMCID: PMC6026662 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic research on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of spinal cord interneurons along with their functional output has evolved for more than one century. Despite significant progress in our understanding of these networks and their role in generating and modulating movement, it has remained a challenge to elucidate the properties of the locomotor rhythm across species. Neurophysiological experimental evidence indicates similarities in the function of interneurons mediating afferent information regarding muscle stretch and loading, being affected by motor axon collaterals and those mediating presynaptic inhibition in animals and humans when their function is assessed at rest. However, significantly different muscle activation profiles are observed during locomotion across species. This difference may potentially be driven by a modified distribution of muscle afferents at multiple segmental levels in humans, resulting in an altered interaction between different classes of spinal interneurons. Further, different classes of spinal interneurons are likely activated or silent to some extent simultaneously in all species. Regardless of these limitations, continuous efforts on the function of spinal interneuronal circuits during mammalian locomotion will assist in delineating the neural mechanisms underlying locomotor control, and help develop novel targeted rehabilitation strategies in cases of impaired bipedal gait in humans. These rehabilitation strategies will include activity-based therapies and targeted neuromodulation of spinal interneuronal circuits via repetitive stimulation delivered to the brain and/or spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pascale Côté
- CÔTÉ Lab, Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lynda M. Murray
- Motor Control and NeuroRecovery Research Laboratory (Klab4Recovery), Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate Center, Ph.D. Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Knikou
- Motor Control and NeuroRecovery Research Laboratory (Klab4Recovery), Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate Center, Ph.D. Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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99917
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The effect of medication on vastus lateralis muscle activation patterns in Parkinson's disease patients. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 42:66-73. [PMID: 29960263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of levodopa on muscle activity patterns in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients is currently unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the spatial distribution pattern of electromyographic activity during sustained isometric contraction in PD patients during on- and off-medication periods using multi-channel surface electromyography (SEMG). Ten female PD patients were recruited for the present study. All patients performed a sustained isometric knee extension at 10% maximum voluntary contraction task for 60 s. To evaluate alterations in the spatial SEMG potential distribution, the coefficient of variation (CV) of force, normalized root mean square (RMS), modified entropy, CV of the RMS, and correlation coefficients were calculated at during contraction task. The off-medication period exhibited more fluctuation during the contraction task than those in the on-medication period. The off-medication period exhibited less change in modified entropy, the CV of RMS, the correlation coefficient and patterns of spatial SEMG distribution. These data demonstrated that the heterogeneity and changes in the activation pattern are smaller in the off-medication period than in those in the on-medication period. These findings might indicate that levodopa enhanced the activation of muscle action potentials during force production.
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99918
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Huang Y, Lai WP, Qian Q, Hu X, Tam EWC, Zheng Y. Translation of robot-assisted rehabilitation to clinical service: a comparison of the rehabilitation effectiveness of EMG-driven robot hand assisted upper limb training in practical clinical service and in clinical trial with laboratory configuration for chronic stroke. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:91. [PMID: 29941043 PMCID: PMC6019523 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rehabilitation robots can provide intensive physical training after stroke. However, variations of the rehabilitation effects in translation from well-controlled research studies to clinical services have not been well evaluated yet. This study aims to compare the rehabilitation effects of the upper limb training by an electromyography (EMG)-driven robotic hand achieved in a well-controlled research environment and in a practical clinical service. METHODS It was a non-randomized controlled trial, and thirty-two participants with chronic stroke were recruited either in the clinical service (n = 16, clinic group), or in the research setting (n = 16, lab group). Each participant received 20-session EMG-driven robotic hand assisted upper limb training. The training frequency (4 sessions/week) and the pace in a session were fixed for the lab group, while they were flexible (1-3 sessions/week) and adaptive for the clinic group. The training effects were evaluated before and after the treatment with clinical scores of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). RESULTS Significant improvements in the FMA full score, shoulder/elbow and wrist/hand (P < 0.001), ARAT (P < 0.001), and MAS elbow (P < 0.05) were observed after the training for both groups. Significant improvements in the FIM (P < 0.05), MAS wrist (P < 0.001) and MAS hand (P < 0.05) were only obtained after the training in the clinic group. Compared with the lab group, higher FIM improvement in the clinic group was observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The functional improvements after the robotic hand training in the clinical service were comparable to the effectiveness achieved in the research setting, through flexible training schedules even with a lower training frequency every week. Higher independence in the daily living and a more effective release in muscle tones were achieved in the clinic group than the lab group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Will Poyan Lai
- Jockey Club Rehabilitation Engineering Clinic, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuyang Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric W. C. Tam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Jockey Club Rehabilitation Engineering Clinic, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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99919
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Namiki S, Wada S, Kanzaki R. Descending neurons from the lateral accessory lobe and posterior slope in the brain of the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9663. [PMID: 29941958 PMCID: PMC6018430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A population of descending neurons connect the brain and thoracic motor center, playing a critical role in controlling behavior. We examined the anatomical organization of descending neurons (DNs) in the brain of the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Moth pheromone orientation is a good model to investigate neuronal mechanisms of behavior. Based on mass staining and single-cell staining, we evaluated the anatomical organization of neurite distribution by DNs in the brain. Dense innervation was observed in the posterior-ventral part of the brain called the posterior slope (PS). We analyzed the morphology of DNs innervating the lateral accessory lobe (LAL), which is considered important for moth olfactory behavior. We observed that all LAL DNs also innervate the PS, suggesting the integration of signals from the LAL and PS. We also identified a set of DNs innervating the PS but not the LAL. These DNs were sensitive to the sex pheromone, suggesting a role of the PS in motor control for pheromone processing. Here we discuss the organization of descending pathways for pheromone orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Namiki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.
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99920
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Jurcakova D, Ru F, Kollarik M, Sun H, Krajewski J, Undem BJ. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Regulating Action Potential Generation in Itch-, Nociceptive-, and Low-Threshold Mechanosensitive Cutaneous C-Fibers. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1047-1056. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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99921
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Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M. Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:20-41. [PMID: 29953902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) since the discovery of its prototypical drug clozapine has been a revolutionary pharmacological step for treating psychotic patients as these allow a significant recovery not only in terms of hospitalization and reduction in symptoms severity, but also in terms of safety, socialization and better rehabilitation in the society. Regarding the mechanism of action, AAPs are weak D2 receptor antagonists and they act beyond D2 antagonism, involving other receptor targets which regulate dopamine and other neurotransmitters. Consequently, AAPs present a significant reduction of deleterious side effects like parkinsonism, hyperprolactinemia, apathy and anhedonia, which are all linked to the strong blockade of D2 receptors. This review revisits previous and current findings within the class of AAPs and highlights the differences in terms of receptor properties and clinical activities among them. Furthermore, we propose a continuum spectrum of "atypia" that begins with risperidone (the least atypical) to clozapine (the most atypical), while all the other AAPs fall within the extremes of this spectrum. Clozapine is still considered the gold standard in refractory schizophrenia and in psychoses present in Parkinson's disease, though it has been associated with adverse effects like agranulocytosis (0.7%) and weight gain, pushing the scientific community to find new drugs as effective as clozapine, but devoid of its side effects. To achieve this, it is therefore imperative to characterize and compare in depth the very complex molecular profile of AAPs. We also introduce relatively new concepts like biased agonism, receptor dimerization and neurogenesis to identify better the old and new hallmarks of "atypia". Finally, a detailed confrontation of clinical differences among the AAPs is presented, especially in relation to their molecular targets, and new means like therapeutic drug monitoring are also proposed to improve the effectiveness of AAPs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Verdesca
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Cini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J McCormick
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Giovanni U Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy.
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99922
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Wollenberg L, Deubel H, Szinte M. Visual attention is not deployed at the endpoint of averaging saccades. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006548. [PMID: 29939986 PMCID: PMC6034887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The premotor theory of attention postulates that spatial attention arises from the activation of saccade areas and that the deployment of attention is the consequence of motor programming. Yet attentional and oculomotor processes have been shown to be dissociable at the neuronal level in covert attention tasks. To investigate a potential dissociation at the behavioral level, we instructed human participants to move their eyes (saccade) towards 1 of 2 nearby, competing saccade targets. The spatial distribution of visual attention was determined using oriented visual stimuli presented either at the target locations, between them, or at several other equidistant locations. Results demonstrate that accurate saccades towards one of the targets were associated with presaccadic enhancement of visual sensitivity at the respective saccade endpoint compared to the nonsaccaded target location. In contrast, averaging saccades, landing between the 2 targets, were not associated with attentional facilitation at the saccade endpoint. Rather, attention before averaging saccades was equally deployed at the 2 target locations. Taken together, our results reveal that visual attention is not obligatorily coupled to the endpoint of a subsequent saccade. Rather, our results suggest that the oculomotor program depends on the state of attentional selection before saccade onset and that saccade averaging arises from unresolved attentional selection. The premotor theory of attention postulates that spatial visual attention is a consequence of the brain activity that controls eye movement. Indeed, attention and eye movement share overlapping brain networks, and attention is deployed at the target of an eye movement (saccade) even before the eyes start to move. But is attention always deployed at the endpoint of saccades? Here, we measured visual attention before accurate saccades and before saccades that landed in between 2 targets (averaging saccades). While accurate saccades were associated with a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at their endpoint, no such enhancement was found at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, visual sensitivity was evenly distributed across the 2 saccade targets, suggesting that saccade averaging arises from unresolved attentional selection. Overall, our results reveal that attention is not always coupled to the endpoint of saccades, arguing against a simplistic view of the premotor theory of attention at the behavioral level. Instead, we propose that saccadic responses depend on the state of attentional selection at saccade onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Wollenberg
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Heiner Deubel
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Szinte
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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99923
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Jin GS, Li XL, Jin YZ, Kim MS, Park BR. Role of peripheral vestibular receptors in the control of blood pressure following hypotension. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:363-368. [PMID: 29962850 PMCID: PMC6019876 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.4.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypotension is one of the potential causes of dizziness. In this review, we summarize the studies published in recent years about the electrophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms of hypotension-induced dizziness and the role of the vestibular system in the control of blood pressure in response to hypotension. It is postulated that ischemic excitation of the peripheral vestibular hair cells as a result of a reduction in blood flow to the inner ear following hypotension leads to excitation of the central vestibular nuclei, which in turn may produce dizziness after hypotension. In addition, excitation of the vestibular nuclei following hypotension elicits the vestibulosympathetic reflex, and the reflex then regulates blood pressure by a dual-control (neurogenic and humoral control) mechanism. In fact, recent studies have shown that peripheral vestibular receptors play a role in the control of blood pressure through neural reflex pathways. This review illustrates the dual-control mechanism of peripheral vestibular receptors in the regulation of blood pressure following hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Shi Jin
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, Yanbian University College of Clinical Medicine, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Xiang-Lan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Byung Rim Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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99924
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Sato T, Ohi Y, Kato D, Mizuno M, Takase H, Kanamori T, Borlongan CV, Haji A, Matsukawa N. Hippocampal Cholinergic Neurostimulating Peptide as a Possible Modulating Factor against Glutamatergic Neuronal Disability by Amyloid Oligomers. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1542-1550. [PMID: 29113468 PMCID: PMC5680956 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717721232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having pathological changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), some patients have preserved cognitive function. A recent epidemiological study has shown that diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring interventions may reduce cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people in the general population. However, the details of molecular mechanisms underlying this cognitive function preservation are still unknown. Previous reports have demonstrated that enriched environments prevent the impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) through β2-adrenergic signals, when LTP is incompletely suppressed by synthetic amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers. The cholinergic network from the medial septal nucleus (MSN) is also a main modulating system for hippocampal glutamatergic neural activation through nicotinergic and/or muscarinergic acetylcholine receptors. Previously, we reported the importance of a cholinergic regulator gene in the MSN, hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP). By using hippocampal sections from mice, we here demonstrated that the cholinergic neural activation from the MSN enhanced the glutamatergic neuronal activity during unsaturated LTP but not during saturated LTP. Synthetic Aβ oligomers suppressed the hippocampal glutamatergic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, HCNP, as well as a cholinergic agonist acting through the muscarinic M1 receptor, prevented the suppression of hippocampal glutamatergic neuronal activity induced by synthetic Aβ oligomers. This result suggests that the persisting cholinergic activation might be a potential explanation for the individual differences in cognitive effects of AD pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyohiro Sato
- 1 Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ohi
- 2 Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- 1 Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mizuno
- 1 Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- 3 Core Laboratory, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuko Kanamori
- 1 Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Akira Haji
- 2 Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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99925
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Frontiñán-Rubio J, Sancho-Bielsa FJ, Peinado JR, LaFerla FM, Giménez-Llort L, Durán-Prado M, Alcain FJ. Sex-dependent co-occurrence of hypoxia and β-amyloid plaques in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex is reversed by long-term treatment with ubiquinol and ascorbic acid in the 3 × Tg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:67-81. [PMID: 29953929 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebral microvasculature have been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and animal models. One cause of hypoperfusion is the thickening of the cerebrovascular basement membrane (CVBM) due to increased collagen-IV deposition around capillaries. This study investigated whether these and other alterations in the cerebrovascular system associated with AD can be prevented by long-term dietary supplementation with the antioxidant ubiquinol (Ub) stabilized with Kaneka QH P30 powder containing ascorbic acid (ASC) in a mouse model of advanced AD (3 × Tg-AD mice, 12 months old). Animals were treated from prodromal stages of disease (3 months of age) with standard chow without or with Ub + ASC or ASC-containing vehicle and compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The number of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex was higher in female than in male 3 × Tg-AD mice. Extensive regions of hypoxia were characterized by a higher plaque burden in females only. This was abolished by Ub + ASC and, to a lesser extent, by ASC treatment. Irrespective of Aβ burden, increased collagen-IV deposition in the CVBM was observed in both male and female 3 × Tg-AD mice relative to WT animals; this was also abrogated in Ub + ASC- and ASC-treated mice. The chronic inflammation in the hippocampus and oxidative stress in peripheral leukocytes of 3 × Tg-AD mice were likewise reversed by antioxidant treatment. These results provide strong evidence that long-term antioxidant treatment can mitigate plasma oxidative stress, amyloid burden, and hypoxia in the AD brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sancho-Bielsa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Juan R Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Institut of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Alcain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
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99926
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Horton KK, Segers LS, Nuding SC, O'Connor R, Alencar PA, Davenport PW, Bolser DC, Pitts T, Lindsey BG, Morris KF, Gestreau C. Central Respiration and Mechanical Ventilation in the Gating of Swallow With Breathing. Front Physiol 2018; 9:785. [PMID: 30013484 PMCID: PMC6036260 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swallow-breathing coordination safeguards the lower airways from tracheal aspiration of bolus material as it moves through the pharynx into the esophagus. Impaired movements of the shared muscles or structures of the aerodigestive tract, or disruptions in the interaction of brainstem swallow and respiratory central pattern generators (CPGs) result in dysphagia. To maximize lower airway protection these CPGs integrate respiratory rhythm generation signals and vagal afferent feedback to synchronize swallow with breathing. Despite extensive study, the roles of central respiratory activity and vagal feedback from the lungs as key elements for effective swallow-breathing coordination remain unclear. The effect of altered timing of bronchopulmonary vagal afferent input on swallows triggered during electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves or by injection of water into the pharyngeal cavity was studied in decerebrate, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats. We observed two types of single swallows that produced distinct effects on central respiratory-rhythm across all conditions: post-inspiratory type swallows disrupted central-inspiratory activity without affecting expiration, whereas expiratory type swallows prolonged expiration without affecting central-inspiratory activity. Repetitive swallows observed during apnea reset the E2 phase of central respiration and produced facilitation of swallow motor output nerve burst durations. Moreover, swallow initiation was negatively modulated by vagal feedback and was reset by lung inflation. Collectively, these findings support a novel model of reciprocal inhibition between the swallow CPG and inspiratory or expiratory cells of the respiratory CPG where lung distension and phases of central respiratory activity represent a dual peripheral and central gating mechanism of swallow-breathing coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi-Kermit Horton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lauren S Segers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah C Nuding
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Russell O'Connor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Pierina A Alencar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Paul W Davenport
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Donald C Bolser
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Teresa Pitts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Bruce G Lindsey
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kendall F Morris
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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99927
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Kim C, Yacoubi B, Christou EA. Speed but not amplitude of visual feedback exacerbates force variability in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2563-2571. [PMID: 29936533 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnification of visual feedback (VF) impairs force control in older adults. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the age-associated increase in force variability with magnification of visual feedback is a consequence of increased amplitude or speed of visual feedback. Seventeen young and 18 older adults performed a constant isometric force task with the index finger at 5% of MVC. We manipulated the vertical (force gain) and horizontal (time gain) aspect of the visual feedback so participants performed the task with the following VF conditions: (1) high amplitude-fast speed; (2) low amplitude-slow speed; (3) high amplitude-slow speed. Changing the visual feedback from low amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-fast speed increased force variability in older adults but decreased it in young adults (P < 0.01). Changing the visual feedback from low amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-slow speed did not alter force variability in older adults (P > 0.2), but decreased it in young adults (P < 0.01). Changing the visual feedback from high amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-fast speed increased force variability in older adults (P < 0.01) but did not alter force variability in young adults (P > 0.2). In summary, increased force variability in older adults with magnification of visual feedback was evident only when the speed of visual feedback increased. Thus, we conclude that in older adults deficits in the rate of processing visual information and not deficits in the processing of more visual information impair force control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changki Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Basma Yacoubi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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99928
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Corneil BD, Camp AJ. Animal Models of Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: The Past, Present, and Future. Front Neurol 2018; 9:489. [PMID: 29988517 PMCID: PMC6026641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) provide a simple and cost-effective means to assess the patency of vestibular reflexes. VEMP testing constitutes a core screening method in a clinical battery that probes vestibular function. The confidence one has in interpreting the results arising from VEMP testing is linked to a fundamental understanding of the underlying functional anatomy and physiology. In this review, we will summarize the key role that studies across a range of animal models have fulfilled in contributing to this understanding, covering key findings regarding the mechanisms of excitation in the sensory periphery, the processing of sensory information in central networks, and the distribution of reflexive output to the motor periphery. Although VEMPs are often touted for their simplicity, work in animals models have emphasized how vestibular reflexes operate within a broader behavioral and functional context, and as such vestibular reflexes are influenced by multisensory integration, governed by task demands, and follow principles of muscle recruitment. We will conclude with considerations of future questions, and the ways in which studies in current and emerging animal models can contribute to further use and refinement of this test for both basic and clinical research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Corneil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron J. Camp
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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99929
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Dallmann CJ, Hoinville T, Dürr V, Schmitz J. A load-based mechanism for inter-leg coordination in insects. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1755. [PMID: 29187626 PMCID: PMC5740276 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals rely on an adaptive coordination of legs during walking. However, which specific mechanisms underlie coordination during natural locomotion remains largely unknown. One hypothesis is that legs can be coordinated mechanically based on a transfer of body load from one leg to another. To test this hypothesis, we simultaneously recorded leg kinematics, ground reaction forces and muscle activity in freely walking stick insects (Carausius morosus). Based on torque calculations, we show that load sensors (campaniform sensilla) at the proximal leg joints are well suited to encode the unloading of the leg in individual steps. The unloading coincides with a switch from stance to swing muscle activity, consistent with a load reflex promoting the stance-to-swing transition. Moreover, a mechanical simulation reveals that the unloading can be ascribed to the loading of a specific neighbouring leg, making it exploitable for inter-leg coordination. We propose that mechanically mediated load-based coordination is used across insects analogously to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Dallmann
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany .,Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Thierry Hoinville
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Volker Dürr
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Josef Schmitz
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany .,Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
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99930
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O'Connell TP, Sederberg PB, Walther DB. Representational differences between line drawings and photographs of natural scenes: A dissociation between multi-voxel pattern analysis and repetition suppression. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:513-519. [PMID: 29936121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Distributed representations of scene categories are consistent between color photographs (CPs) and line drawings (LDs) in the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), as shown using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA). Here, we used repetition suppression (RS) to further investigate the degree of representational convergence between CPs and LDs of natural scenes. MVPA and RS can capture different aspects of visual representations, and RS may prove useful in elucidating important differences in the representations of CPs and LDs of natural scenes. We performed an event-related fMRI experiment, including image-repetitions either within-type (i.e., CP to CP or LD to LD) or between-types (CP to LD, LD to CP). We found significant RS for within-type repetitions in PPA, RSC and the occipital place area (OPA), but did not observe RS for between-types repetitions. By contrast, scene categories were decodable from activity patterns evoked by both CPs and LDs using SVM classification for both within-type decoding and between-types cross-decoding. We conclude that there are representational differences between CPs and LDs in scene-selective cortex despite a category-level correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P O'Connell
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA.
| | - Per B Sederberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dirk B Walther
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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99931
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Watanabe T, Saito K, Ishida K, Tanabe S, Nojima I. Age-Related Declines in the Ability to Modulate Common Input to Bilateral and Unilateral Plantar Flexors During Forward Postural Lean. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:254. [PMID: 29988551 PMCID: PMC6026674 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging can impair an ability to lean the body forward to the edge of the base of support. Here, we investigated, using a coherence analysis, common inputs to bilateral and unilateral plantar flexor muscles to test a hypothesis that the age-related impairment would be related to strong synchronous bilateral activation and reduced cortical control of these muscles. Healthy young (n = 14) and elderly adults (n = 19), who were all right-foot dominant, performed quiet standing task and tasks that required the subjects to lean their body forward to 35 and 75% of the maximum lean distance. The electromyogram was recorded from the bilateral medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (SL) muscles. We analyzed delta-band coherence, that reflects comodulation of muscle activity, between the bilateral homologous muscles (MG-MG and SL-SL pairs). The origin of this bilateral comodulation is suggested to be the subcortical system. Also, we examined beta-band coherence, that is related to the corticospinal drive, between the unilateral muscles (MG-SL pair) in the right leg. Results indicated that the bilateral delta-band coherence for the MG-MG pair was significantly smaller in the 75% forward lean than quiet standing and 35% forward lean tasks for the young adults (quiet: p = 0.036; 35%: p = 0.0011). The bilateral delta-band coherence for the SL-SL pair was significantly smaller in the 75% forward lean than 35% forward lean task for the young adults (p = 0.027). Furthermore, the unilateral beta-band coherence was larger in the forward lean than quiet standing task for the young adults (35%: p < 0.001; 75%: p = 0.029). Contrarily, the elderly adults did not demonstrate such changes. These findings suggest the importance of decreasing the synchronous bilateral activation and increasing the unilateral cortical control of the plantar flexor muscles for the successful forward postural lean performance, and that aging impairs this modulatory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Watanabe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Saito
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ishida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeo Tanabe
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ippei Nojima
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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99932
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Schverer M, Lanfumey L, Baulieu EE, Froger N, Villey I. Neurosteroids: non-genomic pathways in neuroplasticity and involvement in neurological diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:190-206. [PMID: 29953900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are neuroactive brain-born steroids. They can act through non-genomic and/or through genomic pathways. Genomic pathways are largely described for steroid hormones: the binding to nuclear receptors leads to transcription regulation. Pregnenolone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, their respective sulfate esters and Allopregnanolone have no corresponding nuclear receptor identified so far whereas some of their non-genomic targets have been identified. Neuroplasticity is the capacity that neuronal networks have to change their structure and function in response to biological and/or environmental signals; it is regulated by several mechanisms, including those that involve neurosteroids. In this review, after a description of their biosynthesis, the effects of Pregnenolone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, their respective sulfate esters and Allopregnanolone on their targets will be exposed. We then shall highlight that neurosteroids, by acting on these targets, can regulate neurogenesis, structural and functional plasticity. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of neurosteroids in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases in which alterations of neuroplasticity are associated with changes in neurosteroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Schverer
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Etienne-Emile Baulieu
- MAPREG SAS, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm UMR 1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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99933
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Baum DM, Saussereau M, Jeton F, Planes C, Voituron N, Cardot P, Fiamma MN, Bodineau L. Effect of Gender on Chronic Intermittent Hypoxic Fosb Expression in Cardiorespiratory-Related Brain Structures in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:788. [PMID: 29988603 PMCID: PMC6026892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to delineate sex-based differences in neuroplasticity that may be associated with previously reported sex-based differences in physiological alterations caused by repetitive succession of hypoxemia-reoxygenation encountered during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We examined long-term changes in the activity of brainstem and diencephalic cardiorespiratory neuronal populations induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) in male and female mice by analyzing Fosb expression. Whereas the overall baseline and CIH-induced Fosb expression in females was higher than in males, possibly reflecting different neuroplastic dynamics, in contrast, structures responded to CIH by Fosb upregulation in males only. There was a sex-based difference at the level of the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus of the medulla, with an increase in the number of FOSB/ΔFOSB-positive cells induced by CIH in males but not females. This structure contains neurons that generate the sympathetic tone and which are involved in CIH-induced sustained hypertension during waking hours. We suggest that the sex-based difference in neuroplasticity of this structure contributes to the reported sex-based difference in CIH-induced hypertension. Moreover, we highlighted a sex-based dimorphic phenomenon in serotoninergic systems induced by CIH, with increased serotoninergic immunoreactivity in the hypoglossal nucleus and a decreased number of serotoninergic cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus in male but not female mice. We suggest that this dimorphism in the neuroplasticity of serotoninergic systems predisposes males to a greater alteration of neuronal control of the upper respiratory tract associated with the greater collapsibility of upper airways described in male OSA subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Baum
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Maud Saussereau
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Florine Jeton
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, EA2363 Hypoxie et Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Carole Planes
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, EA2363 Hypoxie et Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, EA2363 Hypoxie et Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Philippe Cardot
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Fiamma
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
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99934
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Gorzkiewicz A, Szemraj J. Brain endocannabinoid signaling exhibits remarkable complexity. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:33-46. [PMID: 29953913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system is one of the most extensive of the mammalian brain. Despite the involvement of only few specific ligands and receptors, the system encompasses a vast diversity of triggered mechanisms and driven effects. It mediates a wide range of phenomena, including the regulation of transmitter release, neural excitability, synaptic plasticity, impulse spread, long-term neuronal potentiation, neurogenesis, cell death, lineage segregation, cell migration, inflammation, oxidative stress, nociception and the sleep cycle. It is also known to be involved in the processes of learning and memory formation. This extensive scope of action is attained by combining numerous variables. In a properly functioning brain, the correlations of these variables are kept in a strictly controlled balance; however, this balance is disrupted in many pathological conditions. However, while this balance is known to be disrupted by drugs in the case of addicts, the stimuli and mechanisms influencing the neurodegenerating brain remain elusive. This review examines the multiple factors and phenomena affecting the eCB signaling system in the brain. It evaluates techniques of controlling the eCB system to identify the obstacles in their applications and highlights the crucial interdependent variables that may influence biomedical research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorzkiewicz
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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99935
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Abstract
In performing skillful movement, humans use predictions from internal models formed by repetition learning. However, the computational organization of internal models in the brain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a computational architecture employing a tandem configuration of forward and inverse internal models enables efficient motor learning in the cerebellum. The model predicted learning adaptations observed in hand-reaching experiments in humans wearing a prism lens and explained the kinetic components of these behavioral adaptations. The tandem system also predicted a form of subliminal motor learning that was experimentally validated after training intentional misses of hand targets. Patients with cerebellar degeneration disease showed behavioral impairments consistent with tandemly arranged internal models. These findings validate computational tandemization of internal models in motor control and its potential uses in more complex forms of learning and cognition.
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99936
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Kim YR, Shim HG, Kim CE, Kim SJ. The effect of µ-opioid receptor activation on GABAergic neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:419-425. [PMID: 29962856 PMCID: PMC6019873 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.4.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays an important role in pain transmission and opioid activity. Several studies have demonstrated that opioids modulate pain transmission, and the activation of µ-opioid receptors (MORs) by opioids contributes to analgesic effects in the spinal cord. However, the effect of the activation of MORs on GABAergic interneurons and the contribution to the analgesic effect are much less clear. In this study, using transgenic mice, which allow the identification of GABAergic interneurons, we investigated how the activation of MORs affects the excitability of GABAergic interneurons and synaptic transmission between primary nociceptive afferent and GABAergic interneurons. We found that a selective µ-opioid agonist, [D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol]-enkephanlin (DAMGO), induced an outward current mediated by K+ channels in GABAergic interneurons. In addition, DAMGO reduced the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of GABAergic interneurons which receive monosynaptic inputs from primary nociceptive C fibers. Taken together, we found that DAMGO reduced the excitability of GABAergic interneurons and synaptic transmission between primary nociceptive C fibers and GABAergic interneurons. These results suggest one possibility that suppression of GABAergic interneurons by DMAGO may reduce the inhibition on secondary GABAergic interneurons, which increase the inhibition of the secondary GABAergic interneurons to excitatory neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. In this circumstance, the sum of excitation of the entire spinal network will control the pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Rim Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Geun Shim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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99937
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Young SN, VanWye WR, Wallmann HW. Sport simulation as a form of implicit motor training in a geriatric athlete after stroke: a case report. Physiother Theory Pract 2018; 36:524-532. [DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1488322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia N. Young
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Human Services, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - William R. VanWye
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Human Services, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Harvey W. Wallmann
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Human Services, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
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99938
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Asokan MM, Williamson RS, Hancock KE, Polley DB. Sensory overamplification in layer 5 auditory corticofugal projection neurons following cochlear nerve synaptic damage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2468. [PMID: 29941910 PMCID: PMC6018400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer 5 (L5) cortical projection neurons innervate far-ranging brain areas to coordinate integrative sensory processing and adaptive behaviors. Here, we characterize a plasticity in L5 auditory cortex (ACtx) neurons that innervate the inferior colliculus (IC), thalamus, lateral amygdala and striatum. We track daily changes in sound processing using chronic widefield calcium imaging of L5 axon terminals on the dorsal cap of the IC in awake, adult mice. Sound level growth functions at the level of the auditory nerve and corticocollicular axon terminals are both strongly depressed hours after noise-induced damage of cochlear afferent synapses. Corticocollicular response gain rebounded above baseline levels by the following day and remained elevated for several weeks despite a persistent reduction in auditory nerve input. Sustained potentiation of excitatory ACtx projection neurons that innervate multiple limbic and subcortical auditory centers may underlie hyperexcitability and aberrant functional coupling of distributed brain networks in tinnitus and hyperacusis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi M Asokan
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Ross S Williamson
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kenneth E Hancock
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel B Polley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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99939
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Zhang X, Mlynaryk N, Ahmed S, Japee S, Ungerleider LG. The role of inferior frontal junction in controlling the spatially global effect of feature-based attention in human visual areas. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005399. [PMID: 29939981 PMCID: PMC6034892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Feature-based attention has a spatially global effect, i.e., responses to stimuli that share features with an attended stimulus are enhanced not only at the attended location but throughout the visual field. However, how feature-based attention modulates cortical neural responses at unattended locations remains unclear. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine this issue as human participants performed motion- (Experiment 1) and color- (Experiment 2) based attention tasks. Results indicated that, in both experiments, the respective visual processing areas (middle temporal area [MT+] for motion and V4 for color) as well as early visual, parietal, and prefrontal areas all showed the classic feature-based attention effect, with neural responses to the unattended stimulus significantly elevated when it shared the same feature with the attended stimulus. Effective connectivity analysis using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) showed that this spatially global effect in the respective visual processing areas (MT+ for motion and V4 for color), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), frontal eye field (FEF), medial frontal gyrus (mFG), and primary visual cortex (V1) was derived by feedback from the inferior frontal junction (IFJ). Complementary effective connectivity analysis using Granger causality modeling (GCM) confirmed that, in both experiments, the node with the highest outflow and netflow degree was IFJ, which was thus considered to be the source of the network. These results indicate a source for the spatially global effect of feature-based attention in the human prefrontal cortex. Attentional selection is the mechanism by which relevant sensory information is processed preferentially. Feature-based attention plays a key role in identifying an attentional target in a complex scene, because we often know the features of the target but not its exact location. The ability to quickly select the target is mainly attributed to enhancement of responses to stimuli that share features with an attended stimulus, not only at the attended location but throughout the whole visual field. However, little is known regarding how feature-based attention modulates brain responses at unattended locations. Here we used fMRI and advanced connectivity analyses to examine human subjects as they performed either motion- or color-based attention tasks. Our results indicated that the visual processing areas for motion and color showed the feature-based attention effect. Effective connectivity analysis showed that this feature-based attention effect was derived by feedback from the inferior frontal junction, an area of the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex involved in many different cognitive processes, including spatial attention and working memory. Further modeling confirmed that the inferior frontal junction showed connectivity features supporting its role as the source of the network. Our results support the hypothesis that the inferior frontal junction plays a key role in the spatially global effect of feature-based attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Zhang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Mlynaryk
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Ahmed
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shruti Japee
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leslie G. Ungerleider
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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99940
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Complex Control of Striatal Neurotransmission by Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors via Excitatory Inputs onto Medium Spiny Neurons. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6597-6607. [PMID: 29941445 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0071-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nicotine dependence is higher than that for any other substance abuse disorder; still, the underlying mechanisms are not fully established. To this end, we studied acute effects by nicotine on neurotransmission in the dorsolateral striatum, a key brain region with respect to the formation of habits. Electrophysiological recordings in acutely isolated brain slices from rodent showed that nicotine (10 nm to 10 μm) produced an LTD of evoked field potentials. Current-clamp recordings revealed no significant effect by nicotine on membrane voltage or action potential frequency, indicating that the effect by nicotine is primarily synaptic. Nicotine did not modulate sIPSCs, or the connectivity between fast-spiking interneurons and medium spiny neurons, as assessed by whole-cell recordings combined with optogenetics. However, the frequency of sEPSCs was significantly depressed by nicotine. The effect by nicotine was mimicked by agonists targeting α7- or α4-containing nAChRs and blocked in slices pretreated with a mixture of antagonists targeting these receptor subtypes. Nicotine-induced LTD was furthermore inhibited by dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and occluded by D2 receptor agonist. In addition, modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission suppressed the responding to nicotine, which might reflect upon the postulated role for nAChRs as a presynaptic filter to differentially govern dopamine release depending on neuronal activity. Nicotine-induced suppression of excitatory inputs onto medium spiny neurons may promote nicotine-induced locomotor stimulation and putatively initiate neuroadaptations that could contribute to the transition toward compulsive drug taking.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To decrease smoking, prevalence factors that may contribute to the development of nicotine addiction need to be identified. The data presented here show that nicotine suppresses striatal neurotransmission by selectively reducing the frequency of excitatory inputs to medium spiny neurons (MSNs) while rendering excitability, inhibitory neurotransmission, and fast-spiking interneuron-MSN connectivity unaltered. In addition, we show that the effect displayed by nicotine outlasts the presence of the drug, which could be fundamental for the addictive properties of nicotine. Considering the inhibitory tone displayed by MSNs on dopaminergic cell bodies and local terminals, nicotine-induced long-lasting depression of striatal output could play a role in behavioral transformations associated with nicotine use, and putatively elicit neuroadaptations underlying compulsive drug-seeking habits.
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99941
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Collins KC, Kennedy NC, Clark A, Pomeroy VM. Kinematic Components of the Reach-to-Target Movement After Stroke for Focused Rehabilitation Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:472. [PMID: 29988530 PMCID: PMC6026634 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Better upper limb recovery after stroke could be achieved through tailoring rehabilitation interventions directly at movement deficits. Aim: To identify potential; targets for therapy by synthesizing findings of differences in kinematics and muscle activity between stroke survivors and healthy adults performing reach-to-target tasks. Methods: A systematic review with identification of studies, data extraction, and potential risk of bias was completed independently by two reviewers. Online databases were searched from their inception to November 2017 to find studies of reach-to-target in people-with-stroke and healthy adults. Potential risk-of-bias was assessed using the Down's and Black Tool. Synthesis was undertaken via: (a) meta-analysis of kinematic characteristics utilizing the standardized mean difference (SMD) [95% confidence intervals]; and (b), narrative synthesis of muscle activation. Results: Forty-six studies met the review criteria but 14 had insufficient data for extraction. Consequently, 32 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Potential risk-of-bias was low for one study, unclear for 30, and high for one. Reach-to-target was investigated with 618 people-with-stroke and 429 healthy adults. The meta-analysis found, in all areas of workspace, that people-with-stroke had: greater movement times (seconds) e.g., SMD 2.57 [0.89, 4.25]; lower peak velocity (millimeters/second) e.g., SMD -1.76 [-2.29, -1.24]; greater trunk displacement (millimeters) e.g. SMD 1.42 [0.90, 1.93]; a more curved reach-path-ratio e.g., SMD 0.77 [0.32, 1.22] and reduced movement smoothness e.g., SMD 0.92 [0.32, 1.52]. In the ipsilateral and contralateral workspace, people-with-stroke exhibited: larger errors in target accuracy e.g., SMD 0.70 [0.39, 1.01]. In contralateral workspace, stroke survivors had: reduced elbow extension and shoulder flexion (degrees) e.g., elbow extension SMD -1.10 [-1.62, -0.58] and reduced shoulder flexion SMD -1.91 [-1.96, -0.42]. Narrative synthesis of muscle activation found that people-with-stroke, compared with healthy adults, exhibited: delayed muscle activation; reduced coherence between muscle pairs; and use of a greater percentage of muscle power. Conclusions: This first-ever meta-analysis of the kinematic differences between people with stroke and healthy adults performing reach-to-target found statistically significant differences for 21 of the 26 comparisons. The differences identified and values provided are potential foci for tailored rehabilitation interventions to improve upper limb recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Collins
- Faculty of Human Science and Public Health, School of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh C. Kennedy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie M. Pomeroy
- Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Alliance, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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99942
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Pesaran B, Vinck M, Einevoll GT, Sirota A, Fries P, Siegel M, Truccolo W, Schroeder CE, Srinivasan R. Investigating large-scale brain dynamics using field potential recordings: analysis and interpretation. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:903-919. [PMID: 29942039 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New technologies to record electrical activity from the brain on a massive scale offer tremendous opportunities for discovery. Electrical measurements of large-scale brain dynamics, termed field potentials, are especially important to understanding and treating the human brain. Here, our goal is to provide best practices on how field potential recordings (electroencephalograms, magnetoencephalograms, electrocorticograms and local field potentials) can be analyzed to identify large-scale brain dynamics, and to highlight critical issues and limitations of interpretation in current work. We focus our discussion of analyses around the broad themes of activation, correlation, communication and coding. We provide recommendations for interpreting the data using forward and inverse models. The forward model describes how field potentials are generated by the activity of populations of neurons. The inverse model describes how to infer the activity of populations of neurons from field potential recordings. A recurring theme is the challenge of understanding how field potentials reflect neuronal population activity given the complexity of the underlying brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Pesaran
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. .,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Martin Vinck
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anton Sirota
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Markus Siegel
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience & MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilson Truccolo
- Department of Neuroscience and Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Translational Neuroscience Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramesh Srinivasan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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99943
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Schmitz L, Vesper C, Sebanz N, Knoblich G. When Height Carries Weight: Communicating Hidden Object Properties for Joint Action. Cogn Sci 2018; 42:2021-2059. [PMID: 29936705 PMCID: PMC6120543 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of pre-established communicative conventions, people create novel communication systems to successfully coordinate their actions toward a joint goal. In this study, we address two types of such novel communication systems: sensorimotor communication, where the kinematics of instrumental actions are systematically modulated, versus symbolic communication. We ask which of the two systems co-actors preferentially create when aiming to communicate about hidden object properties such as weight. The results of three experiments consistently show that actors who knew the weight of an object transmitted this weight information to their uninformed co-actors by systematically modulating their instrumental actions, grasping objects of particular weights at particular heights. This preference for sensorimotor communication was reduced in a fourth experiment where co-actors could communicate with weight-related symbols. Our findings demonstrate that the use of sensorimotor communication extends beyond the communication of spatial locations to non-spatial, hidden object properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schmitz
- Department of Cognitive ScienceCentral European University
| | - Cordula Vesper
- Department of Cognitive ScienceCentral European University
- School of Communication and CultureAarhus University
| | - Natalie Sebanz
- Department of Cognitive ScienceCentral European University
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99944
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Human-Inspired Reflex to Autonomously Prevent Slip of Grasped Objects Rotated with a Prosthetic Hand. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2018; 2018:2784939. [PMID: 30034672 PMCID: PMC6035834 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2784939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autonomously preventing grasped objects from slipping out of prosthetic hands is an important feature for limb-absent people since they cannot directly feel the grip force applied to grasped objects. Oftentimes, a satisfactory grip force in one situation will be inadequate in different situations, such as when the object is rotated or transported. Over time, people develop a grip reflex to prevent slip of grasped objects when they are rotated with respect to gravity by their natural hands. However, this reflexive trait is absent in commercially available prosthetic hands. This paper explores a human-inspired grasp reflex controller for prosthetic hands to prevent slip of objects when they are rotated. This novel human-inspired grasped object slip prevention controller is evaluated with 6 different objects in benchtop tests and by 12 able-bodied subjects during human experiments replicating realistic tasks of daily life. An analysis of variance showed highly significant improvement in the number of successfully completed cycles for both the benchtop and human tests when the slip prevention reflex was active. An object sorting task, which was designed to serve as a cognitive distraction for the human subjects while controlling the prosthetic hand, had a significant impact on many of the performance metrics. However, assistance from the novel slip prevention reflex mitigated the effects of the distraction, offering an effective method for reducing both object slip and the required cognitive load from the prosthetic hand user.
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99945
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Kubo R, Aiba A, Hashimoto K. The anatomical pathway from the mesodiencephalic junction to the inferior olive relays perioral sensory signals to the cerebellum in the mouse. J Physiol 2018; 596:3775-3791. [PMID: 29874406 PMCID: PMC6092293 DOI: 10.1113/jp275836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Perioral tactile signals are transmitted via the infraorbital nerve (ION) to trigeminal nuclei. Each cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) receives this signal as complex spikes (CSs) via a climbing fibre (CF) emerging from the inferior olive (IO). The anatomical pathway from trigeminal nuclei to the IO is not clearly identified. In the present study, we examined candidate anatomical pathways for perioral sensory signalling by analysing CSs recorded from PCs in male mice by single unit recording. CS generation by ION stimulation was inhibited by injection of a GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, into the contralateral mesodiencephalic junction, which is referred to as the area parafascicularis prerubralis (PfPr). The number of CSs evoked by mechanical whisker stimulation was also decreased by contralateral PfPr inhibition. These results suggest the existence of a sensory signalling pathway to the IO via the PfPr in mice.
Abstract Perioral tactile signals are transmitted via the infraorbital nerve (ION) to trigeminal nuclei. Each cerebellar Purkinje cell receives this signal as complex spikes (CSs) via a climbing fibre emerging from the inferior olive (IO). However, the anatomical pathway from the trigeminal nuclei to the IO is not clearly identified. In the present study, we recorded CSs from Purkinje cells in male mice by single unit recording, and examined the signal transduction pathway. CSs were evoked by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral or contralateral ION with a latency of 20–70 ms. CS generation by ipsilateral ION stimulation was inhibited by injection of a GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, into the contralateral mesodiencephalic junction, ranging from around the fasciculus retroflexus to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, which is referred to as the area parafascicularis prerubralis (PfPr). CSs evoked by contralateral ION stimulation were also suppressed by muscimol injection into the PfPr, although the effective area was more restricted. Furthermore, CSs evoked by mechanical stimulation around the whisker region were suppressed by PfPr inhibition. We also found that the primary motor cortex plays a role to suppress this signalling pathway. These results indicate the existence of an anatomical pathway for conducting perioral sensory signals to the IO via the PfPr. Perioral tactile signals are transmitted via the infraorbital nerve (ION) to trigeminal nuclei. Each cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) receives this signal as complex spikes (CSs) via a climbing fibre (CF) emerging from the inferior olive (IO). The anatomical pathway from trigeminal nuclei to the IO is not clearly identified. In the present study, we examined candidate anatomical pathways for perioral sensory signalling by analysing CSs recorded from PCs in male mice by single unit recording. CS generation by ION stimulation was inhibited by injection of a GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, into the contralateral mesodiencephalic junction, which is referred to as the area parafascicularis prerubralis (PfPr). The number of CSs evoked by mechanical whisker stimulation was also decreased by contralateral PfPr inhibition. These results suggest the existence of a sensory signalling pathway to the IO via the PfPr in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Kubo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hashimoto
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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99946
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Zafar A, Hong KS. Neuronal Activation Detection Using Vector Phase Analysis with Dual Threshold Circles: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Int J Neural Syst 2018; 28:1850031. [PMID: 30045647 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065718500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a new vector phase diagram differentiating the initial decreasing phase (i.e. initial dip) and the delayed hemodynamic response (HR) phase of oxy-hemoglobin changes ( Δ HbO) of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is developed. The vector phase diagram displays the trajectories of Δ HbO and deoxy-hemoglobin changes ( Δ HbR), as orthogonal components, in the Δ HbO- Δ HbR polar coordinates. To determine the occurrence of an initial dip, dual threshold circles (an inner circle from the resting state, an outer circle from the peak values of the initial dip and the main HR) are incorporated into the phase diagram for making decisions. The proposed scheme is then applied to a brain-computer interface scheme, and its performance is evaluated in classifying two finger tapping tasks (right-hand thumb and little finger) from the left motor cortex. Three gamma functions are used to model the initial dip, the main HR, and the undershoot in generating the designed HR function. In classifying two tapping tasks, the signal mean and signal minimum values during 0-2.5 s, as features of initial dip, are used. The linear discriminant analysis was utilized as a classifier. The experimental results show that the active brain locations of the two tasks were quite distinctive ( p < 0.05 ), and moreover, spatially specific if using the initial dip map at 4 s in comparison to the map of HRs at 14 s. Also, the average classification accuracy was improved from 59% to 74.9% when using the phase diagram of dual threshold circles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amad Zafar
- 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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99947
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Erb CD, Marcovitch S. Deconstructing the Gratton effect: Targeting dissociable trial sequence effects in children, pre-adolescents, and adults. Cognition 2018; 179:150-162. [PMID: 29944979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Gratton effect refers to the observation that performance on congruency tasks is often enhanced when the congruency of the current trial matches that of the previous trial. This effect has been at the center of recent debates in the literature on cognitive control as researchers have sought to identify the cognitive and neural underpinnings of the effect. Here, we use a technique known as reach tracking to demonstrate that the Gratton effect originally observed in the flanker task is not a singular effect but the result of two separate trial sequence effects that impact dissociable processes underlying cognitive control. Further, our results indicate that these dissociable processes follow divergent developmental trajectories across childhood, pre-adolescence, and adulthood. Taken together, these findings suggest that manual dynamics can be used to disentangle how key processes underlying cognitive control contribute to the response time effects observed across a wide range of cognitive tasks and age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Erb
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 296 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27412, United States.
| | - Stuart Marcovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 296 Eberhart Building, Greensboro, NC 27412, United States
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99948
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Dawson A, Wolstenholme JT, Roni MA, Campbell VC, Jackson A, Slater C, Bagdas D, Perez EE, Bettinger JC, De Biasi M, Miles MF, Damaj MI. Knockout of alpha 5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors subunit alters ethanol-mediated behavioral effects and reward in mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:341-348. [PMID: 29944862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that there is an association between polymorphisms in the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit and risk of developing alcohol dependence in humans. The α5 nAChR subunit has also recently been shown to modulate some of the acute response to ethanol in mice. The aim of the current study was to further characterize the role of α5-containing (α5*) nAChRs in acute ethanol responsive behaviors, ethanol consumption and ethanol preference in mice. We conducted a battery of tests in male α5 knockout (KO) mice for a range of ethanol-induced behaviors including hypothermia, hypnosis, and anxiolysis. We also investigated the effects of α5* nAChR on ethanol reward using the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) assay. Further, we tested the effects of gene deletion on drinking behaviors using the voluntary ethanol consumption in a two-bottle choice assay and Drinking in the Dark (DID, with or without stress) paradigm. We found that deletion of the α5 nAChR subunit enhanced ethanol-induced hypothermia, hypnosis, and an anxiolytic-like response in comparison to wild-type controls. The α5 KO mice showed reduced CPP for ethanol, suggesting that the rewarding properties of ethanol are decreased in mutant mice. Interestingly, Chrna5 gene deletion had no effect on basal ethanol drinking behavior, or ethanol metabolism, but did decrease ethanol intake in the DID paradigm following restraint stress. Taken together, we provide new evidence that α5 nAChRs are involved in some but not all of the behavioral effects of ethanol. Our results highlight the importance of nAChRs as a possible target for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Dawson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Jennifer T Wolstenholme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Monzurul A Roni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University School of Pharmacy, Hampton, VA, 23668, USA
| | - Vera C Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University School of Pharmacy, Hampton, VA, 23668, USA
| | - Asti Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Cassandra Slater
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Erika E Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jill C Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Mariella De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
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99949
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Hauraix H, Goislard DE Monsabert B, Herbaut A, Berton E, Vigouroux L. Force-Length Relationship Modeling of Wrist and Finger Flexor Muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:2311-2321. [PMID: 29933345 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because the hand joints possess a broad range of motion, the muscle length can vary importantly which might result in significant variations of the muscle force-generating capacities. However, facing the complexity of this musculoskeletal system, no study has examined the effect of hand muscle length change on muscle force. This study aimed to characterize the force-length relationship of muscles involved in wrist and metacarpophalangeal flexion. METHODS Eleven participants performed two sessions: (i) one for the wrist flexor muscles and (ii) one for the finger flexor muscles. For each session, the participants performed two maximal voluntary contractions and then two progressive isometric ramps from 0% to 100% of their maximal force capacity at five different wrist/metacarpophalangeal angles. Torque, kinematic, and electromyographic data were recorded. An ultrasound scanner was used to measure the myotendinous junction displacement of flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) during isometric contractions. A three-dimensional relationship between muscle length, force, and activation level was modeled using optimization procedure. RESULTS Globally, the FCR was stronger and shorter compared with FDS. The results showed that the three-dimensional relationships fitted well the experimental data (mean R = 0.92 ± 0.07 and 0.87 ± 0.11 for FCR and FDS, respectively). Using joint angle and EMG data, this approach allows to estimate the muscle force with low estimation errors (<9% of Fmax). CONCLUSIONS This study proposes a new method to investigate the force-length relationship by combining ultrasound measurement, musculoskeletal modeling and optimization procedures. The data and relationships provide a new insight into hand biomechanics and muscle function that could be useful for designing hand tools or surgical operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Hauraix
- Institute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, FRANCE
| | | | - Alexis Herbaut
- Department of Movement, Sciences, Decathlon Sports Lab, Villeneuve d'Ascq, FRANCE
| | - Eric Berton
- Institute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, FRANCE
| | - Laurent Vigouroux
- Institute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, FRANCE
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99950
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Blandford L, McNeill W, Charvet I. Can we spread the risk? A demand-share perspective to sustained hamstring health. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2018; 22:766-779. [PMID: 30100311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Blandford
- Movement Performance Solutions Ltd, The Quorum, Bond Street South, Bristol, BS1 3AE, UK.
| | | | - Ingrid Charvet
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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