51
|
Secher T, Berezin V, Bock E, Glenthøj B. Effect of an NCAM mimetic peptide FGL on impairment in spatial learning and memory after neonatal phencyclidine treatment in rats. Behav Brain Res 2008; 199:288-97. [PMID: 19133297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The FGL peptide is a neural cell adhesion molecule-derived fibroblast growth factor receptor agonist. FGL has both neurotrophic and memory enhancing properties. Neonatal phencyclidine (PCP) treatment on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11 has been shown to result in long-lasting behavioral abnormalities, including cognitive impairment relevant to schizophrenia. The present study investigated the effect of FGL on spatial learning and memory deficits induced by neonatal PCP treatment. Rat pups were treated with 30 mg/kg PCP on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11. Additionally, the rats were subjected to a chronic FGL treatment regimen where FGL was administered throughout development. Rats were tested as adults for spatial reference memory, reversal learning, and working memory in the Morris water maze. The PCP-treated rats demonstrated a robust impairment in working memory and reversal learning. However, the long-term memory component of the reference memory task was not affected by PCP. Chronic FGL treatment had no effect on the reversal learning impairment but ameliorated the working memory deficits almost to the levels of the control groups. In conclusion, the results suggest that the neonatal PCP treatment produced deficits in cognition relevant to schizophrenia. Moreover, working memory function was selectively protected by the neurotrophic peptide, FGL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Secher
- Protein Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Wakabayashi Y, Uchida S, Funato H, Matsubara T, Watanuki T, Otsuki K, Fujimoto M, Nishida A, Watanabe Y. State-dependent changes in the expression levels of NCAM-140 and L1 in the peripheral blood cells of bipolar disorders, but not in the major depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1199-205. [PMID: 18430502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent postmortem brain and imaging studies provide evidence for disturbances of structural and synaptic plasticity in patients with mood disorders. Several lines of evidence suggest that the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) and L1, play important roles in both structural and synaptic plasticity. Although postmortem brain studies have indicated altered expression levels of NCAM and L1, it is still unclear whether these changes are state- or trait-dependent. In this study, the mRNA levels for various CAMs, including NCAM and L1, were measured using quantitative real-time PCR in peripheral blood cells of major depressive disorder patients, bipolar disorder patients and normal healthy subjects. Reduced expression levels of NCAM-140 mRNA were observed in bipolar disorder patients in a current depressive state. In contrast, L1 mRNA levels were increased in bipolar disorder patients in a current depressive state. NCAM-140 and L1 mRNA levels were not changed in bipolar disorder patients in a remissive state, or in major depressive disorder patients. In addition, there were no significant changes in the expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule -1, vascular cell adhesion molecule -1, E-cadherin, or integrin alphaD among healthy controls, major depressive or bipolar disorder patients. Our results suggest that the reciprocal alteration in the expression of NCAM-140 and L1 mRNAs could be state-dependent and associated with the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Wakabayashi
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Secher
- Protein Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Popov VI, Medvedev NI, Kraev IV, Gabbott PL, Davies HA, Lynch M, Cowley TR, Berezin V, Bock E, Stewart MG. A cell adhesion molecule mimetic, FGL peptide, induces alterations in synapse and dendritic spine structure in the dentate gyrus of aged rats: a three-dimensional ultrastructural study. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:301-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.06004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
55
|
Brennaman LH, Maness PF. Developmental regulation of GABAergic interneuron branching and synaptic development in the prefrontal cortex by soluble neural cell adhesion molecule. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 37:781-93. [PMID: 18289872 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, is an important regulator of neuronal process outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Transgenic mice that overexpress the soluble NCAM extracellular domain (NCAM-EC) have reduced GABAergic inhibitory and excitatory synapses, and altered behavioral phenotypes. Here, we examined the role of dysregulated NCAM shedding, modeled by overexpression of NCAM-EC, on development of GABAergic basket interneurons in the prefrontal cortex. NCAM-EC overexpression disrupted arborization of basket cells during the major period of axon/dendrite growth, resulting in decreased numbers of GAD65- and synaptophysin-positive perisomatic synapses. NCAM-EC transgenic protein interfered with interneuron branching during early postnatal stages when endogenous polysialylated (PSA) NCAM was converted to non-PSA isoforms. In cortical neuron cultures, soluble NCAM-EC acted as a dominant inhibitor of NCAM-dependent neurite branching and outgrowth. These findings suggested that excess soluble NCAM-EC reduces perisomatic innervation of cortical neurons by perturbing axonal/dendritic branching during cortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leann Hinkle Brennaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Silvio Conte Center for Schizophrenia Research, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Hildebrandt H, Mühlenhoff M, Weinhold B, Gerardy-Schahn R. Dissecting polysialic acid and NCAM functions in brain development. J Neurochem 2008; 103 Suppl 1:56-64. [PMID: 17986140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The unique modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by polysialic acid (polySia) is tightly associated with nervous system development and plasticity. The prevailing view that this large carbohydrate polymer acts as an anti-adhesive factor seems straightforward at first sight. However, during almost 25 years of polySia research it became increasingly clear that the impact of polySia on cell surface interactions can not be explained by one unifying mechanism. Recent progress in the generation of mouse models, which partially or completely lack polySia due to ablation of one or both of the two polySia synthesizing enzymes, provides novel insights into the function of this unique post-translational modification. The present review is focused on a phenotype comparison between the newly established mouse strains which combine polySia-deficiency with normal NCAM expression and the well-characterized NCAM negative mouse model. Analysis of shared and individual phenotypes allows a clear distinction between NCAM and polySia functions and revealed that polySia plays a vital role as a specific control element of NCAM-mediated interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Hildebrandt
- Zelluläre Chemie, Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Tsoory M, Guterman A, Richter-Levin G. Exposure to stressors during juvenility disrupts development-related alterations in the PSA-NCAM to NCAM expression ratio: potential relevance for mood and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:378-93. [PMID: 17429411 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma is associated with higher rates of both mood and anxiety disorders in adulthood. The exposure of rats to stressors during juvenility has comparable effects, and was suggested as a model of induced predisposition for these disorders. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and its polysialylated form PSA-NCAM are critically involved in neural development, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and learning processes. We examined the effects of exposure to stressors during juvenility on coping with stressors in adulthood and on NCAM and PSA-NCAM expression within the rat limbic system both soon after the exposure and in adulthood. Exposure to stressors during juvenility reduced novel-setting exploration and impaired two-way shuttle avoidance learning in adulthood. Among naive rats, a development-related decrease of about 50% was evident in the PSA-NCAM to NCAM expression ratio in the basolateral amygdala, in the CA1 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus, and in the entorhinal cortex. In juvenile-stressed rats, we found no such decrease, but rather an increase in the polysialylation of NCAM ( approximately 50%), evident soon after the exposure to juvenile stress and also in adulthood. Our results suggest that exposure to stressors during juvenility alters the maturation of the limbic system, and potentially underlies the predisposition to exhibit stress-related symptoms in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tsoory
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Francavilla C, Loeffler S, Piccini D, Kren A, Christofori G, Cavallaro U. Neural cell adhesion molecule regulates the cellular response to fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:4388-94. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.010744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) mediates cell-cell adhesion and signaling in the nervous system, yet NCAM is also expressed in non-neural tissues, in which its function has in most parts remained elusive. We have previously reported that NCAM stimulates cell-matrix adhesion and neurite outgrowth by activating fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling. Here, we investigated whether the interplay between NCAM and FGFR has any impact on the response of FGFR to its classical ligands, FGFs. To this end, we employed two fibroblast cell lines, NCAM-negative L cells and NCAM-positive NIH-3T3 cells, in which the expression of NCAM was manipulated by means of transfection or RNAi technologies, respectively. The results demonstrate that NCAM expression reduces FGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation, cell proliferation and cell-matrix adhesion, in both L and NIH-3T3 cells. Furthermore, our data show that NCAM inhibits the binding of FGF to its high-affinity receptor in a competitive manner, providing the mechanisms for the NCAM-mediated suppression of FGF function. In this context, a small peptide that mimics the binding of NCAM to FGFR was sufficient to block FGF-dependent cell proliferation. These findings point to NCAM as being a major regulator of FGF-FGFR interaction, thus introducing a novel type of control mechanism for FGFR activity and opening new therapeutic perspectives for those diseases characterized by aberrant FGFR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniele Piccini
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, I-20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Angelika Kren
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, Center of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Christofori
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, Center of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ugo Cavallaro
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, I-20139 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Rizhova L, Klementiev B, Cambon K, Venero C, Sandi C, Vershinina E, Vaudano E, Berezin V, Bock E. Effects of P2, a peptide derived from a homophilic binding site in the neural cell adhesion molecule on learning and memory in rats. Neuroscience 2007; 149:931-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
60
|
Atz ME, Rollins B, Vawter MP. NCAM1 association study of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: polymorphisms and alternatively spliced isoforms lead to similarities and differences. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:55-67. [PMID: 17413444 PMCID: PMC2077086 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e328012d850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1) is a multifunction transmembrane protein involved in synaptic plasticity, neurodevelopment, and neurogenesis. Multiple NCAM1 proteins were differentially altered in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NCAM1 gene were significantly associated with bipolar disorder in the Japanese population. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia may share common vulnerability or susceptibility risk factors for shared features in each disorder. METHODS Both SNPs and splice variants in the NCAM1 gene were analysed in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. A case-control study design for association of SNPs and differential exon expression in the NCAM1 gene was used. RESULTS A genotypic association between bipolar disorder and SNP b (rs2303377 near mini-exon b) and a suggestive association between schizophrenia and SNP 9 (rs646558) were found. Three of the two marker haplotypes for SNP 9 and SNP b showed varying frequencies between bipolar and controls (P<0.0001) as well as between schizophrenia and controls (P<0.0001). There were nine NCAM1 transcripts present in postmortem brain samples that involve alternative splicing of NCAM1 mini-exons (a, b, c) and the secreted (SEC) exon. Significant differences in the amounts of four alternatively spliced isoforms were found between NCAM1 SNP genotypes. In exploratory analysis, the c-SEC alternative spliced isoform was significantly decreased in bipolar disorder compared to controls for NCAM1 SNP b heterozygotes (P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS Diverse NCAM1 transcripts were found with possibly different functions. The results suggest that SNPs within NCAM1 contribute differential risk for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia possibly by alternative splicing of the gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Atz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Maness PF, Schachner M. Neural recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily: signaling transducers of axon guidance and neuronal migration. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:19-26. [PMID: 17189949 DOI: 10.1038/nn1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily have important roles in neuronal interactions during ontogeny, including migration, survival, axon guidance and synaptic targeting. Their downstream signal transduction events specify whether a cell changes its place of residence or projects axons and dendrites to targets in the brain, allowing the construction of a dynamic neural network. A wealth of recent discoveries shows that cell adhesion molecules interact with attractant and repellent guidance receptors to control growth cone and cell motility in a coordinate fashion. We focus on the best-studied subclasses, the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM and the L1 family of adhesion molecules, which share important structural and functional features. We have chosen these paradigmatic molecules and their interactions with other recognition molecules as instructive for elucidating the mechanisms by which other recognition molecules may guide cell interactions during development or modify their function as a result of injury, learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Neuroscience Research Center, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Caramaschi D, de Boer SF, Koolhaas JM. Differential role of the 5-HT1A receptor in aggressive and non-aggressive mice: An across-strain comparison. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:590-601. [PMID: 17229445 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Differential role of the 5-HT(1A) receptor in aggressive and non-aggressive mice: an across-strain comparison. PHYSIOL BEHAV 00(0) 000-000, 2006. According to the serotonin (5-HT)-deficiency hypothesis of aggression, highly aggressive individuals are characterized by low brain 5-HT neurotransmission. Key regulatory mechanisms acting on the serotonergic neuron involve the activation of the somatodendritic inhibitory 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor (short feedback loop) and/or the activation of postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors expressed on neurons in cortico-limbic areas (long feedback loop). In this study, we examined whether low serotonin neurotransmission is associated with enhanced 5-HT(1A) (auto)receptor activity in highly aggressive animals. Male mice (SAL-LAL, TA-TNA, NC900-NC100) obtained through different artificial-selection breeding programs for aggression were observed in a resident-intruder test. The prefrontal cortex level of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA were determined by means of HPLC. The activity of the 5-HT(1A) receptors was assessed by means of the hypothermic response to the selective 5-HT(1A) agonists S-15535 (preferential autoreceptor agonist) and 8-OHDPAT (full pre- and postsynaptic receptor agonist). Highly aggressive mice had lower serotonin levels in the prefrontal cortex and two out of three aggressive strains had higher 5-HT(1A) (auto)receptor sensitivity. The results strengthen the validity of the serotonin-deficiency hypothesis of aggression and suggest that chronic exaggerated activity of the 5-HT(1A) receptor may be a causative link in the neural cascade of events leading to 5-HT hypofunction in aggressive individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doretta Caramaschi
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, University of Groningen, Haren, 9751 AA, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Sandi C, Bisaz R. A model for the involvement of neural cell adhesion molecules in stress-related mood disorders. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 85:158-76. [PMID: 17409734 DOI: 10.1159/000101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Critical interactions between genetic and environmental factors -- among which stress is one of the most potent non-genomic factors -- are involved in the development of mood disorders. Intensive work during the past decade has led to the proposal of the network hypothesis of depression [Castren E: Nat Rev Neurosci 2005;6:241-246]. In contrast to the earlier chemical hypothesis of depression that emphasized neurochemical imbalance as the cause of depression, the network hypothesis proposes that problems in information processing within relevant neural networks might underlie mood disorders. Clinical and preclinical evidence supporting this hypothesis are mainly based on observations from depressed patients and animal stress models indicating atrophy (with basic research pointing at structural remodeling and decreased neurogenesis as underlying mechanisms) and malfunctioning of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, as well as the ability of antidepressant treatments to have the opposite effects. A great research effort is devoted to identify the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the network effects of depression and antidepressant actions, with a great deal of evidence pointing at a key role of neurotrophins (notably the brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and other growth factors. In this review, we present evidence that implicates alterations in the levels of the neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily, NCAM and L1, among the mechanisms contributing to stress-related mood disorders and, potentially, in antidepressant action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandi
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Stoppel C, Albrecht A, Pape HC, Stork O. Genes and neurons: molecular insights to fear and anxiety. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 5 Suppl 2:34-47. [PMID: 16681799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental animal models provide an important tool for the identification of inheritable components of fear and anxiety. 'Pavlovian' fear conditioning has been tremendously successful to characterize the neuronal circuitry and cellular mechanisms of the formation, consolidation and extinction of fear memories. Here we summarize recent progress that has led to the identification of gene products contributing to such experience-dependent changes in fear and anxiety and may guide the search for genetic factors involved in the development and treatment of human anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Stoppel
- Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
van Gemert NG, van Riel E, Meijer OC, Fehr S, Schachner M, Joëls M. No effect of prolonged corticosterone over-exposure on NCAM, SGK1, and RGS4 mRNA expression in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2006; 1093:161-6. [PMID: 16677622 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged over-exposure of rats to corticosterone attenuates 5-HT(1A)-receptor-mediated responses in hippocampal CA1 cells through an unknown mechanism, not involving downregulation of 5-HT(1A) receptor expression. We here tested if corticosterone changes 5-HT(1A) receptor function indirectly, by altering hippocampal mRNA expression of NCAM, SGK1, or RGS4, which all modulate 5-HT(1A) receptor function. We found that the expression of none of these candidates was affected by corticosterone treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje G van Gemert
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroScience University of Amsterdam Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Plappert CF, Schachner M, Pilz PKD. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-/-) null mice show impaired sensitization of the startle response. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 5:46-52. [PMID: 16436188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays important roles in development of the nervous system and in synaptic plasticity and memory formation in the adult. The present study sought to further investigate the role of NCAM in learning by testing habituation and footshock sensitization learning of the startle response (SR) in NCAM null mutant (NCAM-/-) and wildtype littermate (NCAM+/+) mice. Whereas habituation is a form of non-associative learning, footshock sensitization is induced by rapid contextual fear conditioning. Habituation was tested by repetitive presentation of acoustic and tactile startle stimuli. Although NCAM-/- mice showed differences in sensitivity in both stimulus modalities, habituation learning was intact in NCAM-/- mice, suggesting that NCAM does not play a role in the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in the startle pathway. Footshock sensitization was elicited by presentation of electric footshocks between two series of acoustic stimuli. In contrast to habituation, footshock sensitization learning was attenuated in NCAM-/- mice: the acoustic SR increase after the footshocks was lower in the mutant than in wildtype mice, indicating that NCAM plays an important role in the relevant brain areas, such as amygdala and/or the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C F Plappert
- Universität Tübingen, Zoologisches Institut, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Pillai-Nair N, Panicker AK, Rodriguiz RM, Gilmore KL, Demyanenko GP, Huang JZ, Wetsel WC, Maness PF. Neural cell adhesion molecule-secreting transgenic mice display abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons and alterations in behavior. J Neurosci 2006; 25:4659-71. [PMID: 15872114 PMCID: PMC6725026 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0565-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular region of the transmembrane neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-EC) is shed as a soluble fragment at elevated levels in the schizophrenic brain. A novel transgenic mouse line was generated to identify consequences on cortical development and function of expressing soluble NCAM-EC from the neuron-specific enolase promoter in the developing and mature neocortex and hippocampus. NCAM-EC transgenic mice exhibited a striking reduction in synaptic puncta of GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate, frontal association cortex, and amygdala but not hippocampus, as shown by decreased immunolabeling of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), GAD67, and GABA transporter 1. Interneuron cell density was unaltered in the transgenic mice. Affected subpopulations of interneurons included basket interneurons evident in NCAM-EC transgenic mice intercrossed with a reporter line expressing green fluorescent protein and by parvalbumin staining. In addition, there appeared to be a reduction in excitatory synapses, as revealed by synaptophysin staining and apical dendritic spine density of cortical pyramidal cells. Behavioral analyses demonstrated higher basal locomotor activity of NCAM-EC mice and enhanced responses to amphetamine and (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate compared with wild-type controls. Transgenic mice were deficient in prepulse inhibition, which was restored by clozapine but not by haloperidol. Additionally, NCAM-EC mice were impaired in contextual and cued fear conditioning. These results suggested that elevated shedding of NCAM perturbs synaptic connectivity of GABAergic interneurons and produces abnormal behaviors that may be relevant to schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Pillai-Nair
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Halladay AK, Wilson DT, Wagner GC, Reuhl KR. Trimethyltin-induced alterations in behavior are linked to changes in PSA-NCAM expression. Neurotoxicology 2006; 27:137-46. [PMID: 16426681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic heavy metal trimethyltin (TMT) primarily damages neurons of the hippocampus and limbic areas of the temporal lobe, and causes a dose-dependent decrease in the polysialated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the mouse hippocampus. In the current study, we attempted to associate deficits in spatial learning following TMT exposure at various stages in learning with changes in levels of NCAM-180 and PSA-NCAM in both the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Mice were treated with TMT either before or after training on a spatial learning paradigm and examined for changes in NCAM and PSA-NCAM 12h later. In the first set of experiments, male BALB/c mice were injected with TMT (2.25 mg/kg) or saline i.p. and tested 24-168 h later using hidden and visible versions of the water maze, as well as light avoidance and motor activity. Mice in both treated and control groups which demonstrated a significant improvement in water maze performance also showed an elevation in hippocampal PSA-NCAM at all time points examined. TMT exposure impaired spatial learning and blocked learning-induced elevations in PSA-NCAM expression 24-96 h post-treatment, but these deficits disappeared by 168 h post-treatment. Mice exposed to TMT during reconsolidation of spatial learning (after repeated water maze training) demonstrated a mild and transient difference in escape latency compared to saline exposed mice. TMT administration during this period did not result in the attenuation of PSA-NCAM expression observed when animals were exposed before training. These results confirm a specific role for PSA-NCAM in acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Halladay
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Secher T, Novitskaia V, Berezin V, Bock E, Glenthøj B, Klementiev B. A neural cell adhesion molecule–derived fibroblast growth factor receptor agonist, the FGL-peptide, promotes early postnatal sensorimotor development and enhances social memory retention. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1289-99. [PMID: 16784819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is composed extracellularly of five Ig-like and two fibronectin type III (F3) modules. It plays a pivotal role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. NCAM signals via a direct interaction with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). A 15-amino-acid long peptide, the FG loop (FGL) peptide, that is derived from the second F3 module of NCAM has been found to activate FGFR1. We here report that the FGL peptide, when administered intranasally to newborn rats, accelerated early postnatal development of coordination skills. In adult animals s.c. administration of FGL resulted in a prolonged retention of social memory. We found that FGL rapidly penetrated into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid after both intranasal and s.c. administration and remained detectable in the fluids for up to 5 hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Secher
- Protein Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Sandi C, Touyarot K. Mid-life stress and cognitive deficits during early aging in rats: individual differences and hippocampal correlates. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:128-40. [PMID: 16298248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored here the possibility that mid-life stress in rats could have deleterious effects on cognitive abilities during early aging, as well as the potential role of inter-individual differences on the development of such effects. Male Wistar rats were classified according to their reactivity to novelty (4 months old) as highly (HR) or low (LR) reactive and, at mid-life (12 months old), either submitted to chronic stress (28 days) or left undisturbed. At early aging (18 months old), their learning abilities were tested in the water maze, and a number of neuroendocrine (plasma corticosterone; hippocampal corticosteroid receptors) and neurobiological (hippocampal expression of neuronal cell adhesion molecules) parameters were evaluated. Impaired performance was observed in stressed HR rats, as compared to unstressed HR and stressed LR rats. Increased hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptors were found in stressed LR rats when compared with stressed HR and control LR groups. In addition, mid-life stress-induced an increased corticosterone response and a reduction in NCAM-180 isoform and L1 regardless of the behavioral trait of novelty reactivity. These findings highlight a role of stress experienced throughout life on cognitive impairment occurring during the early aging period, as well as the importance of taking into account individual differences to understand variability in such cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Metz GA, Schwab ME. Behavioral characterization in a comprehensive mouse test battery reveals motor and sensory impairments in growth-associated protein-43 null mutant mice. Neuroscience 2005; 129:563-74. [PMID: 15541878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 is a major neuronal protein associated with axonal growth, neuronal plasticity and learning. The observation that only 5-10% of mice with a full GAP-43 gene deletion survive weaning suggests that basic neural functions are disturbed. Here we used a comprehensive test battery to characterise and quantify the motor and sensory function of surviving adult homozygous GAP-43 (-/-) mice as compared with GAP-43 (+/-) and wild-type animals. The test battery was comprised of motor, sensory, and reflex tests producing 25 measures of locomotion, as well as epicritic, auditory, olfactory and visual function. The analysis revealed significant impairments in muscle strength, limb coordination and balance in GAP-43 (-/-) mice. Furthermore, GAP-43 (-/-) animals were hyperactive and showed reduced anxiety as measured by open field and light dark tests. In sensory tests, GAP-43 (-/-) mice were tested for impaired tactile and labyrinthine function. Abnormal reflexes were found in the contact and vibrissa placing responses, and in the crossed extensor reflex. GAP-43 (+/-) animals showed only moderate abnormalities as compared with wild-type animals. We conclude that GAP-43 is necessary for the development and function of a variety of neuronal systems. The results also show that the comprehensive test battery used in the present study represents a sensitive approach to assess the functional integrity of ascending and descending pathways in genetically manipulated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Metz
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Crnic I, Strittmatter K, Cavallaro U, Kopfstein L, Jussila L, Alitalo K, Christofori G. Loss of neural cell adhesion molecule induces tumor metastasis by up-regulating lymphangiogenesis. Cancer Res 2005; 64:8630-8. [PMID: 15574770 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) has been implicated in the progression to tumor malignancy in cancer patients. Previously, we have shown that the loss of NCAM function causes the formation of lymph node metastasis in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic beta cell carcinogenesis (Rip1Tag2). Here we show that tumors of NCAM-deficient Rip1Tag2 transgenic mice exhibit up-regulated expression of the lymphangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and -D (17% in wild-type versus 60% in NCAM-deficient Rip1Tag2 mice) and, with it, increased lymphangiogenesis (0% in wild-type versus 19% in NCAM-deficient Rip1Tag2 mice). Repression of VEGF-C and -D function by adenoviral expression of a soluble form of their cognate receptor, VEGF receptor-3, results in reduced tumor lymphangiogenesis (56% versus 28% in control versus treated mice) and lymph node metastasis (36% versus 8% in control versus treated mice). The results indicate that the loss of NCAM function causes lymph node metastasis via VEGF-C- and VEGF-D-mediated lymphangiogenesis. These results also establish Rip1Tag2;NCAM-deficient mice as a unique model for stochastic, endogenous tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in immunocompetent mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Crnic
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
Stress has profound effects on brain structure and function, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Recent studies imply that neuronal cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily--NCAM and L1--are important mediators of the effects of stress on the brain. Chronic stress regimes that lead to hippocampal atrophy and spatial-learning impairment in rodents simultaneously induce a pattern of changes in cell adhesion molecule expression that fits with a role for these molecules in stress-induced neuronal damage and neuroprotective mechanisms. These findings highlight cell adhesion molecules as potential therapeutic targets to treat stress-related cognitive disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Lesch KP. Genetic alterations of the murine serotonergic gene pathway: the neurodevelopmental basis of anxiety. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005:71-112. [PMID: 16594255 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28082-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the configuration of behavioral differences is among the most prolonged and contentious controversies in intellectual history. Although current views emphasize the joint influence of genes and environmental sources during early brain development, the physiological complexities of multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the developmental neurobiology of fear and anxiety remain elusive. Variation in genes coding for proteins that control serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system development and plasticity, establish 5-HT neuron identity, and modulate 5-HT receptor-mediated signal transduction as well as cellular pathways have been implicated in the genetics of anxiety and related disorders. This review selects anxiety and avoidance as paradigmatic traits and behaviors, and it focuses on mouse models that have been modified by deletion of genes coding for key players of serotonergic neurotransmission. In particular, pertinent approaches regarding phenotypic changes in mice bearing inactivation mutations of 5-HT receptors, 5-HT transporter, and monoamine oxidase A and other genes related to 5-HT signaling will be discussed and major findings highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Lesch
- Molecular and Clinical Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Keays DA, Nolan PM. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mouse mutants in the dissection of behavioural and psychiatric disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 480:205-17. [PMID: 14623363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Twin and adoption studies have consistently implicated genetics in the aetiology of psychiatric and behavioural disorders. The identification of the genes and molecular pathways that are associated with these traits using linkage studies has been difficult because psychiatric disorders are almost always non-mendelian, heterogeneous, involve multiple genetic loci and are influenced significantly by environmental factors. Mouse models that are based on intermediate signatures of psychiatric disease and pharmacological responsiveness hold promise as a complementary approach to dissecting the molecular basis of neurobehavioural disorders. This has been made possible by the development and refinement of gene targeting technologies and the use of super-efficient chemical mutagens. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis in the mouse, when coupled to a battery of sensitive behavioural screens, is an effective way of creating and identifying novel mouse behavioural mutants. Here, the concept of screening for ENU mutants is introduced while progress with two behavioural screens, an "anxiety" screen and a circadian screen, are presented. It is hoped that the study of mouse mutants that have arisen from these screens will provide new insights into the genetic basis of abnormal behaviour and that they might lead to the development of novel therapeutic compounds for human psychiatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Keays
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0RD, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abstract
Anxiety and its disorders have long been known to be familial. Recently, genetic approaches have been used to clarify the role of heredity in the development of anxiety and to probe its neurobiological underpinnings. Twin studies have shown that a significant proportion of the liability to develop any given anxiety disorder is due to genetic factors. Ongoing efforts to map anxiety-related loci in both animals and humans are underway with limited success to date. Animal models have played a large role in furthering our understanding of the genetic basis of anxiety, demonstrating that the genetic factors underlying anxiety are complex and varied. Recent advances in molecular genetic techniques have allowed increasing specificity in the manipulation of gene expression within the central nervous system of the mouse. With this increasing specificity has come the ability to ask and answer precise questions about the mechanisms of anxiety and its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Gordon
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Bukalo O, Fentrop N, Lee AYW, Salmen B, Law JWS, Wotjak CT, Schweizer M, Dityatev A, Schachner M. Conditional ablation of the neural cell adhesion molecule reduces precision of spatial learning, long-term potentiation, and depression in the CA1 subfield of mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci 2004; 24:1565-77. [PMID: 14973228 PMCID: PMC6730450 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3298-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NCAM, a neural cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is involved in neuronal migration and differentiation, axon outgrowth and fasciculation, and synaptic plasticity. To dissociate the functional roles of NCAM in the adult brain from developmental abnormalities, we generated a mutant in which the NCAM gene is inactivated by cre-recombinase under the control of the calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II promoter, resulting in reduction of NCAM expression predominantly in the hippocampus. This mutant (NCAMff+) did not show the overt morphological and behavioral abnormalities previously observed in constitutive NCAM-deficient (NCAM-/-) mice. However, similar to the NCAM-/- mouse, a reduction in long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was revealed. Long-term depression was also abolished in NCAMff+ mice. The deficit in LTP could be rescued by elevation of extracellular Ca2+ concentrations from 1.5 or 2.0 to 2.5 mm, suggesting an involvement of NCAM in regulation of Ca2+-dependent signaling during LTP. Contrary to the NCAM-/- mouse, LTP in the CA3 region was normal, consistent with normal mossy fiber lamination in NCAMff+ as opposed to abnormal lamination in NCAM-/- mice. NCAMff+ mutants did not show general deficits in short- and long-term memory in global landmark navigation in the water maze but were delayed in the acquisition of precise spatial orientation, a deficit that could be overcome by training. Thus, mice conditionally deficient in hippocampal NCAM expression in the adult share certain abnormalities characteristic of NCAM-/- mice, highlighting the role of NCAM in the regulation of synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Bukalo
- Zentrum fuer Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitaet Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Venero C, Tilling T, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Herrero AI, Schachner M, Sandi C. Water maze learning and forebrain mRNA expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1. J Neurosci Res 2004; 75:172-181. [PMID: 14705138 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
L1 and NCAM, two cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily, have been implicated in the formation of neural circuits, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function. In this study, we sought to investigate whether differences in the steady-state levels of L1 and NCAM expression in specific brain regions could account for individual differences in learning abilities. Using adult male Wistar rats, we evaluated mRNA levels of L1, NCAM, and the NCAM180 isoform in different brain regions (hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, prefrontal and frontal cortices) immediately after submitting rats to a massed training protocol in the water maze. The results showed that untrained and trained rats exhibited similar levels of mRNA for these molecules, which supports the view that training did not influence their immediate level of expression. However, in most of the brain regions we investigated (with the exception of prefrontal and frontal cortices), L1 mRNA levels were positively correlated with the latency to find the hidden platform in the water maze task and with posttraining plasma corticosterone levels. However, no correlations were observed for total NCAM or NCAM180 mRNA in the brain regions examined in this study. Given that animals with a slower spatial acquisition curve exhibited more anxiety-like responses, including thigmotactic behavior in the water maze and increased corticosterone levels, and that recent genetic studies indicate a role for L1 in anxiety, the current findings suggest a relationship among L1, anxiety, and cognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Tilling
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ana I Herrero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors influence normal anxiety traits as well as anxiety disorders. In addition it is becoming increasingly clear that these factors interact to produce specific anxiety-related behaviors. For example, in humans and in monkeys mutations in the gene encoding for the serotonin transporter result in increased anxiety in adult life when combined with a stressful environment during development. Another recent example comes from twin studies suggesting that a small hippocampus can be a predisposing condition that renders individuals susceptible to post traumatic stress disorder. Such examples illustrate how specific mutations leading to abnormal brain development may increase vulnerability to environmental insults which may in turn lead to specific anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Gross
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00016 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Fux CM, Krug M, Dityatev A, Schuster T, Schachner M. NCAM180 and glutamate receptor subtypes in potentiated spine synapses: an immunogold electron microscopic study. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 24:939-50. [PMID: 14697660 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent changes in expression and localization of the largest major isoform of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM180 and three subtypes of glutamate receptors predominantly expressed in the outer part of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of adult rats-the NMDA receptor NR2A, the AMPA receptor GluR2/3, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 - were investigated using postembedding immunogold labeling, and electron microscopy. In synaptic membranes of nonstimulated spine synapses, NCAM180 and NR2A accumulated in the center of the postsynaptic density, whereas GluR2/3 and mGluR1 were distributed evenly. Twenty-four hours following induction of long-term potentiation in vivo, NCAM180 and NR2A accumulated at the edges of postsynaptic densities, whereas GluR2/3 was localized more centrally. Also, the distribution of gold particles per synapse significantly changed for NCAM180, NR2A, and mGluR1. Thus, changes in synaptic strength are associated with concomitant changes in the expression and distribution of NCAM180 and glutamate receptors, particularly of the NR2A subtype.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dentate Gyrus/chemistry
- Dentate Gyrus/physiology
- Dentate Gyrus/ultrastructure
- Immunohistochemistry
- Long-Term Potentiation/physiology
- Male
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron/methods
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/ultrastructure
- Protein Isoforms/analysis
- Protein Isoforms/physiology
- Protein Isoforms/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, AMPA/analysis
- Receptors, AMPA/physiology
- Receptors, AMPA/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Glutamate/analysis
- Receptors, Glutamate/physiology
- Receptors, Glutamate/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/analysis
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/physiology
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/ultrastructure
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
- Synapses/chemistry
- Synapses/physiology
- Synapses/ultrastructure
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Fux
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Lesch KP, Zeng Y, Reif A, Gutknecht L. Anxiety-related traits in mice with modified genes of the serotonergic pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 480:185-204. [PMID: 14623362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiology of anxiety is complex, reflecting the cumulative physiological effects of multiple genes. These genes are interactive with each other and with the environment in which they are expressed. Variation in genes coding for proteins that control serotonin (5-HT) system development and plasticity, establish 5-HT neuron identity, and modulate 5-HT receptor-mediated signal transduction and cellular pathways have been implicated in the genetics of anxiety and related disorders. Here, we selected anxiety and avoidance as paradigmatic traits and behavior and cover both traditional studies with inbred murine strains and selected lines which have been modified by gene knockout technologies. The design of a mouse model partially or completely lacking a gene of interest during all stages of development (constitutive knockout) or in a spatio-temporal context (conditional knockout) is among the prime strategies directed at elucidating the role of genetic factors in fear and anxiety. In many cases, knockout mice have been able to confirm what has already been anticipated based on pharmacological studies. In other instances, knockout studies have changed views of the relevance of 5-HT homeostasis in brain development and plasticity as well as processes underlying emotional behavior. In this review, we discuss the pertinent literature regarding phenotypic changes in mice bearing inactivation mutations of 5-HT receptors, 5-HT transporter, monoamine oxidase A and other components of the serotonergic pathway. Finally, we attempt to identify future directions of genetic manipulation in animal models to advance our understanding of brain dysregulation characteristic of anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Peter Lesch
- Molecular and Clinical Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Experimental evidence implies that L1 and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) are involved in long-term memory formation. Changes in their expression and glycosylation appear to modify the synaptic strength underlying memory consolidation. Interference with L1 and NCAM function in a variety of learning tasks in different species severely attenuates memory consolidation, indicating their involvement in an evolutionary conserved mechanism of neural plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Welzl
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Behavior, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Madani R, Kozlov S, Akhmedov A, Cinelli P, Kinter J, Lipp HP, Sonderegger P, Wolfer DP. Impaired explorative behavior and neophobia in genetically modified mice lacking or overexpressing the extracellular serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 23:473-94. [PMID: 12837630 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroserpin is a neural serpin that inhibits the extracellular protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We have generated neuroserpin-deficient mice which are viable and healthy. Zymographic analysis of neuroserpin-deficient brain showed unaltered tPA activity, suggesting that other inhibitors contribute to the regulation of tPA and may compensate for the defect. Analysis of explorative behavior revealed selective reduction of locomotor activity in novel environments, an anxiety-like response on the O-maze, and a neophobic response to novel objects. Mice overexpressing neuroserpin under the control of the Thy1.2 promoter are known to have a reduced brain tPA activity. They showed reduced center exploration in the open-field test and, like neuroserpin-deficient mice, a neophobic phenotype in the novel object test. Our results implicate neuroserpin in the regulation of emotional behavior through a mechanism that is at least in part independent of tPA activity. They are the first evidence for a role of protease inhibitors in mood regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rime Madani
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
|
85
|
Abstract
The effector immediate-early gene (IEG) arg 3.1, also called arc, encodes a protein interacting with the neuronal cytoskeleton. The selective localization of arg 3.1/arc mRNA in activated dendritic segments suggests that the arg 3.1/arc protein may be synthesized at activated post-synaptic sites and that arg 3.1/arc could participate in structural and functional modifications underlying cognitive processes like memory formation. To analyze whether learning itself is sufficient to trigger expression of arg 3.1/arc, we developed a one-trial learning paradigm in which mice learned to enter a dark compartment to escape from an aversively illuminated area. Arg 3.1/arc mRNA expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization in three groups of mice as follows: a control group with no access to the dark compartment, a learning group having access to the dark compartment for one trial, and a retrieval group having access to the dark compartment for two trials on consecutive days. All animals from the learning and retrieval groups escaped the illuminated area, and those tested 24 h later (retrieval group) showed a strongly reduced latency to enter the dark compartment, demonstrating the validity of our learning paradigm to induce long-term memory. Our results show that acquisition of a simple task results in a brain area-specific biphasic increase in arg 3.1/arc mRNA expression 15 min and 4.5 h post-training. This increase was detected specifically in the learning group but neither in the control nor in the retrieval groups. The pattern of arg 3.1/arc mRNA expression corresponds temporally to the two mRNA- and protein-synthesis-dependent periods of long-term memory formation. Our study provides the first unequivocal evidence that arg 3.1/arc expression is induced by a learning task and strongly suggests a role of arg 3.1/arc mRNA in the early and late cellular mechanisms underlying the stabilization of the memory trace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Montag-Sallaz
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Montag-Sallaz M, Montag D. Severe cognitive and motor coordination deficits in tenascin-R-deficient mice. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2003; 2:20-31. [PMID: 12882316 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-183x.2003.00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-R (TN-R), predominantly expressed in the central nervous system, has been implied in a variety of functions, e.g. during myelination, cerebellar neurite fasciculation and hippocampal long-term potentiation. In this study, we investigated in detail the impact of TN-R deficiency on the living animal by analyzing the behavior of TN-R-deficient mice. The general state, gross sensory functions, reflexes and motoric capabilities appeared normal. In contrast, motor coordination on the rota-rod was compromised in these mice, indicating a deficit in cerebellar functions. In the open field and the hole board, the mutants interact differently with their environment, probably due to differences in their exploratory behavior. TN-R-deficient mice were able to learn a reference memory task in the Morris water maze. In contrast to wild-type mice, the mutants displayed an alternative strategy; swimming around the pool using a stereotypical circling pattern, crossing all possible platform positions after relocation of the escape platform (reversal). These results, confirmed by relocating the platform in the center of the pool, suggest that TN-R-deficient mice may be impaired in constructing a goal-independent representation of space. In addition, a two-way active avoidance test (shuttle box) revealed a severe deficit in associative learning in TN-R-deficient mice. Our results support important functions of TN-R in vivo in the central nervous system, in particular in the cerebellum and the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Montag-Sallaz
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr., Magdeburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Montag-Sallaz M, Schachner M, Montag D. Misguided axonal projections, neural cell adhesion molecule 180 mRNA upregulation, and altered behavior in mice deficient for the close homolog of L1. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:7967-81. [PMID: 12391163 PMCID: PMC134725 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.22.7967-7981.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2002] [Revised: 06/04/2002] [Accepted: 08/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell recognition molecules are involved in nervous system development and participate in synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. The close homolog of L1 (CHL1), a recently identified member of the L1 family of cell adhesion molecules, is expressed by neurons and glia in the central nervous system and by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system in a pattern overlapping, but distinct from, the other members of the L1 family. In humans, CHL1 (also referred to as CALL) is a candidate gene for 3p- syndrome-associated mental impairment. In the present study, we generated and analyzed CHL1-deficient mice. At the morphological level, these mice showed alterations of hippocampal mossy fiber organization and of olfactory axon projections. Expression of the mRNA of the synapse-specific neural cell adhesion molecule 180 isoform was upregulated in adult CHL1-deficient mice, but the mRNA levels of several other recognition molecules were not changed. The behavior of CHL1-deficient mice in the open field, the elevated plus maze, and the Morris water maze indicated that the mutant animals reacted differently to their environment. Our data show that the permanent absence of CHL1 results in misguided axonal projections and aberrant axonal connectivity and alters the exploratory behavior in novel environments, suggesting deficits in information processing in CHL1-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Montag-Sallaz
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Brakebusch C, Seidenbecher CI, Asztely F, Rauch U, Matthies H, Meyer H, Krug M, Böckers TM, Zhou X, Kreutz MR, Montag D, Gundelfinger ED, Fässler R. Brevican-deficient mice display impaired hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation but show no obvious deficits in learning and memory. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:7417-27. [PMID: 12370289 PMCID: PMC135663 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.21.7417-7427.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2002] [Revised: 06/10/2002] [Accepted: 07/16/2002] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brevican is a brain-specific proteoglycan which is found in specialized extracellular matrix structures called perineuronal nets. Brevican increases the invasiveness of glioma cells in vivo and has been suggested to play a role in central nervous system fiber tract development. To study the role of brevican in the development and function of the brain, we generated mice lacking a functional brevican gene. These mice are viable and fertile and have a normal life span. Brain anatomy was normal, although alterations in the expression of neurocan were detected. Perineuronal nets formed but appeared to be less prominent in mutant than in wild-type mice. Brevican-deficient mice showed significant deficits in the maintenance of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). However, no obvious impairment of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission was found, suggesting a complex cause for the LTP defect. Detailed behavioral analysis revealed no statistically significant deficits in learning and memory. These data indicate that brevican is not crucial for brain development but has restricted structural and functional roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cord Brakebusch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
The neural cell adhesion molecule regulates cell-surface delivery of G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channels via lipid rafts. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12177211 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-16-07154.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) exhibit increased anxiety and anxiolytic sensitivity to serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Here, we investigate the relationship between NCAM and 5-HT1A receptor signaling pathways modulating G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir3) channels. When studying this relationship in cultured hippocampal neurons, we observed that in cells from NCAM-deficient mice, inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir3) currents were increased compared with wild-type controls. Analysis of this modulatory mechanism in Xenopus oocytes and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells revealed that the recombinantly expressed major transmembrane isoforms NCAM140 and NCAM180 specifically reduced inward currents generated by neuronal Kir3.1/3.2 and Kir3.1/3.3 but not by cardiac Kir3.1/3.4 channels. Using fluorescence measurements and surface biotinylation assays, we show that this effect was caused by a reduced surface localization of Kir3 channels. Furthermore, expression of flag-tagged Kir3 channels in cultured neurons of NCAM-deficient mice resulted in a higher transport of these channels into neurites and a higher cell-surface localization compared with wild-type neurons. Neuronal Kir3 channels and NCAM isoforms are associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains (lipid rafts) in CHO cells and in isolated brain membranes. Mutational and pharmacological disruption of the lipid raft association of NCAM140 normalizes surface delivery of channels. We conclude that the transmembrane isoforms of NCAM reduce the transport of Kir3 channels to the cell surface via lipid rafts. Thus, regulation of Kir3 channel activity by NCAM may represent a novel mechanism controlling long-term excitability of neurons.
Collapse
|
90
|
Pavlov I, Võikar V, Kaksonen M, Lauri SE, Hienola A, Taira T, Rauvala H. Role of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in hippocampal LTP and spatial learning revealed by studies on overexpressing and knockout mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 20:330-42. [PMID: 12093164 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2002.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) is an extracellular matrix-associated protein with neurite outgrowth-promoting activity and which is suggested to be implicated in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. To study the functions of HB-GAM in adult brain we have produced HB-GAM overexpressing mice and compared phenotypic changes in the transgenic mice to those in the HB-GAM null mice. Both mutants were viable and displayed no gross morphological abnormalities. The basal synaptic transmission was normal in the area CA1 of hippocampal slices from the genetically modified mice. However, long-term potentiation (LTP) was attenuated in the mice overexpressing HB-GAM, whereas enhanced LTP was detected in the HB-GAM-deficient mice. Changes in LTP seen in vitro were paralleled by behavioral alterations in vivo. The animals overexpressing HB-GAM displayed faster learning in water maze and decreased anxiety in elevated plus-maze, while the HB-GAM knockouts demonstrated an opposite behavioral phenotype. These results show that HB-GAM suppresses LTP in hippocampus and plays a role in regulation of learning-related behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pavlov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Abstract
The role of the neurokinine 1 receptors (NK1R) and its endogenous ligand, the neuropeptide substance P (SP) in the pathophysiology and treatment response of anxiety and depression has been controversial. In a new study, however, mice with a targeted inactivation of the NK1R show a phenotype that is associated with anxiety-related behaviors and stress responses. Since this behavioral phenotype was associated with an increase in serotonergic function, NK1R knockout mice represent a systematic model for advanced investigations of SP/NK1R and serotonin system interaction in anxiety responses. The availability of an increasing number of knockout mouse anxiety models as well as integration of emerging tools and technologies for genetic analysis will provide the groundwork for the genetic dissection of anxiety and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
The way genetic and/or environmental factors influence psychiatric disorders is an enduring question in the field of human psychiatric diseases. Anxiety-related disorders provide a relevant example of how such an interaction is involved in the aetiology of a psychiatric disease. In this paper we review the literature on that subject, reporting data derived from human and rodent studies. We present in a critical way the animal models used in the studies aimed at investigating the genetic basis of anxiety, including inbred mice, selected lines, multiple marker strains, or knockout mice and review data reporting environmental components influencing anxiety-related behaviours. We conclude that anxiety is a complex behaviour, underlined not only by genetic or environmental factors but also by multiple interactions between these two factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Clément
- Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Taittinger, Reims Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
Recent pharmacological and genetic studies have dramatically expanded the list of neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, and signaling molecules that influence aggression. In spite of this expansion, serotonin (5-HT) remains the primary molecular determinant of inter-male aggression, whereas other molecules appear to act indirectly through 5-HT signaling. We review evidence of interactions among these molecules and aggressive behavior. Slight modulations in 5-HT levels, turnover, and metabolism, or in receptor subtype activation, density, and binding affinity affect aggression. Activation of specific 5-HT receptors evokes distinct, but highly interacting, second messenger systems and multiple effectors. Understanding the interactions between 5-HT receptor subtypes should lead to novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Nelson
- Dept of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Abstract
Measuring anxiety-like behaviour in mice has been mostly undertaken using a few classical animal models of anxiety such as the elevated plus-maze, the light/dark choice or the open-field tests. All these procedures are based upon the exposure of subjects to unfamiliar aversive places. Anxiety can also be elicited by a range of threats such as predator exposure. Furthermore, the concepts of "state" and "trait" anxiety have been proposed to differentiate anxiety that the subject experiences at a particular moment of time and that is increased by the presence of an anxiogenic stimulus, and anxiety that does not vary from moment to moment and is considered to be an "enduring feature of an individual". Thus, when assessing the behaviour of mice, it is necessary to increase the range of behavioural paradigms used, including animal models of "state" and "trait" anxiety. In the last few years, many mice with targeted mutations have been generated. Among them some have been proposed as animal models of pathological anxiety, since they display high level of anxiety-related behaviours in classical tests. However, it is important to emphasise that such mice are animal models of a single gene dysfunction, rather than models of anxiety, per se. Inbred strains of mice, such as the BALB/c line, which exhibits spontaneously elevated anxiety appear to be a more suitable model of pathological anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Belzung
- EA 3248 Psychobiologie des émotions, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Avenue Monge, F-37200 Tours, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Abstract
Aggressive behavior in male and female mice occurs in conflicts with intruding rivals, most often for the purpose of suppressing the reproductive success of the opponent. The behavioral repertoire of fighting is composed of intricately sequenced bursts of species-typical elements, with the resident displaying offensive and the intruder defensive acts and postures. The probability of occurrence as well as the frequency, duration, temporal and sequential patterns of aggressive behavior can be quantified with ethological methods. Classic selection and strain comparisons show the heritability of aggressive behavior, and point to the influence of several genes, including some of them on the Y chromosome. However, genetic effects on aggressive behavior critically depend upon the background strain, maternal environment and the intruder. These factors are equally important in determining changes in aggressive behavior in mice with a specific gene deletion. While changes in aggression characterize mutant mice involving a variety of genes, no pattern has emerged that links particular gene products (i.e. enzyme, peptide, receptor) to either an increase or a decrease in aggressive behavior, but rather emphasizes polygenic influences. A potentially common mechanism may be some components of the serotonin system, since alterations in 5-HT neurotransmission have been found in several of the KO mice that display unusual aggressive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Miczek
- Department of Psychology, Bacon Hall, Tufts University, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Belzung C. The genetic basis of the pharmacological effects of anxiolytics: a review based on rodent models. Behav Pharmacol 2001; 12:451-60. [PMID: 11742138 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200111000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anxiolytic drugs exert their pharmacological actions by binding to molecular targets, such as benzodiazepine receptors or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors. Specific genes encode these receptors, or the subunits of which they are formed. Therefore, genetic factors may influence strongly the ability of anti-anxiety agents to produce their behavioural effects. The literature on this subject is reviewed here, with emphasis on data derived from studies with rodents. We present in a critical way the animal models used in the studies aimed at investigating the genetic basis of the action of anxiolytic compounds, including inbred mice, selected lines, linkage strains or mice generated by targeted mutation. Data show that increased anxiety-like behaviour is not a predictive factor for increased sensitivity to anxiolytic treatment, and it is possible that gene deletion might not be isomorphic to pharmacological antagonism. It is suggested that the strain differences in anxiety-like behaviour may be used as a tool in assaying anxiolytic activity of new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Belzung
- EA 3248 Psychobiologie des émotions, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, F-37200-Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Cavallaro U, Niedermeyer J, Fuxa M, Christofori G. N-CAM modulates tumour-cell adhesion to matrix by inducing FGF-receptor signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3:650-7. [PMID: 11433297 DOI: 10.1038/35083041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Loss of expression of neural cell-adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is implicated in the progression of tumour metastasis. Here we show that N-CAM modulates neurite outgrowth and matrix adhesion of beta-cells from pancreatic tumours by assembling a fibroblast-growth-factor receptor-4 (FGFR-4) signalling complex, which consists of N-cadherin, FGFR-4, phospholipase C gamma (PLC-gamma), the adaptor protein FRS2, pp60(c-src), cortactin and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43). Dominant-negative FGFR-4, inhibitors of FGFR signalling and anti-beta(1)-integrin antibodies repress matrix adhesion induced by N-CAM. FGF ligands can replace N-CAM in promoting matrix adhesion but not neurite outgrowth. The results indicate that N-CAM stimulates beta1-integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion by activating FGFR signalling. This is a potential mechanism for preventing the dissemination of metastatic tumour cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Cavallaro
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Purcell AE, Rocco MM, Lenhart JA, Hyder K, Zimmerman AW, Pevsner J. Assessment of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in autistic serum and postmortem brain. J Autism Dev Disord 2001; 31:183-94. [PMID: 11450817 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010751232295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies have identified structural abnormalities in areas of the autistic brain, with a pattern suggesting that a neurodevelopmental anomaly took place. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is involved in development of the central nervous system, was previously shown to be decreased in the serum of autistic individuals. In the present study, we measured NCAM protein in the sera from controls, patients with autism, siblings of autistic patients, and individuals with other neurologic disorders, but found no significant differences. We also measured NCAM protein in autistic postmortem brain samples and found the longest isoform, NCAM-180, to be significantly decreased. In addition, we investigated the mRNA expression of NCAM in these brain samples using cDNA microarrays and RT-PCR. Results show that NCAM mRNA levels are not altered in autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Purcell
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
Anxiety is a normal reaction to threatening situations, and serves a physiological protective function. Pathological anxiety is characterized by a bias to interpret ambiguous situations as threatening, by avoidance of situations that are perceived to be harmful, and/or by exaggerated reactions to threat. Although much evidence indicates the involvement of the gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and neuropeptide transmitter systems in the pathophysiology of anxiety, little is known about how anxiety develops and what genetic/environmental factors underlie susceptibility to anxiety. Recently, inactivation of several genes, associated with either chemical communication between neurons or signaling within neurons, has been shown to give rise to anxiety-related behavior in knockout mice. Apart from confirming the involvement of serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone as major mediators of anxiety and stress related behaviors, two novel groups of anxiety-relevant molecules have been revealed. The first group consists of neurotrophic-type molecules, such as interferon gamma, neural cell adhesion molecule, and midkine, which play important roles in neuronal development and cell-to-cell communication. The second group comprises regulators of intracellular signaling and gene expression, which emphasizes the importance of gene regulation in anxiety-related behaviors. Defects in these molecules are likely to contribute to the abnormal development and/or function of neuronal networks, which leads to the manifestation of anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Nakamura K, Manabe T, Watanabe M, Mamiya T, Ichikawa R, Kiyama Y, Sanbo M, Yagi T, Inoue Y, Nabeshima T, Mori H, Mishina M. Enhancement of hippocampal LTP, reference memory and sensorimotor gating in mutant mice lacking a telencephalon-specific cell adhesion molecule. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:179-89. [PMID: 11135016 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Telencephalin (TLCN) is a cell adhesion molecule selectively expressed in the telencephalon of the mammalian brain. The mutant mice lacking TLCN had no detectable abnormalities in their neural development and synaptic structures. Ablation of TLCN increased the hippocampal long-term potentiation and its saturation level. The TLCN mutation selectively enhanced the performance of the radial maze and water-finding tasks, learning tasks with appetitive reinforcers, but not the contextual fear conditioning and Morris water maze tasks with aversive stimuli for conditioning. Furthermore, the TLCN mutant mice showed an increase of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. These results suggest that TLCN is a determinant of the dynamic range of synaptic plasticity and plays roles in reward-motivated learning and memory and sensorimotor gating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, and CREST, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|