51
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Li Z, Cheng L, Liu Z. Intentional Blocking Based Photoelectric Soft Pressure Sensor with High Sensitivity and Stability. Soft Robot 2023; 10:205-216. [PMID: 35605098 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft pressure sensors have recently attracted considerable attention because of their applications in human-machine interface, soft robotics, and prosthetics. However, there remain some challenges in achieving satisfactory performance (e.g., high sensitivity, wide sensing range, high stability) for soft pressure sensors. This article reports an intentional blocking based photoelectric pressure sensor. Two different blocking methods are investigated: the single-row-pyramid blocking and the double-row-pyramid blocking. The sensor has a simple structure, which is made of a light-emitting diode, photosensitive element, and silicone sensor shell. Experiments demonstrate that the sensor has a high sensitivity (the maximum sensitivity is 48.07 kPa-1, and the minimum measurement pressure is 0.8 Pa), large pressure-sensing range (the sensing range is up to 120 kPa), superior stability (a drift about 0.4% over 12,130 repetitive cycles at 0-80 kPa), low drift (< ±0.2% in different 3-day testing), negligible hysteresis, and high signal-to-noise ratio (over 55 dB). By mounting the pressure sensor at the end of a robotic arm, the robot can detect subtle collisions (such as touching a balloon through a pinpoint). In addition, this article fabricates a tactile glove based on the proposed pressure sensor and shows the application of this glove for music playing and object weighing. This study provides a new structure for photoelectric sensors to increase sensitivity and also provides a more convenient way to fabricate photoelectric pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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52
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Zarei M, Lee G, Lee SG, Cho K. Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203193. [PMID: 35737931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the electronics industry and proliferation of electronic materials and telecommunications technologies has led to the release of a massive amount of untreated electronic waste (e-waste) into the environment. Consequently, catastrophic environmental damage at the microbiome level and serious human health diseases threaten the natural fate of the planet. Currently, the demand for wearable electronics for applications in personalized medicine, electronic skins (e-skins), and health monitoring is substantial and growing. Therefore, "green" characteristics such as biodegradability, self-healing, and biocompatibility ensure the future application of wearable electronics and e-skins in biomedical engineering and bioanalytical sciences. Leveraging the biodegradability, sustainability, and biocompatibility of natural materials will dramatically influence the fabrication of environmentally friendly e-skins and wearable electronics. Here, the molecular and structural characteristics of biological skins and artificial e-skins are discussed. The focus then turns to the biodegradable materials, including natural and synthetic-polymer-based materials, and their recent applications in the development of biodegradable e-skin in wearable sensors, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Finally, the main challenges and outlook regarding the preparation and application of biodegradable e-skins are critically discussed in a near-future scenario, which is expected to lead to the next generation of biodegradable e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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53
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Lee G, Son J, Kim D, Ko HJ, Lee SG, Cho K. Crocodile-Skin-Inspired Omnidirectionally Stretchable Pressure Sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205643. [PMID: 36328760 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable pressure sensors are important components of multimodal electronic skin needed for potentializing numerous Internet of Things applications. In particular, to use pressure sensors in various wearable/skin-attachable electronics, both high deformability and strain-independent sensitivity must be realized. However, previously reported stretchable pressure sensors cannot meet these standards because they exhibit limited stretchability and nonuniform sensitivity under deformation. Herein, inspired by the unique sensory organ of a crocodile, an omnidirectionally stretchable piezoresistive pressure sensor made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silver nanowires (AgNWs) composites with microdomes and wrinkled surfaces is developed. The stretchable pressure sensor exhibits high sensitivity that changes negligibly even under uniaxial and biaxial tensile strains of 100% and 50%, respectively. This behavior is attributed to the microdomes responsible for detecting applied pressures being weakly affected by tensile strains, while the isotropic wrinkles between the microdomes deform to effectively reduce the external stress. In addition, because the device comprises all PDMS-based structures, it exhibits outstanding robustness under repeated mechanical stimuli. The device shows strong potential as a wearable pressure sensor and an artificial crocodile sensing organ, successfully detecting applied pressures in various scenarios. Therefore, the pressure sensor is expected to find applications in electronic skin for prosthetics and human-machine interface systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Jonghyun Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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54
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Lee S, Roh H, Kim J, Chung S, Seo D, Moon W, Cho K. An Electret-Powered Skin-Attachable Auditory Sensor that Functions in Harsh Acoustic Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205537. [PMID: 35973438 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auditory sensors have shortcomings with respect to not only personalization with wearability and portability but also detecting a human voice clearly in a noisy environment or when a mask covers the mouth. In this work, an electret-powered and hole-patterned polymer diaphragm is exploited into a skin-attachable auditory sensor. The optimized charged electret diaphragm induces a voltage bias of >400 V against the counter electrode, which reduces the necessity of a bulky power source and enables the capacitive sensor to show high sensitivity (2.2 V Pa-1 ) with incorporation of an elastomer nanodroplet seismic mass. The sophisticated capacitive structure with low mechanical damping enables a flat frequency response (80-3000 Hz) and good linearity (50-80 dBSPL ). The hole-patterned electret diaphragms help the skin-attachable sensor detect only neck-skin vibration rather than dynamic air pressure, enabling a person's voice to be detected in a harsh acoustic environment. The sensor operates reliably even in the presence of surrounding noise and when the user is wearing a gas mask. Therefore, the sensor shows strong potential of a communication tool for disaster response and quarantine activities, and of diagnosis tool for vocal healthcare applications such as cough monitoring and voice dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hajung Roh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Junsoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Donghwan Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Wonkyu Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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55
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Lee G, Zarei M, Wei Q, Zhu Y, Lee SG. Surface Wrinkling for Flexible and Stretchable Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203491. [PMID: 36047645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanolithography, miniaturization, and material science, along with developments in wearable electronics, are pushing the frontiers of sensor technology into the large-scale fabrication of highly sensitive, flexible, stretchable, and multimodal detection systems. Various strategies, including surface engineering, have been developed to control the electrical and mechanical characteristics of sensors. In particular, surface wrinkling provides an effective alternative for improving both the sensing performance and mechanical deformability of flexible and stretchable sensors by releasing interfacial stress, preventing electrical failure, and enlarging surface areas. In this study, recent developments in the fabrication strategies of wrinkling structures for sensor applications are discussed. The fundamental mechanics, geometry control strategies, and various fabricating methods for wrinkling patterns are summarized. Furthermore, the current state of wrinkling approaches and their impacts on the development of various types of sensors, including strain, pressure, temperature, chemical, photodetectors, and multimodal sensors, are reviewed. Finally, existing wrinkling approaches, designs, and sensing strategies are extrapolated into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
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56
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Research Progresses in Microstructure Designs of Flexible Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173670. [PMID: 36080744 PMCID: PMC9460742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronic technology is one of the research hotspots, and numerous wearable devices have been widely used in our daily life. As an important part of wearable devices, flexible sensors can effectively detect various stimuli related to specific environments or biological species, having a very bright development prospect. Therefore, there has been lots of studies devoted to developing high-performance flexible pressure sensors. In addition to developing a variety of materials with excellent performances, the microstructure designs of materials can also effectively improve the performances of sensors, which has brought new ideas to scientists and attracted their attention increasingly. This paper will summarize the flexible pressure sensors based on material microstructure designs in recent years. The paper will mainly discuss the processing methods and characteristics of various sensors with different microstructures, and compare the advantages, disadvantages, and application scenarios of them. At the same time, the main application fields of flexible pressure sensors based on microstructure designs will be listed, and their future development and challenges will be discussed.
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57
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Yang R, Zhang W, Tiwari N, Yan H, Li T, Cheng H. Multimodal Sensors with Decoupled Sensing Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202470. [PMID: 35835946 PMCID: PMC9475538 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and multimodal sensors have recently emerged for a wide range of applications, including epidermal electronics, robotics, health-monitoring devices and human-machine interfaces. However, cross-sensitivity prevents accurate measurements of the target input signals when a multiple of them are simultaneously present. Therefore, the selection of the multifunctional materials and the design of the sensor structures play a significant role in multimodal sensors with decoupled sensing mechanisms. Hence, this review article introduces varying methods to decouple different input signals for realizing truly multimodal sensors. Early efforts explore different outputs to distinguish the corresponding input signals applied to the sensor in sequence. Next, this study discusses the methods for the suppression of the interference, signal correction, and various decoupling strategies based on different outputs to simultaneously detect multiple inputs. The recent insights into the materials' properties, structure effects, and sensing mechanisms in recognition of different input signals are highlighted. The presence of the various decoupling methods also helps avoid the use of complicated signal processing steps and allows multimodal sensors with high accuracy for applications in bioelectronics, robotics, and human-machine interfaces. Finally, current challenges and potential opportunities are discussed in order to motivate future technological breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Yang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401P. R. China
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Han Yan
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401P. R. China
| | - Tiejun Li
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401P. R. China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
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58
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Shen Z, Liu F, Huang S, Wang H, Yang C, Hang T, Tao J, Xia W, Xie X. Progress of flexible strain sensors for physiological signal monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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59
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Sang S, Pei Z, Zhang F, Ji C, Li Q, Ji J, Yang K, Zhang Q. Three-Dimensional Printed Bimodal Electronic Skin with High Resolution and Breathability for Hair Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31493-31501. [PMID: 35767549 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People with neurological deficits face difficulties perceiving their surroundings, resulting in an urgent need for wearable electronic skin (e-skin) that can monitor external stimuli and temperature changes. However, the monolithic structure of e-skin is not conducive to breathability and hinders hair growth, limiting its wearing comfort. In this work, we prepared fully three-dimensional (3D) printed e-skin that allowed hair penetration and growth. This e-skin also achieved simultaneous pressure and temperature detection and a high tactile resolution of 100 cm-2, which is close to that of human fingertips. The temperature sensor maintained linear measurements within 10-60 °C. The pore microstructure prepared by a sacrificial template method helped the pressure-sensing unit achieve a high sensitivity of 0.213 kPa-1. Considering the distribution of human hair, the design of the main structure of the e-skin was studied to realize hair penetration and growth. High-performance pressure-sensitive inks and transparent flexible substrate inks for 3D printing were developed, and e-skins combining these functions were realized through multimaterial in situ 3D printing with high accuracy and high consistency. The temperature and pressure sensors separately performed simultaneous detection without interference, and the tactile sensor array accurately identified stimuli at different locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhen Pei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Fan Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jianlong Ji
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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60
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Shi Z, Meng L, Shi X, Li H, Zhang J, Sun Q, Liu X, Chen J, Liu S. Morphological Engineering of Sensing Materials for Flexible Pressure Sensors and Artificial Intelligence Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:141. [PMID: 35789444 PMCID: PMC9256895 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Various morphological structures in pressure sensors with the resulting advanced sensing properties are reviewed comprehensively. Relevant manufacturing techniques and intelligent applications of pressure sensors are summarized in a complete and interesting way. Future challenges and perspectives of flexible pressure sensors are critically discussed. As an indispensable branch of wearable electronics, flexible pressure sensors are gaining tremendous attention due to their extensive applications in health monitoring, human –machine interaction, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and other fields. In recent years, highly flexible and wearable pressure sensors have been developed using various materials/structures and transduction mechanisms. Morphological engineering of sensing materials at the nanometer and micrometer scales is crucial to obtaining superior sensor performance. This review focuses on the rapid development of morphological engineering technologies for flexible pressure sensors. We discuss different architectures and morphological designs of sensing materials to achieve high performance, including high sensitivity, broad working range, stable sensing, low hysteresis, high transparency, and directional or selective sensing. Additionally, the general fabrication techniques are summarized, including self-assembly, patterning, and auxiliary synthesis methods. Furthermore, we present the emerging applications of high-performing microengineered pressure sensors in healthcare, smart homes, digital sports, security monitoring, and machine learning-enabled computational sensing platform. Finally, the potential challenges and prospects for the future developments of pressure sensors are discussed comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengya Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxian Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Shi
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 352001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Juzhong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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61
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Cheng Y, Li L, Liu Z, Yan S, Cheng F, Yue Y, Jia S, Wang J, Gao Y, Li L. 3D Porous MXene Aerogel through Gas Foaming for Multifunctional Pressure Sensor. Research (Wash D C) 2022. [DOI: 10.34133/2022/9843268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart wearable electronic devices puts forward higher requirements for future flexible electronics. The design of highly sensitive and high-performance flexible pressure sensors plays an important role in promoting the development of flexible electronic devices. Recently, MXenes with excellent properties have shown great potential in the field of flexible electronics. However, the easy-stacking inclination of nanomaterials limits the development of their excellent properties and the performance improvement of related pressure sensors. Traditional methods for constructing 3D porous structures have the disadvantages of complexity, long period, and difficulty of scalability. Here, the gas foaming strategy is adopted to rapidly construct 3D porous MXene aerogels. Combining the excellent surface properties of MXenes with the porous structure of aerogel, the prepared MXene aerogels are successfully used in high-performance multifunctional flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity (306 kPa-1), wide detection range (2.3 Pa to 87.3 kPa), fast response time (35 ms), and ultrastability (>20,000 cycles), as well as self-healing, waterproof, cold-resistant, and heat-resistant capabilities. MXene aerogel pressure sensors show great potential in harsh environment detection, behavior monitoring, equipment recovery, pressure array identification, remote monitoring, and human-computer interaction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Cheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zunyu Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shuangfeng Jia
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yihua Gao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Luying Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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62
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Park C, Choi M, Lee S, Kim H, Lee T, Billah MM, Jung B, Jang J. Highly Sensitive, Stretchable Pressure Sensor Using Blue Laser Annealed CNTs. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132127. [PMID: 35807963 PMCID: PMC9268723 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A piezoresistive sensor is an essential component of wearable electronics that can detect resistance changes when pressure is applied. In general, microstructures of sensing layers have been adopted as an effective approach to enhance piezoresistive performance. However, the mold-casted microstructures typically have quite a thick layer with dozens of microscales. In this paper, a carbon microstructure is formed by blue laser annealing (BLA) on a carbon nanotube (CNT) layer, which changes the surface morphology of CNTs into carbonaceous protrusions and increases its thickness more than four times compared to the as-deposited layer. Then, the pressure sensor is fabricated using a spin-coating of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) elastomer on the BLA CNTs layer. A 1.32 µm-thick pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 6.87 × 105 kPa−1, a wide sensing range of 278 Pa~40 kPa and a fast response/recovery time of 20 ms, respectively. The stability of the pressure sensor is demonstrated by the repeated loading and unloading of 20 kPa for 4000 cycles. The stretchable pressure sensor was also demonstrated using lateral CNT electrodes on SEBS surface, exhibiting stable pressure performance, with up to 20% stretching.
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63
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Wu J, Fan X, Liu X, Ji X, Shi X, Wu W, Yue Z, Liang J. Highly Sensitive Temperature-Pressure Bimodal Aerogel with Stimulus Discriminability for Human Physiological Monitoring. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4459-4467. [PMID: 35608193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal sensor with high sensitivity, accurate sensing resolution, and stimuli discriminability is very desirable for human physiological state monitoring. A dual-sensing aerogel is fabricated with independent pyro-piezoresistive behavior by leveraging MXene and semicrystalline polymer to assemble shrinkable nanochannel structures inside multilevel cellular walls of aerogel for discriminable temperature and pressure sensing. The shrinkable nanochannels, controlled by the melt flow-triggered volume change of semicrystalline polymer, act as thermoresponsive conductive channels to endow the pyroresistive aerogel with negative temperature coefficient of resistance of -10.0% °C-1 and high accuracy within 0.2 °C in human physiological temperature range of 30-40 °C. The flexible cellular walls, working as pressure-responsive conductive channels, enable the piezoresistive aerogel to exhibit a pressure sensitivity up to 777 kPa-1 with a detectable pressure limit of 0.05 Pa. The pyro-piezoresistive aerogel can detect the temperature-dependent characteristics of pulse pressure waveforms from artery vessels under different human body temperature states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangqian Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xue Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyi Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinlei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Department of Microelectronics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhao Yue
- Department of Microelectronics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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64
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Recent Advances in Electronic Skins with Multiple-Stimuli-Responsive and Self-Healing Abilities. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051661. [PMID: 35268894 PMCID: PMC8911295 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic skin (e-skin) has provided a revolutionized way to intelligently sense environmental stimuli, which shows prospective applications in health monitoring, artificial intelligence and prosthetics fields. Drawn inspiration from biological skins, developing e-skin with multiple stimuli perception and self-healing abilities not only enrich their bionic multifunctionality, but also greatly improve their sensory performance and functional stability. In this review, we highlight recent important developments in the material structure design strategy to imitate the fascinating functionalities of biological skins, including molecular synthesis, physical structure design, and special biomimicry engineering. Moreover, their specific structure-property relationships, multifunctional application, and existing challenges are also critically analyzed with representative examples. Furthermore, a summary and perspective on future directions and challenges of biomimetic electronic skins regarding function construction will be briefly discussed. We believe that this review will provide valuable guidance for readers to fabricate superior e-skin materials or devices with skin-like multifunctionalities and disparate characteristics.
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65
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Ma X, Wang C, Wei R, He J, Li J, Liu X, Huang F, Ge S, Tao J, Yuan Z, Chen P, Peng D, Pan C. Bimodal Tactile Sensor without Signal Fusion for User-Interactive Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2789-2797. [PMID: 35060692 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors with multimode sensing ability are cornerstones of artificial skin for applications in humanoid robotics and smart prosthetics. However, the intuitive and interference-free reading of multiple tactile signals without involving complex algorithms and calculations remains a challenge. Herein a pressure-temperature bimodal tactile sensor without any interference is demonstrated by combining the fundamentally different sensing mechanisms of optics and electronics, enabling the simultaneous and independent sensing of pressure and temperature with the elimination of signal separation algorithms and calculations. The bimodal sensor comprises a mechanoluminescent hybrid of ZnS-CaZnOS and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thermoresistant material, endowing the unambiguous transduction of pressure and temperature into optical and electrical signals, respectively. This device exhibits the highest temperature sensitivity of -0.6% °C-1 in the range of 21-60 °C and visual sensing of the applied forces at a low limitation of 2 N. The interference-free and light-emitting characteristics of this device permit user-interactive applications in robotics for encrypted communication as well as temperature and pressure monitoring, along with wireless signal transmission. This work provides an unexplored solution to signal interference of multimodal tactile sensors, which can be extended to other multifunctional sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Ma
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ruilai Wei
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi He
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Fengchang Huang
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shuaipeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Juan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zuqing Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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66
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Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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67
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Lee Y, Park J, Choe A, Shin YE, Kim J, Myoung J, Lee S, Lee Y, Kim YK, Yi SW, Nam J, Seo J, Ko H. Flexible Pyroresistive Graphene Composites for Artificial Thermosensation Differentiating Materials and Solvent Types. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1208-1219. [PMID: 35020369 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When we touch an object, thermosensation allows us to perceive not only the temperature but also wetness and types of materials with different thermophysical properties (i.e., thermal conductivity and heat capacity) of objects. Emulation of such sensory abilities is important in robots, wearables, and haptic interfaces, but it is challenging because they are not directly perceptible sensations but rather learned abilities via sensory experiences. Emulating the thermosensation of human skin, we introduce an artificial thermosensation based on an intelligent thermo-/calorimeter (TCM) that can objectively differentiate types of contact materials and solvents with different thermophysical properties. We demonstrate a TCM based on pyroresistive composites with ultrahigh sensitivity (11.2% °C-1) and high accuracy (<0.1 °C) by precisely controlling the melt-induced volume expansion of a semicrystalline polymer, as well as the negative temperature coefficient of reduced graphene oxide. In addition, the ultrathin TCM with coplanar electrode design shows deformation-insensitive temperature sensing, facilitating wearable skin temperature monitoring with accuracy higher than a commercial thermometer. Moreover, the TCM with a high pyroresistivity can objectively differentiate types of contact materials and solvents with different thermophysical properties. In a proof-of-principle application, our intelligent TCM, coupled with a machine-learning algorithm, enables objective evaluation of the thermal attributes (coolness and wetness) of skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Shin
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Myoung
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyung Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Yi
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Nam
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Seo
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074 Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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68
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Ma Z, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Deng H, Fu Q. Recent progress in flexible capacitive sensors: Structures and properties. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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69
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Tao J, Wang C, Pan C. A multimodal ion electronic skin for decoupling temperature and strain. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2437-2439. [PMID: 36654198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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70
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Zhang X, Xia Y, Liu Y, Mugo SM, Zhang Q. Integrated Wearable Sensors for Sensing Physiological Pressure Signals and β-Hydroxybutyrate in Physiological Fluids. Anal Chem 2021; 94:993-1002. [PMID: 34958203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable sensors have attracted much attention for their applications in health monitoring and the human-machine interaction. The most studied wearable sensors have been demonstrated for sensing a limited range of metabolites such as ions, glucose, uric acid, lactate, etc. Both sweat and urine contain numerous other physiologically relevant metabolites indicative of health and wellness. This work demonstrates the use of the wearable sensor for the detection of β-hydroxybutyrate (HB) in sweat. HB is an important biomarker for diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition caused by the accumulation of ketone bodies in hyperglycemia or metabolic acidosis patients. Herein, we fabricated an integrated sensing system coupling an HB detection chamber with a serpentine electrode for sensing physiological signals such as pulse beat, vocal cord vibration, etc. The real-time HB detection was based on a β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzymatic reaction. The stability of the enzyme and the cofactor couple was achieved by cross-linking networks and a redox mediator, thereby achieving high selectivity and low detection limits to HB in urine and sweat. The dual-functional sensor was integrated with a signal processing circuitry for signal transduction, conditioning, processing, wireless transmission, and real-time convenient health monitoring display to a smartphone via home-developed software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xieli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Physical Science Department, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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71
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Cai M, Jiao Z, Nie S, Wang C, Zou J, Song J. A multifunctional electronic skin based on patterned metal films for tactile sensing with a broad linear response range. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl8313. [PMID: 34936460 PMCID: PMC8694613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) with multifunctional sensing functions have attracted a lot of attention due to their promising applications in intelligent robotics, human-machine interfaces, and wearable healthcare systems. Here, we report a multifunctional e-skin based on patterned metal films for tactile sensing of pressure and temperature with a broad linear response range by implementing the single sensing mechanism of piezoresistivity, which allows for the easy signal processing and simple device configuration. The sensing pixel features serpentine metal traces and spatially distributed microprotrusions. Experimental and numerical studies reveal the fundamental aspects of the multifunctional tactile sensing mechanism of the e-skin, which exhibits excellent flexibility and wearable conformability. The fabrication approach being compatible with the well-established microfabrication processes has enabled the scalable manufacturing of a large-scale e-skin for spatial tactile sensing in various application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdong Jiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Nie
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jizhou Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Corresponding author.
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72
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Wang Z, Bu T, Li Y, Wei D, Tao B, Yin Z, Zhang C, Wu H. Multidimensional Force Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Electronic Skin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56320-56328. [PMID: 34783538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect multidimensional forces is highly desired for electronic skin (E-skin) sensors. Here, based on single-electrode-mode triboelectric nanogenerators (S-TENGs), fully elastic E-skin that can simultaneously sense normal pressure and shear force has been proposed. With the hemispherical curve-structure design and further structural optimization, the pressure sensor exhibits a high linearity and sensitivity of 144.8 mV/kPa in the low-pressure region. By partitioning the lower tribolayer into two symmetric parts, a multidimensional force sensor has been fabricated in which the output voltage sum and ratio of the two S-TENGs can be used for normal pressure and shear force sensing, respectively. When the multidimensional force sensors are mounted at a two-fingered robotic manipulator, the change of the grabbing state can be recognized, indicating that the sensor may have great application potential in tactile sensing for robotic manipulation, human-robot interactions, environmental awareness, and object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Wang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tianzhao Bu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Danyang Wei
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tao
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhouping Yin
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
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73
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Zhuang Y, Xie RJ. Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005925. [PMID: 33786872 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new applications, such as in artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and biotechnology, has driven the evolution of stress sensing technology. For these emerging applications, stretchability, remoteness, stress distribution, a multimodal nature, and biocompatibility are important performance characteristics of stress sensors. Mechanoluminescence (ML)-based stress sensing has attracted widespread attention because of its characteristics of remoteness and having a distributed response to mechanical stimuli as well as its great potential for stretchability, biocompatibility, and self-powering. In the past few decades, great progress has been made in the discovery of ML materials, analysis of mechanisms, design of devices, and exploration of applications. One can find that with this progress, the focus of ML research has shifted from the phenomenon in the earliest stage to materials and recently toward devices. At the present stage, while showing great prospects for advanced stress sensing applications, ML-based sensing still faces major challenges in material optimization, device design, and system integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhuang
- College of Materials and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xie
- College of Materials and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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74
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Kim D, Lee DK, Yoon J, Hahm D, Lee B, Oh E, Kim G, Seo J, Kim H, Hong Y. Electronic Skin Based on a Cellulose/Carbon Nanotube Fiber Network for Large-Area 3D Touch and Real-Time 3D Surface Scanning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53111-53119. [PMID: 34709790 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (E-skin) based on tactile sensors has great significance in next-generation electronics such as biomedical application and artificial intelligence that requires interaction with humans. To mimic the properties of human skin, high flexibility, excellent sensing capability, and sufficient spatial resolution through high-level sensor integration are required. Here, we report a highly sensitive pressure sensor matrix based on a piezoresistive cellulose/single-walled carbon nanotube-entangled fiber network, which forms its own porous structure enabling a superior pressure sensor with a high sensitivity (9.097 kPa-1), a fast response speed (<2 ms), and orders of magnitude detection range with a detection limit of 1 Pa. Furthermore, the remarkable device expandability based on the ease of patterning and scalability allows easy implementation of a large-area pressure sensor matrix which has 2304 (48 × 48) pixels. Combined with a real-time pressure distribution monitoring system, a flexible 3D touch sensor that simultaneously displays plane coordinates and pressure information and a scanning device that detects the morphology of the soft body 3D surface are successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesik Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong Keon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jinsu Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Donghyo Hahm
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Eunho Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Geonhee Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jiseok Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hanul Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yongtaek Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Pyo S, Lee J, Bae K, Sim S, Kim J. Recent Progress in Flexible Tactile Sensors for Human-Interactive Systems: From Sensors to Advanced Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005902. [PMID: 33887803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors capable of measuring mechanical stimuli via physical contact have attracted significant attention in the field of human-interactive systems. The utilization of tactile information can complement vision and/or sound interaction and provide new functionalities. Recent advancements in micro/nanotechnology, material science, and information technology have resulted in the development of high-performance tactile sensors that reach and even surpass the tactile sensing ability of human skin. Here, important advances in flexible tactile sensors over recent years are summarized, from sensor designs to system-level applications. This review focuses on the representative strategies based on design and material configurations for improving key performance parameters including sensitivity, detection range/linearity, response time/hysteresis, spatial resolution/crosstalk, multidirectional force detection, and insensitivity to other stimuli. System-level integration for practical applications beyond conceptual prototypes and promising applications, such as artificial electronic skin for robotics and prosthetics, wearable controllers for electronics, and bidirectional communication tools, are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on issues regarding further advances are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjae Pyo
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubin Bae
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Sim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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76
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Shao Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Pang X, Liu M, Zhang D, Liang X. Flexible Pressure Sensor with Micro-Structure Arrays Based on PDMS and PEDOT:PSS/PUD&CNTs Composite Film with 3D Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6499. [PMID: 34772026 PMCID: PMC8585123 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are widely used in different fields, especially in human motion, robot monitoring and medical treatment. Herein, a flexible pressure sensor consists of the flat top plate, and the microstructured bottom plate is developed. Both plates are made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by molding from the 3D printed template. The contact surfaces of the top and bottom plates are coated with a mixture of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and polyurethane dispersion (PUD) as stretchable film electrodes with carbon nanotubes on the electrode surface. By employing 3D printing technology, using digital light processing (DLP), the fabrication of the sensor is low-cost and fast. The sensor models with different microstructures are first analyzed by the Finite Element Method (FEM), and then the models are fabricated and tested. The sensor with 5 × 5 hemispheres has a sensitivity of 3.54 × 10-3 S/kPa in the range of 0-22.2 kPa. The zero-temperature coefficient is -0.0064%FS/°C. The durability test is carried out for 2000 cycles, and it remains stable during the whole test. This work represents progress in flexible pressure sensing and demonstrates the advantages of 3D printing technology in sensor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.S.); (X.P.); (M.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Yulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.S.); (X.P.); (M.L.); (D.Z.); (X.L.)
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77
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An EY, Lee S, Lee SG, Lee E, Baek JJ, Shin G, Choi KH, Cho JH, Bae GY. Self-Patterned Stretchable Electrode Based on Silver Nanowire Bundle Mesh Developed by Liquid Bridge Evaporation. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112865. [PMID: 34835632 PMCID: PMC8621255 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy is required to realize a low-cost stretchable electrode while realizing high stretchability, conductivity, and manufacturability. In this study, we fabricated a self-patterned stretchable electrode using a simple and scalable process. The stretchable electrode is composed of a bridged square-shaped (BSS) AgNW bundle mesh developed by liquid bridge evaporation and a stretchable polymer matrix patterned with a microcavity array. Owing to the BSS structure and microcavity array, which effectively concentrate the applied strain on the deformable square region of the BSS structure under tensile stretching, the stretchable electrode exhibits high stretchability with a low ΔR/R0 of 10.3 at a strain of 40%. Furthermore, by exploiting the self-patterning ability—attributable to the difference in the ability to form liquid bridges according to the distance between microstructures—we successfully demonstrated a stretchable AgNW bundle mesh with complex patterns without using additional patterning processes. In particular, stretchable electrodes were fabricated by spray coating and bar coating, which are widely used in industry for low-cost mass production. We believe that this study significantly contributes to the commercialization of stretchable electronics while achieving high performance and complex patterns, such as stretchable displays and electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young An
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Korea; (E.Y.A.); (J.J.B.); (G.S.); (K.H.C.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea;
| | - Eunho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea;
| | - Jeong Ju Baek
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Korea; (E.Y.A.); (J.J.B.); (G.S.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Gyojic Shin
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Korea; (E.Y.A.); (J.J.B.); (G.S.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Kyung Ho Choi
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Korea; (E.Y.A.); (J.J.B.); (G.S.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.C.); (G.Y.B.)
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Korea; (E.Y.A.); (J.J.B.); (G.S.); (K.H.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.C.); (G.Y.B.)
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78
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Kong H, Song Z, Li W, Bao Y, Qu D, Ma Y, Liu Z, Wang W, Wang Z, Han D, Niu L. Skin-Inspired Hair-Epidermis-Dermis Hierarchical Structures for Electronic Skin Sensors with High Sensitivity over a Wide Linear Range. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16218-16227. [PMID: 34605628 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quest for both high sensitivity and a wide linear range in electronic skin design is perpetual; unfortunately, these two key parameters are generally mutually exclusive. Although limited success in attaining both high sensitivity and a wide linear range has been achieved via material-specific or complicated structure design, addressing the conflict between these parameters remains a critical challenge. Here, inspired by the human somatosensory system, we propose hair-epidermis-dermis hierarchical structures based on a reduced graphene oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) aerogel to reconcile this contradiction between high sensitivity and a wide linear range. This hierarchical structure enables an electronic skin (e-skin) sensor linear sensing range up to 30 kPa without sacrificing the high sensitivity (137.7 kPa-1), revealing an effective strategy to overcome the above-mentioned conflict. In addition, the e-skin sensor also exhibits a low detection limit (1.1 Pa), fast responsiveness (∼80 ms), and excellent stability and reproducibility (over 10 000 cycles); as a result, the e-skin platform is capable of detecting small air flow and monitoring human pulse and even sound-induced vibrations. This structure may boost the ongoing research on the structural design and performance regulation of emerging flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqian Song
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Weiyan Li
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Dongyang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenbang Liu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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79
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Zhou X, Wang H, Li S, Jiang L, Liu M. Self‐Healing and Flexible Porous Nickel/Polyurethane Composite Based on Multihealing Systems and Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Shaonan Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Mengyue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
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80
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Zhang F, Ma PC, Wang J, Zhang Q, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zheng Q. Anisotropic conductive networks for multidimensional sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2615-2653. [PMID: 34617540 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, flexible physical sensors have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interfaces, smart robots, and entertainment. However, conventional sensors are typically designed to respond to a specific stimulus or a deformation along only one single axis, while directional tracking and accurate monitoring of complex multi-axis stimuli is more critical in practical applications. Multidimensional sensors with distinguishable signals for simultaneous detection of complex postures and movements in multiple directions are highly demanded for the development of wearable electronics. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the design and fabrication of multidimensional sensors that are capable of distinguishing stimuli from different directions accurately. Benefiting from their unique decoupling mechanisms, anisotropic architectures have been proved to be promising structures for multidimensional sensing. This review summarizes the present state and advances of the design and preparation strategies for fabricating multidimensional sensors based on anisotropic conducting networks. The fabrication strategies of different anisotropic structures, the working mechanism of various types of multidimensional sensing and their corresponding unique applications are presented and discussed. The potential challenges faced by multidimensional sensors are revealed to provide an insightful outlook for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
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81
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Niu H, Zhang H, Yue W, Gao S, Kan H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Pang J, Lou Z, Wang L, Li Y, Liu H, Shen G. Micro-Nano Processing of Active Layers in Flexible Tactile Sensors via Template Methods: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100804. [PMID: 34240560 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Template methods are regarded as an important method for micro-nano processing in the active layer of flexible tactile sensors. These template methods use physical/chemical processes to introduce micro-nano structures on the active layer, which improves many properties including sensitivity, response/recovery time, and detection limit. However, since the processing process and applicable conditions of the template method have not yet formed a perfect system, the development and commercialization of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method are still at a relatively slow stage. Despite the above obstacles, advances in microelectronics, materials science, nanoscience, and other disciplines have laid the foundation for various template methods, enabling the continuous development of flexible tactile sensors. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of flexible tactile sensors based on the template method is needed to further promote progress in this field. Here, the unique advantages and shortcomings of various template methods are summarized in detail and discuss the research progress and challenges in this field. It is believed that this review will have a significant impact on many fields of flexible electronics, which is beneficial to promote the cross-integration of multiple fields and accelerate the development of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenjing Yue
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hao Kan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Chunwei Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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82
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Review of Materials and Fabrication Methods for Flexible Nano and Micro-Scale Physical and Chemical Property Sensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of flexible sensors has tripled over the last decade due to the increased demand in various fields including health monitoring, food packaging, electronic skins and soft robotics. Flexible sensors have the ability to be bent and stretched during use and can still maintain their electrical and mechanical properties. This gives them an advantage over rigid sensors that lose their sensitivity when subject to bending. Advancements in 3D printing have enabled the development of tailored flexible sensors. Various additive manufacturing methods are being used to develop these sensors including inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, fused deposition modelling, direct ink writing, selective laser melting and others. Hydrogels have gained much attention in the literature due to their self-healing and shape transforming. Self-healing enables the sensor to recover from damages such as cracks and cuts incurred during use, and this enables the sensor to have a longer operating life and stability. Various polymers are used as substrates on which the sensing material is placed. Polymers including polydimethylsiloxane, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and polyvinyl acetate are extensively used in flexible sensors. The most widely used nanomaterials in flexible sensors are carbon and silver due to their excellent electrical properties. This review gives an overview of various types of flexible sensors (including temperature, pressure and chemical sensors), paying particular attention to the application areas and the corresponding characteristics/properties of interest required for such. Current advances/trends in the field including 3D printing, novel nanomaterials and responsive polymers, and self-healable sensors and wearables will also be discussed in more detail.
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83
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Bunea AC, Dediu V, Laszlo EA, Pistriţu F, Carp M, Iliescu FS, Ionescu ON, Iliescu C. E-Skin: The Dawn of a New Era of On-Body Monitoring Systems. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1091. [PMID: 34577734 PMCID: PMC8470991 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Real-time "on-body" monitoring of human physiological signals through wearable systems developed on flexible substrates (e-skin) is the next target in human health control and prevention, while an alternative to bulky diagnostic devices routinely used in clinics. The present work summarizes the recent trends in the development of e-skin systems. Firstly, we revised the material development for e-skin systems. Secondly, aspects related to fabrication techniques were presented. Next, the main applications of e-skin systems in monitoring, such as temperature, pulse, and other bio-electric signals related to health status, were analyzed. Finally, aspects regarding the power supply and signal processing were discussed. The special features of e-skin as identified contribute clearly to the developing potential as in situ diagnostic tool for further implementation in clinical practice at patient personal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Cristina Bunea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Violeta Dediu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Edwin Alexandru Laszlo
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Florian Pistriţu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Mihaela Carp
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Florina Silvia Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Octavian Narcis Ionescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
- Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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84
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Cheng HW, Yan S, Shang G, Wang S, Zhong CJ. Strain sensors fabricated by surface assembly of nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 186:113268. [PMID: 33971524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing interparticle spatial properties of surface assembly of nanoparticles (SAN) on flexible substrates is a rapidly emerging front of research in the design and fabrication of highly-sensitive strain sensors. It has recently shown promising potentials for applications in wearable sensors and skin electronics. SANs feature 3D structural tunability of the interparticle spatial properties at both molecular and nanoscale levels, which is transformative for the design of intriguing strain sensors. This review will present a comprehensive overview of the recent research development in exploring SAN-structured strain sensors for wearable applications. It starts from the basic principle governing the strain sensing characteristics of SANs on flexible substrates in terms of thermally-activated interparticle electron tunneling and conductive percolation. This discussion is followed by descriptions of the fabrication of the sensors and the proof-of-concept demonstrations of the strain sensing characteristics. The nanoparticles in the SANs are controllable in terms of size, shape, and composition, whereas the interparticle molecules enable the tunability of the electrical properties in terms of interparticle spatial properties. The design of SAN-derived strain sensors is further highlighted by describing several recent examples in the explorations of their applications in wearable biosensor and bioelectronics. Fundamental understanding of the role of interparticle spatial properties within SANs at both molecular and device levels is the focal point. The future direction of the SAN-derived wearable sensors will also be discussed, shining lights on a potential paradigm shift in materials design in exploring the emerging opportunities in wearable sensors and skin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Cheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Guojun Shang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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85
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Qin J, Yin LJ, Hao YN, Zhong SL, Zhang DL, Bi K, Zhang YX, Zhao Y, Dang ZM. Flexible and Stretchable Capacitive Sensors with Different Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008267. [PMID: 34240474 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, sensors that can imitate human skin have received extensive attention. Capacitive sensors have a simple structure, low loss, no temperature drift, and other excellent properties, and can be applied in the fields of robotics, human-machine interactions, medical care, and health monitoring. Polymer matrices are commonly employed in flexible capacitive sensors because of their high flexibility. However, their volume is almost unchanged when pressure is applied, and they are inherently viscoelastic. These shortcomings severely lead to high hysteresis and limit the improvement in sensitivity. Therefore, considerable efforts have been applied to improve the sensing performance by designing different microstructures of materials. Herein, two types of sensors based on the applied forces are discussed, including pressure sensors and strain sensors. Currently, five types of microstructures are commonly used in pressure sensors, while four are used in strain sensors. The advantages, disadvantages, and practical values of the different structures are systematically elaborated. Finally, future perspectives of microstructures for capacitive sensors are discussed, with the aim of providing a guide for designing advanced flexible and stretchable capacitive sensors via ingenious human-made microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Li-Juan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ya-Nan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Shao-Long Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Yong-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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86
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Oh HS, Lee CH, Kim NK, An T, Kim GH. Review: Sensors for Biosignal/Health Monitoring in Electronic Skin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34372081 PMCID: PMC8347500 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest sensory organ and receives information from external stimuli. Human body signals have been monitored using wearable devices, which are gradually being replaced by electronic skin (E-skin). We assessed the basic technologies from two points of view: sensing mechanism and material. Firstly, E-skins were fabricated using a tactile sensor. Secondly, E-skin sensors were composed of an active component performing actual functions and a flexible component that served as a substrate. Based on the above fabrication processes, the technologies that need more development were introduced. All of these techniques, which achieve high performance in different ways, are covered briefly in this paper. We expect that patients' quality of life can be improved by the application of E-skin devices, which represent an applied advanced technology for real-time bio- and health signal monitoring. The advanced E-skins are convenient and suitable to be applied in the fields of medicine, military and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seok Oh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Chung Hyeon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Na Kyoung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
| | - Taechang An
- Department of Mechanical & Robotics Engineering, Andong National University (ANU), 1375, Gyeong-dong-ro, Andong-si 36729, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Geon Hwee Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.S.O.); (C.H.L.); (N.K.K.)
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87
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Long C, Xie X, Fu J, Wang Q, Guo H, Zeng W, Wei N, Wang S, Xiong Y. Supercapacitive brophene-graphene aerogel as elastic-electrochemical dielectric layer for sensitive pressure sensors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:355-364. [PMID: 34087596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive pressure sensor based on ultralight and superelastic supercapacitive borophene-graphene aerogel as dielectric layer is reported. The borophene-graphene aerogel not only combines large specific surface area of reduced graphene oxide and high conductivity of borophene, but also exhibits rich porous structure. The strong synergy and intercalation between two different two-dimensional materials benefit electron transfer and electrolyte ion diffusion. On the one hand, the aerogel exhibits greater mass specific capacitance of 330 F g-1 than pure graphene aerogel. More importantly, serving as dielectric layer for pressure sensors with a symmetrical structure, the sensor represents ultra-high sensitivity (0.90 KPa-1) in the pressure range (<3 KPa), ultra-rapid response time (~110 ms), ultra-low detection limit as 8.7 Pa and excellent working stability after 1000 cycles. In practical application, the sensor demonstrates great performance in monitoring human physiological signals, and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Long
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhu Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Simulation and Design for Electronic Information System, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siliang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Science and Technology Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application, Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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88
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Wang S, Chen G, Yao B, Chee AJY, Wang Z, Du P, Qu S, Yu ACH. In Situ and Intraoperative Detection of the Ureter Injury Using a Highly Sensitive Piezoresistive Sensor with a Tunable Porous Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21669-21679. [PMID: 33929181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iatrogenic ureteral injury, as a commonly encountered problem in gynecologic, colorectal, and pelvic surgeries, is known to be difficult to detect in situ and in real-time. Consequently, this injury may be left untreated, thereby leading to serious complications such as infections, renal failure, or even death. Here, high-performance tubular porous pressure sensors were proposed to identify the ureter in situ intraoperatively. The electrical conductivity, mechanical compressibility, and sensor sensitivity can be tuned by changing the pore structure of porous conductive composites. A low percolation threshold of 0.33 vol % was achieved due to the segregated conductive network by pores. Pores also lead to a low effective Young's modulus and high compressibility of the composites and thus result in a high sensitivity of 448.2 kPa-1 of sensors, which is consistent with the results of COMSOL simulation. Self-mounted on the tip of forceps, the sensors can monitor tube pressures with different frequencies and amplitudes, as demonstrated using an artificial pump system. The sensors can also differentiate ureter pulses from aorta pulses of a Bama minipig in situ and in real-time. This work provides a facile, cost-effective, and nondestructive method to identify the ureter intraoperatively, which cannot be effectively achieved by traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Bing Yao
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Adrian J Y Chee
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zongrong Wang
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Piyi Du
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Shaoxing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
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89
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Wang S, Cheng H, Yao B, He H, Zhang L, Yue S, Wang Z, Ouyang J. Self-Adhesive, Stretchable, Biocompatible, and Conductive Nonvolatile Eutectogels as Wearable Conformal Strain and Pressure Sensors and Biopotential Electrodes for Precise Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20735-20745. [PMID: 33900075 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conductive stretchable hydrogels and ionogels consisting of ionic liquids can have interesting application as wearable strain and pressure sensors and bioelectrodes due to their soft nature and high conductivity. However, hydrogels have a severe stability problem because of water evaporation, whereas ionogels are not biocompatible or even toxic. Here, we demonstrate self-adhesive, stretchable, nonvolatile, and biocompatible eutectogels that can always form conformal contact to skin even during body movement along with their application as wearable strain and pressure sensors and biopotential electrodes for precise health monitoring. The eutectogels consist of a deep eutectic solvent that has high conductivity, waterborne polyurethane that is an elastomer, and tannic acid that is an adhesive. They can have an elongation at a break of 178%, ionic conductivity of 0.22 mS/cm, and adhesion force of 12.5 N/m to skin. They can be used as conformal strain sensors to accurately monitor joint movement and breath. They can be even used as pressure sensors with a piezoresistive sensitivity of 284.4 kPa-1 to precisely detect subtle physical movements like arterial pulses, which can provide vital cardiovascular information. Moreover, the eutectogels can be used as nonvolatile conformal electrodes to monitor epidermal physiological signals, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hanlin Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574
| | - Bing Yao
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hao He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574
| | - Shizhong Yue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574
| | - Zongrong Wang
- State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574
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90
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Lee G, Son JH, Lee S, Kim SW, Kim D, Nguyen NN, Lee SG, Cho K. Fingerpad-Inspired Multimodal Electronic Skin for Material Discrimination and Texture Recognition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002606. [PMID: 33977042 PMCID: PMC8097346 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Human skin plays a critical role in a person communicating with his or her environment through diverse activities such as touching or deforming an object. Various electronic skin (E-skin) devices have been developed that show functional or geometrical superiority to human skin. However, research into stretchable E-skin that can simultaneously distinguish materials and textures has not been established yet. Here, the first approach to achieving a stretchable multimodal device is reported, that operates on the basis of various electrical properties of piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and piezoresistivity and that exceeds the capabilities of human tactile perception. The prepared E-skin is composed of a wrinkle-patterned silicon elastomer, hybrid nanomaterials of silver nanowires and zinc oxide nanowires, and a thin elastomeric dielectric layer covering the hybrid nanomaterials, where the dielectric layer exhibits high surface roughness mimicking human fingerprints. This versatile device can identify and distinguish not only mechanical stress from a single stimulus such as pressure, tensile strain, or vibration but also that from a combination of multiple stimuli. With simultaneous sensing and analysis of the integrated stimuli, the approach enables material discrimination and texture recognition for a biomimetic prosthesis when the multifunctional E-skin is applied to a robotic hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Son
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Seong Won Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of UlsanUlsan44 610Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
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91
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Lee JH, Chen H, Kim E, Zhang H, Wu K, Zhang H, Shen X, Zheng Q, Yang J, Jeon S, Kim JK. Flexible temperature sensors made of aligned electrospun carbon nanofiber films with outstanding sensitivity and selectivity towards temperature. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1488-1498. [PMID: 34846457 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous real-time measurement of body temperature using a wearable sensor is an essential part of human health monitoring. Electrospun aligned carbon nanofiber (ACNF) films are employed to assemble flexible temperature sensors. The temperature sensor prepared at a low carbonization temperature of 650 °C yields an outstanding sensitivity of 1.52% °C-1, high accuracy, good linearity, fast response time and excellent long-term durability. Moreover, it exhibits high discriminability towards temperature amidst other unwanted stimuli and maintains its original performance even after repeated stretch/release cycles because of highly-aligned structures. The correlation between the atomic structure and the temperature sensing performance of ACNF sensors is established. Contrary to conventional highly conductive temperature sensors, the ACNF sensor with a low electrical conductivity prepared at a low carbonization temperature ameliorates the temperature sensing performance. This anomaly is explained by (i) the smaller and more disordered sp2 carbon crystallites yielding a high negative temperature coefficient, (ii) a larger number of defects, and (iii) a higher pyridinic-N content generating abundant entrapped and localized electrons which are activated once sufficient thermal energy is available. Flexible ACNF sensor's overall performance is among the best-known carbon material-based flexible temperature sensors, demonstrating potential applications in emerging healthcare and flexible electronics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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92
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Unexpected organic hydrate luminogens in the solid state. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2339. [PMID: 33879783 PMCID: PMC8058042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing organic photoluminescent materials with high emission efficiencies in the solid state under a water atmosphere is important for practical applications. Herein, we report the formation of both intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in three tautomerizable Schiff-base molecules which comprise active hydrogen atoms that act as proton donors and acceptors, simultaneously hindering emission properties. The intercalation of water molecules into their crystal lattices leads to structural rearrangement and organic hydrate luminogen formation in the crystalline phase, triggering significantly enhanced fluorescence emission. By suppressing hydrogen atom shuttling between two nitrogen atoms in the benzimidazole ring, water molecules act as hydrogen bond donors to alter the electronic transition of the molecular keto form from nπ* to lower-energy ππ* in the excited state, leading to enhancing emission from the keto form. Furthermore, the keto-state emission can be enhanced using deuterium oxide (D2O) owing to isotope effects, providing a new opportunity for detecting and quantifying D2O. Developing organic photoluminescent materials with high emission efficiencies in the solid state under a water atmosphere is important for practical applications. Here, the authors report the formation of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in a tautomerizable Schiff base and intercalation of water in the crystal lattice leading to a luminescent organic hydrate.
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93
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Wang Z, Cong Y, Fu J. Stretchable and tough conductive hydrogels for flexible pressure and strain sensors. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:3437-3459. [PMID: 32100788 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible pressure and strain sensors have great potential for applications in wearable and implantable devices, soft robotics and artificial skin. Compared to flexible sensors based on filler/elastomer composites, conductive hydrogels are advantageous due to their biomimetic structures and properties, as well as biocompatibility. Numerous chemical and structural designs provide unlimited opportunities to tune the properties and performance of conductive hydrogels to match various demands for practical applications. Many electronically and ionically conductive hydrogels have been developed to fabricate pressure and strain sensors with different configurations, including resistance type and capacitance type. The sensitivity, reliability and stability of hydrogel sensors are dependent on their network structures and mechanical properties. This review focuses on tough conductive hydrogels for flexible sensors. Representative strategies to prepare stretchable, strong, tough and self-healing hydrogels are briefly reviewed since these strategies are illuminating for the development of tough conductive hydrogels. Then, a general account on various conductive hydrogels is presented and discussed. Recent advances in tough conductive hydrogels with well designed network structures and their sensory performance are discussed in detail. A series of conductive hydrogel sensors and their application in wearable devices are reviewed. Some perspectives on flexible conductive hydrogel sensors and their applications are presented at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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94
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Li G, Liu S, Wang L, Zhu R. Skin-inspired quadruple tactile sensors integrated on a robot hand enable object recognition. Sci Robot 2021; 5:5/49/eabc8134. [PMID: 33328298 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abc8134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Robot hands with tactile perception can improve the safety of object manipulation and also improve the accuracy of object identification. Here, we report the integration of quadruple tactile sensors onto a robot hand to enable precise object recognition through grasping. Our quadruple tactile sensor consists of a skin-inspired multilayer microstructure. It works as thermoreceptor with the ability to perceive thermal conductivity of a material, measure contact pressure, as well as sense object temperature and environment temperature simultaneously and independently. By combining tactile sensing information and machine learning, our smart hand has the capability to precisely recognize different shapes, sizes, and materials in a diverse set of objects. We further apply our smart hand to the task of garbage sorting and demonstrate a classification accuracy of 94% in recognizing seven types of garbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liangqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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95
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Guo H, Wan J, Wang H, Wu H, Xu C, Miao L, Han M, Zhang H. Self-Powered Intelligent Human-Machine Interaction for Handwriting Recognition. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:4689869. [PMID: 33880448 PMCID: PMC8035911 DOI: 10.34133/2021/4689869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Handwritten signatures widely exist in our daily lives. The main challenge of signal recognition on handwriting is in the development of approaches to obtain information effectively. External mechanical signals can be easily detected by triboelectric nanogenerators which can provide immediate opportunities for building new types of active sensors capable of recording handwritten signals. In this work, we report an intelligent human-machine interaction interface based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. Using the horizontal-vertical symmetrical electrode array, the handwritten triboelectric signal can be recorded without external energy supply. Combined with supervised machine learning methods, it can successfully recognize handwritten English letters, Chinese characters, and Arabic numerals. The principal component analysis algorithm preprocesses the triboelectric signal data to reduce the complexity of the neural network in the machine learning process. Further, it can realize the anticounterfeiting recognition of writing habits by controlling the samples input to the neural network. The results show that the intelligent human-computer interaction interface has broad application prospects in signature security and human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ji Wan
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haobin Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanxiang Wu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liming Miao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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96
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Wang Y, Zhao C, Wang J, Luo X, Xie L, Zhan S, Kim J, Wang X, Liu X, Ying Y. Wearable plasmonic-metasurface sensor for noninvasive and universal molecular fingerprint detection on biointerfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe4553. [PMID: 33523953 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensing technology is an essential link to future personalized medicine. However, to obtain a complete picture of human health, it is necessary but challenging to track multiple analytes inside the body simultaneously. Here, we present a wearable plasmonic-electronic sensor with "universal" molecular recognition ability. Flexible plasmonic metasurface with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-activity is introduced as the fundamental sensing component in a wearable sensor since we solved the technical challenge of maintaining the plasmonic activities of their brittle nanostructures under various deformations. Together with a flexible electronic sweat extraction system, our sensor can noninvasively extract and "fingerprint" analytes inside the body based on their unique SERS spectra. As a proof-of-concept example, we successfully monitored the variation of trace-amounts drugs inside the body and obtained an individual's drug metabolic profile. Our sensor bridges the existing gap in wearable sensing technology by providing a universal, sensitive molecular tracking means to assess human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shijie Zhan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangjiang Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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97
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Khoshmanesh F, Thurgood P, Pirogova E, Nahavandi S, Baratchi S. Wearable sensors: At the frontier of personalised health monitoring, smart prosthetics and assistive technologies. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 176:112946. [PMID: 33412429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have evolved from body-worn fitness tracking devices to multifunctional, highly integrated, compact, and versatile sensors, which can be mounted onto the desired locations of our clothes or body to continuously monitor our body signals, and better interact and communicate with our surrounding environment or equipment. Here, we discuss the latest advances in textile-based and skin-like wearable sensors with a focus on three areas, including (i) personalised health monitoring to facilitate recording physiological signals, body motions, and analysis of body fluids, (ii) smart gloves and prosthetics to realise the sensation of touch and pain, and (iii) assistive technologies to enable disabled people to operate the surrounding motorised equipment using their active organs. We also discuss areas for future research in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Khoshmanesh
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Saeid Nahavandi
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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98
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Peng B, Zhao F, Ping J, Ying Y. Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors: Material Synthesis, Sensor Design, and Personal Health Monitoring. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002681. [PMID: 32893485 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have gained much attention due to their potential in personal health monitoring in a timely, cost-effective, easy-operating, and noninvasive way. In recent studies, nanomaterials have been employed in wearable sensors to improve the sensing performance in view of their excellent properties. Here, focus is mainly on the nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors and their latest advances in personal health monitoring. Different kinds of nanomaterials used in wearable sensors, such as metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials, hybrid nanocomposites, and bio-nanomaterials, are reviewed. Then, the progress of nanomaterial-based wearable sensors in personal health monitoring, including the detection of ions and molecules in body fluids and exhaled breath, physiological signals, and emotion parameters, is discussed. Furthermore, the future challenges and opportunities of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fengnian Zhao
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
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99
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Lee K, Jang S, Kim KL, Koo M, Park C, Lee S, Lee J, Wang G, Park C. Artificially Intelligent Tactile Ferroelectric Skin. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001662. [PMID: 33240753 PMCID: PMC7675051 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight and flexible tactile learning machines can simultaneously detect, synaptically memorize, and subsequently learn from external stimuli acquired from the skin. This type of technology holds great interest due to its potential applications in emerging wearable and human-interactive artificially intelligent neuromorphic electronics. In this study, an integrated artificially intelligent tactile learning electronic skin (e-skin) based on arrays of ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistors with dome-shape tactile top-gates, which can simultaneously sense and learn from a variety of tactile information, is introduced. To test the e-skin, tactile pressure is applied to a dome-shaped top-gate that measures ferroelectric remnant polarization in a gate insulator. This results in analog conductance modulation that is dependent upon both the number and magnitude of input pressure-spikes, thus mimicking diverse tactile and essential synaptic functions. Specifically, the device exhibits excellent cycling stability between long-term potentiation and depression over the course of 10 000 continuous input pulses. Additionally, it has a low variability of only 3.18%, resulting in high-performance and robust tactile perception learning. The 4 × 4 device array is also able to recognize different handwritten patterns using 2-dimensional spatial learning and recognition, and this is successfully demonstrated with a high degree accuracy of 99.66%, even after considering 10% noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghoon Jang
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea University145, Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Lib Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Min Koo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Gunuk Wang
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea University145, Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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100
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Wu J, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Shao T, Wu H, Liu S, Li Z, Wu L. Rational design of flexible capacitive sensors with highly linear response over a broad pressure sensing range. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21198-21206. [PMID: 33057537 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible capacitive pressure sensors have many important applications but usually exhibit a highly non-linear response as the sensitivity drops dramatically towards high pressure. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to achieve high linearity over a broad sensing range by using percolative composites as the dielectric layer. The linear response is attributed to the fast increase in dielectric constant that can compensate for the sensitivity drop caused by the decreased compressibility during compression. An analytical model is established to predict the linearity by coupling the percolation theory and Mooney-Rivlin equation. Based on the model, a capacitive pressure sensor using a spiky nickel/polydimethyl siloxane composite as the dielectric layer is fabricated as a demonstration and exhibits excellent linearity (R2 = 0.999) up to 1.7 MPa. In addition, owing to the nature of the polymer composite, its dispersion can be conformally coated on surfaces with complex shapes or be molded into films with surface microstructures to achieve a unique combination of high sensitivity and linear response over a wide pressure sensing range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yagang Yao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Tianyu Shao
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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