Role of Nrf2/HO-1, PPAR-γ, and cytoglobin signals in the pathogenesis of methotrexate-induced testicular intoxication in rats and the protective effect of diacerein

Methotrexate (MTX) is an inhibitor of folic acid reductase used in managing a variety of malignancies. Testicular injury by MTX is one of its serious adverse effects. The current investigation aims to assess the protective effects of diacerein (DIA) on testicular injury by MTX and clarify the possible underlying mechanisms. Testicular injury in rats was induced by a single injection of 20 mg/kg body weight of MTX. DIA was given in 25 mg/kg body weight/day and 50 mg/kg body weight/day doses for 10 days. Compared to the MTX group, DIA attenuated testicular intoxication as evidenced by improvement of testicular histopathological abnormalities and increased serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone. DIA attenuated testicular oxidative stress changes by lowering testicular MDA and boosting GSH content and SOD activity. Moreover, administration of DIA attenuated MTX-induced testicular inflammation, as proved by decreased TNF-α and IL-6. At the molecular level, DIA induced significant upregulation in Nrf2, HO-1, PPAR-γ, and cytoglobin protein expression. The present results proved that DIA, in a dose-dependent manner, exhibited notable amelioration of testicular toxicity induced by MTX through augmentation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects combined by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1, PPAR-γ, and cytoglobin signaling.

The role of Nrf2 signaling pathways in nerve damage repair

The protein, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is a transitory protein that acts as a transcription factor and is involved in the regulation of many cytoprotective genes linked to xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant responses. Based on the existing clinical and experimental data, it can be inferred that neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by an excessive presence of markers of oxidative stress (OS) and a reduced presence of antioxidant defense systems in both the brain and peripheral tissues. The presence of imbalances in the homeostasis between oxidants and antioxidants has been recognized as a substantial factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The dysregulations include several cellular processes such as mitochondrial failure, protein misfolding, and neuroinflammation. These dysregulations all contribute to the disruption of proteostasis in neuronal cells, leading to their eventual mortality. A noteworthy component of Nrf2, as shown by recent research undertaken over the last decade, is to its role in the development of resistance to OS. Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in regulating systems that defend against OS. Extant research offers substantiation for the protective and defensive roles of Nrf2 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the influence of Nrf2 on OS and its function in regulating antioxidant defense systems within the realm of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we evaluate the most recent academic inquiries and empirical evidence about the beneficial and potential role of certain Nrf2 activator compounds within the realm of therapeutic interventions.

Effective substances and molecular mechanisms guided by network pharmacology: An example study of Scrophulariae Radix treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid hormone-induced liver and kidney injuries

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Scrophulariae Radix (Xuanshen [XS]) has been used for several years to treat hyperthyroidism. However, its effective substances and pharmacological mechanisms in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid hormone-induced liver and kidney injuries have not yet been elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to explore the pharmacological material basis and potential mechanism of XS therapy for hyperthyroidism and thyroid hormone-induced liver and kidney injuries based on network pharmacology prediction and experimental validation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Based on 31 in vivo XS compounds identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadruple exactive orbitrap high-resolution accurate-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-HRMS), a network pharmacology approach was used for mechanism prediction. Systematic networks were constructed to identify the potential molecular targets, biological processes (BP), and signaling pathways. A component-target-pathway network was established. Mice were administered levothyroxine sodium through gavage for 30 d and then treated with different doses of XS extract with or without propylthiouracil (PTU) for 30 d. Blood, liver, and kidney samples were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting.

RESULTS

A total of 31 prototypes, 60 Phase I metabolites, and 23 Phase II metabolites were tentatively identified in the plasma of rats following the oral administration of XS extract. Ninety-six potential common targets between the 31 in vivo compounds and the diseases were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that Bcl-2, BAD, JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 were the top targets. XS extract with or without PTU had the following effects: inhibition of T3/T4/fT3/fT4 caused by levothyroxine; increase of TSH levels in serum; restoration of thyroid structure; improvement of liver and kidney structure and function by elevating the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); activation anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2; inhibition the apoptotic protein p-BAD; downregulation inflammation-related proteins p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, and p-p38; and inhibition of the aggregation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as well as immune cells in the liver.

CONCLUSION

XS can be used to treat hyperthyroidism and liver and kidney injuries caused by thyroid hormones through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. In addition, serum pharmacochemical analysis revealed that five active compounds, namely 4-methylcatechol, sugiol, eugenol, acetovanillone, and oleic acid, have diverse metabolic pathways in vivo and exhibit potential as effective therapeutic agents.

Bioactive Compounds Protect Mammalian Reproductive Cells from Xenobiotics and Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Distress via Nrf2 Signaling Activation: A Narrative Review

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses. It poses a significant threat to the physiological function of reproductive cells. Factors such as xenobiotics and heat can worsen this stress, leading to cellular damage and apoptosis, ultimately decreasing reproductive efficiency. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in defending against oxidative stress and protecting reproductive cells via enhancing antioxidant responses. Dysregulation of Nrf2 signaling has been associated with infertility and suboptimal reproductive performance in mammals. Recent advancements in therapeutic interventions have underscored the critical role of Nrf2 in mitigating oxidative damage and restoring the functional integrity of reproductive cells. In this narrative review, we delineate the harmful effects of heat and xenobiotic-induced oxidative stress on reproductive cells and explain how Nrf2 signaling provides protection against these challenges. Recent studies have shown that activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway using various bioactive compounds can ameliorate heat stress and xenobiotic-induced oxidative distress and apoptosis in mammalian reproductive cells. By comprehensively analyzing the existing literature, we propose Nrf2 as a key therapeutic target for mitigating oxidative damage and apoptosis in reproductive cells caused by exposure to xenobiotic exposure and heat stress. Additionally, based on the synthesis of these findings, we discuss the potential of therapies focused on the Nrf2 signaling pathway to improve mammalian reproductive efficiency.

Evaluation of the Effect of Loratadine versus Diosmin/Hesperidin Combination on Vinca Alkaloids-Induced Neuropathy: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Neurological injury is a crucial problem that interferes with the therapeutic use of vinca alkaloids as well as the quality of patient life. This study was conducted to assess the impact of using loratadine or diosmin/hesperidin on neuropathy induced by vinca alkaloids. Patients were randomized into one of three groups as follows: group 1 was the control group, group 2 received 450 mg diosmin and 50 mg hesperidin combination orally twice daily, and group 3 received loratadine 10 mg orally once daily. Subjective scores (numeric pain rating scale, douleur neuropathique 4, and functional assessment of cancer therapy/gynecologic oncology group-neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx) scores), neuroinflammation biomarkers, adverse drug effects, quality of life, and response to chemotherapy were compared among the three groups. Both diosmin/hesperidin and loratadine improved the results of the neurotoxicity subscale in the FACT/GOG-Ntx score (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 respectively) and ameliorated the upsurge in neuroinflammation serum biomarkers. They also reduced the incidence and timing of paresthesia (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and dysuria occurrence (p = 0.042). Both loratadine and diosmin/hesperidin attenuated the intensity of acute neuropathy triggered by vinca alkaloids. Furthermore, they did not increase the frequency of adverse effects or interfere with the treatment response.

4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid-Based Hydrazide-Hydrazones as Potent Growth Inhibition Agents of Laccase-Producing Phytopathogenic Fungi That Are Useful in the Protection of Oilseed Crops

The research on new compounds against plant pathogens is still socially and economically important. It results from the increasing resistance of pests to plant protection products and the need to maintain high yields of crops, particularly oilseed crops used to manufacture edible and industrial oils and biofuels. We tested thirty-five semi-synthetic hydrazide-hydrazones with aromatic fragments of natural origin against phytopathogenic laccase-producing fungi such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Cerrena unicolor. Among the investigated molecules previously identified as potent laccase inhibitors were also strong antifungal agents against the fungal species tested. The highest antifungal activity showed derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic aldehydes with 3-tert-butyl, phenyl, or isopropyl substituents. S. sclerotiorum appeared to be the most susceptible to the tested compounds, with the lowest IC50 values between 0.5 and 1.8 µg/mL. We applied two variants of phytotoxicity tests for representative crop seeds and selected hydrazide-hydrazones. Most tested molecules show no or low phytotoxic effect for flax and sunflower seeds. Moreover, a positive impact on seed germination infected with fungi was observed. With the potential for application, the cytotoxicity of the hydrazide-hydrazones of choice toward MCF-10A and BALB/3T3 cell lines was lower than that of the azoxystrobin fungicide tested.

Linagliptin ameliorates tacrolimus-induced renal injury: role of Nrf2/HO-1 and HIF-1α/CTGF/PAI-1

BACKGROUND

Tacrolimus (TAC) is a frequently used immunosuppressive medication in organ transplantation. However, its nephrotoxic impact limits its long-term usage. This study aims to investigate the effect of linagliptin (Lina) on TAC-induced renal injury and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats were treated with TAC (1.5 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously) and/or Lina (5 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 weeks. Histological examination was conducted, and serum and urinary biomarkers were measured to assess kidney function and integrity. Furthermore, ELISA, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical assay were employed to determine signaling molecules of oxidative stress, profibrogenic, hypoxic, and apoptotic proteins. Tacrolimus caused renal dysfunction and histological deterioration evidenced by increased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary cystatin C, and decreased serum albumin as well as elevated tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis scores. Additionally, TAC significantly increased the expression of collagen type-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) renal content. Moreover, TAC decreased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). In addition, TAC increased protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor1-alpha (HIF-1α), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as well as nitric oxide (NO), 4-hydroxynonenal, caspase-3 and Bax renal contents. Furthermore, TAC decreased Bcl-2 renal contents. The Lina administration markedly attenuated these alterations.

CONCLUSION

Lina ameliorated TAC-induced kidney injury through modulation of oxidative stress, hypoxia, and apoptosis related proteins.

Icariin‑curcumol promotes ferroptosis in prostate cancer cells through Nrf2/HO‑1 signaling

Ferroptosis is a form of regulatory cell death that relies on iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit tumors. The present study aimed to investigate whether icariin-curcumol could be a novel ferroptosis inducer in tumor inhibition. Various concentrations of icariin-curcumol were used to stimulate prostate cell lines (RWPE-2, PC-3, VCAP and DU145). Small interfering negative control (si-NC) and si-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were used to transfect DU145 cells. Cell viability was determined by using cell counting kit-8. Ferroptosis-related factor levels were analyzed using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess the ferrous (Fe2+), glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The ROS fluorescence intensity was assessed using flow cytometry. DU145 cells were most sensitive to icariin-curcumol concentration. The Fe2+ content, ROS fluorescence intensity and MDA level gradually increased, while solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) level, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) level, GSH content, Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) decreased with icariin-curcumol in a dose-dependent manner. After si-Nrf2 was transfected, the cell proliferation ability, SLC7A11 and GPX4 levels declined compared with the si-NC group. In contrast to the control group, the icariin + curcumol group showed reductions in Nrf2 and HO-1 levels, cell proliferation, SLC7A11 and GPX4 levels, with an increase in Fe2+ content and ROS fluorescence intensity. Overexpression of Nrf2 reversed the regulation observed in the icariin + curcumol group. Icariin-curcumol induced ferroptosis in PCa cells, mechanistically by inhibiting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Icariin-curcumol could be used as a new type of ferroptosis inducer to treat PCa effectively.

Protective Effects of Trans-Chalcone on Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Challenge through Targeting Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-inflammosome Interaction

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury remains a pivotal contributor to myocardial damage following acute coronary events and revascularization procedures. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), a key mediator of cell survival signaling, plays a central role in regulating inflammatory responses and cell death mechanisms. Trans-chalcone (Tch), a natural compound known for its anti-inflammatory activities, has shown promise in various disease models. The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential protective effects of Tch against myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion challenges by targeting the PI3K-inflammasome interaction. Experimental models utilizing male rats subjected to an in vivo model of IR injury and myocardial infarction were employed. Administration of Tch (100 μg/kg, intraperitoneally) significantly reduced myocardial injury, as indicated by limited infarct size and decreased levels of the myocardial enzyme troponin. Mechanistically, Tch upregulated PI3K expression, thereby inhibiting the activity of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome followed by the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Moreover, it mitigated oxidative stress and suppressed vascular-intercellular adhesion molecules, contributing to its cardioprotective effects. The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 considerably attenuated the beneficial effects of Tch. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Tch in ameliorating myocardial injury associated with IR insults through its modulation of the PI3K/Akt-inflammasome axis. The multifaceted mechanisms underlying its protective effects signify Tch as a promising candidate for further exploration in developing targeted therapies aimed at mitigating ischemic heart injury and improving clinical outcomes in cardiovascular diseases characterized by IR injury.

Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates atopic dermatitis-associated inflammatory responses in HaCaT and RBL-2H3 cells and DNCB/DFE-treated mice

AIMS

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a hydrophilic dihydroxy bile acid used for cholestatic liver disease and exhibits antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its potential effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of UDCA in inhibiting the inflammatory response and alleviating lesions in AD-like mice.

MAIN METHODS

To investigate the efficacy of UDCA in AD-like inflammatory responses, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)- and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-stimulated HaCaT cells and anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin E (DNP-IgE)- and human serum albumin (HSA)-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells were used to investigate the levels of inflammatory factors and their mechanisms. AD-like lesions were induced by applying DNCB/DFE to mice. The effect of UDCA administration in AD-like mice was analyzed by assessing organ weight, serum IgE and inflammatory cytokine levels, and histopathological changes using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining.

KEY FINDINGS

In HaCaT cells, UDCA significantly diminished TARC, MDC, MCP-1, and IL-6 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear NF-κB and cytoplasmic IκB, and also increased the levels of skin barrier protein. In RBL-2H3 cells, UDCA reduced β-hexosaminidase and IL-4 levels. In AD-like mice, UDCA suppressed organ hypertrophy, ear edema, SCORAD index, DFE-specific IgE levels, inflammatory cytokine levels, skin hypertrophy, mast cell invasion, skin barrier loss, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin-positive areas.

SIGNIFICANCE

UDCA suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes and mast cells. It also alleviated atopy by suppressing symptoms without organ toxicity in AD-like mice. UDCA may be an effective and safe treatment for AD.

Trifluoperazine mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in mice by modulating the AKT/mTOR-driven autophagy and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascades

AIM

This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine (TFP) against cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced hepatic injury by exploring its effect on autophagy and the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

MAIN METHODS

The hepatotoxicity of CPA was assessed by biochemical analysis of the serum hepatotoxicity markers (ALT, AST, and direct bilirubin), histopathological examination, and ultrastructure analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ELISA technique was used to assess the hepatic content of oxidative stress (MDA and SOD) and inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α). Immunohistochemical assessment was used to investigate the hepatic expression of NF-κB, Nrf2, caspase-3, as well as autophagy flux markers (p62 and LC3B). The mRNA expression of HO-1 was assessed using RT-qPCR. Western blot assay was used to determine the expression of p-AKT and p-mTOR.

KEY FINDINGS

TFP improved CPA-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing the elevated hepatotoxicity markers, and alleviating the histopathological changes with improving ultrastructure alterations. It also reduced oxidative stress by reducing MDA content and upregulating SOD activity. In addition, it exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by decreasing NF-κB expression, IL-1β, TNF-α levels, and caspase-3 expression. Furthermore, TFP-induced hepatoprotection was mediated by favoring Nrf2 expression and increasing the mRNA level of HO-1. As well, it improved autophagy by increasing LC3B expression concurrently with reducing p62 expression. Moreover, TFP modulated the AKT/mTOR pathway by reducing the expression of p-AKT and p-mTOR.

SIGNIFICANCE

TFP significantly protected against CPA-induced hepatotoxicity by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling along with enhancement of protective autophagy via inhibition of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Advancements in Synthetic Strategies and Biological Effects of Ciprofloxacin Derivatives: A Review

Ciprofloxacin is a widely used antibiotic in the fluoroquinolone class. It is widely acknowledged by various researchers worldwide, and it has been documented to have a broad range of other pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antiviral, antimalarial activities, etc. Researchers have been exploring the synthesis of ciprofloxacin derivatives with enhanced biological activities or tailored capability to target specific pathogens. The various biological activities of some of the most potent and promising ciprofloxacin derivatives, as well as the synthetic strategies used to develop them, are thoroughly reviewed in this paper. Modification of ciprofloxacin via 4-oxo-3-carboxylic acid resulted in derivatives with reduced efficacy against bacterial strains. Hybrid molecules containing ciprofloxacin scaffolds displayed promising biological effects. The current review paper provides reported findings on the development of novel ciprofloxacin-based molecules with enhanced potency and intended therapeutic activities which will be of great interest to medicinal chemists.

Elucidating the Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Interventions of Gaseous Mediators in the Context of Fibrosis

Fibrosis, a pathological alteration of the repair response, involves continuous organ damage, scar formation, and eventual functional failure in various chronic inflammatory disorders. Unfortunately, clinical practice offers limited treatment strategies, leading to high mortality rates in chronic diseases. As part of investigations into gaseous mediators, or gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), numerous studies have confirmed their beneficial roles in attenuating fibrosis. Their therapeutic mechanisms, which involve inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation, have been increasingly elucidated. Additionally, novel gasotransmitters like hydrogen (H2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) have emerged as promising options for fibrosis treatment. In this review, we primarily demonstrate and summarize the protective and therapeutic effects of gaseous mediators in the process of fibrosis, with a focus on elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in combating fibrosis.

The Antitumoral Effect In Ovo of a New Inclusion Complex from Dimethoxycurcumin with Magnesium and Beta-Cyclodextrin

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the female population because of the resistance of cancer cells to many anticancer drugs used. Curcumin has cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cells, although it has limited use due to its poor bioavailability and rapid metabolic elimination. The synthesis of metal complexes of curcumin and curcuminoids is a relevant topic in the search for more active and selective derivatives of these molecular scaffolds. However, solubility and bioavailability are concomitant disadvantages of these types of molecules. To overcome such drawbacks, the preparation of inclusion complexes offers a chemical and pharmacologically safe option for improving the aqueous solubility of organic molecules. Herein, we describe the preparation of the inclusion complex of dimethoxycurcumin magnesium complex (DiMeOC-Mg, (4)) with beta-cyclodextrin (DiMeOC-Mg-BCD, (5)) in the stoichiometric relationship 1:1. This new inclusion complex's solubility in aqueous media phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was improved by a factor of 6x over the free metal complex (4). Furthermore, 5 affects cell metabolic rate, cell morphology, cell migration, induced apoptosis, and downregulation of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) expression levels on MD Anderson metastasis breast-231 cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines. Results of an antitumor assay in an in ovo model showed up to 30% inhibition of tumor growth for breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) when using (5) (0.650 mg/kg dose) and 17.29% inhibition with the free homoleptic metal complex (1.5 mg/kg dose, (4)). While the formulation of inclusion complexes from metal complexes of curcuminoids demonstrates its usefulness in improving the solubility and bioavailability of these metallodrugs, the new compound (5) exhibits excellent potential for use as a therapeutic agent in the battle against breast cancer.

Optimized mucoadhesive niosomal carriers for intranasal delivery of carvedilol: A quality by design approach

Carvedilol (CV), a β-blocker essential for treating cardiovascular diseases, faces bioavailability challenges due to poor water solubility and first-pass metabolism. This study developed and optimized chitosan (CS)-coated niosomes loaded with CV (CS/CV-NS) for intranasal (IN) delivery, aiming to enhance systemic bioavailability. Utilizing a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach, the study investigated the effects of formulation variables, such as surfactant type, surfactant-to-cholesterol (CHOL) ratio, and CS concentration, on CS/CV-NS properties. The focus was to optimize specific characteristics including particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE%), and mucin binding efficiency (MBE%). The optimal formulation (Opt CS/CV-NS), achieved with a surfactant: CHOL ratio of 0.918 and a CS concentration of 0.062 g/100 mL, using Span 60 as the surfactant, exhibited a PS of 305 nm, PDI of 0.36, ZP of + 33 mV, EE% of 63 %, and MBE% of 57 %. Opt CS/CV-NS was characterized for its morphological and physicochemical properties, evaluated for stability under different storage conditions, and assessed for in vitro drug release profile. Opt CS/CV-NS demonstrated a 1.7-fold and 4.8-fold increase in in vitro CV release after 24 h, compared to uncoated CV-loaded niosomes (Opt CV-NS) and free CV, respectively. In vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) study, using a rat model, demonstrated that Opt CS/CV-NS achieved faster Tmax and higher Cmax compared to free CV suspension indicating enhanced absorption rate. Additionally, Opt CV-NS showed a 1.68-fold higher bioavailability compared to the control. These results underscore the potential of niosomal formulations in enhancing IN delivery of CV, offering an effective strategy for improving drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.

A novel therapeutic approach to modulate the inflammatory cascade: A timely exogenous local inflammatory response attenuates the sepsis-induced cytokine storm

BACKGROUND

The emergence of severe sepsis is contingent upon the occurrence of a cytokine storm (CS), a multifaceted process intricately entwined with the temporal dimension, thereby rendering the infection response remarkably intricate. Consequently, it becomes imperative to discern and accurately identify the optimal timing for interventions, predicated upon the dynamic timeline of inflammatory changes. Moreover, the administration of exogenous low-dose pro-inflammatory agents has exhibited the potential to impede the relentless progression of the inflammatory cascade. Hence, the present study aims to scrutinize the impact of exogenous Local Inflammatory Response (eLIR) on the body surface in the context of the inflammatory cascade during sepsis, within a temporal framework, with a particular emphasis on the point of exacerbation of inflammation.

METHODS

Rats were induced sterile sepsis by intraperitoneal injection of zymosan (ZY) at an appropriate dosage. The temporal progression of inflammatory changes and eLIR effects were described based on the trend of serum crucial inflammatory cytokines, tring to quest time-point of inflammatory aggravation in sepsis. Then, the varying degrees of surface inflammation caused by eLIR on this time point leading to the final effects on the inflammatory cascade response were explored. In addition, given the authentic pathological progression of sepsis, further observation was conducted on the impact of another intervention timing of eLIR on the inflammatory cascade. The survival rate was measured. Serum and organ related inflammatory cytokines were detected, and organ histopathology was investigated.

RESULTS

In present study, a dosage of 600 mg/kg ZY was found to be optimal for the sterile sepsis model. Initiating eLIR 6 h prior to ZY injection, the maximum effect point of eLIR could be precisely align with the inflammatory aggravation point of sterile sepsis. Initiating eLIR at this time, 3 sessions of eLIR were found to be more effective than 1 or 2 sessions in mitigating inflammatory responses during the initial stage of inflammation and the peak of inflammation. Notably, the findings also suggested that this intervention improve survival rate. In addition, the anti-inflammatory efficacy has been substantially diminished by the prompt initiation of 3 sessions of eLIR immediately after ZY injection at the onset of sepsis. Similarly, the current findings did not demonstrate a statistically significant enhancement in survival rates with eLIR at this time point.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with the initial stage of inflammation, low-scale inflammation caused by a certain intensity of eLIR (3 sessions) on the body surface can more effectively pry the inflammation aggravation time-point, thereby shifting the pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory milieu, impeding the disproportionate cytokines release in inflammatory diseases, slowing down the inflammatory cascade, and improving the survival rate of sepsis.

ACOD1, rather than itaconate, facilitates p62-mediated activation of Nrf2 in microglia post spinal cord contusion

BACKGROUND

Spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are crucial events causing neurological dysfunction. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1) and its metabolite itaconate (Ita) inhibit inflammation and OS by promoting alkylation of Keap1 to induce Nrf2 expression; however, it is unclear whether there is another pathway regulating their effects in inflammation-activated microglia after SCI.

METHODS

Adult male C57BL/6 ACOD1-/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a moderate thoracic spinal cord contusion. The degree of neuroinflammation and OS in the injured spinal cord were assessed using qPCR, western blot, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and trans-well assay. We then employed immunoprecipitation-western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR, dual-luciferase assay, and immunofluorescence-confocal imaging to examine the molecular mechanisms of ACOD1. Finally, the locomotor function was evaluated with the Basso Mouse Scale and footprint assay.

RESULTS

Both in vitro and in vivo, microglia with transcriptional blockage of ACOD1 exhibited more severe levels of neuroinflammation and OS, in which the expression of p62/Keap1/Nrf2 was down-regulated. Furthermore, silencing ACOD1 exacerbated neurological dysfunction in SCI mice. Administration of exogenous Ita or 4-octyl itaconate reduced p62 phosphorylation. Besides, ACOD1 was capable of interacting with phosphorylated p62 to enhance Nrf2 activation, which in turn further promoted transcription of ACOD1.

CONCLUSIONS

Here, we identified an unreported ACOD1-p62-Nrf2-ACOD1 feedback loop exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-OS in inflammatory microglia, and demonstrated the neuroprotective role of ACOD1 after SCI, which was different from that of endogenous and exogenous Ita. The present study extends the functions of ACOD1 and uncovers marked property differences between endogenous and exogenous Ita.

KEY POINTS

ACOD1 attenuated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress after spinal cord injury. ACOD1, not itaconate, interacted with p-p62 to facilitate Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation. Nrf2 was capable of promoting ACOD1 transcription in microglia.

Advances in nanomedicines: a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic cerebral stroke treatment

Ischemic stroke, prevalent among the elderly, necessitates attention to reperfusion injury post treatment. Limited drug access to the brain, owing to the blood-brain barrier, restricts clinical applications. Identifying efficient drug carriers capable of penetrating this barrier is crucial. Blood-brain barrier transporters play a vital role in nutrient transport to the brain. Recently, nanoparticles emerged as drug carriers, enhancing drug permeability via surface-modified ligands. This article introduces the blood-brain barrier structure, elucidates reperfusion injury pathogenesis, compiles ischemic stroke treatment drugs, explores nanomaterials for drug encapsulation and emphasizes their advantages over conventional drugs. Utilizing nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems offers targeting and efficiency benefits absent in traditional drugs. The prospects for nanomedicine in stroke treatment are promising.

Cadmium-induced lung injury is associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and altered SIRT1 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling; protective role of the melatonin agonist agomelatine

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal extensively employed in manufacturing polyvinyl chloride, batteries, and other industries. Acute lung injury has been directly connected to Cd exposure. Agomelatine (AGM), a melatonin analog, is a drug licensed for treating severe depression. This study evaluated the effect of AGM against Cd-induced lung injury in rats. AGM was administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg/day orally, while cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 1.2 mg/kg to induce lung injury. Pre-treatment with AGM remarkably ameliorated Cd-induced lung histopathological abrasions. AGM decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, suppressed NDAPH oxidase, and boosted the antioxidants. AGM increased Nrf2, GCLC, HO-1, and TNXRD1 mRNA, as well as HO-1 activity and downregulated Keap1. AGM downregulated Bax and caspase-3 and upregulated Bcl-2, SIRT1, and FOXO3 expression levels in the lung. In conclusion, AGM has a protective effect against Cd-induced lung injury via its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects mediated via regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and SIRT1/FOXO3 signaling.

Implication of M2 macrophage on NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in mediating the neuroprotective effect of Canagliflozin against methotrexate-induced cognitive impairment

Methotrexate (MTX), a chemotherapeutic antimetabolite, has been linked to cognitive impairment in cancer patients. MTX-induced metabolic pathway disruption may result in decreased antioxidant activity and increased oxidative stress, influencing hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial activation. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), an oxidative stress byproduct, has been linked to MTX toxicity via the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Macrophage activation and polarization plays an important role in tissue injury. This differentiation may be mediated via either the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or NLRP3 inflammasome. Interestingly, Canagliflozin (CANA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor has been recently reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating macrophage polarization balance. This study aimed to investigate CANA's protective effect against MTX-induced cognitive impairment, highlighting the possible involvement of TLR4/ NF-κB crosstalk with NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage polarization. Forty-eight Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups; (1) received saline orally for 30 days and intravenously on days 8 and 15. (2) received Canagliflozin (CANA; 20 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 30 days. (3) received MTX (75 mg/kg, i.v.) on day 8 and 15, then they were injected with four i.p. injections of leucovorin (LCV): the first dose was 6 mg/ kg after 18 h, and the remaining doses were 3 mg/kg after 26, 42, and 50 h of MTX administration. (4) received MTX and LCV as in group 3 in addition to CANA as in group 2. MTX-treated rats showed cognitive deficits in spatial and learning memory as evidenced in the novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. MTX exerted an oxidative effect which was evident by the increase in MDA and decline in SOD, GSH and GPx. Moreover, it exerted an inflammatory effect via elevated caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-8. CANA treatment restored cognitive ability, reduced MTX-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via attenuation of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling, and rebalanced macrophage polarization by promoting the M2 phenotype. Hence, targeting molecular mechanisms manipulating macrophage polarization may offer novel neuroprotective strategies for preventing or treating MTX-induced immune modulation and its detrimental sequel.

Understanding the role of ursodeoxycholic acid and gut microbiome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current evidence and perspectives

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, resulting in a huge medical burden worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome and bile acids play pivotal roles during the development of NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD exhibit unique signatures of the intestinal microbiome marked by the priority of Gram-negative bacteria, decreased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and increased Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the metabolism of bile acids. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a key determinant in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and gut microbiota. It generally shows surprising therapeutic potential in NAFLD with several mechanisms, such as improving cellular autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial functions. This action is based on its direct or indirect effect, targeting the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and various other nuclear receptors. This review aims to discuss the current studies on the involvement of the microbiome-UDCA interface in NAFLD therapy and provide prospective insights into future preventative and therapeutic approaches for NAFLD.

Advances in molecular agents targeting toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways for potential treatment of sepsis

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by an infection. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by endogenous molecules released by injured or necrotic tissues. Additionally, TLR4 is remarkably sensitive to infection of various bacteria and can rapidly stimulate host defense responses. The TLR4 signaling pathway plays an important role in sepsis by activating the inflammatory response. Accordingly, as part of efforts to improve the inflammatory response and survival rate of patients with sepsis, several drugs have been developed to regulate the inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by TLR4. Inhibition of TLR4 signal transduction can be directed toward either TLR4 directly or other proteins in the TLR4 signaling pathway. Here, we review the advances in the development of small-molecule agents and peptides targeting regulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, which are characterized according to their structural characteristics as polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, antibiotics, anthraquinones, inorganic compounds, and others. Therefore, regulating the expression of the TLR4 signaling pathway and modulating its effects has broad prospects as a target for the treatment of lung, liver, kidneys, and other important organs injury in sepsis.

Involvement of Nrf2-PPAR-γ signaling in Coenzyme Q10 protecting effect against methotrexate-induced testicular oxidative damage

Studies have identified Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a promising agent in improving idiopathic male infertility; however, its role in chemically or environmentally induced testicular dysfunction is not well-established. We investigated the potential of CoQ10 to attenuate methotrexate (MTX)-induced testicular damage and to identify molecular targets of CoQ10 effects. Wistar rats received a single intraperitoneal dose of 20 mg/kg MTX on the fifth day of the 10-day experimental protocol. 100 mg/kg CoQ10 was given orally daily for ten days, alone or combined with MTX. The testes of MTX-treated animals showed thickened tunica albuginea, distortion of seminiferous tubules with a marked reduction of germinal lining, a few primary spermatocytes with no spermatozoa, apoptotic cells, congested sub-capsular and interstitial blood vessels, and interstitial edema. Reduction of reproductive hormones and increased oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic biomarkers levels were also seen in the MTX-treated rats. CoQ10 + MTX-treated rats were protected against MTX-induced testicular histological changes and showed improvement in testosterone, luteinizing-, and follicle-stimulating hormone serum levels compared to the MTX group. The testes of the CoQ10 + MTX-treated rats showed reduced malondialdehyde, myloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor -α, interleukin-6 and -1β and Bax: Bcl2 ratio and enhanced glutathione, and catalase compared to MTX alone. CoQ10 enhanced MTX-induced downregulation of Nrf2 and PPAR-γ signaling and modulated its downstream targets, the inducible nitric oxide synthase, NF-κB, Bax, and Bcl2. In conclusion, CoQ10 targeted the Nrf2-PPAR-γ signaling loop and its downstream pathways, mitigating MTX-induced oxidative stress-related damages and alleviating the testicular dysfunction MTX caused. Our data suggest Nrf2-PPAR-γ signaling as a potential therapeutic target in testicular toxicity, where oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis trigger damage.

Functional Selectivity of Cannabinoid Type 1 G Protein-Coupled Receptor Agonists in Transactivating Glycosylated Receptors on Cancer Cells to Induce Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Metastatic Phenotype

Understanding the role of biased G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonism in receptor signaling may provide novel insights into the opposing effects mediated by cannabinoids, particularly in cancer and cancer metastasis. GPCRs can have more than one active state, a phenomenon called either 'biased agonism', 'functional selectivity', or 'ligand-directed signaling'. However, there are increasing arrays of cannabinoid allosteric ligands with different degrees of modulation, called 'biased modulation', that can vary dramatically in a probe- and pathway-specific manner, not from simple differences in orthosteric ligand efficacy or stimulus-response coupling. Here, emerging evidence proposes the involvement of CB1 GPCRs in a novel biased GPCR signaling paradigm involving the crosstalk between neuraminidase-1 (Neu-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the activation of glycosylated receptors through the modification of the receptor glycosylation state. The study findings highlighted the role of CB1 agonists AM-404, Aravnil, and Olvanil in significantly inducing Neu-1 sialidase activity in a dose-dependent fashion in RAW-Blue, PANC-1, and SW-620 cells. This approach was further substantiated by findings that the neuromedin B receptor inhibitor, BIM-23127, MMP-9 inhibitor, MMP9i, and Neu-1 inhibitor, oseltamivir phosphate, could specifically block CB1 agonist-induced Neu-1 sialidase activity. Additionally, we found that CB1 receptors exist in a multimeric receptor complex with Neu-1 in naïve, unstimulated RAW-Blue, PANC-1, and SW-620 cells. This complex implies a molecular link that regulates the interaction and signaling mechanism among these molecules present on the cell surface. Moreover, the study results demonstrate that CB1 agonists induce NFκB-dependent secretory alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) activity in influencing the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal markers, E-cadherin, and vimentin in SW-620 cells, albeit the impact on E-cadherin expression is less pronounced compared to vimentin. In essence, this innovative research begins to elucidate an entirely new molecular mechanism involving a GPCR signaling paradigm in which cannabinoids, as epigenetic stimuli, may traverse to influence gene expression and contribute to cancer and cancer metastasis.

Investigation of the effects of crocin on inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, NF-κB, TLR-4 and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

The primary limitation of gentamicin (Gm) treatment is its potential to induce nephrotoxicity, which can restrict both its duration and efficacy. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Crocin (Cr) against Gm-induced nephrotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms, including inflammation, apoptosis, TLR-4, Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways. 36 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups for the study. Group I received only saline. Groups II and III were administered 25 and 50 mg/kg of crocin, respectively. Group IV was treated with 80 mg/kg of Gm. Groups V and VI received 25 and 50 mg/kg of crocin, respectively, in addition to Gm administration. Crocin demonstrated protective effects on kidney tissue. It down-regulated the genes NF-κB, COX-2, TLR-4, Bax, and Caspase-3, while up-regulating Bcl-2, Nrf-2, and HO-1. In conclusion, these findings hold promise for the prevention of Gm-induced nephrotoxicity through the modulation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

Therapeutic approaches for cholestatic liver diseases: the role of nitric oxide pathway

Cholestasis describes bile secretion or flow impairment, which is clinically manifested with fatigue, pruritus, and jaundice. Neutrophils play a crucial role in many diseases such as cholestasis liver diseases through mediating several oxidative and inflammatory pathways. Data have been collected from clinical, in vitro, and in vivo studies published between 2000 and December 2021 in English and obtained from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries. Although nitric oxide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases, excessive levels of NO in serum and affected tissues, mainly synthesized by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme, can exacerbate inflammation. NO induces the inflammatory and oxidative processes, which finally leads to cell damage. We found that natural products such as baicalin, curcumin, resveratrol, and lycopene, as well as chemical likes ursodeoxycholic acid, dexamethasone, rosuvastatin, melatonin, and sildenafil, are able to markedly attenuate the NO production and iNOS expression, mainly through inducing the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and toll like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling pathways. This study summarizes the latest scientific data about the bile acid signaling pathway, the neutrophil chemotaxis recruitment process during cholestasis, and the role of NO in cholestasis liver diseases. Literature review directed us to propose that suppression of NO and its related pathways could be a therapeutic option for preventing or treating cholestatic liver diseases.

The endocrine disruptor cadmium modulates the androgen-estrogen receptors ratio and induces inflammatory cytokines in luminal (A) cell models of breast cancer

PURPOSE

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy that affects women, and it is, to date, their leading cause of death. Luminal A molecular subtype accounts for 40% of BC and is characterized by hormone receptors positive/human epidermal growth factor 2 expression and current treatment consists of surgery plus aromatase inhibitor therapy. Interestingly, several studies demonstrated that the heavy metal cadmium (Cd), classified as a group 1 human carcinogen and widely spread in the environment, exerts estrogen-like activities in several tissues and suggested an intriguing relationship between increased Cd exposure and BC incidence. Thus, aim of this study was to evaluate effects of Cd on Luminal A BC estrogen receptor (ER) positive/progesterone receptor positive cell models in vitro to characterize the mechanism(s) involved in breast cell homeostasis disruption.

METHODS

T47D and MCF7 were exposed to Cd (0.5-1 µM) for 6-24 h to evaluate potential alterations in: cells viability, steroid receptors and intracellular signaling by western blot. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Our results showed a significant induction of androgen receptor (AR) and an increased AR/ER ratio. Further, Cd exposure increased pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)6, IL8 and tumor necrosis factor α levels. Finally, as previously demonstrated by our group, Cd alters pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase family and protein kinase B.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Cd modifies the expression and pattern of ERs and AR in BC cell lines, suggesting an alteration of BC cells homeostasis, likely predisposing to a carcinogenetic microenvironment.

SOD3 regulates FLT1 to affect bone metabolism by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting adipogenesis through PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that seriously affects the quality of life and longevity of the elderly, so exploring the mechanism of osteoporosis is crucial for drug development and treatment. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are stem cells with multiple differentiation potentials in bone marrow, and changing their differentiation direction can change bone mass. As an extracellular superoxide dismutase, Superoxide Dismutase 3 (SOD3) has been proved to play an important role in multiple organs, but the detailed mechanism of action in bone metabolism is still unclear. In this study, the results of clinical serum samples ELISA and single cell sequencing chip analysis proved that the expression of SOD3 was positively correlated with bone mass, and SOD3 was mainly expressed in osteoblasts and adipocytes and rarely expressed in osteoblasts in BMSCs. In vitro experiments showed that SOD3 can promote osteogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis. Compared with WT mice, the mice that were knocked out of SOD3 had a significant decrease in bone mineral density and significant changes in related parameters. The results of HE and IHC staining suggested that knocking out SOD3 would lead to fat accumulation in the bone marrow cavity and weakened osteogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that SOD3 affects bone metabolism by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting adipogenesis. The results of transcriptome sequencing and revalidation showed that SOD3 can affect the expression of FLT1. Through in vitro experiments, we proved that FLT1 can also promote osteogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis. In addition, through the repeated experiments, the interaction between the two molecules (SOD3 and FLT1) was verified again. Finally, it was verified by WB that SOD3 regulates FLT1 to affect bone metabolism through PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways.

Comparative effects of incretin-based therapy on doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: the role of SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB/TNF-α signaling pathways

Introduction: Nephrotoxicity represents a major complication of using doxorubicin (DOX) in the management of several types of cancers. Increased oxidative stress and the activation of inflammatory mediators play outstanding roles in the development of DOX-induced kidney damage. This study aimed to investigate whether the two pathways of incretin-based therapy, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (presented as semaglutide, SEM) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (presented as alogliptin, ALO), differentially protect against DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Adult male rats were divided into six groups: control (received the vehicle), DOX (20 mg/kg, single I.P. on day 8), DOX + ALO (20 mg/kg/day, P.O. for 10 days), DOX + SEM (12 μg/kg/day, S.C. for 10 days), ALO-alone, and SEM-alone groups. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed and their kidney functions, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers were assessed. Kidney sections were also subjected to histopathological examinations. Results: The co-treatment with either ALO or SEM manifested an improvement in the kidney functions, as evidenced by lower serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, and cystatin C compared to the DOX group. Lower levels of MDA, higher levels of GSH, and increased SOD activity were observed in either ALO- or SEM-treated groups than those observed in the DOX group. DOX administration resulted in decreased renal expressions of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and Nrf2 with increased NF-κB and TNF-α expressions, and these effects were ameliorated by treatment with either ALO or SEM. Discussion: Co-treatment with either ALO or SEM showed a renoprotective effect that was mediated by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via the SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB/TNF-α pathway. The fact that both pathways of the incretin-based therapy demonstrate an equally positive effect in alleviating DOX-induced renal damage is equally noteworthy.

Berberine alleviates chlorpyrifos-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 axis

Chlorpyrifos (CPS), an organophosphorus insecticide, is widely used for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes with hazardous health effects. Berberine (BBR) is a traditional Chinese medicine and a phytochemical with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The present study evaluated the effects of BBR against kidney damage induced by CPS and the underlying mechanisms. An initial study indicated that BBR 50 mg/kg was optimal under our experimental conditions. Then, 24 rats (6/group) were randomized into: control, BBR (50 mg/kg/day), CPS (10 mg/kg/day), and CPS + BBR. BBR was administration 1 h prior to CPS. Each treatment was delivered daily for a period of 28 consecutive days using a gastric gavage tube. Compared to CPS-alone treated rats, BBR effectively improved renal function by preventing the rise in serum urea, creatinine, and uric levels. The reno-protective effects of BBR were confirmed through a histological examination of kidney tissues. BBR restored oxidant-antioxidant balance in renal tissues mediated by Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis modulation. In addition, BBR decreased nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. This was paralleled with the potent down-regulation of NF-κB. Furthermore, BBR exhibited anti-apoptotic activities supported by the upregulation of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of Bax and caspase-3 expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that BBR attenuates CPS-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by restoring oxidant-antioxidant balance and inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis in renal tissue. This is mediated, at least partly, by modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis.

Dynamic changes in the mouse hepatic lipidome following warm ischemia reperfusion injury

Liver failure secondary to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become the most common cause for liver transplantation in many parts of the world. Moreover, the prevalence of MASLD not only increases the demand for liver transplantation, but also limits the supply of suitable donor organs because steatosis predisposes grafts to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). There are currently no pharmacological interventions to limit hepatic IRI because the mechanisms by which steatosis leads to increased injury are unclear. To identify potential novel mediators of IRI, we used liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to assess temporal changes in the hepatic lipidome in steatotic and non-steatotic livers after warm IRI in mice. Our untargeted analyses revealed distinct differences between the steatotic and non-steatotic response to IRI and highlighted dynamic changes in lipid composition with marked changes in glycerophospholipids. These findings enhance our knowledge of the lipidomic changes that occur following IRI and provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such changes will lead to novel therapeutic strategies to combat IRI.

COVID-19, Possible Hepatic Pathways and Alcohol Abuse-What Do We Know up to 2023?

The pandemic period due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) revolutionized all possible areas of global health. Significant consequences were also related to diverse extrapulmonary manifestations of this pathology. The liver was found to be a relatively common organ, beyond the respiratory tract, affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Multiple studies revealed the essential role of chronic liver disease (CLD) in the general outcome of coronavirus infection. Present concerns in this field are related to the direct hepatic consequences caused by COVID-19 and pre-existing liver disorders as risk factors for the severe course of the infection. Which mechanism has a key role in this phenomenon-previously existing hepatic disorder or acute liver failure due to SARS-CoV-2-is still not fully clarified. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) constitutes another not fully elucidated context of coronavirus infection. Should the toxic effects of ethanol or already developed liver cirrhosis and its consequences be perceived as a causative or triggering factor of hepatic impairment in COVID-19 patients? In the face of these discrepancies, we decided to summarize the role of the liver in the whole picture of coronavirus infection, paying special attention to ALD and focusing on the pathological pathways related to COVID-19, ethanol toxicity and liver cirrhosis.

Roles of adipose-derived stem cells and derived exosomes in therapeutic applications to testicular injury caused by cisplatin

In recent years, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and derived exosomes (ADSC-Ex) have been investigated for their therapeutic potential in various diseases due to their satisfactory differentiation and regeneration ability. We aimed to explore the potential treatment of ADSCs and ADSC-Ex for testicular injury caused by cisplatin. ADSCs and ADSC-Ex s were identified and extracted to treat the rat model with testicular injury caused by cisplatin. Then the immunohistochemistry and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the potential treatment of ADSCs and ADSC-Ex. We found that ADSCs and ADSC-Ex significantly improved the testicular tissue damage, increased the number of germ cells, and improved the arrangement of the seminiferous tubules. The levels of malondialdehyde and testosterone were also improved. We speculated that ADSCs and ADSC-Ex may alleviate the testicular injury caused by cisplatin.

Modulating Nrf-2/HO-1, apoptosis and oxidative stress signaling pathways by gabapentin ameliorates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury

PURPOSE

Globally, sepsis, which is a major health issue resulting from severe infection-induced inflammation, is the fifth biggest cause of death. This research aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the molecular effects of gabapentin's possible nephroprotective potential on septic rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

METHODS

Sepsis was produced by CLP in male Wistar rats. Evaluations of histopathology and renal function were conducted. MDA, SOD, GSH, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured. qRT-PCR was utilized to determine the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and NF-kB genes. The expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 proteins was examined by western blotting.

RESULTS

CLP caused acute renal damage, elevated the blood levels of creatinine, BUN, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, reduced the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 proteins and the Bcl-2 gene expression, and upregulated NF-kB and Bax genes. Nevertheless, gabapentin dramatically diminished the degree of the biochemical, molecular, and histopathological alterations generated by CLP. Gabapentin reduced the levels of proinflammatory mediators and MDA, improved renal content of GSH and SOD, raised the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 proteins and Bcl-2 gene, and reduced the renal expression of NF-kB and Bax genes.

CONCLUSION

Gabapentin mitigated the CLP-induced sepsis-related acute kidney injury through up-regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, repressing apoptosis, and attenuating the oxidative stress status by reducing the levels of the proinflammatory mediators and enhancing the antioxidant status.

Alpha-pinene neutralizes cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats through activation of Nrf2 pathway

PURPOSE

Testicular toxicity is one of the most important side effects of cisplatin (CP) therapy. Alpha-pinene (AP) is a naturally occurring monoterpene with antioxidant character in plants. Here, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic activity of AP against CP-induced testicular toxicity by including the nuclear factor erythroid 2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in rats.

METHODS

Thirty male rats were divided into 5 groups: control, CP, CP + AP (5 and 10 mg/kg) and only AP (10 mg/kg). CP was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg/kg on the first day, followed by three consecutive injections of AP. Serum reproductive hormone levels were evaluated using ELISA kits. Oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis markers in testicular tissue were also determined colorimetrically. In addition, how CP affects Nrf2 pathway and the effect of AP on this situation were also addressed.

RESULTS

Treatment with CP significantly increased OS, inflammation, ERS and apoptosis in testicular tissue. Administrations of AP resulted in an amelioration of these altered parameters. The mechanism of therapeutic effect of AP appeared to involve induction of Nrf2. Furthermore, these results were also confirmed by histological data.

CONCLUSION

Results suggest that AP can exhibit therapeutic effects against CP-induced testicular toxicity. It can be concluded that AP may be a potential molecule to abolish reproductive toxicity after chemotherapy.

Effect of vinpocetine against acrylamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Vinpocetine (VIN) is a synthetic drug derived from the natural alkaloid vincamine. The antioxidation and anti-inflammation effects of VIN allow it to be used for multiple therapeutic purposes. So, the research aims to discover the possibility of using VIN to improve the nephrotoxicity of acrylamide (ACR). Twenty-four male albino rats were used in the trial: rats in the control group received 0.5 mL of oral saline, rats in the VIN group received an oral dose of VIN (5 mg/kg), rats in the ACR group received an oral dose of ACR (38.27 mg/kg), and rats in the VIN + ACR group received VIN and then ACR 1 h later. Rat blood and kidneys were collected 10 days after the experiment began to assess biochemical parameters and to examine both renal histopathological and immunohistochemistry. The ACR-treated rats showed high levels of serum kidney function biomarkers (creatinine, urea, and uric acid), serum protein biomarkers (total protein, albumin, and globulin), renal kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1, renal malondialdehyde (MDA), and renal caspase-3 immunoexpression. Moreover, ACR lowed both renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and renal glutathione (GSH) level and caused renal histological alterations. While administration of VIN improved serum kidney function biomarkers, serum protein biomarkers, renal KIM-1, renal oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, and GSH), renal caspase-3 immunoexpression, and renal histological alterations induced by ACR. The study confirmed the ability of VIN to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of ACR, which was evident through the results of biochemical parameters and histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the kidney tissues.

Galantamine mitigates testicular injury and disturbed spermatogenesis in adjuvant arthritic rats via modulating apoptosis, inflammatory signals, and IL-6/JAK/STAT3/SOCS3 signaling

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects the joints and the endocrine system via persistent immune system activation. RA patients have a higher frequency of testicular dysfunction, impotence, and decreased libido. This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy of galantamine (GAL) on testicular injury secondary to RA. Rats were allocated into four groups: control, GAL (2 mg/kg/day, p.o), CFA (0.3 mg/kg, s.c), and CFA + GAL. Testicular injury indicators, such as testosterone level, sperm count, and gonadosomatic index, were evaluated. Inflammatory indicators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), p-Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65), and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), were assessed. Cleaved caspase-3 expression was immunohistochemically investigated. Protein expressions of Janus kinase (JAK), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT3), and Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) were examined by Western blot analysis. Results show that serum testosterone, sperm count, and gonadosomatic index were increased significantly by GAL. Additionally, GAL significantly diminished testicular IL-6 while improved IL-10 expression relative to CFA group. Furthermore, GAL attenuated testicular histopathological abnormalities by CFA and downregulated cleaved caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 expressions. It also downregulated JAK/STAT3 cascade with SOCS3 upregulation. In conclusion, GAL has potential protective effects on testicular damage secondary to RA via counteracting testicular inflammation, apoptosis, and inhibiting IL-6/JAK/STAT3/SOCS3 signaling.

Vinpocetine mitigates methotrexate-induced duodenal intoxication by modulating NF-κB, JAK1/STAT-3, and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signals

OBJECTIVES

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite agent widely used to manage a variety of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, MTX-induced intestinal intoxication is a serious adverse effect limiting its clinical utility. Inflammation and oxidative stress are possible mechanisms for MTX-induced intestinal toxicity. Vinpocetine (VNP) is a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The current study investigated the protective intestinal impact of VNP in attenuating MTX-induced intestinal intoxication in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

VNP was administered orally in a dose of 20 mg/kg, while MTX was injected intraperitoneal in a dose of 20 mg/kg.

RESULTS

VNP administration attenuated drastic histological changes induced by MTX and preserved both normal villus and crypt histology. VNP significantly attenuated oxidative injury by upregulating intestinal Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. VNP attenuated inflammation by reducing MPO, NO2-, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels mediated by downregulating NF-κB, NDAPH-oxidase, IRF3, p-JAK-1, and p-STAT-3 expressions. Moreover, VNP potently counteracted intestinal necroptosis by effectively downregulating RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and caspase-8 proteins.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, VNP may represent a promising approach that can attenuate intestinal toxicity in patients receiving MTX.

Protective impacts of Artemisia annua against hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin

The current study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of Artemisia annua (RA) extract on hepatic toxicity induced by gentamicin injection mice. Sixteen mice were divided into four groups; the control group received saline, the second group received 1% A. annua (RA) extract, third group injected 80 mg/kg gentamicin (GEN) intraperitoneally. The protective group treated with a combination of GEN and A. annua. All mice were treated for consecutive 15 days. Results confirmed that hepatic biomarkers (GPT, GCT, GOT, IL-6 and IL-1β), all were altered after gentamycin injection. The histological analysis confirmed that gentamycin injected mice showed portal vein congestion, micro and macro steatosis, and nuclear pyknosis of hepatocytes. The protective group showed intact central vein with less microsteatosis of some hepatocytes. Immunochemistry analysis confirmed that the immunoreactivity of COX-2 gene showed negative impact in examined groups. Unlike, NF-κB gene exhibited diffuse positive expression in the gentamicin group. TGF-β1 immunoreactivity was mild positive in control and highly upregulated in gentamicin treated mice, all were normalized after RA administration. In conclusion, RA showed a beneficial impact against gentamycin induced hepatic toxicity at cellular and biochemical levels by regulating proteins and inflammatory markers associated with liver activity.

Ameliorative effects of umbelliferone against acetaminophen-induced hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in mice

Background and purpose

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used antipyretic and pain reliever that its overdose causes acute liver toxicity. Umbelliferone (UMB) has many pharmacological effects. In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of UMB on acute hepatotoxicity induced by APAP was investigated.

Experimental approach

Forty-nine male mice were separated into seven groups. The control received vehicle (i.p.), UMB group received UMB (120 mg/kg, i.p.), APAP group was treated with a single dose of APAP (350 mg/kg, i.p.), and pretreated groups received N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) or different doses of UMB (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively before APAP. Twenty-four hours after APAP injection, mice were sacrificed and blood and liver samples were collected. Then, serum and tissue samples were investigated for biochemical and histological studies.

Findings/Results

A single dose of APAP caused elevation in the serum liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. The amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide increased in the mice's liver tissue. Moreover, the amount of total thiol and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) significantly diminished in the APAP group. Histological results confirmed the hepatotoxicity induced by APAP. However, UMB (more effective at 60 and 120 mg/kg) lessened APAP-induced hepatic injuries, which is comparable with NAC effects.

Conclusion and implications

The findings of this study provided evidence that UMB ameliorates liver injury induced by APAP through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Attenuated effects of topical vinpocetine in an imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis

Psoriasis is an uncontrolled, long-lasting inflammatory dermatosis distinguished by thickened, erythematous, and flaky skin lesions. Massive amounts of inflammatory cytokines are produced when immune system imbalances are driven by genetic and environmental triggers. Vinpocetine (VNP), a man-made analogue of the compound vincamine found in the dwarf periwinkle herb, has robust anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-oxidative effects; alleviates the epidermal penetration of immune cells, such as eosinophils and neutrophils; and abolishes the generation of pro-inflammatory molecules.

Objective

This study was aimed at exploring the effects of long-term topical VNP, both alone and co-administered with clobetasol propionate, in an imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasiform dermatitis.

Methods

The study protocol consisted of 48 Swiss albino mice, randomly divided into six groups of eight mice each. In group I, petroleum jelly was administered daily for 8 days. In group II, imiquimod was administered topically at 62.5 mg daily for 8 days. In groups III, VI, V, and VI, 0.05% clobetasol propionate, 1% VNP, 3% VNP, and 3% VNP plus 0.05% clobetasol were administered topically for an additional 8 days after the induction, thus resulting in a total trial length of 16 days.

Results

Topical VNP at various doses alleviated the severity of imiquimod-induced psoriatic lesions-including erythema, silvery-white scaling, and thickening-and reversed the histopathological abnormalities. Moreover, imiquimod-exposed animals treated with VNP showed markedly diminished concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-37, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and transforming growth factor-β1.

Conclusion

This research provides new evidence that VNP, alone and in combination with clobetasol, may serve as a potential adjuvant for long-term management of autoimmune and autoinflammatory skin diseases, particularly psoriasis, by attenuating psoriatic lesion severity, suppressing cytokine generation, and limiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation.

The enteroprotective effect of nifuroxazide against methotrexate-induced intestinal injury involves co-activation of PPAR-γ, SIRT1, Nrf2, and suppression of NF-κB and JAK1/STAT3 signals

Methotrexate (MTX) has long manifested therapeutic efficacy in several neoplastic and autoimmune disorders. However, MTX-associated intestinal toxicity restricts the continuation of treatment. Nifuroxazide (NIF) is an oral antibiotic approved for gastrointestinal infections as an effective antidiarrheal agent with a high safety profile. The current study was designed to explore the potential efficacy of NIF in alleviating intestinal toxicity associated with MTX chemotherapy with the elucidation of the proposed molecular mechanisms. Rats were administered NIF (50 mg/kg; p.o.) for ten days. On day five, a single i.p. injection of MTX (20 mg/kg) was given to induce intestinal intoxication. At the end of the experiment, duodenal tissue samples were isolated for biochemical, Western blotting, immunohistochemical (IHC), and histopathological analysis via H&E, PSA, and Alcian blue stains. NIF showed antioxidant enteroprotective effects against MTX intestinal intoxication through enhanced expression of the redox-sensitive signals of PPAR-γ, SIRT1, and Nrf2 estimated by IHC. Moreover, NIF down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), NF-κB protein expression, and the phosphorylation of JAK1/STAT3 proteins, leading to mitigation of intestinal inflammation. In accordance, the histological investigation revealed that NIF ameliorated the intestinal pathological changes, preserved the goblet cells, and reduced the inflammatory cells infiltration. Therefore, NIF could be a promising candidate for adjunctive therapy with MTX to mitigate the associated intestinal injury and increase its tolerability.

Nicorandil and carvedilol mitigates motor deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis: Role of TLR4/TRAF6/MAPK/NF-κB signalling cascade

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease that negatively affects neurotransmission. It can be pathologically mimicked by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) plays a crucial role in the control of neuronal damage, however their role in MS are still obscure. Additionally, Carvedilol showed a promising neuroprotective activity against several neurological disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of KATP channel opener (nicorandil) as well as α and β adrenoceptor antagonist (Carvedilol) against EAE induced neurodegeneration in mice. Mice was treated with nicorandil (6 mg/kg/day; p.o.) and carvedilol (10 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 14 days. Nicorandil and carvedilol showed improvement in clinical scoring, behaviour and motor coordination as established by histopathological investigation and immunohistochemical detection of MBP. Furthermore, both treatments downregulated the protein expression of TLR4/ MYD88/TRAF6 signalling cascade with downstream inhibition of (pT183/Y185)-JNK/p38 (pT180/Y182)-MAPK axis leading to reduction of neuroinflammatory status, as witnessed by reduction of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 contents. Moreover, nicorandil and carvedilol attenuated oxidative damage by increasing Nrf2 content and SOD activity together with reduction of MDA content. In addition, an immunomodulating effect via inhibiting the gene expression of CD4, TGF-β, and IL-17 as well as TGF-β, IL-17, and IL-23 contents along with anti-apoptotic effect by decreasing Bax protein expression and Caspase-3 content and increasing Bcl-2 protein expression was observed with nicorandil and carvedilol treatments. In conclusion, nicorandil and carvedilol exerted a neuroprotective activity against EAE induced neuronal loss via inhibition of TLR4/MYD88/TRAF6/JNK/p38-MAPK axis besides antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

Changes of synaptic vesicles in three-dimensional synapse models by treatment with umbelliferone in scopolamine-induced hippocampal injury model

The neuroprotective effects of umbelliferone (UMB) were visualized in three-dimensional (3D) images on vesicle density changes of organotypic hippocampal slice tissues (OHSCs) induced by scopolamine by high voltage electron microscopy. Observations revealed that the number of vesicles decreased in OHSCs induced by scopolamine, and UMB was found to inhibit scopolamine-induced reduction in vesicles, resulting in an increase in vesicle count. These 3D models provide valuable insight for understanding the increase of synapse vesicles in hippocampal tissues treated with UMB.

Ancient forest plants possess cytotoxic properties causing liver cancer HepG2 cell apoptosis

Here, we collected 154 plant species in China ancient forests looking for novel efficient bioactive compounds for cancer treatments. We found 600 bioactive phyto-chemicals that induce apoptosis of liver cancer cell in vitro. First, we screen the plant extract's in vitro cytotoxicity inhibition of cancer cell growth using in vitro HepG2 cell lines and MTT cytotoxicity. The results from these initial MTT in vitro cytotoxicity tests show that the most efficient plants towards hepatoma cytoxicity is Cephalotaxus sinensis, mint bush (Elsholtzia stauntonii) and winged spindle tree (Euonymus alatus). We then used in cell-counting kit-8 (CCK-8) to further understand in vivo tumor growth using nude mice and GC-MS and LC-QTOF-MS to analyze the composition of compounds in the extracts. Extracted chemically active molecules analyzed by network pharmacology showed inhibition on the growth of liver cancer cells by acting on multiple gene targets, which is different from the currently used traditional drugs acting on only one target of liver cancer cells. Extracts from Cephalotaxus sinensis, mint bush (Elsholtzia stauntonii) and winged spindle tree (Euonymus alatus) induce apoptosis in hepatoma cancer cell line HepG2 with a killing rate of more than 83% and a tumor size decrease by 62-67% and a killing rate of only 6% of normal hepatocyte LO2. This study highlight efficient candidate species for cancer treatment providing a basis for future development of novel plant-based drugs to help meeting several of the UN SDGs and planetary health.

Diosmin ameliorates renal fibrosis through inhibition of inflammation by regulating SIRT3-mediated NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation

BACKGROUND

Renal fibrosis is considered an irreversible pathological process and the ultimate common pathway for the development of all types of chronic kidney diseases and renal failure. Diosmin is a natural flavonoid glycoside that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities. However, whether Diosmin protects kidneys by inhibiting renal fibrosis is unknown. We aimed to investigate the role of Diosmin in renal interstitial fibrosis and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

The UUO mouse model was established and gavaged with Diosmin (50 mg/kg·d and 100 mg/kg·d) for 14 days. HE staining, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and PCR were used to assess renal tissue injury and fibrosis. Elisa kits were used to detect the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the activity of SIRT3 in renal tissues. In addition, enrichment maps of RNA sequencing analyzed changes in signaling pathways. In vitro, human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were stimulated with TGF-β1 and then treated with diosmin (75 μM). The protein and mRNA expression levels of SIRT3 were detected in the cells. In addition, 3-TYP (selective inhibitor of SIRT3) and SIRT3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to reduce SIRT3 levels in HK-2.

RESULTS

Diosmin attenuated UUO-induced renal fibrosis and TGF-β1-induced HK-2 fibrosis. In addition, Diosmin reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in kidney tissues and supernatants of HK-2 medium. Interestingly, Diosmin administration increased the enzymatic activity of SIRT3 in UUO kidneys. In addition, Diosmin significantly increased mRNA and protein expression of SIRT3 in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of SIRT3 expression using 3-TYP or SIRT3 siRNA abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of diosmin in HK-2 cells. Enrichment map analysis by RNA sequencing indicates that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was inhibited in the Diosmin intervention group. Furthermore, we found that TGF-β1 increased the nuclear expression of nuclear NF-κB p65 but had little significant effect on the total intracellular expression of NF-κB p65. Additionally, Diosmin reduced TGF-β1-caused NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Knockdown of SIRT3 expression by SIRT3 siRNA increased the nuclear expression of NF-κB p65 and abolished the inhibition effect of Diosmin in NF-κB p65 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Diosmin reduces renal inflammation and fibrosis, which is contributed by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65 through activating SIRT3.

Lysosomal membrane stabilization by imipramine attenuates gentamicin-induced renal injury: Enhanced LAMP2 expression, down-regulation of cytoplasmic cathepsin D and tBid/cytochrome c/cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic signaling

Nephrotoxicity is a serious complication commonly encountered with gentamicin (GTM) treatment. Permeabilization of lysosomes with subsequent cytoplasmic release of GTM and cathepsins is considered a crucial issue in progression of GTM toxicity. This study was designed to evaluate the prospective defensive effect of lysosomal membrane stabilization by imipramine (IMP) against GTM nephrotoxicity in rats. GTM (30 mg/kg/h) was intraperitoneally administered over 4 h daily (120 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. IMP (30 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 14 days; starting 7 days before and then concurrently with GTM. On 15th day, samples (urine, blood, kidney) were collected to estimate biomarkers of kidney function, lysosomal stability, apoptosis, and inflammation. IMP administration to GTM-treated rats ameliorated the disruption in lysosomal membrane stability induced by GTM. That was evidenced by enhanced renal protein expressions of LAMP2 and PI3K, but reduced cathepsin D cytoplasmic expression in kidney sections. Besides, IMP guarded against apoptosis in GTM-treated rats by down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic (tBid, Bax, cytochrome c) and the effector cleaved caspase-3 expressions, while the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression was enhanced. Additionally, the inflammatory cascade p38 MAPK/NF-κB/TNF-α was attenuated in GTM + IMP group along with marked improvement in kidney function biomarkers, compared to GTM group. These findings were supported by the obvious improvement in histological architecture. Furthermore, in vitro enhancement of the antibacterial activity of GTM by IMP confers an additional benefit to their combination. Conclusively, lysosomal membrane stabilization by IMP with subsequent suppression of tBid/cytochrome c/cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic signaling could be a promising protective strategy against GTM nephrotoxicity.

Mechanisms underlying dose-limiting toxicities of conventional chemotherapeutic agents

Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) are severe adverse effects that define the maximum tolerated dose of a cancer drug. In addition to the specific mechanisms of each drug, common contributing factors include inflammation, apoptosis, ion imbalances, and tissue-specific enzyme deficiencies. Among various DLTs are bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity, vincristine-induced neurotoxicity, paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy, and irinotecan, which elicits severe diarrhea. Currently, specific treatments beyond dose reduction are lacking for most toxicities. Further research on cellular and molecular pathways is imperative to improve their management. This review synthesizes preclinical and clinical data on the pharmacological mechanisms underlying DLTs and explores possible treatment approaches. A comprehensive perspective reveals knowledge gaps and emphasizes the need for future studies to develop more targeted strategies for mitigating these dose-dependent adverse effects. This could allow the safer administration of fully efficacious doses to maximize patient survival.

Thymoquinone-loaded self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system against ischemia/reperfusion injury

In the present study, a self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed to evaluate the efficiency of thymoquinone (TQ) in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. SNEDDS was pharmaceutically characterized to evaluate droplet size, morphology, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, and dissolution/diffusion capacity. Animals were orally pre-treated during 10 days with TQ-loaded SNEDDS. Biochemical analyses, hematoxylin-eosin staining, indirect immunofluorescence, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were carried out to assess cell injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The TQ formulation showed good in vitro characteristics, including stable nanoparticle structure and size with high drug release rate. In vivo determinations revealed that TQ-loaded SNEDDS pre-treatment of rats maintained cellular integrity by decreasing transaminase (ALT and AST) release and preserving the histological characteristics of their liver. The antioxidant ability of the formulation was proven by increased SOD activity, reduced MDA concentration, and iNOS protein expression. In addition, this formulation exerted an anti-inflammatory effect evidenced by reduced plasma CRP concentration, MPO activity, and gene expressions of TLR-4, TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-6. Finally, the TQ-loaded SNEDDS formulation promoted cell survival by enhancing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In conclusion, our results indicate that TQ encapsulated in SNEDDS significantly protects rat liver from I/R injury.

Linagliptin Mitigates TGF-β1 Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tacrolimus-Induced Renal Interstitial Fibrosis via Smad/ERK/P38 and HIF-1α/LOXL2 Signaling Pathways

The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, a novel anti-diabetic medication family, are renoprotective in diabetes, but a comparable benefit in chronic non-diabetic kidney diseases is still under investigation. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of linagliptin's (Lina) protective role in a rat model of chronic kidney injury caused by tacrolimus (TAC) independent of blood glucose levels. Thirty-two adult male Sprague Dawley rats were equally randomized into four groups and treated daily for 28 d as follows: The control group; received olive oil (1 mL/kg/d, subcutaneously), group 2; received Lina (5 mg/kg/d, orally), group 3; received TAC (1.5 mg/kg/d, subcutaneously), group 4; received TAC plus Lina concomitantly in doses as the same previous groups. Blood and urine samples were collected to investigate renal function indices and tubular injury markers. Additionally, signaling molecules, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and fibrotic-related proteins in kidney tissue were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis, immunohistochemical and histological examinations. Tacrolimus markedly induced renal injury and fibrosis as indicated by renal dysfunction, histological damage, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. It also increased transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), Smad4, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2/ERK1/2, and p-P38/P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein levels. These alterations were markedly attenuated by the Lina administration. Moreover, Lina significantly inhibited EMT, evidenced by inhibiting Vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and elevating E-cadherin. Furthermore, Lina diminished hypoxia-related protein levels with a subsequent reduction in Snail and Twist expressions. We concluded that Lina may protect against TAC-induced interstitial fibrosis by modulating TGF-β1 mediated EMT via Smad-dependent and independent signaling pathways.