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Lee H. Obesity-Associated Cancers: Evidence from Studies in Mouse Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091472. [PMID: 35563777 PMCID: PMC9102145 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, one of the major problems in modern human society, is correlated with various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In particular, epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that obesity is closely linked to at least 13 different types of cancer. The mechanisms that potentially explain the link between obesity and cancer include hyperactivation of the IGF pathway, metabolic dysregulation, dysfunctional angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines, endocrine hormones, and adipokines. However, how the largely uniform morbidity of obesity leads to different types of cancer still needs to be investigated. To study the link between obesity and cancer, researchers have commonly used preclinical animal models, particularly mouse models. These models include monogenic models of obesity (e.g., ob/ob and db/db mice) and genetically modified mouse models of human cancers (e.g., Kras-driven pancreatic cancer, Apc-mutated colorectal cancer, and Her2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer). The experimental results obtained using these mouse models revealed strong evidence of a link between obesity and cancer and suggested their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-31-920-2274; Fax: +82-31-920-2279
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
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52
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Nel AE, Mei KC, Liao YP, Lu X. Multifunctional Lipid Bilayer Nanocarriers for Cancer Immunotherapy in Heterogeneous Tumor Microenvironments, Combining Immunogenic Cell Death Stimuli with Immune Modulatory Drugs. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5184-5232. [PMID: 35348320 PMCID: PMC9519818 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the contribution of cancer cells, the solid tumor microenvironment (TME) has a critical role in determining tumor expansion, antitumor immunity, and the response to immunotherapy. Understanding the details of the complex interplay between cancer cells and components of the TME provides an unprecedented opportunity to explore combination therapy for intervening in the immune landscape to improve immunotherapy outcome. One approach is the introduction of multifunctional nanocarriers, capable of delivering drug combinations that provide immunogenic stimuli for improvement of tumor antigen presentation, contemporaneous with the delivery of coformulated drug or synthetic molecules that provide immune danger signals or interfere in immune-escape, immune-suppressive, and T-cell exclusion pathways. This forward-looking review will discuss the use of lipid-bilayer-encapsulated liposomes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles for combination immunotherapy of the heterogeneous immune landscapes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and triple-negative breast cancer. We describe how the combination of remote drug loading and lipid bilayer encapsulation is used for the synthesis of synergistic drug combinations that induce immunogenic cell death, interfere in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, inhibit the indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) immune metabolic pathway, restore spatial access to activated T-cells to the cancer site, or reduce the impact of immunosuppressive stromal components. We show how an integration of current knowledge and future discovery can be used for a rational approach to nanoenabled cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kuo-Ching Mei
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangsheng Lu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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53
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Connolly KA, Fitzgerald B, Damo M, Joshi NS. Novel Mouse Models for Cancer Immunology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022; 6:269-291. [PMID: 36875867 PMCID: PMC9979244 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070620-105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models for the study of cancer immunology provide excellent systems in which to test biological mechanisms of the immune response against cancer. Historically, these models have been designed to have different strengths based on the current major research questions at the time. As such, many mouse models of immunology used today were not originally developed to study questions currently plaguing the relatively new field of cancer immunology, but instead have been adapted for such purposes. In this review, we discuss various mouse model of cancer immunology in a historical context as a means to provide a fuller perspective of each model's strengths. From this outlook, we discuss the current state of the art and strategies for tackling future modeling challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Connolly
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Brittany Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Martina Damo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Nikhil S. Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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54
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Rengaraj A, Bosc L, Machillot P, McGuckin C, Milet C, Forraz N, Paliard P, Barbier D, Picart C. Engineering of a Microscale Niche for Pancreatic Tumor Cells Using Bioactive Film Coatings Combined with 3D-Architectured Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13107-13121. [PMID: 35275488 PMCID: PMC7614000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization has recently emerged as a promising technique to fabricate scaffolds for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture and tissue engineering. Here, we combined 3D-printed microscale scaffolds fabricated using two-photon polymerization with a bioactive layer-by-layer film coating. This bioactive coating consists of hyaluronic acid and poly(l-lysine) of controlled stiffness, loaded with fibronectin and bone morphogenic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2 and BMP4) as matrix-bound proteins. Planar films were prepared using a liquid handling robot directly in 96-well plates to perform high-content studies of cellular processes, especially cell adhesion, proliferation, and BMP-induced signaling. The behaviors of two human pancreatic cell lines PANC1 (immortalized) and PAN092 (patient-derived cell line) were systematically compared and revealed important context-specific cell responses, notably in response to film stiffness and matrix-bound BMPs (bBMPs). Fibronectin significantly increased cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation for both cell types on soft and stiff films; BMP2 increased cell adhesion and inhibited proliferation of PANC1 cells and PAN092 on soft films. BMP4 enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation of PANC1 and showed a bipolar effect on PAN092. Importantly, PANC1 exhibited a strong dose-dependent BMP response, notably for bBMP2, while PAN092 was insensitive to BMPs. Finally, we proved that it is possible to combine a microscale 3D Ormocomp scaffold fabricated using the two-photon polymerization technique with the bioactive film coating to form a microscale tumor tissue and mimic the early stages of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Rengaraj
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1292, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, IRIG Institute, CEA, Bât C3, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane Bosc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1292, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, IRIG Institute, CEA, Bât C3, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Machillot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1292, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, IRIG Institute, CEA, Bât C3, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Colin McGuckin
- Cell Therapy Research Institute, CTIBiotech, 5 avenue Lionel Terray, 69330 Meyzieu, France
| | - Clément Milet
- Cell Therapy Research Institute, CTIBiotech, 5 avenue Lionel Terray, 69330 Meyzieu, France
| | - Nico Forraz
- Cell Therapy Research Institute, CTIBiotech, 5 avenue Lionel Terray, 69330 Meyzieu, France
| | - Philippe Paliard
- Microlight 3D, 5 avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Denis Barbier
- Microlight 3D, 5 avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1292, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 BRM, IRIG Institute, CEA, Bât C3, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de I’Industrie, 1 rue Descartes, 75 231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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The Class I HDAC Inhibitor Valproic Acid Strongly Potentiates Gemcitabine Efficacy in Pancreatic Cancer by Immune System Activation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030517. [PMID: 35327319 PMCID: PMC8945828 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic cancer is often impaired due to limited intracellular uptake and metabolic activation. Epi-drugs target gene expression patterns and represent a promising approach to reverse chemoresistance. In this study, we investigate the chemosensitizing effect of different epi-drugs when combined with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Methods: Mouse KPC3 cells were used for all experiments. Five different epi-drugs were selected for combination therapy: 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, hydralazine, mocetinostat, panobinostat, and valproic acid (VPA). Treatment effects were determined by cell proliferation and colony forming assays. Expression of genes were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. The most promising epi-drug for combination therapy was studied in immune competent mice. Intratumor changes were defined using NanoString PanCancer panel IO360. Results: All epi-drugs, except hydralazine, potentiated the gemcitabine response in KPC3 cells (range decrease IC50 value 1.7−2-fold; p < 0.001). On colony formation, the cytotoxic effect of 0.5 ng/mL gemcitabine was 1.4 to 6.3 times stronger (p < 0.01). Two out of three drug-transporter genes were strongly upregulated following epi-drug treatment (a range fold increase of 17−124 and 9−60 for Slc28a1 and Slc28a3, respectively; all p < 0.001). VPA combined with gemcitabine significantly reduced tumor size with 74% compared to vehicle-treated mice and upregulated expression of immune-related pathways (range pathway score 0.86−1.3). Conclusions: These results provide a strong rationale for combining gemcitabine with VPA treatment. For the first time, we present intratumor changes and show activation of the immune system. Clinical trials are warranted to assess efficacy and safety of this novel combination in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Xu PC, You M, Yu SY, Luan Y, Eldani M, Caffrey TC, Grandgenett PM, O'Connell KA, Shukla SK, Kattamuri C, Hollingsworth MA, Singh PK, Thompson TB, Chung S, Kim SY. Visceral adipose tissue remodeling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cachexia: the role of activin A signaling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1659. [PMID: 35102236 PMCID: PMC8803848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients display distinct phenotypes of cachexia development, with either adipose tissue loss preceding skeletal muscle wasting or loss of only adipose tissue. Activin A levels were measured in serum and analyzed in tumor specimens of both a cohort of Stage IV PDAC patients and the genetically engineered KPC mouse model. Our data revealed that serum activin A levels were significantly elevated in Stage IV PDAC patients in comparison to age-matched non-cancer patients. Little is known about the role of activin A in adipose tissue wasting in the setting of PDAC cancer cachexia. We established a correlation between elevated activin A and remodeling of visceral adipose tissue. Atrophy and fibrosis of visceral adipose tissue was examined in omental adipose tissue of Stage IV PDAC patients and gonadal adipose tissue of an orthotopic mouse model of PDAC. Remarkably, white visceral adipose tissue from both PDAC patients and mice exhibited decreased adipocyte diameter and increased fibrotic deposition. Strikingly, expression of thermogenic marker UCP1 in visceral adipose tissues of PDAC patients and mice remained unchanged. Thus, we propose that activin A signaling could be relevant to the acceleration of visceral adipose tissue wasting in PDAC-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985860 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mikyoung You
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 211 Chenoweth Laboratory, 100 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003-9282, USA
| | - Seok-Yeong Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985860 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yi Luan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985860 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Maya Eldani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985860 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Thomas C Caffrey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kelly A O'Connell
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surendra K Shukla
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 68198, USA
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 211 Chenoweth Laboratory, 100 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003-9282, USA.
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985860 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Pancreatic Cancer Organoids in the Field of Precision Medicine: A Review of Literature and Experience on Drug Sensitivity Testing with Multiple Readouts and Synergy Scoring. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030525. [PMID: 35158794 PMCID: PMC8833348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New treatments are urgently needed for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma because it is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers, detected too late and resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Tumors in most patients feature a similar set of core mutations but so far it has not been possible to design a one-fits-all treatment strategy. Instead, efforts are underway to personalize the therapies. To find the treatments that might work the best for each patient, entirely new experimental platforms based on living miniature tumors, organoids, have been developed. We review here the latest international findings in designing personalized treatments pancreatic cancer patients using organoids as testing beds. Our own work adds important clues about how such testing could, and perhaps should, be conducted. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a silent killer, often diagnosed late. However, it is also dishearteningly resistant to nearly all forms of treatment. New therapies are urgently needed, and with the advent of organoid culture for pancreatic cancer, an increasing number of innovative approaches are being tested. Organoids can be derived within a short enough time window to allow testing of several anticancer agents, which opens up the possibility for functional precision medicine for pancreatic cancer. At the same time, organoid model systems are being refined to better mimic the cancer, for example, by incorporation of components of the tumor microenvironment. We review some of the latest developments in pancreatic cancer organoid research and in novel treatment design. We also summarize our own current experiences with pancreatic cancer organoid drug sensitivity and resistance testing (DSRT) in 14 organoids from 11 PDAC patients. Our data show that it may be necessary to include a cell death read-out in ex vivo DSRT assays, as metabolic viability quantitation does not capture actual organoid killing. We also successfully adapted the organoid platform for drug combination synergy discovery. Lastly, live organoid culture 3D confocal microscopy can help identify individual surviving tumor cells escaping cell death even during harsh combination treatments. Taken together, the organoid technology allows the development of novel precision medicine approaches for PDAC, which paves the way for clinical trials and much needed new treatment options for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Topkan E, Selek U, Haksoyler V, Kucuk A, Durankus NK, Sezen D, Bolukbasi Y, Pehlivan B. Postchemoradiotherapy Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Distant Metastasis and Survival Results in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancers. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:7473649. [PMID: 35685603 PMCID: PMC9159257 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7473649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Our retrospective research included a sum of 126 LAPAC patients who received CCRT. The NLR was calculated for each patient based on the complete blood count test results obtained on the last day of the CCRT. The availability of optimal cutoff(s) that might dichotomize the whole cohort into two groups with significantly different clinical outcomes was searched using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Primary and secondary endpoints were the potential association between the post-CCRT NLR measures and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes. RESULTS The median follow-up duration was 14.7 months (range: 2.4-94.5). The median and 3-year OS and DMFS rates for the whole group were 15.3 months (95% confidence interval: 12.4-18.2) and 14.5%, and 8.7 months (95% CI: 6.7-10.7) and 6.3% separately. The ROC curve analysis findings separated the patients into two groups on a rounded NLR cutoff of 3.1 (area under the curve (AUC): 75.4%; sensitivity: 74.2%; specificity: 73.9%) for OS and DMFS: NLR <3.1 (N = 62) and NLR ≥3.1 (N = 64), respectively. Comparisons between the NLR groups displayed that the median OS (11.4 vs. 21.4 months; P < 0.001) and DMFS (6.0 vs. 16.0 months; P < 0.001) lengths were significantly shorter in the NLR ≥3.1 group than its NLR <3.1 counterparts, as well as the 3-year actuarial DM rate (79.7% vs. 50.0%; P=0.003). The N1-2 nodal stage, CA 19-9>90 U/mL, and NLR >3.1 were found to be independent predictors of poor prognosis in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The present study found that the posttreatment NLR ≥3.1 was independently linked with a higher risk of DM and subsequent degraded survival outcomes in unresectable LAPAC patients managed with exclusive CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Topkan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baskent University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ugur Selek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University Schoolof Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Radiation Oncology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ahmet Kucuk
- Clinic of Radiation Oncology, Mersin Education and Research Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Duygu Sezen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University Schoolof Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Bolukbasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University Schoolof Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Radiation Oncology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Berrin Pehlivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Obaid G, Mai Z, Hasan T. Orthotopic Models of Pancreatic Cancer to Study PDT. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:163-173. [PMID: 35505017 PMCID: PMC10515273 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is its poor prognosis that stems from a marked resistance to therapy, an invasive nature, and a high metastatic potential. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality for effectively managing PDAC both preclinically and clinically. While clinical trials of PDT for PDAC are still in their early stages, a plethora of elegant preclinical studies are supporting the translation and clinical adoption of PDT-based treatment regimens, many of which leverage orthotopic preclinical models of PDAC. Given the aggressiveness of the disease that is largely dependent on the localization of PDAC tumors, it is imperative that preclinical models used to evaluate PDT-based treatment regimens recapitulate elements of the natural pathogenesis in order to design treatment regimens tailored to PDAC with the highest potential for clinical success. In light of the importance of clinically relevant models of PDAC, this chapter details and discusses the methodologies developed over the last three decades to leverage orthotopic PDAC models in order to evaluate PDT-based treatment regimens. The shortcomings of these are also discussed, in addition to the future directions that the field is headed to establish the most relevant orthotopic models of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girgis Obaid
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhiming Mai
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Narayanan S, Vicent S, Ponz-Sarvisé M. PDAC as an Immune Evasive Disease: Can 3D Model Systems Aid to Tackle This Clinical Problem? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:787249. [PMID: 34957115 PMCID: PMC8703167 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.787249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a high mortality rate. The presence of a dense desmoplastic stroma rich in fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and immune cells plays a critical role in disease progression, therapy response and is a distinguishing feature of PDAC. PDAC is currently treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy in selected cases which results in long-term survival only in a small percentage of patients. Cancer therapies that incorporate immunotherapy-based techniques have become increasingly common in recent years. While such a strategy has been shown to be effective for immunogenic, “hot” tumors like melanoma and lung cancer, thus far PDAC patients display poor responses to this therapeutic approach. Various factors, such as low tumor mutational burden, increased infiltration of immunosuppressive cells, like MDSCs and Treg cells promote tolerance and immune deviation, further aggravating adaptive immunity in PDAC. In this review we will elaborate on the ability of PDAC tumors to evade immune detection. We will also discuss various 3D model system that can be used as a platform in preclinical research to investigate rational combinations of immunotherapy with chemotherapy or targeted therapy, to prime the immune microenvironment to enhance antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Narayanan
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Pamplona, Spain
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silve Vicent
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Silve Vicent, ; Mariano Ponz-Sarvisé,
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvisé
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Pamplona, Spain
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Silve Vicent, ; Mariano Ponz-Sarvisé,
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Jhaveri AV, Zhou L, Ralff MD, Lee YS, Navaraj A, Carneiro BA, Safran H, Prabhu VV, Ross EA, Lee S, El-Deiry WS. Combination of ONC201 and TLY012 induces selective, synergistic apoptosis in vitro and significantly delays PDAC xenograft growth in vivo. Cancer Biol Ther 2021; 22:607-618. [PMID: 34856854 PMCID: PMC8726623 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2021.1976567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The five-year survival rate for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has remained a dismal 9% for approximately 40 years with an urgent need for novel therapeutic interventions. ONC201 is the founding member of the imipridone class, comprised of orally bioavailable small molecules that have shown efficacy in multiple tumor types both in animal models and in Phase I/II clinical trials. ONC201 is a potent inducer of the tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathway. TRAIL is an innate immune mechanism which induces programmed cell death of cancer cells. We observed that PDAC cells upregulated ATF4, CHOP, and DR5 after treatment with ONC201. This occurred in cell lines that are susceptible to ONC201-induced apoptosis and in ones that are not. In response to ONC201, PDAC cells downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins including c-FLIP, BclXL, XIAP, cIAP1, and survivin. We hypothesized that TRAIL receptor agonists might induce selective, synergistic apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines treated with ONC201. We screened 7 pancreatic cancer cell lines and found synergy with ONC201 and rhTRAIL or the novel TRAIL receptor agonist TLY012 in 6 of the 7 cell lines tested. In vivo experiments using BxPC3 and HPAFII xenograft models showed that the combination of ONC201 plus TLY012 significantly delays tumor growth as compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumors after three doses of the combination showed significantly increased cleavage of caspase 3 in vivo as compared to controls. Taken together, the preclinical efficacy of ONC201 and TLY012 represents a novel therapeutic option for further testing in pancreatic cancer patients. This combination showed marked efficacy in tumor cells that are both sensitive and resistant to the pro-apoptotic effects of ONC201, providing rationale to further investigate the combination of ONC201 plus TLY012 in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash V Jhaveri
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US)
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Cancer Center at Brown University, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US)
| | - Marie D Ralff
- MD/PhD Program, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States (US)
| | - Young S Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Cancer Center at Brown University, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US)
| | - Arunasalam Navaraj
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Cancer Center at Brown University, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US)
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Cancer Center at Brown University, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Ri, United States (US)
| | - Howard Safran
- Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Cancer Center at Brown University, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Ri, United States (US)
| | | | - Eric A Ross
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States (US)
| | - Seulki Lee
- Theraly Pharmaceutics, Inc, Baltimore, MD, United States (US)
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States (US).,Brown University and the Lifespan Health System, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Cancer Center at Brown University, the Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Ri, United States (US).,Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, Ri, United States (US)
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62
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Cholecystokinin-B Receptor-Targeted Nanoparticle for Imaging and Detection of Precancerous Lesions in the Pancreas. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121766. [PMID: 34944412 PMCID: PMC8698999 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival from pancreatic cancer remains extremely poor, in part because this malignancy is not diagnosed in the early stages, and precancerous pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions are not seen on routine radiographic imaging. Since the cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR) becomes over-expressed in PanIN lesions, it may serve as a target for early detection. We developed a biodegradable fluorescent polyplex nanoparticle (NP) that selectively targets the CCK-BR. The NP was complexed to a fluorescent oligonucleotide with Alexa Fluor 647 for far-red imaging and to an oligonucleotide conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 for localization by immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence was detected over the pancreas of five- to ten-month-old LSL-KrasG12D/+; P48-Cre (KC) mice only after the injection of the receptor target-specific NP and not after injection of untargeted NP. Ex vivo tissue imaging and selective immunohistochemistry confirmed particle localization only to PanIN lesions in the pancreas and not in other organs, supporting the tissue specificity. A human pancreas tissue microarray demonstrated immunoreactivity for the CCK-BR only in the PanIN lesions and not in normal pancreas tissue. The long-term goal would be to develop this imaging tool for screening human subjects at high risk for pancreatic cancer to enable early cancer detection.
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63
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Xu PC, Luan Y, Yu SY, Xu J, Coulter DW, Kim SY. Effects of PD-1 blockade on ovarian follicles in a prepubertal female mouse. J Endocrinol 2021; 252:15-30. [PMID: 34647523 PMCID: PMC8630981 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged at the forefront of cancer treatment. Checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA), a chimeric antibody which targets programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, there is currently no published data regarding the effects of pembrolizumab on the ovary of female pediatric patients. In this study, prepubertal immunocompetent and immunodeficient female mice were injected with pembrolizumab or anti-mouse PD-1 antibody. The number of primordial follicles significantly decreased post-injection of both pembrolizumab and anti-mouse PD-1 antibody in immunocompetent mice. However, no changes in follicle numbers were observed in immunodeficient nude mice. Superovulation test and vaginal opening experiments suggest that there is no difference in the number of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and the timing of puberty onset between the control and anti-mouse PD-1 antibody treatment groups, indicating that there is no effect on short-term fertility. Elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α following COX-2 upregulation was observed in the ovary. CD3+ T-cell infiltration was detected within some ovarian follicles and between stromal cells of the ovaries in mice following treatment with anti-mouse PD-1 antibody. Thus, PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade affects the ovarian reserve through a mechanism possibly involving inflammation following CD3+ T-cell infiltration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Count
- Female
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Infertility, Female/chemically induced
- Infertility, Female/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Oocytes/cytology
- Oocytes/drug effects
- Ovarian Follicle/drug effects
- Ovarian Reserve/drug effects
- Ovary/drug effects
- Ovary/physiology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Sexual Maturation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C. Xu
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yi Luan
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Seok-Yeong Yu
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jing Xu
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Donald W. Coulter
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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64
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Yi SA, Zhang Y, Rathnam C, Pongkulapa T, Lee KB. Bioengineering Approaches for the Advanced Organoid Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007949. [PMID: 34561899 PMCID: PMC8682947 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D cell culture technology have enabled scientists to generate stem cell derived organoids that recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of native organs. Current organoid technologies have been striding toward identifying the essential factors for controlling the processes involved in organoid development, including physical cues and biochemical signaling. There is a growing demand for engineering dynamic niches characterized by conditions that resemble in vivo organogenesis to generate reproducible and reliable organoids for various applications. Innovative biomaterial-based and advanced engineering-based approaches have been incorporated into conventional organoid culture methods to facilitate the development of organoid research. The recent advances in organoid engineering, including extracellular matrices and genetic modulation, are comprehensively summarized to pinpoint the parameters critical for organ-specific patterning. Moreover, perspective trends in developing tunable organoids in response to exogenous and endogenous cues are discussed for next-generation developmental studies, disease modeling, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Yi
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Thanapat Pongkulapa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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65
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Borst L, Sluijter M, Sturm G, Charoentong P, Santegoets SJ, van Gulijk M, van Elsas MJ, Groeneveldt C, van Montfoort N, Finotello F, Trajanoski Z, Kiełbasa SM, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. NKG2A is a late immune checkpoint on CD8 T cells and marks repeated stimulation and cell division. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:688-704. [PMID: 34716584 PMCID: PMC9299709 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The surface inhibitory receptor NKG2A forms heterodimers with the invariant CD94 chain and is expressed on a subset of activated CD8 T cells. As antibodies to block NKG2A are currently tested in several efficacy trials for different tumor indications, it is important to characterize the NKG2A+ CD8 T cell population in the context of other inhibitory receptors. Here we used a well‐controlled culture system to study the kinetics of inhibitory receptor expression. Naïve mouse CD8 T cells were synchronously and repeatedly activated by artificial antigen presenting cells in the presence of the homeostatic cytokine IL‐7. The results revealed NKG2A as a late inhibitory receptor, expressed after repeated cognate antigen stimulations. In contrast, the expression of PD‐1, TIGIT and LAG‐3 was rapidly induced, hours after first contact and subsequently down regulated during each resting phase. This late, but stable expression kinetics of NKG2A was most similar to that of TIM‐3 and CD39. Importantly, single‐cell transcriptomics of human tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) showed indeed that these receptors were often coexpressed by the same CD8 T cell cluster. Furthermore, NKG2A expression was associated with cell division and was promoted by TGF‐β in vitro, although TGF‐β signaling was not necessary in a mouse tumor model in vivo. In summary, our data show that PD‐1 reflects recent TCR triggering, but that NKG2A is induced after repeated antigen stimulations and represents a late inhibitory receptor. Together with TIM‐3 and CD39, NKG2A might thus mark actively dividing tumor‐specific TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Borst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Sturm
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pornpimol Charoentong
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy van Gulijk
- Department of Pulmonology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Elsas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Finotello
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Szymon M Kiełbasa
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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66
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Stoof J, Harrold E, Mariottino S, Lowery MA, Walsh N. DNA Damage Repair Deficiency in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Preclinical Models and Clinical Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749490. [PMID: 34712667 PMCID: PMC8546202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, and survival rates have barely improved in decades. In the era of precision medicine, treatment strategies tailored to disease mutations have revolutionized cancer therapy. Next generation sequencing has found that up to a third of all PDAC tumors contain deleterious mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes, highlighting the importance of these genes in PDAC. The mechanisms by which DDR gene mutations promote tumorigenesis, therapeutic response, and subsequent resistance are still not fully understood. Therefore, an opportunity exists to elucidate these processes and to uncover relevant therapeutic drug combinations and strategies to target DDR deficiency in PDAC. However, a constraint to preclinical research is due to limitations in appropriate laboratory experimental models. Models that effectively recapitulate their original cancer tend to provide high levels of predictivity and effective translation of preclinical findings to the clinic. In this review, we outline the occurrence and role of DDR deficiency in PDAC and provide an overview of clinical trials that target these pathways and the preclinical models such as 2D cell lines, 3D organoids and mouse models [genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM), and patient-derived xenograft (PDX)] used in PDAC DDR deficiency research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojanneke Stoof
- Trinity St. James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily Harrold
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Mariottino
- Trinity St. James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Lowery
- Trinity St. James Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- National Institute of Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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67
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Lan Y, Moustafa M, Knoll M, Xu C, Furkel J, Lazorchak A, Yeung TL, Hasheminasab SM, Jenkins MH, Meister S, Yu H, Schlegel J, Marelli B, Tang Z, Qin G, Klein C, Qi J, Zhou C, Locke G, Krunic D, Derner MG, Schwager C, Fontana RE, Kriegsmann K, Jiang F, Rein K, Kriegsmann M, Debus J, Lo KM, Abdollahi A. Simultaneous targeting of TGF-β/PD-L1 synergizes with radiotherapy by reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to overcome immune evasion. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1388-1403.e10. [PMID: 34506739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Localized radiotherapy (RT) induces an immunogenic antitumor response that is in part counterbalanced by activation of immune evasive and tissue remodeling processes, e.g., via upregulation of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). We report that a bifunctional fusion protein that simultaneously inhibits TGF-β and PD-L1, bintrafusp alfa (BA), effectively synergizes with radiotherapy, leading to superior survival in multiple therapy-resistant murine tumor models with poor immune infiltration. The BA + RT (BART) combination increases tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, reprograms the tumor microenvironment, and attenuates RT-induced fibrosis, leading to reconstitution of tumor immunity and regression of spontaneous lung metastases. Consistently, the beneficial effects of BART are in part reversed by depletion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Intriguingly, targeting of the TGF-β trap to PD-L1+ endothelium and the M2/lipofibroblast-like cell compartment by BA attenuated late-stage RT-induced lung fibrosis. Together, the results suggest that the BART combination has the potential to eradicate therapy-resistant tumors while sparing normal tissue, further supporting its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lan
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pathology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Maximilian Knoll
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Furkel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Lazorchak
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tsz-Lun Yeung
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sayed-Mohammad Hasheminasab
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Molly H Jenkins
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sarah Meister
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huakui Yu
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julian Schlegel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bo Marelli
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Zili Tang
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guozhong Qin
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carmen Klein
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cheng Zhou
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - George Locke
- Department of Translational Medicine, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melissa G Derner
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schwager
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachel E Fontana
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katrin Rein
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Department of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Debus
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kin-Ming Lo
- Department of TIP OIO, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, 45 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Divisions of Molecular & Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; CCU Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yang J, Xu J, Zhang B, Tan Z, Meng Q, Hua J, Liu J, Wang W, Shi S, Yu X, Liang C. Ferroptosis: At the Crossroad of Gemcitabine Resistance and Tumorigenesis in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10944. [PMID: 34681603 PMCID: PMC8539929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall five-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer has hardly changed in the past few decades (less than 10%) because of resistance to all known therapies, including chemotherapeutic drugs. In the past few decades, gemcitabine has been at the forefront of treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but more strategies to combat drug resistance need to be explored. One promising possibility is ferroptosis, a form of a nonapoptotic cell death that depends on intracellular iron and occurs through the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species, which are significant in drug resistance. In this article, we reviewed gemcitabine-resistance mechanisms; assessed the relationship among ferroptosis, tumorigenesis and gemcitabine resistance, and explored a new treatment method for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Yang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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RNAi-Based Approaches for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101638. [PMID: 34683931 PMCID: PMC8541396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-associated death by 2025. Despite intensive research for effective treatment strategies and novel anticancer drugs over the past decade, the overall patient survival rate remains low. RNA interference (RNAi) is capable of interfering with expression of specific genes and has emerged as a promising approach for pancreatic cancer because genetic aberrations and dysregulated signaling are the drivers for tumor formation and the stromal barrier to conventional therapy. Despite its therapeutic potential, RNA-based drugs have remaining hurdles such as poor tumor delivery and susceptibility to serum degradation, which could be overcome with the incorporation of nanocarriers for clinical applications. Here we summarize the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) in pancreatic cancer therapy in preclinical reports with approaches for targeting either the tumor or tumor microenvironment (TME) using various types of nanocarriers. In these studies, inhibition of oncogene expression and induction of a tumor suppressive response in cancer cells and surrounding immune cells in TME exhibited a strong anticancer effect in pancreatic cancer models. The review discusses the remaining challenges and prospective strategies suggesting the potential of RNAi-based therapeutics for pancreatic cancer.
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The Diverse Applications of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Organoids. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194979. [PMID: 34638463 PMCID: PMC8508245 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies. While immortalized cancer cell lines and genetically engineered murine models have increased our understanding of PDAC tumorigenesis, they do not recapitulate inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity. PDAC patient derived organoid (PDO) biobanks have overcome this hurdle, and provide an opportunity for the high throughput screening of potential new therapies. This review provides a summary of the PDAC PDO biobanks established to date, and discusses how they have advanced our understanding of PDAC biology. Looking forward, the development of coculturing techniques for specific immune or stromal cell populations will enable a better understanding of the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment, and the impact of this crosstalk on treatment response.
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71
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Parayath NN, Hong BV, Mackenzie GG, Amiji MM. Hyaluronic acid nanoparticle-encapsulated microRNA-125b repolarizes tumor-associated macrophages in pancreatic cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2291-2303. [PMID: 34579548 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate a novel strategy to target tumor-associated macrophages and reprogram them to an antitumor phenotype in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods: M2 peptides were conjugated to HA-PEG/HA-PEI polymer to form self-assembled nanoparticles with miR-125b. The efficacy of HA-PEI/PEG-M2peptide nanoparticles in pancreatic tumors from LSL-KrasG12D/+, LSL-Trp53R172H/+, Pdx1-Cre genetically engineered mice was evaluated. Results: In vitro M2 macrophage-specific delivery of targeted nanoformulations was demonstrated. Intraperitoneal administration of M2-targeted nanoparticles showed preferential accumulation in the pancreas of KPC-PDAC mice and an above fourfold increase in the M1-to-M2 macrophage ratio compared with transfection with scrambled miR. Conclusion: M2-targeted HA-PEI/PEG nanoparticles with miR-125b can transfect tumor-associated macrophages in pancreatic tissues and may have implications for PDAC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Parayath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian V Hong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gerardo G Mackenzie
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ware MB, El-Rayes BF, Lesinski GB. Mirage or long-awaited oasis: reinvigorating T-cell responses in pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001100. [PMID: 32843336 PMCID: PMC7449491 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is plagued by a dismal 5-year survival rate, early onset of metastasis and limited efficacy of systemic therapies. This scenario highlights the need to fervently pursue novel therapeutic strategies to treat this disease. Recent research has uncovered complicated dynamics within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC. An abundant stroma provides a framework for interactions between cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppressive myeloid cells and regulatory lymphocytes, which together create an inhospitable environment for adaptive immune responses. This accounts for the poor infiltration and exhausted phenotypes of effector T cells within pancreatic tumors. Innovative studies in genetically engineered mouse models have established that with appropriate pharmacological modulation of suppressive elements in the TME, T cells can be prompted to regress pancreatic tumors. In light of this knowledge, innovative combinatorial strategies involving immunotherapy and targeted therapies working in concert are rapidly emerging. This review will highlight recent advances in the field related to immune suppression in PDAC, emerging preclinical data and rationale for ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials. In particular, we draw attention to foundational findings involving T-cell activity in PDAC and encourage development of novel therapeutics to improve T-cell responses in this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brandon Ware
- Hematology and Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Hematology and Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Hematology and Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Stifter K, Krieger J, Ruths L, Gout J, Mulaw M, Lechel A, Kleger A, Seufferlein T, Wagner M, Schirmbeck R. IFN-γ treatment protocol for MHC-I lo/PD-L1 + pancreatic tumor cells selectively restores their TAP-mediated presentation competence and CD8 T-cell priming potential. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000692. [PMID: 32868392 PMCID: PMC7462314 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many cancer cells express a major histocompatibility complex class I low/ programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 positive (MHC-Ilo/PD-L1+) cell surface profile. For immunotherapy, there is, thus, an urgent need to restore presentation competence of cancer cells with defects in MHC-I processing/presentation combined with immune interventions that tackle the tumor-initiated PD-L1/PD-1 signaling axis. Using pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PDACCs) as a model, we here explored if (and how) expression/processing of tumor antigens via transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP) affects priming of CD8 T cells in PD-1/PD-L1-competent/-deficient mice. Methods We generated tumor antigen-expressing vectors, immunized TAP-competent/-deficient mice and determined de novo primed CD8 T-cell frequencies by flow cytometry. Similarly, we explored the antigenicity and PD-L1/PD-1 sensitivity of PDACCs versus interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated PDACCs in PD-1/PD-L1-competent/deficient mice. The IFN-γ-induced effects on gene and cell surface expression profiles were determined by microarrays and flow cytometry. Results We identified two antigens (cripto-1 and an endogenous leukemia virus-derived gp70) that were expressed in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of PDACCs and induced CD8 T-cell responses either independent (Cripto-1:Kb/Cr16-24) or dependent (gp70:Kb/p15E) on TAP by DNA immunization. IFN-γ-treatment of PDACCs in vitro upregulated MHC-I- and TAP- but also PD-L1-expression. Mechanistically, PD-L1/PD-1 signaling was superior to the reconstitution of MHC-I presentation competence, as subcutaneously transplanted IFN-γ-treated PDACCs developed tumors in C57BL/6J and PD-L1-/- but not in PD-1-/- mice. Using PDACCs, irradiated at day 3 post-IFN-γ-treatment or PD-L1 knockout PDACCs as vaccines, we could selectively bypass upregulation of PD-L1, preferentially induce TAP-dependent gp70:Kb/p15E-specific CD8 T cells associated with a weakened PD-1+ exhaustion phenotype and reject consecutively injected tumor transplants in C57BL/6J mice. Conclusions The IFN-γ-treatment protocol is attractive for cell-based immunotherapies, because it restores TAP-dependent antigen processing in cancer cells, facilitates priming of TAP-dependent effector CD8 T-cell responses without additional check point inhibitors and could be combined with genetic vaccines that complement priming of TAP-independent CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Stifter
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Krieger
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonie Ruths
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann Gout
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andre Lechel
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Wagner
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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74
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Belmontes B, Sawant DV, Zhong W, Tan H, Kaul A, Aeffner F, O'Brien SA, Chun M, Noubade R, Eng J, Ma H, Muenz M, Li P, Alba BM, Thomas M, Cook K, Wang X, DeVoss J, Egen JG, Nolan-Stevaux O. Immunotherapy combinations overcome resistance to bispecific T cell engager treatment in T cell-cold solid tumors. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/608/eabd1524. [PMID: 34433637 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches are needed to promote T cell-mediated destruction of poorly immunogenic, "cold" tumors typically associated with minimal response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) molecules induce redirected lysis of cancer cells by polyclonal T cells and have demonstrated promising clinical activity against solid tumors in some patients. However, little is understood about the key factors that govern clinical responses to these therapies. Using an immunocompetent mouse model expressing a humanized CD3ε chain (huCD3e mice) and BiTE molecules directed against mouse CD19, mouse CLDN18.2, or human EPCAM antigens, we investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and immune correlates associated with BiTE efficacy across multiple syngeneic solid-tumor models. These studies demonstrated that pretreatment tumor-associated T cell density is a critical determinant of response to BiTE therapy, identified CD8+ T cells as important targets and mediators of BiTE activity, and revealed an antagonistic role for CD4+ T cells in BiTE efficacy. We also identified therapeutic combinations, including ICB and 4-1BB agonism, that synergized with BiTE treatment in poorly T cell-infiltrated, immunotherapy-refractory tumors. In these models, BiTE efficacy was dependent on local expansion of tumor-associated CD8+ T cells, rather than their recruitment from circulation. Our findings highlight the relative contributions of baseline T cell infiltration, local T cell proliferation, and peripheral T cell trafficking for BiTE molecule-mediated efficacy, identify combination strategies capable of overcoming resistance to BiTE therapy, and have clinical relevance for the development of BiTE and other T cell engager therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Belmontes
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Deepali V Sawant
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wendy Zhong
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Tan
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Anupurna Kaul
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Famke Aeffner
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sarah A O'Brien
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew Chun
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajkumar Noubade
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason Eng
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hayley Ma
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Markus Muenz
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Amgen Research GmbH, Munich 81477, Germany
| | - Peng Li
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin M Alba
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melissa Thomas
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kevin Cook
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jackson G Egen
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA. .,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Olivier Nolan-Stevaux
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA. .,Inflammation and Oncology Therapeutic Area, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Raja Arul GL, Fernandez‐Zapico ME. PI3Kα targeting, nipping pancreatic cancer evolution in the bud. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14362. [PMID: 34057823 PMCID: PMC8261515 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thibault et al (2021) elucidate key signalling events mediating metastatic evolution in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by demonstrating a role of PI3Kα in the regulation of macro-metastatic disease and a corresponding pro-tumoural immune response supporting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glancis Luzeena Raja Arul
- Schulze Center for Novel TherapeuticsMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesRochesterMNUSA
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76
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Mebendazole disrupts stromal desmoplasia and tumorigenesis in two models of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1326-1338. [PMID: 34262644 PMCID: PMC8274724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The five-year survival rate for metastatic pancreatic cancer is currently only 3%, which increases to 13% with local invasion only and to 39% with localized disease at diagnosis. Here we evaluated repurposed mebendazole, an approved anthelminthic drug, to determine how mebendazole might work at the different stages of pancreatic cancer formation and progression. We asked if mebendazole could prevent initiation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia precursor lesions, interfere with stromal desmoplasia, or suppress tumor growth and liver metastasis. In both the Kras LSL.G12D/+; Pdx1-Cre (KC) mouse model of caerulein-induced inflammatory pancreatitis and the Kras LSL.G12D/+; Tp53 R172H/+; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mouse model of advanced pancreatic cancer, mebendazole significantly reduced pancreas weight, dysplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia formation, compared to controls. Mebendazole significantly reduced trichrome-positive fibrotic connective tissue and α-SMA-positive activated pancreatic stellate cells that heralds fibrogenesis. In the aggressive KPC model, mebendazole significantly suppressed pancreatic tumor growth, both as an early and late intervention. Mebendazole reduced the overall incidence of pancreatic cancer and severity of liver metastasis in KPC mice. Using early models of pancreatic cancer, treatment with mebendazole resulted in less inflammation, decreased dysplasia, with the later stage model additionally showing a decreased tumor burden, less advanced tumors, and a reduction of metastasis. We conclude that mebendazole should be investigated further as a component of adjuvant therapy to slow progression and prevent metastasis, and well as for primary prevention in the highest risk patients.
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Heinrich MA, Mostafa AMRH, Morton JP, Hawinkels LJAC, Prakash J. Translating complexity and heterogeneity of pancreatic tumor: 3D in vitro to in vivo models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:265-293. [PMID: 33895214 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive type of cancer with an overall survival rate of less than 7-8%, emphasizing the need for novel effective therapeutics against PDAC. However only a fraction of therapeutics which seemed promising in the laboratory environment will eventually reach the clinic. One of the main reasons behind this low success rate is the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC, a highly fibrotic and dense stroma surrounding tumor cells, which supports tumor progression as well as increases the resistance against the treatment. In particular, the growing understanding of the PDAC TME points out a different challenge in the development of efficient therapeutics - a lack of biologically relevant in vitro and in vivo models that resemble the complexity and heterogeneity of PDAC observed in patients. The purpose and scope of this review is to provide an overview of the recent developments in different in vitro and in vivo models, which aim to recapitulate the complexity of PDAC in a laboratory environment, as well to describe how 3D in vitro models can be integrated into drug development pipelines that are already including sophisticated in vivo models. Hereby a special focus will be given on the complexity of in vivo models and the challenges in vitro models face to reach the same levels of complexity in a controllable manner. First, a brief introduction of novel developments in two dimensional (2D) models and ex vivo models is provided. Next, recent developments in three dimensional (3D) in vitro models are described ranging from spheroids, organoids, scaffold models, bioprinted models to organ-on-chip models including a discussion on advantages and limitations for each model. Furthermore, we will provide a detailed overview on the current PDAC in vivo models including chemically-induced models, syngeneic and xenogeneic models, highlighting hetero- and orthotopic, patient-derived tissues (PDX) models, and genetically engineered mouse models. Finally, we will provide a discussion on overall limitations of both, in vitro and in vivo models, and discuss necessary steps to overcome these limitations to reach an efficient drug development pipeline, as well as discuss possibilities to include novel in silico models in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Heinrich
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed M R H Mostafa
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO-box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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Leow SS, Fairus S, Sambanthamurthi R. Water-soluble palm fruit extract: composition, biological properties, and molecular mechanisms for health and non-health applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:9076-9092. [PMID: 34156318 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1939648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit is a source of vegetable oil and various phytonutrients. Phytochemical compounds present in palm oil include tocotrienols, carotenoids, phytosterols, squalene, coenzyme Q10, and phospholipids. Being a fruit, the oil palm is also a rich source of water-soluble phytonutrients, including phenolic compounds. Extraction of phytonutrients from the oil palm vegetation liquor of palm oil milling results in a phenolic acid-rich fraction termed Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract (WSPFE). Pre-clinical in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies carried out using various biological models have shown that WSPFE has beneficial bioactive properties, while clinical studies in healthy volunteers showed that it is safe for human consumption and confers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The composition, biological properties, and relevant molecular mechanisms of WSPFE discovered thus far are discussed in the present review, with a view to offer future research perspectives on WSPFE for health and non-health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Sen Leow
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syed Fairus
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Poh AR, Ernst M. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Therapeutic Opportunities and Clinical Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122860. [PMID: 34201127 PMCID: PMC8226457 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Macrophages are a major component of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and their increased abundance is associated with poor patient survival. Given the multi-faceted role of macrophages in promoting pancreatic tumor development and progression, these cells represent promising targets for anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignant disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Macrophages are one of the earliest infiltrating cells in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and are associated with an increased risk of disease progression, recurrence, metastasis, and shorter overall survival. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated an unequivocal role of macrophages in PDAC by contributing to chronic inflammation, cancer cell stemness, desmoplasia, immune suppression, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Several macrophage-targeting therapies have also been investigated in pre-clinical models, and include macrophage depletion, inhibiting macrophage recruitment, and macrophage reprogramming. However, the effectiveness of these drugs in pre-clinical models has not always translated into clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that underpin macrophage heterogeneity within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and examine the contribution of macrophages at various stages of PDAC progression. We also provide a comprehensive update of macrophage-targeting therapies that are currently undergoing clinical evaluation, and discuss clinical challenges associated with these treatment modalities in human PDAC patients.
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Kothari A, Flick MJ. Coagulation Signaling through PAR1 as a Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105138. [PMID: 34066284 PMCID: PMC8152032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly fatal disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10% following diagnosis. The aggressive and invasive properties of pancreatic cancer tumors coupled with poor diagnostic options contribute to the high mortality rate since most patients present with late-stage disease. Accordingly, PDAC is linked to the highest rate of cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease of all solid tumor malignancies. However, in addition to promoting clot formation, recent studies suggest that the coagulation system in PDAC mediates a reciprocal relationship, whereby coagulation proteases and receptors promote PDAC tumor progression and dissemination. Here, upregulation of tissue factor (TF) by tumor cells can drive local generation of the central coagulation protease thrombin that promotes cell signaling activity through protease-activated receptors (PARs) expressed by both tumor cells and multiple stromal cell subsets. Moreover, the TF-thrombin-PAR1 signaling axis appears to be a major mechanism of cancer progression in general and PDAC in particular. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding the role of PAR1 in PDAC and review possibilities for pharmacologically targeting PAR1 as a PDAC therapeutic approach.
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81
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Mallya K, Gautam SK, Aithal A, Batra SK, Jain M. Modeling pancreatic cancer in mice for experimental therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188554. [PMID: 33945847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that is characterized by early metastasis, low resectability, high recurrence, and therapy resistance. The experimental mouse models have played a central role in understanding the pathobiology of PDAC and in the preclinical evaluation of various therapeutic modalities. Different mouse models with targetable pathological hallmarks have been developed and employed to address the unique challenges associated with PDAC progression, metastasis, and stromal heterogeneity. Over the years, mouse models have evolved from simple cell line-based heterotopic and orthotopic xenografts in immunocompromised mice to more complex and realistic genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) involving multi-gene manipulations. The GEMMs, mostly driven by KRAS mutation(s), have been widely accepted for therapeutic optimization due to their high penetrance and ability to recapitulate the histological, molecular, and pathological hallmarks of human PDAC, including comparable precursor lesions, extensive metastasis, desmoplasia, perineural invasion, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Advanced GEMMs modified to express fluorescent proteins have allowed cell lineage tracing to provide novel insights and a new understanding about the origin and contribution of various cell types in PDAC pathobiology. The syngeneic mouse models, GEMMs, and target-specific transgenic mice have been extensively used to evaluate immunotherapies and study therapy-induced immune modulation in PDAC yielding meaningful results to guide various clinical trials. The emerging mouse models for parabiosis, hepatic metastasis, cachexia, and image-guided implantation, are increasingly appreciated for their high translational significance. In this article, we describe the contribution of various experimental mouse models to the current understanding of PDAC pathobiology and their utility in evaluating and optimizing therapeutic modalities for this lethal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Abhijit Aithal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Kaczanowska S, Beury DW, Gopalan V, Tycko AK, Qin H, Clements ME, Drake J, Nwanze C, Murgai M, Rae Z, Ju W, Alexander KA, Kline J, Contreras CF, Wessel KM, Patel S, Hannenhalli S, Kelly MC, Kaplan RN. Genetically engineered myeloid cells rebalance the core immune suppression program in metastasis. Cell 2021; 184:2033-2052.e21. [PMID: 33765443 PMCID: PMC8344805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and greater knowledge of the metastatic microenvironment is necessary to effectively target this process. Microenvironmental changes occur at distant sites prior to clinically detectable metastatic disease; however, the key niche regulatory signals during metastatic progression remain poorly characterized. Here, we identify a core immune suppression gene signature in pre-metastatic niche formation that is expressed predominantly by myeloid cells. We target this immune suppression program by utilizing genetically engineered myeloid cells (GEMys) to deliver IL-12 to modulate the metastatic microenvironment. Our data demonstrate that IL12-GEMy treatment reverses immune suppression in the pre-metastatic niche by activating antigen presentation and T cell activation, resulting in reduced metastatic and primary tumor burden and improved survival of tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrate that IL12-GEMys can functionally modulate the core program of immune suppression in the pre-metastatic niche to successfully rebalance the dysregulated metastatic microenvironment in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Kaczanowska
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel W Beury
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vishaka Gopalan
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arielle K Tycko
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haiying Qin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miranda E Clements
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Justin Drake
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chiadika Nwanze
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meera Murgai
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zachary Rae
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Ju
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine A Alexander
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Kline
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cristina F Contreras
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin M Wessel
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shil Patel
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rosandra N Kaplan
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Role of stromal activin A in human pancreatic cancer and metastasis in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7986. [PMID: 33846512 PMCID: PMC8042028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has extensive stromal involvement and remains one of the cancers with the highest mortality rates. Activin A has been implicated in colon cancer and its stroma but its role in the stroma of PDAC has not been elucidated. Activin A expression in cancer and stroma was assessed in human PDAC tissue microarrays (TMA). Activin A expression in human TMA is significantly higher in cancer samples, with expression in stroma correlated with shorter survival. Cultured pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) were found to secrete high levels of activin A resulting in PDAC cell migration that is abolished by anti-activin A neutralizing antibody. KPC mice treated with anti-activin A neutralizing antibody were evaluated for tumors, lesions and metastases quantified by immunohistochemistry. KPC mice with increased tumor burden express high plasma activin A. Treating KPC mice with an activin A neutralizing antibody does not reduce primary tumor size but decreases tumor metastases. From these data we conclude that PDAC patients with high activin A expression in stroma have a worse prognosis. PSCs secrete activin A, promoting increased PDAC migration. Inhibition of activin A in mice decreased metastases. Hence, stroma-rich PDAC patients might benefit from activin A inhibition.
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84
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Rai ZL, Feakins R, Pallett LJ, Manas D, Davidson BR. Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Review of Current Clinical Outcomes, Mechanism of Action and Opportunities for Synergistic Therapy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1609. [PMID: 33920118 PMCID: PMC8068938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for 30% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel cancer treatment that may improve survival and quality of life in LAPC. This narrative review will provide a perspective on the clinical experience of pancreas IRE therapy, explore the evidence for the mode of action, assess treatment complications, and propose strategies for augmenting IRE response. A systematic search was performed using PubMed regarding the clinical use and safety profile of IRE on pancreatic cancer, post-IRE sequential histological changes, associated immune response, and synergistic therapies. Animal data demonstrate that IRE induces both apoptosis and necrosis followed by fibrosis. Major complications may result from IRE; procedure related mortality is up to 2%, with an average morbidity as high as 36%. Nevertheless, prospective and retrospective studies suggest that IRE treatment may increase median overall survival of LAPC to as much as 30 months and provide preliminary data justifying the well-designed trials currently underway, comparing IRE to the standard of care treatment. The mechanism of action of IRE remains unknown, and there is a lack of data on treatment variables and efficiency in humans. There is emerging data suggesting that IRE can be augmented with synergistic therapies such as immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab L. Rai
- Centre of Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, UK;
- Wellcome/EPSRC Center for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS), London W1W 7TY, UK
- Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Roger Feakins
- Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK;
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Derek Manas
- Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - Brian R. Davidson
- Centre of Surgical Innovation, Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, UK;
- Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK;
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Liu X, Jiang J, Chang CH, Liao YP, Lodico JJ, Tang I, Zheng E, Qiu W, Lin M, Wang X, Ji Y, Mei KC, Nel AE, Meng H. Development of Facile and Versatile Platinum Drug Delivering Silicasome Nanocarriers for Efficient Pancreatic Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005993. [PMID: 33682329 PMCID: PMC8035264 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) based platform is developed for high-dose loading of a range of activated platinum (Pt) chemo agents that can be attached to the porous interior through the use of electrostatic and coordination chemistry under weak-basic pH conditions. In addition to the design feature for improving drug delivery, the MSNP can also be encapsulated in a coated lipid bilayer (silicasome), to improve the colloidal stability after intravenous (IV) injection. Improved pharmacokinetics and intratumor delivery of encapsulated activated oxaliplatin (1,2-diamminocyclohexane platinum(II) (DACHPt)) over free drug in an orthotopic Kras-derived pancreatic cancer (PDAC) model is demonstrated. Not only does IV injection of the DACHPt silicasome provide more efficacious cytotoxic tumor cell killing, but can also demonstrate that chemotherapy-induced cell death is accompanied by the features of immunogenic cell death (ICD) as well as a dramatic reduction in bone marrow toxicity. The added ICD features are reflected by calreticulin and high-mobility group box 1 expression, along with increased CD8+ /FoxP3+ T-cell ratios and evidence of perforin and granzyme B release at the tumor site. Subsequent performance of a survival experiment, demonstrates that the DACHPt silicasome generates a significant improvement in survival outcome, which can be extended by delayed administration of the anti-PD-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Liu
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Current affiliation: The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jared J. Lodico
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ivanna Tang
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Emily Zheng
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Waveley Qiu
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Matthew Lin
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ying Ji
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kuo-Ching Mei
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huan Meng
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Holbrook MC, Goad DW, Grdzelishvili VZ. Expanding the Spectrum of Pancreatic Cancers Responsive to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Oncolytic Virotherapy: Challenges and Solutions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1171. [PMID: 33803211 PMCID: PMC7963195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating malignancy with poor prognosis and a dismal survival rate, expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Oncolytic virus (OV) is an anticancer approach that utilizes replication-competent viruses to preferentially infect and kill tumor cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), one such OV, is already in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. VSV-based recombinant viruses are effective OVs against a majority of tested PDAC cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Upregulated type I IFN signaling and constitutive expression of a subset of interferon-simulated genes (ISGs) play a major role in such resistance, while other mechanisms, such as inefficient viral attachment and resistance to VSV-mediated apoptosis, also play a role in some PDACs. Several alternative approaches have been shown to break the resistance of PDACs to VSV without compromising VSV oncoselectivity, including (i) combinations of VSV with JAK1/2 inhibitors (such as ruxolitinib); (ii) triple combinations of VSV with ruxolitinib and polycations improving both VSV replication and attachment; (iii) combinations of VSV with chemotherapeutic drugs (such as paclitaxel) arresting cells in the G2/M phase; (iv) arming VSV with p53 transgenes; (v) directed evolution approach producing more effective OVs. The latter study demonstrated impressive long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants encoding large transgenes, supporting further clinical development of VSV as safe therapeutics for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (M.C.H.); (D.W.G.)
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Lee MW, Miljanic M, Triplett T, Ramirez C, Aung KL, Eckhardt SG, Capasso A. Current methods in translational cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:7-30. [PMID: 32929562 PMCID: PMC7897192 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in pre-clinical screening tools, that more reliably predict the clinical effects and adverse events of candidate therapeutic agents, has ushered in a new era of drug development and screening. However, given the rapid pace with which these models have emerged, the individual merits of these translational research tools warrant careful evaluation in order to furnish clinical researchers with appropriate information to conduct pre-clinical screening in an accelerated and rational manner. This review assesses the predictive utility of both well-established and emerging pre-clinical methods in terms of their suitability as a screening platform for treatment response, ability to represent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug properties, and lastly debates the translational limitations and benefits of these models. To this end, we will describe the current literature on cell culture, organoids, in vivo mouse models, and in silico computational approaches. Particular focus will be devoted to discussing gaps and unmet needs in the literature as well as current advancements and innovations achieved in the field, such as co-clinical trials and future avenues for refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lee
- Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mihailo Miljanic
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Todd Triplett
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Craig Ramirez
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyaw L Aung
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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88
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Pre-conditioning modifies the TME to enhance solid tumor CAR T cell efficacy and endogenous protective immunity. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2335-2349. [PMID: 33647456 PMCID: PMC8261088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has led to impressive clinical responses in patients with hematological malignancies; however, its effectiveness in patients with solid tumors has been limited. While CAR T cells for the treatment of advanced prostate and pancreas cancer, including those targeting prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), are being clinically evaluated and are anticipated to show bioactivity, their safety and the impact of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been faithfully explored preclinically. Using a novel human PSCA knockin (hPSCA-KI) immunocompetent mouse model, we evaluated the safety and therapeutic efficacy of PSCA-CAR T cells. We demonstrated that cyclophosphamide (Cy) pre-conditioning significantly modified the immunosuppressive TME and was required to uncover the efficacy of PSCA-CAR T cells in metastatic prostate and pancreas cancer models, with no observed toxicities in normal tissues with endogenous expression of PSCA. This combination dampened the immunosuppressive TME, generated pro-inflammatory myeloid and T cell signatures in tumors, and enhanced the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells, as well as endogenous and adoptively transferred T cells, resulting in long-term anti-tumor immunity.
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89
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Vonderhaar EP, Barnekow NS, McAllister D, McOlash L, Eid MA, Riese MJ, Tarakanova VL, Johnson BD, Dwinell MB. STING Activated Tumor-Intrinsic Type I Interferon Signaling Promotes CXCR3 Dependent Antitumor Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:41-58. [PMID: 33548597 PMCID: PMC8081932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal chemoresistant cancer that exhibits early metastatic spread. The highly immunosuppressive PDA tumor microenvironment renders patients resistant to emerging immune-targeted therapies. Building from our prior work, we evaluated stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist activation of PDA cell interferon-α/β-receptor (IFNAR) signaling in systemic antitumor immune responses. METHODS PDA cells were implanted subcutaneously to wild-type, IFNAR-, or CXCR3-knockout mice. Tumor growth was monitored, and immune responses were comprehensively profiled. RESULTS Human and mouse STING agonist ADU-S100 reduced local and distal tumor burden and activated systemic antitumor immune responses in PDA-bearing mice. Effector T-cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, including IFN-dependent CXCR3-agonist chemokines, were elevated, whereas suppressive immune populations were decreased in treated tumors. Intratumoral STING agonist treatment also generated inflammation in distal noninjected tumors and peripheral immune tissues. STING agonist treatment of type I IFN-responsive PDA tumors engrafted to IFNAR-/- recipient mice was sufficient to contract tumors and stimulate local and systemic T-cell activation. Tumor regression and CD8+ T-cell infiltration were abolished in PDA engrafted to CXCR3-/- mice treated with STING agonist. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that STING agonists promote T-cell infiltration and counteract immune suppression in locally treated and distant tumors. Tumor-intrinsic type I IFN signaling initiated systemic STING-mediated antitumor inflammation and required CXCR3 expression. STING-mediated induction of systemic immune responses provides an approach to harness the immune system to treat primary and disseminated pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Vonderhaar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nicholas S Barnekow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Donna McAllister
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Laura McOlash
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mahmoud Abu Eid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Bryon D Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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90
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Ma S, McGuire MH, Mangala LS, Lee S, Stur E, Hu W, Bayraktar E, Villar-Prados A, Ivan C, Wu SY, Yokoi A, Dasari SK, Jennings NB, Liu J, Lopez-Berestein G, Ram P, Sood AK. Gain-of-function p53 protein transferred via small extracellular vesicles promotes conversion of fibroblasts to a cancer-associated phenotype. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108726. [PMID: 33567287 PMCID: PMC7957825 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor and stromal interactions consist of reciprocal signaling through cytokines, growth factors, direct cell-cell interactions, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Small EVs (≤200 nm) have been considered critical messengers of cellular communication during tumor development. Here, we demonstrate that gain-of-function (GOF) p53 protein can be packaged into small EVs and transferred to fibroblasts. GOF p53 protein is selectively bound by heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a chaperone protein, and packaged into small EVs. Inhibition of HSP90 activity blocks packaging of GOF, but not wild-type, p53 in small EVs. GOF p53-containing small EVs result in their conversion to cancer-associated fibroblasts. In vivo studies reveal that GOF p53-containing small EVs can enhance tumor growth and promote fibroblast transformation into a cancer-associated phenotype. These findings provide a better understanding of the complex interactions between cancer and stromal cells and may have therapeutic implications. Ma et al. report that gain-of-function (GOF) p53 protein can be packaged into small EVs and transferred to stromal fibroblasts. The packaging of GOF p53 into small EVs is regulated by HSP90. Small EVs with GOF p53 activate Nrf2-mediated pathways in fibroblasts and induce their conversion to a cancer-associated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Ma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Michael H McGuire
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Lingegowda S Mangala
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Elaine Stur
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Emine Bayraktar
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Alejandro Villar-Prados
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Akira Yokoi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Santosh K Dasari
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Nicholas B Jennings
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Prahlad Ram
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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91
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Pham TND, Shields MA, Spaulding C, Principe DR, Li B, Underwood PW, Trevino JG, Bentrem DJ, Munshi HG. Preclinical Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Their Utility in Immunotherapy Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030440. [PMID: 33503832 PMCID: PMC7865443 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune checkpoint blockade has provided durable clinical responses in a number of human malignancies, but not in patients with pancreatic cancer. Efforts to understand mechanisms of resistance and increase efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer require the use of appropriate preclinical models in the laboratory. Here, we discuss the benefits, caveats, and potentials for improvement of the most commonly used models, including murine-based and patient-derived models. Abstract The advent of immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape for several human malignancies. Antibodies against immune checkpoints, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4, demonstrate durable clinical benefits in several cancer types. However, checkpoint blockade has failed to elicit effective anti-tumor responses in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which remains one of the most lethal malignancies with a dismal prognosis. As a result, there are significant efforts to identify novel immune-based combination regimens for PDAC, which are typically first tested in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the utility and limitations of syngeneic and genetically-engineered mouse models that are currently available for testing immunotherapy regimens. We also discuss patient-derived xenograft mouse models, human PDAC organoids, and ex vivo slice cultures of human PDAC tumors that can complement murine models for a more comprehensive approach to predict response and resistance to immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao N. D. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.N.D.P.); (H.G.M.); Tel.: +1-312-503-0312 (T.N.D.P.); +1-312-503-2301 (H.G.M.)
| | - Mario A. Shields
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Spaulding
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Daniel R. Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Patrick W. Underwood
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (P.W.U.); (J.G.T.)
| | - Jose G. Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (P.W.U.); (J.G.T.)
| | - David J. Bentrem
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: (T.N.D.P.); (H.G.M.); Tel.: +1-312-503-0312 (T.N.D.P.); +1-312-503-2301 (H.G.M.)
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Abstract
Owing to increased awareness of the importance of mammogram and advances in surgical technology, survival rate of patients with primary breast cancer has dramatically increased. Despite all these advances in breast cancer treatment, there are no currently available treatments for this disease once it metastasizes to distant organs including bones, lungs, brain, and liver. This is mainly attributed to the complexity of metastatic process. Recent advances in technology enabled cancer biologists to dissect each step of the metastatic process, and this led to discovery of major players and molecules in this process. In this section, we will discuss recent discovery and advances in the field of breast cancer metastasis research.
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93
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Allen SD, Liu X, Jiang J, Liao YP, Chang CH, Nel AE, Meng H. Immune checkpoint inhibition in syngeneic mouse cancer models by a silicasome nanocarrier delivering a GSK3 inhibitor. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120635. [PMID: 33422940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blocking antibodies that interfere in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis provide effective cancer immunotherapy for tumors that are immune inflamed or induced to become "hot". It has also been demonstrated that a small molecule inhibitor of the signaling hub kinase GSK3 can interfere in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in T-cells by suppressing PD-1 expression. This provides an alternative approach to intervening in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to provide cancer immunotherapy. In this communication, we demonstrate the remote loading of GSK3 inhibitor AZD1080 into the porous interior of mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with a lipid bilayer (a.k.a. silicasomes). In a MC38 colon cancer model, intravenous injection (IV) of silicasome-encapsulated AZD1080 significantly improved biodistribution and drug delivery to the tumor site. The improved drug delivery was accompanied by cytotoxic MC38 tumor cell killing by perforin-releasing CD8+ T-cells, exhibiting reduced PD-1 expression. IV injection of encapsulated AZD1080 also resulted in significant tumor shrinkage in other syngeneic mouse tumor models, including another colorectal tumor (CT26), as well as pancreas (KPC) and lung (LLC) cancer models. Not only was the therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated AZD1080 similar or better than anti-PD-1 antibody, but the treatment was devoid of treatment toxicity. These results provide proof-of-principal demonstration of the feasibility of using encapsulated delivery of a GSK3 inhibitor to provide cancer immunotherapy, with the possibility to be used as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy or other immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Allen
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andre E Nel
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Huan Meng
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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94
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Bushnell GG, Orbach SM, Ma JA, Crawford HC, Wicha MS, Jeruss JS, Shea LD. Disease-induced immunomodulation at biomaterial scaffolds detects early pancreatic cancer in a spontaneous model. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120632. [PMID: 33418200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis of all cancers due to disease aggressiveness and paucity of early detection platforms. We developed biomaterial scaffolds that recruit metastatic tumor cells and reflect the immune dysregulation of native metastatic sites. While this platform has shown promise in orthotopic breast cancer models, its potential in other models is untested. Herein, we demonstrate that scaffolds recruit disseminated pancreatic cells in the KPCY model of spontaneous pancreatic cancer prior to adenocarcinoma formation (3-fold increase in scaffold YFP + cells). Furthermore, immune cells at the scaffolds differentiate early- and late-stage disease with greater accuracy (0.83) than the natural metastatic site (liver, 0.50). Early disease was identified by an approximately 2-fold increase in monocytes. Late-stage disease was marked by a 1.5-2-fold increase in T cells and natural killer cells. The differential immune response indicated that the scaffolds could distinguish spontaneous pancreatic cancer from spontaneous breast cancer. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the utility of scaffolds to reflect immunomodulation in two spontaneous models of tumorigenesis, and their particular utility for identifying early disease stages in the aggressive KPCY pancreatic cancer model. Such scaffolds may serve as a platform for early detection of pancreatic cancer to improve treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace G Bushnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Jeruss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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95
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Holokai L, Chakrabarti J, Lundy J, Croagh D, Adhikary P, Richards SS, Woodson C, Steele N, Kuester R, Scott A, Khreiss M, Frankel T, Merchant J, Jenkins BJ, Wang J, Shroff RT, Ahmad SA, Zavros Y. Murine- and Human-Derived Autologous Organoid/Immune Cell Co-Cultures as Pre-Clinical Models of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3816. [PMID: 33348809 PMCID: PMC7766822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the lowest five-year survival rate of all cancers in the United States. Programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1)-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibition has been unsuccessful in clinical trials. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to block anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immune responses in various cancers including pancreas. This has led us to our objective that was to develop a clinically relevant in vitro organoid model to specifically target mechanisms that deplete MDSCs as a therapeutic strategy for PDAC. Method: Murine and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to test whether PDAC can be effectively treated with combinatorial therapy involving PD-1 inhibition and MDSC depletion. Results: Murine in vivo orthotopic and in vitro organoid/immune cell co-culture models demonstrated that polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs promoted tumor growth and suppressed cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation, leading to diminished efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. Mouse- and human-derived organoid/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of arginase 1-expressing PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures rendered the organoids susceptible to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Conclusions: Here we use mouse- and human-derived autologous pancreatic cancer organoid/immune cell co-cultures to demonstrate that elevated infiltration of polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs within the PDAC tumor microenvironment inhibit T cell effector function, regardless of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. We present a pre-clinical model that may predict the efficacy of targeted therapies to improve the outcome of patients with this aggressive and otherwise unpredictable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loryn Holokai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (L.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Joanne Lundy
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (J.L.); (B.J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel Croagh
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Pritha Adhikary
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Scott S. Richards
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.S.R.); (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Chantal Woodson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (L.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Nina Steele
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Robert Kuester
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.S.R.); (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Aaron Scott
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.S.); (M.K.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Mohammad Khreiss
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.S.); (M.K.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Timothy Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Juanita Merchant
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.S.R.); (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (J.L.); (B.J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Rachna T. Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (A.S.); (M.K.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Syed A. Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.C.); (P.A.)
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96
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Bear AS, Vonderheide RH, O'Hara MH. Challenges and Opportunities for Pancreatic Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:788-802. [PMID: 32946773 PMCID: PMC7738380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is among the most immune-resistant tumor types. Its unique genomic landscape shaped by oncogenic drivers promotes immune suppression from the earliest stages of tumor inception to subvert adaptive T cell immunity. Single-agent immune modulators have thus far proven clinically ineffective, and multi-modal therapies targeting mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance are likely needed. Here, we review novel immunotherapy strategies currently under investigation to (1) confer antigen specificity, (2) enhance T cell effector function, and (3) neutralize immunosuppressive elements within the tumor microenvironment that may be rationally combined to untangle the web of immune resistance in PDA and other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adham S Bear
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Mark H O'Hara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. mark.o'
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97
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Oda SK, Anderson KG, Ravikumar P, Bonson P, Garcia NM, Jenkins CM, Zhuang S, Daman AW, Chiu EY, Bates BM, Greenberg PD. A Fas-4-1BB fusion protein converts a death to a pro-survival signal and enhances T cell therapy. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191166. [PMID: 32860705 PMCID: PMC7953733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) with genetically modified T cells has shown impressive results against some hematologic cancers, but efficacy in solid tumors can be limited by restrictive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). For example, Fas ligand is commonly overexpressed in TMEs and induces apoptosis in tumor-infiltrating, Fas receptor-positive lymphocytes. We engineered immunomodulatory fusion proteins (IFPs) to enhance ACT efficacy, combining an inhibitory receptor ectodomain with a costimulatory endodomain to convert negative into positive signals. We developed a Fas-4-1BB IFP that replaces the Fas intracellular tail with costimulatory 4-1BB. Fas-4-1BB IFP-engineered murine T cells exhibited increased pro-survival signaling, proliferation, antitumor function, and altered metabolism in vitro. In vivo, Fas-4-1BB ACT eradicated leukemia and significantly improved survival in the aggressive KPC pancreatic cancer model. Fas-4-1BB IFP expression also enhanced primary human T cell function in vitro. Thus, Fas-4-1BB IFP expression is a novel strategy to improve multiple T cell functions and enhance ACT against solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K. Oda
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Pranali Ravikumar
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Patrick Bonson
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicolas M. Garcia
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Cody M. Jenkins
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Summer Zhuang
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew W. Daman
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Edison Y. Chiu
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Breanna M. Bates
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Philip D. Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine/Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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98
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Bernardo B, Joaquim S, Garren J, Boucher M, Houle C, LaCarubba B, Qiao S, Wu Z, Esquejo RM, Peloquin M, Kim H, Breen DM. Characterization of cachexia in the human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 mouse tumour model. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1813-1829. [PMID: 32924335 PMCID: PMC7749621 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic disease with unmet medical need. Although many rodent models are available, none are identical to the human disease. Therefore, the development of new preclinical models that simulate some of the physiological, biochemical, and clinical characteristics of the human disease is valuable. The HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma tumour cell line was reported to induce cachexia in mice. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine how well the HT-1080 tumour model could recapitulate human cachexia and to examine its technical performance. Furthermore, the efficacy of ghrelin receptor activation via anamorelin treatment was evaluated, because it is one of few clinically validated mechanisms. METHODS Female severe combined immunodeficient mice were implanted subcutaneously or heterotopically (renal capsule) with HT-1080 tumour cells. The cachectic phenotype was evaluated during tumour development, including body weight, body composition, food intake, muscle function (force and fatigue), grip strength, and physical activity measurements. Heterotopic and subcutaneous tumour histology was also compared. Energy balance was evaluated at standard and thermoneutral housing temperatures in the subcutaneous model. The effect of anamorelin (ghrelin analogue) treatment was also examined. RESULTS The HT-1080 tumour model had excellent technical performance and was reproducible across multiple experimental conditions. Heterotopic and subcutaneous tumour cell implantation resulted in similar cachexia phenotypes independent of housing temperature. Tumour weight and histology was comparable between both routes of administration with minimal inflammation. Subcutaneous HT-1080 tumour-bearing mice presented with weight loss (decreased fat mass and skeletal muscle mass/fibre cross-sectional area), reduced food intake, impaired muscle function (reduced force and grip strength), and decreased spontaneous activity and voluntary wheel running. Key circulating inflammatory biomarkers were produced by the tumour, including growth differentiation factor 15, Activin A, interleukin 6, and TNF alpha. Anamorelin prevented but did not reverse anorexia and weight loss in the subcutaneous model. CONCLUSIONS The subcutaneous HT-1080 tumour model displays many of the perturbations of energy balance and physical performance described in human cachexia, consistent with the production of key inflammatory factors. Anamorelin was most effective when administered early in disease progression. The HT-1080 tumour model is valuable for studying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bernardo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeonifer Garren
- Biostatistics, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Shuxi Qiao
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan M Esquejo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danna M Breen
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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99
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Zhang L, Wang W, Wang R, Zhang N, Shang H, Bi Y, Chen D, Zhang C, Li L, Yin J, Zhang H, Cao Y. Reshaping the Immune Microenvironment by Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus in Murine Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Ther 2020; 29:744-761. [PMID: 33130310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the major type of pancreatic malignancy with very poor prognosis. Despite the promising results of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in some solid tumors, immunotherapy is less effective for PDAC due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this report, we established an immunocompetent syngeneic PDAC model and investigated the effect of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV) on the composition of TME immune cells. The oHSV treatment significantly reduced tumor burden and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Further, by single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and multicolor fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, we demonstrated that oHSV administration downregulated tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), especially the anti-inflammatory macrophages, and increased the percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, including activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and T helper (Th)1 cells. Besides, the combination of oHSV and immune checkpoint modulators extended the lifespan of the tumor-bearing mice. Overall, our data suggested that oHSV reshapes the TME of PDAC by boosting the immune activity and leads to improved responsiveness of PDAC to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Ruikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Nianchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Hang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Cuizhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Tianjin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China; Tianjin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
| | - Youjia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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100
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Groeneveldt C, Kinderman P, van den Wollenberg DJM, van den Oever RL, Middelburg J, Mustafa DAM, Hoeben RC, van der Burg SH, van Hall T, van Montfoort N. Preconditioning of the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic reovirus converts CD3-bispecific antibody treatment into effective immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001191. [PMID: 33082167 PMCID: PMC7577070 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell-engaging CD3-bispecific antibodies (CD3-bsAbs) are promising modalities for cancer immunotherapy. Although this therapy has reached clinical practice for hematological malignancies, the absence of sufficient infiltrating T cells is a major barrier for efficacy in solid tumors. In this study, we exploited oncolytic reovirus as a strategy to enhance the efficacy of CD3-bsAbs in immune-silent solid tumors. Methods The mutant p53 and K-ras induced murine pancreatic cancer model KPC3 resembles human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with a desmoplastic tumor microenvironment, low T-cell density and resistance to immunotherapy. Immune-competent KPC3 tumor-bearing mice were intratumorally injected with reovirus type 3 Dearing strain and the reovirus-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment and spleen were analyzed over time by NanoString analysis, quantitative RT-PCR and multicolor flow cytometry. The efficacy of reovirus in combination with systemically injected CD3-bsAbs was evaluated in immune-competent mice with established KPC3 or B16.F10 tumors, and in the close-to-patient human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ breast cancer model BT474 engrafted in immunocompromised mice with human T cells as effector cells. Results Replication-competent reovirus induced an early interferon signature, followed by a strong influx of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells, at the cost of FoxP3+ Tregs. Viral replication declined after 7 days and was associated with a systemic activation of lymphocytes and the emergence of intratumoral reovirus-specific CD8+ T cells. Although tumor-infiltrating T cells were mostly reovirus-specific and not tumor-specific, they served as non-exhausted effector cells for the subsequently systemically administered CD3-bsAbs. Combination treatment of reovirus and CD3-bsAbs led to the regression of large, established KPC3, B16.F10 and BT474 tumors. Reovirus as a preconditioning regimen performed significantly better than simultaneous or early administration of CD3-bsAbs. This combination treatment induced regressions of distant lesions that were not injected with reovirus, and systemic administration of both reovirus and CD3-bsAbs also led to tumor control. This suggests that this therapy might also be effective for metastatic disease. Conclusions Oncolytic reovirus administration represents an effective strategy to induce a local interferon response and strong T-cell influx, thereby sensitizing the tumor microenvironment for subsequent CD3-bsAb therapy. This combination therapy warrants further investigation in patients with non-inflamed solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Kinderman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruben L van den Oever
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Middelburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dana A M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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