51
|
Cuellar-Barboza AB, Winham SJ, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, McElroy SL. Clinical phenotype and genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder with binge eating: an update. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:867-879. [PMID: 31269819 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1638764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Clinical and genetic study of psychiatric conditions has underscored the co-occurrence of complex phenotypes and the need to refine them. Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Binge Eating (BE) behavior are common psychiatric conditions that have high heritability and high co-occurrence, such that at least one quarter of BD patients have BE (BD + BE). Genetic studies of BD alone and of BE alone suggest complex polygenic risk models, with many genetic risk loci yet to be identified. Areas covered: We review studies of the epidemiology of BD+BE, its clinical features (cognitive traits, psychiatric comorbidity, and role of obesity), genomic studies (of BD, eating disorders (ED) defined by BE, and BD + BE), and therapeutic implications of BD + BE. Expert opinion: Subphenotyping of complex psychiatric disorders reduces heterogeneity and increases statistical power and effect size; thus, it enhances our capacity to find missing genetic (and other) risk factors. BD + BE has a severe clinical picture and genetic studies suggests a distinct genetic architecture. Differential therapeutic interventions may be needed for patients with BD + BE compared with BD patients without BE. Recognizing the BD + BE subphenotype is an example of moving towards more precise clinical and genetic entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo B Cuellar-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Monterrey , NL , Mexico.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE , Mason , OH , USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Bray NJ, O’Donovan MC. The genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Neurosci Adv 2019; 2:2398212818799271. [PMID: 31179400 PMCID: PMC6551216 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818799271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are complex conditions with poorly defined neurobiological bases. In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the genetic architecture of these conditions and the genetic loci involved. This review article describes historical attempts to identify susceptibility genes for neuropsychiatric disorders, recent progress through genome-wide association studies, copy number variation analyses and exome sequencing, and how these insights can inform the neuroscientific investigation of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Han MR, Han KM, Kim A, Kang W, Kang Y, Kang J, Won E, Tae WS, Cho Y, Ham BJ. Whole-exome sequencing identifies variants associated with structural MRI markers in patients with bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2019; 249:159-168. [PMID: 30772743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most heritable psychiatric disorders. A growing number of whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies for BD has been performed, however, no research has examined the association between single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from WES and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. METHODS We sequenced whole-exomes in 53 patients with BD and 82 healthy control participants at an initial discovery stage and investigated the impacts of SNVs in risk genes from WES analysis on the cortical gray-matter thickness and integrity of white matter tracts and in the following stage. Cortical thickness and white matter integrity were investigated using the FreeSurfer and TRACULA (Tracts Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy). RESULTS We identified 122 BD-related genes including KMT2C, AHNAK, CDH23, DCHS1, FRAS1, MACF1 and RYR3 and observed 27 recurrent copy number alteration regions including gain on 8p23.1 and loss on 15q11.1 - q11.2. Among them, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4639425 in KMT2C gene, which regulates histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation involved in chromatin remodeling, was associated with widespread alterations of white matter integrity including the cingulum, uncinate fasciculus, cortico-spinal tract, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. LIMITATION The small sample size of patients with BD in the genome data may cause our study to be underpowered when searching for putative rare mutations. CONCLUSION This study first combined a WES approach and neuroimaging findings in psychiatric disorders. We postulate the rs4639425 may be associated with BD-related microstructural changes of white matter tracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ryung Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Man Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June Kang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Tae
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wang W, Corominas R, Lin GN. De novo Mutations From Whole Exome Sequencing in Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders: From Discovery to Application. Front Genet 2019; 10:258. [PMID: 31001316 PMCID: PMC6456656 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders are a highly disabling and heterogeneous group of developmental and mental disorders, resulting from complex interactions of genetic and environmental risk factors. The nature of multifactorial traits and the presence of comorbidity and polygenicity in these disorders present challenges in both disease risk identification and clinical diagnoses. The genetic component has been firmly established, but the identification of all the causative variants remains elusive. The development of next-generation sequencing, especially whole exome sequencing (WES), has greatly enriched our knowledge of the precise genetic alterations of human diseases, including brain-related disorders. In particular, the extensive usage of WES in research studies has uncovered the important contribution of de novo mutations (DNMs) to these disorders. Trio and quad familial WES are a particularly useful approach to discover DNMs. Here, we review the major WES studies in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and summarize how genes hit by discovered DNMs are shared among different disorders. Next, we discuss different integrative approaches utilized to interrogate DNMs and to identify biological pathways that may disrupt brain development and shed light on our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying these disorders. Lastly, we discuss the current state of the transition from WES research to its routine clinical application. This review will assist researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of variants obtained from WES studies, and highlights the need to develop consensus analytical protocols and validated lists of genes appropriate for clinical laboratory analysis, in order to reach the growing demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roser Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guan Ning Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Rediscovering the value of families for psychiatric genetics research. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:523-535. [PMID: 29955165 PMCID: PMC7028329 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As it is likely that both common and rare genetic variation are important for complex disease risk, studies that examine the full range of the allelic frequency distribution should be utilized to dissect the genetic influences on mental illness. The rate limiting factor for inferring an association between a variant and a phenotype is inevitably the total number of copies of the minor allele captured in the studied sample. For rare variation, with minor allele frequencies of 0.5% or less, very large samples of unrelated individuals are necessary to unambiguously associate a locus with an illness. Unfortunately, such large samples are often cost prohibitive. However, by using alternative analytic strategies and studying related individuals, particularly those from large multiplex families, it is possible to reduce the required sample size while maintaining statistical power. We contend that using whole genome sequence (WGS) in extended pedigrees provides a cost-effective strategy for psychiatric gene mapping that complements common variant approaches and WGS in unrelated individuals. This was our impetus for forming the "Pedigree-Based Whole Genome Sequencing of Affective and Psychotic Disorders" consortium. In this review, we provide a rationale for the use of WGS with pedigrees in modern psychiatric genetics research. We begin with a focused review of the current literature, followed by a short history of family-based research in psychiatry. Next, we describe several advantages of pedigrees for WGS research, including power estimates, methods for studying the environment, and endophenotypes. We conclude with a brief description of our consortium and its goals.
Collapse
|
56
|
Yang C, Li S, Ma JX, Li Y, Zhang A, Sun N, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang K. Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies a Novel Predisposing Gene, MAPKAP1, for Familial Mixed Mood Disorder. Front Genet 2019; 10:74. [PMID: 30828345 PMCID: PMC6384253 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mood disorder is ranked seventh among the worldwide causes of non-fatal disease burden and is generally believed to be a heritable disease. However, there is still a substantial portion of the heritability yet to be discovered, despite the success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for mood disorder. A proportion of the missing heritability may be accounted for by rare coding variants segregating in families enriched with mood disorder. Methods: To identify novel variants segregating with mood disorder, we performed whole-exome sequencing on genomic DNA for a multigenerational family with nine members affected with mood disorder. We prioritized potential causal variants within the family based on segregation with mood disorder, predicted functional effects, and prevalence in human populations. In addition, for the top-ranked candidate variant, we conducted validation in vivo to explore the pathogenesis of mood disorder. Results: We identified and ranked 26 candidate variants based on their segregation pattern and functional annotations. The top-ranked variant, rs78809014, is located in intron 7 of the MAPKAP1 gene. The expression levels of MAPKAP1 in peripheral blood of both major depression disorder (MDD) patients and depressive-like mice ventral dentate gyrus were significantly higher than that in the corresponding controls. In addition, the expression level of MAPKAP1 were correlated with antidepressant response. Conclusions: Although the exact mechanisms in the family remain to be elucidated, our data strongly indicate a probable role of the variant, rs78809014, in the regulatory process of the expression of MAPKAP1 and thus in the development of mood disorder in familial mood disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Suping Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jack X. Ma
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yi Li
- School of Statistics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Nuring College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xu
| | - Kerang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Kerang Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Nöthen MM, Degenhardt F, Forstner AJ. [Breakthrough in understanding the molecular causes of psychiatric disorders]. DER NERVENARZT 2019; 90:99-106. [PMID: 30758637 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-018-0670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A long-established hypothesis is that genetic factors contribute to the development of psychiatric diseases, including common illnesses such as schizophrenia and the affective disorders; however, reliable molecular identification of these factors represents a far more recent innovation. This has been rendered possible by technological advances in the individual characterization of the human genome and the combining of large genetic datasets at the international level. For the first time, the results of genome-wide analyses provide researchers with systematic insights into disease-relevant biological mechanisms. Here, the integrated analysis of different omics level data generates important insights into the functional interpretation of the genetic findings. The results of genetic studies also demonstrated the degree of etiological overlap between differing psychiatric disorders, with the greatest commonality having been observed to date between schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Although the translation of genetic findings into routine clinical practice is being pursued at various levels, elaborate follow-up studies are typically necessary. The diagnostic investigation of rare genomic deletions/duplications (so-called copy number variants) in patients with schizophrenia is likely to represent one of the first examples of routine clinical application. The necessary prerequisites for this are currently being defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Nöthen
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Deutschland.,Zentrum für Humangenetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35033, Marburg, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ganesh S, Ahmed P. H, Nadella RK, More RP, Seshadri M, Viswanath B, Rao M, Jain S, Mukherjee O. Exome sequencing in families with severe mental illness identifies novel and rare variants in genes implicated in Mendelian neuropsychiatric syndromes. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:11-19. [PMID: 30367527 PMCID: PMC7380025 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Severe mental illnesses (SMI), such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, are highly heritable, and have a complex pattern of inheritance. Genome-wide association studies detect a part of the heritability, which can be attributed to common genetic variation. Examination of rare variants with next-generation sequencing may add to the understanding of the genetic architecture of SMI. METHODS We analyzed 32 ill subjects from eight multiplex families and 33 healthy individuals using whole-exome sequencing. Prioritized variants were selected by a three-step filtering process, which included: deleteriousness by five in silico algorithms; sharing within families by affected individuals; rarity in South Asian sample estimated using the Exome Aggregation Consortium data; and complete absence of these variants in control individuals from the same gene pool. RESULTS We identified 42 rare, non-synonymous deleterious variants (~5 per pedigree) in this study. None of the variants were shared across families, indicating a 'private' mutational profile. Twenty (47.6%) of the variant harboring genes were previously reported to contribute to the risk of diverse neuropsychiatric syndromes, nine (21.4%) of which were of Mendelian inheritance. These included genes carrying novel deleterious variants, such as the GRM1 gene implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia 44 and the NIPBL gene implicated in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. CONCLUSION Next-generation sequencing approaches in family-based studies are useful to identify novel and rare variants in genes for complex disorders like SMI. The findings of the study suggest a potential phenotypic burden of rare variants in Mendelian disease genes, indicating pleiotropic effects in the etiology of SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Ganesh
- Department of PsychiatryNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruIndia
- Department of Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Neuropharmacology Research Group at YaleYale UniversityConnecticutUSA
| | | | - Ravi K. Nadella
- Department of PsychiatryNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruIndia
| | - Ravi P. More
- National Centre for Biological SciencesBengaluruIndia
| | - Manasa Seshadri
- Department of PsychiatryNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruIndia
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of PsychiatryNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruIndia
| | - Mahendra Rao
- Centre for Brain Development and RepairInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineBengaluruIndia
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of PsychiatryNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruIndia
| | - Odity Mukherjee
- Centre for Brain Development and RepairInstitute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineBengaluruIndia
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Maaser A, Forstner AJ, Strohmaier J, Hecker J, Ludwig KU, Sivalingam S, Streit F, Degenhardt F, Witt SH, Reinbold CS, Koller AC, Raff R, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Fischer SB, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Löhlein Fier H, Orozco-Díaz G, Carmenate-Naranjo D, Proenza-Barzaga N, Auburger GWJ, Andlauer TFM, Cichon S, Marcheco-Teruel B, Mors O, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM. Exome sequencing in large, multiplex bipolar disorder families from Cuba. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205895. [PMID: 30379966 PMCID: PMC6209204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major psychiatric illness affecting around 1% of the global population. BD is characterized by recurrent manic and depressive episodes, and has an estimated heritability of around 70%. Research has identified the first BD susceptibility genes. However, the underlying pathways and regulatory networks remain largely unknown. Research suggests that the cumulative impact of common alleles with small effects explains only around 25-38% of the phenotypic variance for BD. A plausible hypothesis therefore is that rare, high penetrance variants may contribute to BD risk. The present study investigated the role of rare, nonsynonymous, and potentially functional variants via whole exome sequencing in 15 BD cases from two large, multiply affected families from Cuba. The high prevalence of BD in these pedigrees renders them promising in terms of the identification of genetic risk variants with large effect sizes. In addition, SNP array data were used to calculate polygenic risk scores for affected and unaffected family members. After correction for multiple testing, no significant increase in polygenic risk scores for common, BD-associated genetic variants was found in BD cases compared to healthy relatives. Exome sequencing identified a total of 17 rare and potentially damaging variants in 17 genes. The identified variants were shared by all investigated BD cases in the respective pedigree. The most promising variant was located in the gene SERPING1 (p.L349F), which has been reported previously as a genome-wide significant risk gene for schizophrenia. The present data suggest novel candidate genes for BD susceptibility, and may facilitate the discovery of disease-relevant pathways and regulatory networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julian Hecker
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kerstin U. Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sugirthan Sivalingam
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Céline S. Reinbold
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna C. Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruth Raff
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sascha B. Fischer
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heide Löhlein Fier
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Till F. M. Andlauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Bu F, Zhang Y, Wang K, Borsa NG, Jones MB, Taylor AO, Takanami E, Meyer NC, Frees K, Thomas CP, Nester C, Smith RJH. Genetic Analysis of 400 Patients Refines Understanding and Implicates a New Gene in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2809-2819. [PMID: 30377230 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in complement genes is a predisposing factor for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), a life-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy, however interpreting the effects of genetic variants is challenging and often ambiguous. METHODS We analyzed 93 complement and coagulation genes in 400 patients with aHUS, using as controls 600 healthy individuals from Iowa and 63,345 non-Finnish European individuals from the Genome Aggregation Database. After adjusting for population stratification, we then applied the Fisher exact, modified Poisson exact, and optimal unified sequence kernel association tests to assess gene-based variant burden. We also applied a sliding-window analysis to define the frequency range over which variant burden was significant. RESULTS We found that patients with aHUS are enriched for ultrarare coding variants in the CFH, C3, CD46, CFI, DGKE, and VTN genes. The majority of the significance is contributed by variants with a minor allele frequency of <0.1%. Disease-related variants tend to occur in specific complement protein domains of FH, CD46, and C3. We observed no enrichment for multiple rare coding variants in gene-gene combinations. CONCLUSIONS In known aHUS-associated genes, variants with a minor allele frequency >0.1% should not be considered pathogenic unless valid enrichment and/or functional evidence are available. VTN, which encodes vitronectin, an inhibitor of the terminal complement pathway, is implicated as a novel aHUS-associated gene. Patients with aHUS are not enriched for multiple rare variants in complement genes. In aggregate, these data may help in directing clinical management of aHUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiao Bu
- Medical Genetics Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China; and.,Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories
| | - Yuzhou Zhang
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories
| | | | | | | | | | - Erika Takanami
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories
| | - Nicole C Meyer
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories
| | - Kathy Frees
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories
| | - Christie P Thomas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and
| | - Carla Nester
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Khlghatyan J, Beaulieu JM. Are FXR Family Proteins Integrators of Dopamine Signaling and Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Mental Illnesses? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:22. [PMID: 30087606 PMCID: PMC6066532 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptors and related signaling pathways have long been implicated in pathophysiology and treatment of mental illnesses, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Dopamine signaling may impact neuronal activity by modulation of glutamate neurotransmission. Recent evidence indicates a direct and/or indirect involvement of fragile X-related family proteins (FXR) in the regulation and mediation of dopamine receptor functions. FXRs consists of fragile X mental retardation protein 1 (Fmr1/FMRP) and its autosomal homologs Fxr1 and Fxr2. These RNA-binding proteins are enriched in the brain. Loss of function mutation in human FMR1 is the major genetic contributor to Fragile X mental retardation syndrome. Therefore, the role of FXR proteins has mostly been studied in the context of autism spectrum disorders. However, recent genome-wide association studies have linked this family to schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and mood regulation pointing toward a broader involvement in mental illnesses. FXR family proteins play an important role in the regulation of glutamate-mediated neuronal activity and plasticity. Here, we discuss the brain-specific functions of FXR family proteins by focusing on the regulation of dopamine receptor functions, ionotropic glutamate receptors-mediated synaptic plasticity and contribution to mental illnesses. Based on recent evidence, we propose that FXR proteins are potential integrators of dopamine signaling and ionotropic glutamate transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jivan Khlghatyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Toma C, Shaw AD, Allcock RJN, Heath A, Pierce KD, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR, Fullerton JM. An examination of multiple classes of rare variants in extended families with bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:65. [PMID: 29531218 PMCID: PMC5847564 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric condition with high heritability, the genetic architecture of which likely comprises both common variants of small effect and rare variants of higher penetrance, the latter of which are largely unknown. Extended families with high density of illness provide an opportunity to map novel risk genes or consolidate evidence for existing candidates, by identifying genes carrying pathogenic rare variants. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 15 BD families (117 subjects, of whom 72 were affected), augmented with copy number variant (CNV) microarray data, to examine contributions of multiple classes of rare genetic variants within a familial context. Linkage analysis and haplotype reconstruction using WES-derived genotypes enabled exclusion of false-positive single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), CNV inheritance estimation, de novo variant identification and candidate gene prioritization. We found that rare predicted pathogenic variants shared among ≥3 affected relatives were overrepresented in postsynaptic density (PSD) genes (P = 0.002), with no enrichment in unaffected relatives. Genome-wide burden of likely gene-disruptive variants was no different in affected vs. unaffected relatives (P = 0.24), but correlated significantly with age of onset (P = 0.017), suggesting that a high disruptive variant burden may expedite symptom onset. The number of de novo variants was no different in affected vs. unaffected offspring (P = 0.89). We observed heterogeneity within and between families, with the most likely genetic model involving alleles of modest effect and reduced penetrance: a possible exception being a truncating X-linked mutation in IRS4 within a family-specific linkage peak. Genetic approaches combining WES, CNV and linkage analyses in extended families are promising strategies for gene discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Toma
- 0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alex D. Shaw
- 0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J. N. Allcock
- 0000 0004 1936 7910grid.1012.2School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna Heath
- 0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kerrie D. Pierce
- 0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip B. Mitchell
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia ,grid.415193.bBlack Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- 0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janice M. Fullerton
- 0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Lin CY, Chang KW, Lin CY, Wu JY, Coon H, Huang PH, Ho HN, Akbarian S, Gau SSF, Huang HS. Allele-specific expression in a family quartet with autism reveals mono-to-biallelic switch and novel transcriptional processes of autism susceptibility genes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4277. [PMID: 29523860 PMCID: PMC5844893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, and the exact causal mechanism is unknown. Dysregulated allele-specific expression (ASE) has been identified in persons with ASD; however, a comprehensive analysis of ASE has not been conducted in a family quartet with ASD. To fill this gap, we analyzed ASE using genomic DNA from parent and offspring and RNA from offspring's postmortem prefrontal cortex (PFC); one of the two offspring had been diagnosed with ASD. DNA- and RNA-sequencing revealed distinct ASE patterns from the PFC of both offspring. However, only the PFC of the offspring with ASD exhibited a mono-to-biallelic switch for LRP2BP and ZNF407. We also identified a novel site of RNA-editing in KMT2C in addition to new monoallelically-expressed genes and miRNAs. Our results demonstrate the prevalence of ASE in human PFC and ASE abnormalities in the PFC of a person with ASD. Taken together, these findings may provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong-He Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ying Wu
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Pei-Hsin Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Sung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Neurodevelopment Club in Taiwan, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
Bipolar disease (BD) is one of the major public health burdens worldwide and more people are affected every year. Comprehensive genetic studies have associated thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with BD risk; yet, very little is known about their functional roles. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are powerful tools for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype in disease-relevant tissues and cell types. Neural cells generated from BD-specific iPSCs are thought to capture associated genetic risk factors, known and unknown, and to allow the analysis of their effects on cellular and molecular phenotypes. Interestingly, an increasing number of studies on BD-derived iPSCs report distinct alterations in neural patterning, postmitotic calcium signaling, and neuronal excitability. Importantly, these alterations are partly normalized by lithium, a first line treatment in BD. In light of these exciting findings, we discuss current challenges to the field of iPSC-based disease modelling and future steps to be taken in order to fully exploit the potential of this approach for the investigation of BD and the development of new therapies.
Collapse
|
65
|
DIXDC1 contributes to psychiatric susceptibility by regulating dendritic spine and glutamatergic synapse density via GSK3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:467-475. [PMID: 27752079 PMCID: PMC5395363 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking DIX domain containing-1 (DIXDC1), an intracellular Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway protein, have abnormal measures of anxiety, depression and social behavior. Pyramidal neurons in these animals' brains have reduced dendritic spines and glutamatergic synapses. Treatment with lithium or a glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitor corrects behavioral and neurodevelopmental phenotypes in these animals. Analysis of DIXDC1 in over 9000 cases of autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia reveals higher rates of rare inherited sequence-disrupting single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in these individuals compared with psychiatrically unaffected controls. Many of these SNVs alter Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity of the neurally predominant DIXDC1 isoform; a subset that hyperactivate this pathway cause dominant neurodevelopmental effects. We propose that rare missense SNVs in DIXDC1 contribute to psychiatric pathogenesis by reducing spine and glutamatergic synapse density downstream of GSK3 in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
|
66
|
Harrison PJ, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM. The Emerging Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:18-30. [PMID: 29169634 PMCID: PMC5755726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a leading cause of global disability. Its biological basis is unknown, and its treatment unsatisfactory. Here, we review two recent areas of progress. First, the discovery of risk genes and their implications, with a focus on voltage-gated calcium channels as part of the disease process and as a drug target. Second, facilitated by new technologies, it is increasingly apparent that the bipolar phenotype is more complex and nuanced than simply one of recurring manic and depressive episodes. One such feature is persistent mood instability, and efforts are underway to understand its mechanisms and its therapeutic potential. BD illustrates how psychiatry is being transformed by contemporary neuroscience, genomics, and digital approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - John R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Hansen RD, Christensen AF, Olesen J. Family studies to find rare high risk variants in migraine. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:32. [PMID: 28255817 PMCID: PMC5334193 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine has long been known as a common complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. The pathophysiology and the specific genetic susceptibility are poorly understood. Common variants only explain a small part of the heritability of migraine. It is thought that rare genetic variants with bigger effect size may be involved in the disease. Since migraine has a tendency to cluster in families, a family approach might be the way to find these variants. This is also indicated by identification of migraine-associated loci in classical linkage-analyses in migraine families. A single migraine study using a candidate-gene approach was performed in 2010 identifying a rare mutation in the TRESK potassium channel segregating in a large family with migraine with aura, but this finding has later become questioned. The technologies of next-generation sequencing (NGS) now provides an affordable tool to investigate the genetic variation in the entire exome or genome. The family-based study design using NGS is described in this paper. We also review family studies using NGS that have been successful in finding rare variants in other common complex diseases in order to argue the promising application of a family approach to migraine. METHOD PubMed was searched to find studies that looked for rare genetic variants in common complex diseases through a family-based design using NGS, excluding studies looking for de-novo mutations, or using a candidate-gene approach and studies on cancer. All issues from Nature Genetics and PLOS genetics 2014, 2015 and 2016 (UTAI June) were screened for relevant papers. Reference lists from included and other relevant papers were also searched. For the description of the family-based study design using NGS an in-house protocol was used. RESULTS Thirty-two successful studies, which covered 16 different common complex diseases, were included in this paper. We also found a single migraine study. Twenty-three studies found one or a few family specific variants (less than five), while other studies found several possible variants. Not all of them were genome wide significant. Four studies performed follow-up analyses in unrelated cases and controls and calculated odds ratios that supported an association between detected variants and risk of disease. Studies of 11 diseases identified rare variants that segregated fully or to a large degree with the disease in the pedigrees. CONCLUSION It is possible to find rare high risk variants for common complex diseases through a family-based approach. One study using a family approach and NGS to find rare variants in migraine has already been published but with strong limitations. More studies are under way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Dyhr Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Anne Francke Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Next-generation sequencing of patients with congenital anosmia. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1377-1387. [PMID: 29255181 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed whole exome or genome sequencing in eight multiply affected families with ostensibly isolated congenital anosmia. Hypothesis-free analyses based on the assumption of fully penetrant recessive/dominant/X-linked models obtained no strong single candidate variant in any of these families. In total, these eight families showed 548 rare segregating variants that were predicted to be damaging, in 510 genes. Three Kallmann syndrome genes (FGFR1, SEMA3A, and CHD7) were identified. We performed permutation-based analysis to test for overall enrichment of these 510 genes carrying these 548 variants with genes mutated in Kallmann syndrome and with a control set of genes mutated in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism without anosmia. The variants were found to be enriched for Kallmann syndrome genes (3 observed vs. 0.398 expected, p = 0.007), but not for the second set of genes. Among these three variants, two have been already reported in genes related to syndromic anosmia (FGFR1 (p.(R250W)), CHD7 (p.(L2806V))) and one was novel (SEMA3A (p.(T717I))). To replicate these findings, we performed targeted sequencing of 16 genes involved in Kallmann syndrome and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in 29 additional families, mostly singletons. This yielded an additional 6 variants in 5 Kallmann syndrome genes (PROKR2, SEMA3A, CHD7, PROK2, ANOS1), two of them already reported to cause Kallmann syndrome. In all, our study suggests involvement of 6 syndromic Kallmann genes in isolated anosmia. Further, we report a yet unreported appearance of di-genic inheritance in a family with congenital isolated anosmia. These results are consistent with a complex molecular basis of congenital anosmia.
Collapse
|
69
|
Dudbridge F, Brown SJ, Ward L, Wilson SG, Walsh JP. How many cases of disease in a pedigree imply familial disease? Ann Hum Genet 2017; 82:109-113. [PMID: 29058319 PMCID: PMC5813157 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to perform whole-exome and, increasingly, whole-genome sequencing on large numbers of individuals has led to increased efforts to identify rare genetic variants that affect the risk of both common and rare diseases. In such applications, it is important to identify families that are segregating the rare variants of interest. For rare diseases or rare familial forms of common diseases, pedigrees with multiple affected members are clearly harbouring risk variants. For more common diseases, however, it may be unclear whether a family with a few affected members is segregating a familial disease, is the result of multiple sporadic cases, or is a mixture of familial cases and phenocopies. We provide calculations for the probability that a family is harbouring familial disease, presented in general terms that admit working guidelines for selecting families for current sequencing studies. Using examples motivated by our own studies of thyroid cancer and published studies of colorectal cancer, we show that for common diseases, families with exactly two affected first-degree relatives have only a moderate probability of segregating familial disease, but this probability is higher for families with three or more affected relatives, and those families should therefore be prioritised in sequencing studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Suzanne J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Lynley Ward
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Qi Y, Zheng Y, Li Z, Xiong L. Progress in Genetic Studies of Tourette's Syndrome. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E134. [PMID: 29053637 PMCID: PMC5664061 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is a complex disorder characterized by repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements or vocalizations, called tics. Tics usually appear in childhood, and their severity varies over time. In addition to frequent tics, people with TS are at risk for associated problems including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, depression, and problems with sleep. TS occurs in most populations and ethnic groups worldwide, and it is more common in males than in females. Previous family and twin studies have shown that the majority of cases of TS are inherited. TS was previously thought to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. However, several decades of research have shown that this is unlikely the case. Instead TS most likely results from a variety of genetic and environmental factors, not changes in a single gene. In the past decade, there has been a rapid development of innovative genetic technologies and methodologies, as well as significant progresses in genetic studies of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we will briefly summarize previous genetic epidemiological studies of TS and related disorders. We will also review previous genetic studies based on genome-wide linkage analyses and candidate gene association studies to comment on problems of previous methodological and strategic issues. Our main purpose for this review will be to summarize the new genetic discoveries of TS based on novel genetic methods and strategies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs), whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We will also compare the new genetic discoveries of TS with other major psychiatric disorders in order to understand the current status of TS genetics and its relationship with other psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qi
- Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China.
- Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Zhanjiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China.
- Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Lan Xiong
- Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Département de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Pappas AL, Bey AL, Wang X, Rossi M, Kim YH, Yan H, Porkka F, Duffney LJ, Phillips SM, Cao X, Ding JD, Rodriguiz RM, Yin HH, Weinberg RJ, Ji RR, Wetsel WC, Jiang YH. Deficiency of Shank2 causes mania-like behavior that responds to mood stabilizers. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92052. [PMID: 29046483 PMCID: PMC5846902 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects in the synaptic scaffolding protein gene, SHANK2, are linked to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, and bipolar disorder, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the pleotropic effects of SHANK2 mutations are poorly understood. We generated and characterized a line of Shank2 mutant mice by deleting exon 24 (Δe24). Shank2Δe24-/- mice engage in significantly increased locomotor activity, display abnormal reward-seeking behavior, are anhedonic, have perturbations in circadian rhythms, and show deficits in social and cognitive behaviors. While these phenotypes recapitulate the pleotropic behaviors associated with human SHANK2-related disorders, major behavioral features in these mice are reminiscent of bipolar disorder. For instance, their hyperactivity was augmented with amphetamine but was normalized with the mood stabilizers lithium and valproate. Shank2 deficiency limited to the forebrain recapitulated the bipolar mania phenotype. The composition and functions of NMDA and AMPA receptors were altered at Shank2-deficient synapses, hinting toward the mechanism underlying these behavioral abnormalities. Human genetic findings support construct validity, and the behavioral features in Shank2 Δe24 mice support face and predictive validities of this model for bipolar mania. Further genetic studies to understand the contribution of SHANK2 deficiencies in bipolar disorder are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Pappas
- Department of Neurobiology
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fiona Porkka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jin-dong Ding
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ramona M. Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henry H. Yin
- Department of Neurobiology
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
| | - Richard J. Weinberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Neurobiology
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program
- Department of Anesthesiology, and
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Department of Neurobiology
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology
- Duke Institute of Brain Science, and
| | - Yong-hui Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program
- Department of Pediatrics
- Duke Institute of Brain Science, and
- Genomics and Genetics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
The idea that disturbances occurring early in brain development contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, often referred to as the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, has become widely accepted. Despite this, the disorder is viewed as being distinct nosologically, and by implication pathophysiologically and clinically, from syndromes such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and intellectual disability, which typically present in childhood and are grouped together as "neurodevelopmental disorders". An alternative view is that neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, rather than being etiologically discrete entities, are better conceptualized as lying on an etiological and neurodevelopmental continuum, with the major clinical syndromes reflecting the severity, timing and predominant pattern of abnormal brain development and resulting functional abnormalities. It has also been suggested that, within the neurodevelopmental continuum, severe mental illnesses occupy a gradient of decreasing neurodevelopmental impairment as follows: intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Recent genomic studies have identified large numbers of specific risk DNA changes and offer a direct and robust test of the predictions of the neurodevelopmental continuum model and gradient hypothesis. These findings are reviewed in detail. They not only support the view that schizophrenia is a disorder whose origins lie in disturbances of brain development, but also that it shares genetic risk and pathogenic mechanisms with the early onset neurodevelopmental disorders (intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and ADHD). They also support the idea that these disorders lie on a gradient of severity, implying that they differ to some extent quantitatively as well as qualitatively. These findings have important implications for nosology, clinical practice and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Managò F, Papaleo F. Schizophrenia: What's Arc Got to Do with It? Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:181. [PMID: 28979198 PMCID: PMC5611489 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies of schizophrenia are now reporting a previously unidentified genetic convergence on postsynaptic signaling complexes such as the activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated (Arc) gene. However, because this evidence is still very recent, the neurobiological implication of Arc in schizophrenia is still scattered and unrecognized. Here, we first review current and developing findings connecting Arc in schizophrenia. We then highlight recent and previous findings from preclinical mouse models that elucidate how Arc genetic modifications might recapitulate schizophrenia-relevant behavioral phenotypes following the novel Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. Building on this, we finally compare and evaluate several lines of evidence demonstrating that Arc genetics can alter both glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems in a very selective way, again consistent with molecular alterations characteristic of schizophrenia. Despite being only initial, accumulating and compelling data are showing that Arc might be one of the primary biological players in schizophrenia. Synaptic plasticity alterations in the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders might be a rule, not an exception. Thus, we anticipate that additional evidence will soon emerge to clarify the Arc-dependent mechanisms involved in the psychiatric-related dysfunctional behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Managò
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Rao AR, Yourshaw M, Christensen B, Nelson SF, Kerner B. Rare deleterious mutations are associated with disease in bipolar disorder families. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1009-1014. [PMID: 27725659 PMCID: PMC5388596 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common, complex and heritable psychiatric disorder characterized by episodes of severe mood swings. The identification of rare, damaging genomic mutations in families with BD could inform about disease mechanisms and lead to new therapeutic interventions. To determine whether rare, damaging mutations shared identity-by-descent in families with BD could be associated with disease, exome sequencing was performed in multigenerational families of the NIMH BD Family Study followed by in silico functional prediction. Disease association and disease specificity was determined using 5090 exomes from the Sweden-Schizophrenia (SZ) Population-Based Case-Control Exome Sequencing study. We identified 14 rare and likely deleterious mutations in 14 genes that were shared identity-by-descent among affected family members. The variants were associated with BD (P<0.05 after Bonferroni's correction) and disease specificity was supported by the absence of the mutations in patients with SZ. In addition, we found rare, functional mutations in known causal genes for neuropsychiatric disorders including holoprosencephaly and epilepsy. Our results demonstrate that exome sequencing in multigenerational families with BD is effective in identifying rare genomic variants of potential clinical relevance and also disease modifiers related to coexisting medical conditions. Replication of our results and experimental validation are required before disease causation could be assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliz R Rao
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Yourshaw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Berit Kerner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Abstract
Human genetic studies have been the driving force in bringing to light the underlying biology of psychiatric conditions. As these studies fill in the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms at play, we will be better equipped to design therapies in rational and targeted ways, or repurpose existing therapies in previously unanticipated ways. This review is intended for those unfamiliar with psychiatric genetics as a field and provides a primer on different modes of genetic variation, the technologies currently used to probe them, and concepts that provide context for interpreting the gene-phenotype relationship. Like other subfields in human genetics, psychiatric genetics is moving from microarray technology to sequencing-based approaches as barriers of cost and expertise are removed, and the ramifications of this transition are discussed here. A summary is then given of recent genetic discoveries in a number of neuropsychiatric conditions, with particular emphasis on neurodevelopmental conditions. The general impact of genetics on drug development has been to underscore the extensive etiological heterogeneity in seemingly cohesive diagnostic categories. Consequently, the path forward is not in therapies hoping to reach large swaths of patients sharing a clinically defined diagnosis, but rather in targeting patients belonging to specific "biotypes" defined through a combination of objective, quantifiable data, including genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Michaelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Genetics Cluster Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- The DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- University of Iowa Informatics Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Wang MH, Chang B, Sun R, Hu I, Xia X, Wu WKK, Chong KC, Zee BCY. Stratified polygenic risk prediction model with application to CAGI bipolar disorder sequencing data. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:1235-1239. [PMID: 28419606 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic data consists of a wide range of marker types, including common, low-frequency, and rare variants. Multiple genetic markers and their interactions play central roles in the heritability of complex disease. In this study, we propose an algorithm that uses a stratified variable selection design by genetic architectures and interaction effects, achieved by a dataset-adaptive W-test. The polygenic sets in all strata were integrated to form a classification rule. The algorithm was applied to the Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation 4 bipolar challenge sequencing data. The prediction accuracy was 60% using genetic markers on an independent test set. We found that epistasis among common genetic variants contributed most substantially to prediction precision. However, the sample size was not large enough to draw conclusions for the lack of predictability of low-frequency variants and their epistasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Haitian Wang
- Division of Biostatistics and Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Billy Chang
- Division of Biostatistics and Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Biostatistics and Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Inchi Hu
- ISOM Department and Biomedical Engineering Division, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xia
- Division of Biostatistics and Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaethesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- Division of Biostatistics and Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benny Chung-Ying Zee
- Division of Biostatistics and Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Budde M, Forstner AJ, Adorjan K, Schaupp SK, Nöthen MM, Schulze TG. Genetische Grundlagen der bipolaren Störung. DER NERVENARZT 2017; 88:755-759. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-017-0336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
78
|
Greenwood TA. Positive Traits in the Bipolar Spectrum: The Space between Madness and Genius. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 2:198-212. [PMID: 28277566 PMCID: PMC5318923 DOI: 10.1159/000452416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe, lifelong mood disorder for which little is currently understood of the genetic mechanisms underlying risk. By examining related dimensional phenotypes, we may further our understanding of the disorder. Creativity has a historical connection with the bipolar spectrum and is particularly enhanced among unaffected first-degree relatives and those with bipolar spectrum traits. This suggests that some aspects of the bipolar spectrum may confer advantages, while more severe expressions of symptoms negatively influence creative accomplishment. Creativity is a complex, multidimensional construct with both cognitive and affective components, many of which appear to reflect a shared genetic vulnerability with bipolar disorder. It is suggested that a subset of bipolar risk variants confer advantages as positive traits according to an inverted-U-shaped curve with clinically unaffected allele carriers benefitting from the positive traits and serving to maintain the risk alleles in the population. The association of risk genes with creativity in healthy individuals (e.g., NRG1), as well as an overall sharing of common genetic variation between bipolar patients and creative individuals, provides support for this model. Current findings are summarized from a multidisciplinary perspective to demonstrate the feasibility of research in this area to reveal the mechanisms underlying illness.
Collapse
|
79
|
Mulligan KA, Cheyette BNR. Neurodevelopmental Perspectives on Wnt Signaling in Psychiatry. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 2:219-246. [PMID: 28277568 DOI: 10.1159/000453266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that Wnt signaling is relevant to pathophysiology of diverse mental illnesses including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. In the 35 years since Wnt ligands were first described, animal studies have richly explored how downstream Wnt signaling pathways affect an array of neurodevelopmental processes and how their disruption can lead to both neurological and behavioral phenotypes. Recently, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) models have begun to contribute to this literature while pushing it in increasingly translational directions. Simultaneously, large-scale human genomic studies are providing evidence that sequence variation in Wnt signal pathway genes contributes to pathogenesis in several psychiatric disorders. This article reviews neurodevelopmental and postneurodevelopmental functions of Wnt signaling, highlighting mechanisms, whereby its disruption might contribute to psychiatric illness, and then reviews the most reliable recent genetic evidence supporting that mutations in Wnt pathway genes contribute to psychiatric illness. We are proponents of the notion that studies in animal and hiPSC models informed by the human genetic data combined with the deep knowledge base and tool kits generated over the last several decades of basic neurodevelopmental research will yield near-term tangible advances in neuropsychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Mulligan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin N R Cheyette
- Department of Psychiatry, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Abu-Akel A, Clark J, Perry A, Wood SJ, Forty L, Craddock N, Jones I, Gordon-Smith K, Jones L. Autistic and schizotypal traits and global functioning in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:268-275. [PMID: 27736738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of autistic and positive schizotypal traits in a large sample of adults with bipolar I disorder (BD I), and the effect of co-occurring autistic and positive schizotypal traits on global functioning in BD I. METHOD Autistic and positive schizotypal traits were self-assessed in 797 individuals with BD-I recruited by the Bipolar Disorder Research Network. Differences in global functioning (rated using the Global Assessment Scale) during lifetime worst depressive and manic episodes (GASD and GASM respectively) were calculated in groups with high/low autistic and positive schizotypal traits. Regression analyses assessed the interactive effect of autistic and positive schizotypal traits on global functioning. RESULTS 47.2% (CI=43.7-50.7%) showed clinically significant levels of autistic traits, and 23.22% (95% CI=20.29-26.14) showed clinically significant levels of positive schizotypal traits. In the worst episode of mania, the high autistic, high positive schizotypal group had better global functioning compared to the other groups. Individual differences analyses showed that high levels of both traits were associated with better global functioning in both mood states. LIMITATIONS Autistic and schizotypal traits were assessed using self-rated questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS Expression of autistic and schizotypal traits in adults with BD I is prevalent, and may be important to predict illness aetiology, prognosis, and diagnostic practices in this population. Future work should focus on replicating these findings in independent samples, and on the biological and/or psychosocial mechanisms underlying better global functioning in those who have high levels of both autistic and positive schizotypal traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abu-Akel
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Clark
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Perry
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liz Forty
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Craddock
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Jones
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Gordon-Smith
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|